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THE  GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


A  NEW  EDITION. 


VOL.  XVIIL 


THE  GENERAL 

BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY: 

CONTAINING 
AN  HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  ACCOUNT 

OF  fU 

LIVES  AND  WRITINGS 

OF'  THE 

MOST   EMINENT    PERSONS 

IN   EVERY  NATION; 

PARTICULARLY  THE  BRITISH  AND  IRISH; 
FROM  THE  EARLIEST  ACCOUNTS  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 


A  NEW  EDITION, 

REVISED  AND   ENLARGED   BY 

ALEXANDER  CHALMERS,  F.  S.  A. 


VOL.  XVIII. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  FOR  J.  NICHOLS  AND  SON;  F.  C.  AND  J.  RIFINGTON }  T.  PAYNE  ( 
OTRIDGE  AND  SON ;  G.  AND  W.  NICOL  ;  WILKIE  AND  ROBINSON  l  J.  WALKER  ; 
R.  LEA  ;  W.  LOWNDES ;  WHITE,  COCHRANE,  AND  CO.  ;  T.  EGERTON  ; 
LACKINGTON,  ALLEN,  jlND  CO.;  J.  CARPENTER;  LONGMAN,  HURST,  REE8, 
ORME,  AND  BROWN;  CADBLL  AND  DA  VIES  ;  C.  LAW  ;  J.  BOOKER  ;  J.  CUTHELL  ; 
CLARKE  AND  SONS ;  J.  AND  A.  ARCH  ;  J.  HARRIS ;  BLACK,  PARRY,  AND  CO. ; 
J.  BOOTH;  J.  MAWMAN;  GALE,  CURTIS,  AND  FENNER;  R.  H.  EVANS; 
J.  HATCHARD;  J.  MURRAY;  R.  BALDWIN;  CRADOCK  AND  JOY;  E.  BENTLEY  ; 
J.  FAULDER  ;  OGLE  AND  CO.;  W.  GINGER  j  J.  DEIGHTOH  AND  SON,  CAMBRIDOE| 
CONSTABLE  AND  CO.  EDINBURGH;  AND  WILSON  AND  SON^  YORK. 

1814. 


A  NEW   AND    GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


&J-OARE  (William),  an  iogenious  and  amiable  English 
artist,  was  born  about  the  year  1707,  at  Eye,  near  Ipswich", 
in  Suffolk.  His  father  was  possessed  of  considerable  pro- 
perty, holding  a  farm  of  large  extent  in  bis  own  bands. 
William  shewing  very  early  a  disposition  to  study,  was  sent 
to  a  school  at  Fariogdon  in  Berkshire,  where  the  master 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  classical  learning.  The  pupil , 
eagerly  availed  himself  of  e^^i^.'^J7portunity  of  improve- 
ment,  and  in  the  course  of^'ii^  f^fiyt^^  attained  such  a 
degree  of  proBciency  as  to  asi^ist.  his  teiaster  occasionally  in 
the  tuition  of  the  other  scb,Q)^r^^-^To  these  acquirements 
he  added  no  indifferent  skiil^^'^^^ing^  which  was  also 
taught  in  the  school;  and.&^V^on.j^istinguished  himself 
above  his  competitors  in  the, prize  exhibitions,  which  took 
place  once  a  year.  Indulging  the  bent  of  his  mind  to  this 
art,  be  solicited  and  obtained  his  father's  permission  to 
follow  his  studies  in  painting  with  a  professional  view.  For 
this  purpose,  after  having  completed  the  school  courses 
with  great  credit  to  himself,  be  was  removed  to  Londoup 
where  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of  Grisooi,  an  Italian 
painter  of  history,  the  best,  and  perhaps  the  only  one^ 
which  that  time  afforded.  Grisoni,  however,  was  at  the 
best  a  very  poor  painter,  and  the  example  of  his  works 
was  little  calculated  to  produce  eminence  in  his  scholar. 
But  he  was  a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  benevolent  dis- 
position, and  it  is  probable  that  the  sense;  of  his  own  in- 
sufficiency induced  him  to  persuade  young  William  to 
seek  a  more  satisfactory  guidance  in  the  pursuit  to  which 
be  devoted  himself  so  earnestly.  The  schools  of  Italy 
appeared  to  him  the  place  to  which  a  learner  should  resort 
for  the  means  of  accomplishment  in  his  art.  Wiliiam 
.  Vol.  XVIir.  B 


2  H  O  A  R  E. 

caught  the  suggestion  with  eagerness,  and  the  father's  per* 
mission  was  again  earnestly  sought,  for  visiting  the  foreign 
treasures  of  painting  and  sculpture,  which  were  then 
known  to  the  Eoglish  only  through  the  communications  of 
such  of  our  gentlemen  and  nobility  as  travelled  on  the 
continent  for  the  purposes  of  polite  accomplishment.'  Wil- 
liam Hoare  was  the  first  English  paipter  who  visited  Rome 
for  professional  study. 

At  the  time  of  his  departure  from  London  he  had  formed 
a  friendship  with  Scheemackers,  the  celebrated  Flemish 
sculptor,  and  with  Delvaux,  his  pupil,  who  were  both  on 
their  way  to  Rome,  and  on  his  arrival  at  that  city  he  has- 
tened to  rejoin  them,  and  lodged  in  the  same  house  With 
them.  His  next  care  was  to  place  himself  in^  the  school  of 
Francesco  Imperiale,  the  disciple  of  Carlo  Maratti,  and 
the  most  eminent  master  then  living.  In  this  school  he 
was  a  fellow- student  with  Pompeo  Battoni,  with  whom  be 
maintained  through  life  a  cordial  friendship,  and  with 
others  of  the  same  profession.  Here  he  acquired  a  tho« 
rough  knowledge  of  all  that  could  be  taught  in  his  art,  and 
a  perfect  acquaintance  with  the  system  and  method  of  study 
adopted  in  the  Roman  school  ever  since  the  time  of  Raf- 
faelle ;  to  which  method  he  at  all  times  adhered  in  the 
execution  of  historical  works. 

Under  the  direction  of  Imperiale,  Mr.  Hoare  made  many 
copies  from  the  most  celebrated  works  of  the  great  painters 
in  the  Ronian  palaces ;  a  circumstance  which  became  of 
great  utility  to  him  in  a  very  different  manner  from  that 
which  was  intended  ;  for  the  circumstances  of  his  family 
having  been  unfortunately  impaired  by  the  explosion  of  the 
South  Sea  adventure^  he  now  found  it  necessary  to  turn 
the  skill  he  had  gained  to  a  provision  for  his  own  mainte- 
nance. This  was  no  difficult  task,  and  he  continued  his 
studies  at  Rome  for  the  term  of  nine  years,  when  he  finally 
returned  to  London,  bringing  with  him  the  few  copies  of 
the  finest  works  which  he  had  been  able  to  preserve  for 
himself,  and  the  most  enthusiastic  feelings  in  regard  of 
his  art. 

"  In  London  the  young  painter  looked  around  in  vain  for 
the  encouragement  which  he  had  hoped  to  find  in  the  his* 
torical  department  of  his  profession ;  and  the  impoverished 
state  of  his  family  not  allowing  him  any  alternative,  he 
immediately  resorted  to  portrait-painting,  in  which,  from 
his  superior  talents^  he  was  sure  to  find  an  unfailing  re« 


H  O  A  R  E.  3 

source.  In  this  situation  of  his  circumstances  he  formed 
a  matrimonial  engagement  with  a  yonng  lady  of  the  name 
of  Barker,  between  whose  relations  and  his  own  there  had 
long  subsisted  the  most  cordial  intimacy,  arising  from 
mutual  respect.  Among  the  connexions  of  Miss  Barker's 
family  were  some  who  were  established  at  Bath,  and 
Mr.  Hoare  soon  received  an  invitation  to  settle  at  that  city, 
where,  as  there  was  no  person  of  any  eminence  in  bis 
profession,  he  might  reasonably  look  to  the  highest  pro- 
spects of  success.  He  accordingly  accepted  the  invitation, 
and  fully  realized  the  expectations  of  his  friends  in  every 
point.  His  painting-room  was  the  resort  of  all  that  could 
boast  the  attractions  either  of  beauty  or  fashion  ;  and  the 
number  of  his  sitters  was  for  a  long  time  so  great,  as 
scarcely  to  allow  him  a  momentary  interval  of  relaxation, 
much  less  sufficient  leisure  for  such  an  attention  to  the 
higher  performances  of  his  art  as  formed  the  constant 
object  of  his  wishes; 

His  eminent  success  in  his  portraits  brought  to  his  gal- 
Jery  all  the  distinguished  characters  of  the  time,  who  oc- 
casionally visited  Bath  for  health  or  pleasure ;  among  whom 
were  Mr.  Pitt,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  Mr.  Legge,  Mr. 
Grenville,  Lord  Chesterfield,  &c.  &c.  and  his  acquaint- 
ance with  them  was  improved  into  friendship  on  their  part, 
by  the  variety  of  his  learning,  the  amenity  of  his  manners, 
the  ingenuousness  of  his  mind,  and  the  high  respectability 
of  his  domestic  establishment.  To  the  list  of  his  friends 
and  patrons  were  soon  added  the  virtuous  Allen,  and  his 
learned  nephew-in-law,  Warburton  ;  and  Mr.  Allen's  house, 
where  be  was  always  a  welcome  visitor,  gave  him  also  an 
introduction  to  Pope,  and  other  distinguished  inmates  of 
Prior- park. 

In  the  midst  of  such  society  and  such  success,  life  might 
have  been  passed  with  sufficient  enjoyment  and  ease;  but 
the  indulgences  attendant  on  so  prosperous  a  career  did 
not  diminish  his  ardour  for  higher  excellence  in  his  art :  he 
made  a  voluntary  offer  of  an  altar-piece  to  the  church  of 
St.  Michael,  and  his  otFer  being  accepted,  he  paintei 
for  it  a  figure  larger  than  life,  of  our  Saviour  holding 
•a  cross,  which  now  occupies  one  side  of  the  wall  of  the 
ehaocel. ' 

On  the  btifilding  of  the  octagon  chapel,  he  received  an 
application  from  the  proprietors  to  paint  a  large  altar-piece 
for  their  church,  leaving  the  subject  entirely  to  his  owp 

B  2 


4  H  O  A  R  E. 

decision.  He  chose  the  appropriate  subject  of  the  Poof 
of  Bethesda,  and  found  in  it  the  long  wisbed-for  oppor- 
tunity of  displaying  bis  knowledge  of  historical  composition 
and  character.  The  picture  forms  one  of  the  principal 
ornaments  of  the  chapel. 

It  should  be  noticed,  that  in  an  early  part  of  his  success* 
ful  practice  at  Bath,  finding  a  general  desire  prevailing  for 
pictures  in  crayons,  he  sent  an  order  to  Kosalba,  the  cele- 
brated Venetian  paintress,  for  two  beads  of  fancy  painted 
in  that  manner,  and  he  received  from  that  eminent  mistress 
of  her  art  two  of  her  most  studied  performances  ;  the  one 
"  Apollo  with  his  lyre,"  the  other  "  A  Nymph  crowned 
with  vernal  flowers/'  These  beautiful  works  became  the 
models  of  the  Bath  painter  in  his  first  efibrts  in  crayons, 
in  which  mode  of  painting  he  afterwards  carried  the  practice 
of  the  art  to  so  high  a  degree  as  to  be  scarcely  excelled  by 
Rosalba  herself.  On  the  formation  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  London,  his  long>establisbed  reputation  secured  him 
an  election  among  its  original  members,  and  he  was  a 
constant  exhibitor  for  many  years. 

During  this  long  course  of  professional  industry,  be  had  . 
shewn  himself  a  no  less  diligent  guardian  of  a  numerous 
family.  At  an  early  period  of  its  increase  he  maintained 
a  regular  correspondence  on  the  subject  of  '^  parental 
duties"  with  Mr.  Chandler,  a  brother  of  the  dissenting 
minister  of  that  name,  and  distinguished  among  his  friends 
for  the  integrity  of  his  mind  and  conduct.  Many  of  these 
letters  and  replies  still  exist.  He  extended  to  all  his 
children  the  most  unwearied  attention,  and  bestowed  on 
them  every  advantage  of  education  which  Bath  could  sup- 
ply. He  expended  on  them  all  that  his  long  life  of  dili- 
gence had  amassed,  and  left  them,  at  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1792,  scarcely  any  other  possessions  than  the 
remembrance  of  his  virtues  and  his  useful  labours. 

He  retained  the  vigour  of  health  and  the  strength 
of  his  mind  till  a  few  years  previous  to  his  dissolution. 
There  is  a  copy  of  Guido's  "Aurora,"  painted  by  him  (the 
figures  nearly  as  large  as  life)  when  he  was  upwards  of 
seventy  years  of  age.  The  picture  is  finished  with  great 
^  firmness  and  precision  of  pencil.* 

HOBBES,  or  HOBBS  (Thomas),  an  eminent  English 
philosopher  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Malms- 
bury  in  Wiltshire,  April  5,  153S,  his  father  being  minister 

I  From  information  obligingly  eommonicatfld  by  hig  son,  Prince  Roare,  esq. 
foreign  secretary  to  the  Royal  Academyi 


H  O  B  B  E  S.  5 

of  that  town.  The  Spanish  Armada  was  then  upon  the 
coast  of  England  ;  and  bis  mother  is  said  to  have  been  so 
alarmed  on  that  occasion,  that  she  was  brought  to  bed  of 
hjm  before  her  time.  After  having  made  a  considerable 
progress  in  the  learned  languages  at  school,  he  was  sent,  in 
1603,  to  Mag^alen-hall,  Oxford;  and,  in  1608,  by  the 
recommendation  of  the  principal,  taken  into  the  family  of 
the  right  honourable  William  Cavendish  lord  Hardwicke, 
soon  after  created  earl  of  Devonshire,  as  tutor  to  his  son 
William  lord  Cavendish.  Hobbes  ingratiated  himself  so 
^effectually  with  this  young  nobleman,  and  with  the  peer 
his  father,  that  he  was  sent  abroad  with  him  on  his  travels 
in  16 1 0,  and  made  the  tour  of  France  and  Italy.  Upon 
his  return  with  lord  Cavendish,  he  became  known  to  per- 
sons of  the  highest  rank,  and  eminently  distinguished  for. 
their  abilities  and  lean^ing.  The  chancellor  Bacon  ad- 
mitted him  to  a  great  degree  of  familiarity^  and  is  said  to 
have  made  use  of  bis  pen  for  translating  some  of  his  works 
into  Latin.  He  was  likewise  much  in  favour  with  lord 
Herbert  of  Cherbury  ;  and  the  celebrated  Ben  Jonson  had 
such  an  esteem  for  him,  that  he  revised  the  first  work  which 
he  published,  viz.  his  "  English  Translation  of  the  History 
of  Thucydides.''  This  Hobbes  undertook,  as  he  tells  us 
himself,  '^  with  an  honest  view  of  preventing,  if  possible, 
those  disturbances  in  which  he  was  apprehensive  his  coun- 
try would  be  involved,  by  shewing,  in  the  history  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  the  fatal  donsequences  of  intestine 
troubles."  This  has  always  been  esteemed  one  of  the  best 
translations  that  we  have  of  any  Greek  writer,  and  the 
author  himself  superintended  the  maps  and  indexes.  But 
while  he  meditated  this  design,  his  patron,  the  earl  of 
Devonshire,  died  in  1626;  and  in  1628,  the  year  his  work 
was  publishcid,  his  son  died  also.  This  loss  affected  him 
to  such  a  degree,  that  he  i^ry  willingly  accepted  an  offer 
of  going  abroad  a  second  time  with  the  son  of  sir  Gervase 
Clifton,  whom  he  accordingly  accompanied  into  France, 
and  staid  there  some  time.  Bu(  while  he  continued  there 
be  was  solicited  to  return  to  England,  and  to  resume  his 
concern  for  the  hopes  pf  that  family,  to  which  he  had 
attached  himself  so  early,  and  owed  many  and  great 
obligations. 

In  1631,  the  countess  dowager  of  Devonshire  was  de- 
sirous of  placing  the  young  earl  under  his  care,  who  was 
then  about  the  age  of  thirteen  ;  a  trust  very  suitable  to  his 


6  H  O  B  B  E  S. 

inclinations,  and  which  he  discharged  with  great  fidelity 
and  diligence.  In  1634  he  republished  his  translation  of 
Thucydides,  and  prefixed  to  it  a  dedication  to  that  young 
nobleman,  in  which  he  gives  a  high  character  of  his  father, 
^nd  represents  in  the  strongest  terms  his  obligations  to  that 
illustrious  family.  The  same  year  he  accompanied  his  noble 
pupil  to  Paris,  where  he  applied  his  vacant  hours  to  natural 
philosophy,  especially  mechanism,  and  the  causes  of  animal 
motion.  He  had  frequent  conversations  upon  these  sub- 
jects with  father  Mersenne,  a  man  deservedly  famous,  who 
kept  up  a  correspondence  with  almost  all  the  learned  in 
Europe.  From  Paris  he  attended  his  pupil  into  Italy,  and 
at  Pisa  became  known  to  Galileoj  who  communicated  to 
him  his  notions  very  freely.  After  having  seen  all  that  was 
remarkable  in  that  country,  he  returned  in  1637  with  the 
earl  of  Devonshire  into  England.  The  troubles  in  Scot- 
land now  grew  high,  and  began  to  spread  themselves  south- 
ward,  and  to  threaten  disturbance  throughout  the  kingdom. 
Hobbes,  seeing  this,  thought  he  might  do  good  service  by 
composing  something  by  way  of  antidote  to  the  pestilential 
opinions  which- then  prevailed.  This  engaged  him  to  com- 
mit to  paper  certain  principles,  observations,  and  remarks, 
out  of  which  he  composed  his  book  **  De  Give,"  and  which, 
grew  up  afterwards  into  that  system  which  be  called  hi* 
**  Leviathan." 

Not  long  after  the  meeting  of  the  long  parliament, 
Nov.  3,  1640,  when  all  things  fell  into  confusion,  he  with- 
drew, for  the  sake  of  living  in  quiet,  to  Paris ;  where  he 
associated  himself  with  those  learned  men,  who,  under  the 
protection  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  sought,  by  conferring 
their  notions  together,  to  promote  every  kind  of  useful 
knowledge.  He  had  not  been  long  there,  when  by  the 
good  offices  of  his  friend  Mersenne,  he  became  known  to 
Pes  Cartes,  and  afterwards  held  a  correspondence  with 
him  upon  mathematical  subjects,  as  appears  from  the  letters 
of  Hobbes  published  in  the  works  6f  Des  Cartes.  But 
when  that  philosopher  printed  afterwards  his  '^Meditajtions,** 
in  which  he  attempted  to  establish  points  of  the  highest 
consequence  from  innate  ideas,  Hobbes  took  the  liberty  of 
dissenting  from  him;  as  did  also  Gassendi,  with  whom 
Hobbes  contracted  a  very  close  friendship,  which  was  not 
interrupted  till  the  death  of  the  former.  In  1642,  he 
printed  a  few  copies  of  his  book  ^^  De  Cive,''  which  raised 
him  many  adversaries,  by  whom  he  was  charged  with  in« 


H  O  B  B  £  a  7 

stilling  principles  of  a  dangerous  tendency.  Immediately 
after  the  appearance  of  this  book,  Des  Cartes  said  of  it  to 
a  friend,  *^  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  author  of  the  book  *  De 
Give,'  is  the  same  person  who  wrote  the  third  objection 
against  my  '  Meditations.'  I  think  bim  a  mucb  greater 
master  of  morality,  than  of  metaphysics  or  natural  philo- 
sophy ;  though  I  can  by  no  means  approve  of  his  principles 
or  maxims,  which  are  very  bad  and  extremely  dangerous, 
because  they  suppose  al^  men  to  be  wicked,  or  give  them 
occasion  to  be  so.  His  whole  design  is  to  write  in  favour 
of  monarchy,  which  might  be  done  to  moi*e  advantage  than 
he  has  done,  upon  maxims  more  virtuous  and  solid.  *  He 
has  wrote  likewise  greatly  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  church 
and  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  so  that  if  he  is  not  par* 
ticularly  supported  by  some  powerful  interest,  I  do  not  see 
how  he  can  escape  having  his  book  censured."  The  learned 
Conringius  censures  him  very  severely  for  boasting,  in 
regard  to  this  performance,  "  that  though  physics  were  a 
new  science,  yet  civil  philosophy  w^s  still  newer,  since  it 
could  not  be  styled  older  than  bis  book  *  De  Give ;'  where- 
as,'' says  Gonringius,  ^^  there  is  nothing  good  in  that  work 
of  his  that  was  not  always  known."  But  vanity  ^as 
throughout  life  a  prevailing  foible  with  Hobbes. 

Among  many  illustrious  persons  who  upon  the  shipwreck 
of  the  royal  cause  retired  to  France  for  safety,/  was  sir 
Charles  Cavendish,  brother  to  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  who, 
being  skilled  in  every  branch  of  mathematics,  proved  a 
constant  friend  and  patron  to  Hobbes  :  and  Hobbes  him- 
self, by  embarking,  in  1645,  in  a  controversy  about  .the 
quadrature  of  the  circle,  became  so  celebrated,  although 
certainly  undeservedly  as  a  mathematician,  that,  in  1^647, 
he  was  recommended  to  instruct  Charles  prince  of  Wales, 
afterwards  Charles  II.  in  that  branch  of  study.  His  care 
in  the  discharge  of  this  of&ce  gained  him  the  esteem  of  that 
prince  in  a  very  great  degree :  and  though  he  afterwards 
withdrew  his  public  favour  from  Hobbes  on  account  of  his 
writings,  yet  he  always  retained  a  sense  of  the  services  he 
had  done  him,  shewed  him  various  marks  of  his  favour 
after  he  was  restored  to  his  dominions,  and,  as  some  say, 
bad  his  picture  hanging  in  his  closet.  This  year  also  was 
printed  in  Holland,  by  the  care  of  M.  Sorbiere,  a  second 
and  more  complete  edition  of  his  book  *^  De  Cive,"  to 
which  are  prefixed  two  Latin  letters  to  the  editor,  one  by 
Gassendi,  the  other  by  Mersenne,  in  commendation  of  it. 


8  H  O  B  B  E  S. 

While  Hobbeswas  thus  employed  at  Paris,  he  was  attacked 
by  a  violent  fit  of  illness,  which  brought  him  so  low  that 
his  friends  began  to  despair  of  his  recovery.  Among  those 
^wbo  visited  him  in  this  weak  condition  was  his  friend  Mer* 
'senne,  who,  taking  this  for  a  favourable  opportunity,  began, 
after  a  few  general  compliments  of  condolence,  to  mention 
the  power  of  the  church  of  Rome  to  forgive  sins ;  but 
Hobbes  immediately  replied,  *^  Father,  all  these  matters  I 
have  debated  with  myself  long  ago.  Such  kind  of  business 
would  be  troublesome  to  me  now ;  and  you  can  entertain 
hie  on  subjects  more  agreeable;  when  did  you  see  Mr. 
Gassendi?'*  Mersenne  easily  understood  his  meaning, 
and,  without  troubling  him  any  farther,  suffered  the  con- 
versation, to  turn  upon  general  topics.  Yet  some  days 
afterwards,  when  Dr.Cosin,  afterwards  bishop  of  Durham, 
came  to  pray  with  him,  he  very  readily  accepted  the  pro- 
posal, and  received  the  sacrament  at  his  hands,  according 
to  the  forms  appointed  by  the  church  of  £ngland. 

In  1650  was  published  at  London  a  small  treatise  by 
Hobbes  entitled  "  Human  Nature,"  and  another,  "  De  cor- 
pore  politico,  or,  of  the  Elements  of  the  Law."  The  latter 
was  presented  to  Gassendi,  and  read  by  him  a  few  months 
before  his  death ;  who  is  said  first  to  have  kissed  it,  and 
then  to  have  delivered  his  opinion  of  it  in  these  words: 
**  This  treatise  is  indeed  small  in  bulk,  but  in  my  judgment 
the  very  marrow  of  science."  All  this  time  Hobbes  had 
been  digesting  with  great  pains  his  religious,  political,  and 
moral  principles  into  a  complete  system,  which  he  callejd 
the '^  Leviathan,"  and  which  was  printed  in  English  at 
London  in  that  and  the  year  following.  He  caused  a  copy 
of  it,  very  fairly  written  on  vellum  *,  to  be  presented  to 
Charles  II. ;  but  after  that  monarch  was  informed  that  the 
English  divines  considered  it  as  a  book  tending  to  subvert 
both  religion  and  civil  government,  he  is  said  to  have  with- 
drawn his  countenance  from  the  author,  and  by  the  marquis 
of  Ormond  to  have  forbidden  him  to  come  into  his  presence. 
After  the  publication  of  his  "  Leviathan,"  Hobbes  returned 
to  England,  and  passed  the  summer  commonly  at  his  pa- 
tron the  earl  of  Devonshire's  seat  in  Derbyshire,  and  his 

*  This  copy  appears  to  be  now  in  How  it  came  there  has  not  been  dis* 
the  library  of  the  late  eart  of  Macart-  covered.  l*he  library  is  now  in  the 
.ney,  at  Lissanoure  in  Ireland,  if  the  possession  of  a  lady,  the  late  earl's  re- 
one  very  accurately  described  by  tbe  presentative,  who  probably  knew  little 
Rev.  W.  H.  Pratt,  in  the  Gentleman's  of  its  history. 
MagaEtne    for  January  1S13,  p.  30. 


.% 


H  O  B  B  E  S.  0 

winters  in  town;  where  he  had  for  his  intimate  friends 
some  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  age ;  such  as  Dr.  Harvey, 
Selden,  Cowley,  &c.  In  1654,  he  published  his  ^  Letter 
upon  Liberty  and  Necessity,*'  which  occasioned  a  long 
controversy  between  him  and  Bramhall,  bishop  of  Lon* 
donderry.  About  this  time  he  began  the  controversy  with 
WalUs,  the  mathematical  professor  at  Oxford,  which  lasted 
as  long  as  Hobbes  lived,  and  in  which  he  had  the  misfor* 
tune  to  have  all  the  mathematicians  against  him.  It  is  in- 
deed said,  that  he  came  too  late  to  this  study  to  excel  in  it ; 
and  that  though  for  a  time  he  maintained  his  credit,  while 
he  was  content  to  proceed  in  the  same  track  with  others, 
and  to  reason  in  the  accustomed  manner  from  the  established 
principles  of  the  science,  yet  when  he  began  to.digress  into 
new  paths,  and  set  up  for  a  reformer,  inventor,  and  im« 
prover  of  geometry,  he  lost  himsdf  extremely.  But  not- 
withstanding these  debates  took  up  much  of  his  time,  yet 
he  published  several  philosophical  treatises  in  Latin. 

Such  were  his  occupations  till  1660,  when  upon  the  king's 
restoration  he  quitted  the  country,  and  came  up  to  London. 
He  was  at  Salisbury-house  with  his  patron,  when  the  ..king 
passing  by  one  day  accidentally  saw  him.  He  sent;  for 
him,  gave  him  his  hand  to  kiss,  inquired  kindly  after  his 
health  and  circumstances ;  and  some  time  after  directed 
Cooper,  the  celebrated  miniature-painter,  to  take  his  por« 
trait.  His  m^esty  likewise  afforded  him  another  private 
audience,  spoke  to  him  very  kindly,  assured  him  of  his 
protection,  and  settled  a  pension  upon  him  of  100/.  per 
annum  out  of  his  privy  purse.  Yet  this  did  not  render 
him  entirely  safe;  for,  in  1666,  his  ^^  Leviathan,"  and 
treatise  '^  De  Cive,"  were  censured  by  parliament,  which 
alarmed  him  much ;  as  did  also  the  bringing  of  a  bill  into 
the  House  of  commons  to  punish  atheism  and  profaneness. 
When  this  storm  was  a  little  blown  over,  he  began  to  think 
of  procuring  a  beautiful  edition  of  his  pieces  that  were  in 
Latin ;  but  finding  this  impracticable  in  England,  he 
caused  it  to  be  undertaken  abroad,  where  they  vret^  pub- 
lished in  1668,  4to,  from  the  press  of  John  Blean.  In 
1669,  he  was  visited  by  Cosmo  de  Medicis,  then  prince, 
afterwards  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  gave  him  ample  marks 
.of  his  esteem ;  and  having  received  his  picture,  and  a  corn* 
plete  collection  of  his  writings,  caused  them  to  be  depo- 
sited, the  former  among  his  curiosities,  the  latter  in  his 
library  at  Florence.    Similar  visits  he  received  from  several 


»o  HO  B  B  E  S. 

foreign  ambassadors,  and  other  strangers  of  distinction  i 
who. were  curious  to  see  a  person,  whose  singular  opinions 
and  numerous  writings  had  made  so  much  noise  ail  over 
Europe.     In  1672,  he  wrote  his  own  Life  in  Latin  verse, 
when,  as  he  observes,  he  had  completed  bis  eighty-fourth 
year:  and,  in  1674,  he  published  in  English  verse  four 
books  of  Homer's  **  Odyssey,"  which  were  so  well  re- 
ceived,   that  it  encouraged  him  to  undertake  the  whole 
**  Iliad"  and  "  Odyssey,"  which  he  likewise  performed, 
and  published  in  167,5.     These  were  not  the  first  speci- 
mens of  his  poetic  genius  which   he  had   given   to  the 
public  :  he  had  published  many  years  before,  about  1637, 
a  Latin  poem,  entitled  ^«  De  Mirabilibus  Pecci,  or,  Of  the 
Wonders  of  the  Peak."     But  his  poetry  is  below  criticism, 
and  has  been  long  exploded*.     In  1674,  he  took  his  leave 
of  London,  and  went  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  Derbyshire;  where,  however,    he  did  not  remain  in- 
active, notwithstanding  his  advanced  age,  but  published 
from  time  to  time  sev^eral  pieces  to  be  found  in  the  collec- 
tion of  his  works,  namely,  in  1676,   his  <<  Dispute   with 
Laney  bishop  of  Ely,  concerning  Liberty  and  Necessity ;" 
in  1678,   his  "  Decameron  Physiologicum,  or.  Ten  Dia- 
logues of  Natural  Philosophy ;"  to  which  he  added  a  book, 
entitled  ^*  A  Dialogue  between  a  Philosopher  and  a  Stu* 
dent  of  the  Common  Law  of  England."     June  1679,  he 
sent  another  book,  entitled  ^'Behemoth,  or,  A  History, of 
the  Civil  Wars  from  1640  to  1660,"  to  an  eminent  book- 
seller, with  a  letter  setting  forth  the  reasons  for  his  com- 
munication of  it,  as  well  as  for  the  request  he  then  made, 
that  he  would  not  publish  it  till  a  proper  occasion  offered. 
'  The  book,  however,  was  published  as  soon  as  he  was  dead^ 
and  the  letter  along  with  it ;  of  which  we  shall  give  a  cu- 
rious extract : — **  I  would  fain  have  published  my  Dia- 
logue of  the  Civil  Wars  of  England  long  ago,  and  to  that 
end  I  presented  it  to  his  majesty ;  and  some  days  after^ 

*  ^*  Hobb«f  could  construe  a  Greek  gance,  or  energy  of  stylci  he  bad  no 
author ;  but  bis  skill  ia  words  must  manner ,  of  conception.  And  hence 
hare  been  all  derived  from  the  dictio-  that  work,  though  called  a  translation 
nary ;  for  be  seems  not  to  have  known,  of  Homer,  does  not  e?en  desarve  the 
that  any  one  articulate  sound  could  name  of  poem ;  because  it  is  in  every 
be  more  agreeable,  or  any  one  phrase  respect  unpleasing,  being  nothing  more 
more  dignified,  than  any  other.  In  than  a  fictitious  narrative  delivered  ia 
bis  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  even  when  he  mens  prose,  with  tbe  additiaaal  mean- 
hits  the  author's  sense  (which  is  not  ness  of  harsh  rhime,  and  untuneable 
always  the  case)^  he  proves  by  his  measure.'*  Seattle's  Bssay  on  Poetry 
<|feaiM  of  wordS)  that  of  hanDOny^  ele-  wid  Music. 


H  O  B  B  E  S*  11 

tiiieo  I  thought  be  had  read  it,  I  humbly  besought  him  to 
let  me  print  it.  But  his  majesty,  though  he  beard  m^gm^ 
ciously,  yet  he  flatly  refused  to  have  it  published  ;  there- 
fore I  brought  away  the  book,  and  gave  you  leave  to  take 
a  copy  of  it ;  which  vfhetk  you  had  done,  I  gave  the  ori* 
gioal  to  an  honourable  and  learned  friend,  who  about  « 
year  after  died*  The  king  knows  better,  and  is  more 
concerned  in  publishing  of  books  than  I  am;  and  therefore 
I  dare  not  venture  to  appear  in  the  business,  lest  I  should 
offend  him.  Therefore  I  pray  you  not  to  meddle  in  the 
business.  Rather  than  to  be  thought  any  way  to  further 
or  countenance,  the  printing,  I  would  be  content  to  lose 
twenty  times  the  value  of  what  you  can  expect  to  gain  by 
it  I  pray  do  not  take  it  ill ;  it  may  be  I  may  live  to  send 
you  somewhat  else  as  vendible  as  that,  and  without  offence. 
I  am,  &c.''  However  he  did  not  live  to  send  his  book- 
seller any  thing  more,  this  being  his  last  piece.  It  is  ia 
dialogue,  and  full  of  paradoxes,  like  all  his  other  writings. 
More  philosophical,  political,  says  Warburton,  or  any  thing 
rather  than  historical,  yet  full  of  shrewd  observations.  In 
October  following,  he  was  afflicted  with  a  suppression  of 
urine;  and  his  physician  plainly  told  him,  that  he  bad 
little  hopes  of  curing  him.  In  November,  the  earl  of  De- 
vonshire removing  from  Chatsworth  to  another  seat  called 
Hardwick,  Hobbes  obstinately  persisted  in  desiring  that  he 
might  be  carried  too,  though  this  could  no  way  be  done 
but  by  laying  him  upon  a  feather-bed.  He  was  not  much 
discomposed  with  his  journey,  yet  within  a  week  after 
lost,  by  a  stroke. of  the  palsy,  the  use  of  his  speech,  and 
of  his  right  side  entirely  ;  in  which  condition  he  remained 
for  some  days,  taking  little  nourishment,  and  sleeping 
much,  sometimes  endeavouring  to  speak,  but  not  being 
aible.  He  died  Dec*  4,  1679^,  in  his  ninety- second  year. 
Wood  tells  us,  that  after  his  physician  gave  him  no  hopes 
of  a  cure,  he  said,  *^  Then  I  shall  be  glad  to  find  a  hole  to 
creep  out  of  the  world  at.''  He  observes  also,  that  his  not 
desiring  a  minister,  to  receive  the  sacrament  before  he 
died,  ought  in  charity-  to  be  imputed  to  his. being  so  sud-« 
denly  seized^  and  afterwaixls  deprived  of  his  senses ;  the 
rather^  because  the  earl  of  Devonshire's  chaplain  declared, 
that  ifvithin  the  two  last*  years  of  his  life  he  bad  often  re* 
ceived  the  sacrament  from  his  hands  with  seeming  devotion. 
His  character  and  manners  are  thus  described  by  Dr. 
White  Kennety  in  hb  *<  Memoirs'  of  the  Cavendish  F«mfly  ;'* 


12  ROBBED. 

1' 

**  The  carl  of  Devonshire,"  says  be,  "  for  his  whole  life 
entertained   Mr.  Hobbes  in  his  family,   as  bis  old    tutor 
rather  than  as  his  friend  or  confidant.     He  let  him  live 
under  his  roof  in  ease  and  plenty,  and  in  his  own  way, 
without  making  use  of  him  in  any  public,  or  so  much  as 
domestic  affairs.     He  would' often  express  an  abhorrence 
of  some  of  his  principles  in  policy  and  religion  ;  and  both 
be  and  his  lady  would  frequently  put  oif  the  mention  of 
bis  name,  and  say, '  he  was  a  humourist,  and  nobody  could 
account  for.  him.'     There  is  a  tradition  in  the  family  of  the 
manners  and  customs  of  Mr.  Hobbes  somewhat  observable. 
His  professed  rule  of  health  was  to  dedicate  the  morning 
to  his  exercise,  and  the  afternoon  to  his  studies.     At  his 
first  rising,  therefore,  he  walked  out,  and  climbed  any  hill 
within  his  reach;  or,  if  the  weather  was  not  dry,  he  fa* 
tigued  himself  within  doors  by  some  exercise  or  other,  to 
be  in  a  sweat :  recommending  that  practice  uppn  this  opi- 
nion, that  an  bid  man  had  more  moisture  than  heat,  and 
therefore  by  such  motion  heat  was  to  be  acquired,  and 
moisture  expelled.      After   this  he  took  a  comfortable 
breakfast;  and  then  went  round  the  lodgings  to  wait  upon 
^he  earl,  the  countess,  and  the  children,  and  any  consider- 
able strangers,  paying  some  short  addresses  to  all  of  them. 
He  kept  these  rounds  till  about  twelve  o^cIock,  when  he 
bad  a  little  dinner  provided  for  him,  which  be  eat  always 
by  himself  without  ceremony.     Soon  after  dinner  he  re- 
tired to  his  study,  and  had  bis  candle  with  ten  or  twelve 
pipes  of  tobacco  laid  by  him ;  then  shutting  bis  door,  he 
fell  to  smoaking,  thinking,  and  writing  for  several  hours. 
He  retained  a  friend  or  two  at  court,  and  especially  the  lord 
Arlington,  tq  protect  him  if  occasion  should  require.     He 
used  to  say,  that  it  was  lawful  to  make  pse  of  ill  instru- 
ments to  do  ourselves  good :    '  If  I  were  cast,*  says  he, 
^  into  a  deep  pit,  and  the  devil  should  put  down  his  cloven 
foot,  I  would  take  hold  of  it  to  be  drawn  out  by  it.'.    To« 
wards  the  end  of  his  life  be  had  very  few  books,  and  those 
he  read  but  very  little ;  thinking  he  was  now  able  only  to 
digest  what  he  bad  fornxerly  fed  upon.     If  company  came 
to  visit  him,  he  would  be  free  in  discourse  till  he  was 
pressed  or  contradicted ;  and  then  he  had  the  infirmities 
of  being  short  and  peevish,  and  referring  to  his  writings 
for  better  satisfaction.     His  friends,  who  had  the  liberty 
of  introducing  strangers  to  him,  made  these  terms  with 
them  before  their  admbsion,  that  they  should  not  dispute 
with  the  old  man,  nor  contradict  him.'' 


H  O  B  B  E  S:  13 

After  mentioning  the  apprehensions  Hobbes  was  under, 
when  the  parliament  censured  his  book,  and  the  methods 
he  took  to  escape  persecution,  Dr.  Kennet  adds,  '*  It  is 
not  much  to  be  doubted,  that  upon  this  occasion  he  began 
to  make  a  more  open  shew  of  religion  and  church  commu- 
nion.    He  now  frequented  the  chapel,  joined  in  the  ser« 
▼ice,  and  was  generally  a  partaker  of  the  holy  sacrament : 
and    whenever    any  strangers   in  conversation   with  him 
seemed  to  question  his  belief,  he  would  always  appeal  to 
his  conformity  in  divine  services,  and  referred  them  to  the 
chaplain  for  a  testimony  of  it.     Others  thought  it  a  mere 
compliance  to  the  orders  of  the  family,  and  observed,  that 
io  city  and  country  he  never  went  to  any  parish  church  ; 
and  even  in  the  chapel  upon  Sundays,  he  weYit  out  after 
prayers,  and  turned  his  back  upon  the  sdrmon ;  and  when 
any  friend  asked  the  reason  of  it,  he  gave  no  other  but  this, 
*  they  could  teach  him  nothing,  but  what  he  knew.*     He 
did  not  conceal  his  hatred  to  the  clergy ;  but  it  was  visible 
that  the  hatred  was  owing  to  his  fear  of  their  civil  interest 
and  power.     He  had  often  a  jealousy,  that  the  bishops 
would  burn  him :  and  of  all  the  bench  he  was  most  afraid 
of  the  bishop  of  Sarum,  because  he  had  most  offended  him ; 
thinking  every  man's  spirit  to  be  remembrance  and  re- 
venge.    After  the  Restoration,  he  watched  all  opportuni- 
ties to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  king  and  his  prime  mi- 
nisters ;  and  looked  upon  his  pension  to  be  more  valuable, 
as  an  earnest  of  fevour  and  protection,  than  upon  any  other 
account.     His  following  course  of  life  was  to  be  free  from 
danger.     He  could  not  endure  to  be  left  in  an  empty 
bouse.     Whenever  the  earl  removed,  he  would  go  along 
with  him,  even  to  his  last  stage,  from  Ch^tsworth  to  Hard- 
wick.     When  he  was  in  a  very  weak  condition,  he  dared 
not  to  be  left  behind,  but  made  his  way  upon  a  feather-bed 
in  a  coach',  though  he  survived  the  journey  but  a  few  days. 
He  could  not  bear  any  discourse  of  death,  and  seemed  to 
cast  off  all  thoughts  of  it :  he  delighted  to  reckon  upon 
longer  life.     The  winter  before  he  died,  he  made  a  warm 
coat,  which  he  said  must  last  him  three  years,  and  then 
be  would  have  such  another.     In  his  last  sickness  his  fre- 
quent questions  were.  Whether  his  disease  was  curable? 
and  when  ihtimations  were  given  that  be  might  have  ease, 
but  no  remedy,  he  used  this  expression,  *  I  shall  be  glad 
to  find  a  bole  to  creep  out  of  the  world  at  ;*  which  are  re« 
ported  to  have  been  his  last  sensible  words  i  and  his  lying 


14  H  O  B  B  £  S; 

some  days  following  in  a  silent  stupefaction^  did  seem 
owing  to  his  mind  more  than  to  his  body.  The  only  thought 
of  c^eath  that  he  appeared  to  entertain  in  time  of  health, 
was  to  take  care  of  some  inscription  on  his  grave.  He 
would  suffer  some  friends  to  dictate  an  epitaph,  among 
which  he  was  best  pleased  with  this  humour,  *  This  is  the 
philosopher's  stone'."  A  pun  very  probaUy  from  the  band 
which  wrote  for  Dr.  Fuller,  "Here  lies  Fuller's  earth." 

After  this  account  of  Hobbes,  which,   though  undoubt- 
edly true  in  the  main,  may  be  thought  too  strongly  co- 
loured, it  will  be  but  justice,  to  subjoin  what  lord  Claren- 
don has  said  of  him.  This  noble  person,  during  his  banish- 
ment, wrote  a  book  in  1670,  which  was  printed  six  years 
after  at  Oxford  with  this  title,  **  A  brief  View  of  the  dan- 
gerous and  pernicious  Errors  to  Church  and  State  in  Mr, 
Hobbes's  book  entitled  Leviathan."     In  the  introduction 
the  earl  observes,  that  Mr.  Hobbes's  "  Leviathan"  "  con- 
tains in  it  good  learning  of  all  kinds,  politely  extracted, 
and  very  wittily  and  cunningly  digested  in  a  very  com- 
mendable, and  in  a  vigorous  and  pleasant  style :  and  that 
Mr.  Hobbes'himself  was  a  man  of  excellent  parts,  of  great 
wit,  some  reading,  and  somewhat  more  thinking ;  one  who 
has  spent  many  years  in  foreign  parts  and  observations ; 
understands  the  learned  as  well  as  the  modern  languages ; 
bath  long  had  the  reputation  of  a  great  philosopher  and 
mathematician  ;  and  in  his  age  bath  bad  conversation  with 
very  many  worthy  and  extraordinary  men  :  to  which  it  may 
be,  if  he  had  been  more  indulgent  in  the  more  vigorous 
part  of  his  life,  it  might  have  had  greater  infiuence  upon 
the  temper  of  his  mind ;  whereas  age  seldom  submits  ta 
those  questions,  inquiries,  and  contradictions,  wbicb  the 
laws  and  liberty  of  conversation  require.    And  it  hath  been 
always  a  lamentation  among  Mr.  Hobbes's  friends,  that  he 
spent  too  much  time  in  thinking,  and  too  little  in  exer- 
cising those  thoughts  in  the  company  of  other  men  of  the 
same,  or  of  as  good  faculties ;  for  want  whereof  his  natu- 
ral constitution,   with  age,    contracted   such  a  morosity^ 
that  doubting  and  contradicting  men  were  never  grateful  to 
Jiim. '  In  a  word,.  Mr.  Hobbes  is  one  of  the  most  ancient 
acquaintance  I  have  in  the  world;  and  of  whom  I  have 
always  had  a  great  esteem,  as  a  man,  who,  besides  hia 
eminent  parts,  learning,  and  knowledge,  bath  been  always 
looked  upon  as  a  man  of  probity,  and  of  a  life  free  from 
scandal." 


H  O  B  B  £  S.  IS 

Tbeie  have  been  few  personsj  whose  writings  have  had 
a  more  pernicious  influence  in  spreading  irreligion  and  in* 
fidelity  than  those  of  Hobbes;  and  yet  none  of  his  trea* 
Uses  are  directly  levelled  against  revealed  religion.  He 
sometimes  affects  to  speak  witb  veneration  of  the. sacred 
writings,  and  expressly  declares,  that  though  the  laws  of 
nature  are  not  laws  as  they  proceed  from  nature,  yet  ^^  as 
they  are  given  by  God  in  Holy  Scripture,  they  are  properly 
called  laws ;  for  the  Holy  Scripture  is  the  voice  of  God, 
ruling  all  things  by  the  greatest  right  ^.''  But  though  he 
seems  here  to  make  the  laws  of  Scripture  the  laws  of  God, 
and  to  derive  their  force  from  his  supreme  authorityi  yet 
elsewhere  he  supposes  them  to  have  no  authority,  but  what 
they  derive  from  the  prince  or  civil  power.  He  sometimes 
seems  to  acknowledge  inspiration  to  be  a  supernatural  gift, 
and  the  immediate  hand  of  God  :  at  other  times  he  treats 
the  pretence  to  it  as  a  sign  ^of  madness,  and  represents 
God's  speaking  to  the  prophets  in  a  dream,  to  be  no  more 
than  the  prophets  dreaming  that  God  spake  unto  them. 
He  asserts,  that  we  have  no  assurance  of  the  certainty  of 
Scripture  but  the  authority  of  the  church  f,  and  this  he 
resolves  into  the  authority  of  the  commonwealth ;  and  de- 
clares, that  till  the  sovereign  ruler  had  prescribed  them, 
'^the  precepts  of  Scripture  were  not  obligatory  laws,  but 
only  counsel  or  advice,  which  he  that  was  counselled  might 
without  injustice  refuse  to  observe,  and  being  contrary  to 
the  laws  coold  not  without  injustice  observe ;''  that  the  word 
of  the  interpreter  of  Scripture  is  the  wprd  of  God,  and  that 
the  sovereign  magistrate  is  the  interpreter  of  Scripture^ 
and  of  all  doctrines,  to  whose  authority  we  must  stand. 
Nay,  be  carries  it  so  far  as  to  pronounce  ]:,  that  Christians 
are  abound  in  conscience  to  obey  the  laws  of  an  iu6del  king 
is  matters  of  religion ;  that  ^<  thought  is  free,  but  when  it 
comes  to  confession  of  faith,  the  private  reason  must  sub- 
mit to  the  public,  that  is  to  say,  to  God's  lieutenant."  Ac- 
cordingly he  allows  the  subject,  being  commanded  by  the 
sovereign,  to  deny  Christ  in  words,  holding  the  faith  of 
him  firmly  in  bis  heart ;  it  being  in  this  *^  not  he,  that 
denieth  Chdst  before  men,  but  bis  governor  and  the  laws 
of  bis  country.''  In  the  mean  time  he  acknowledges  the 
existence  of  God§,  and  that  we  must  of  necessity  ascribe 

4 

*  De  Cire^  c  iii.  s.  33.  "{  Be  Give,  c.  17.  LsTiathan,  pp.  169, 

t  teviathao,  p.  196.  283,  284. 

4  LeriatbaD,  pp.  238,  872. 


16  H  O  B  B  E  S. 

the  effects  we  behold  to  the  eternal  power  of  all  powers^ 
and  cause  of  all  causes ;  and  he  reproaches  those  as  ab-*' 
surd,  who  call  the  world,  or  the  soul  of  the  world,  God* 
But  then  he  denies  that  we  know  any  thing  more  of  him 
than  that  he  exists,  and  seems  plainly  to  make  him  corpo- 
real ;  for  he  affirms,  that  whatever  is  not  body  is  nothing 
at  all.  And  though  he  sometimes  seems  to  acknowledge 
religion  and  its  obligations,  and  that  there  is  an  honour 
and  worship  due  to  God ;  prayer,  thanksgivings,  oblations, 
&c.  yet  he  advances  principles,  which  evidently  tend  to 
subvert  all  religion.  The  account  he  gives  of  it  is  this, 
that  '^  from  the  fear  of  power  invisible,  feigned  by  the 
mind,  or  imagined  from  tales,  publicly  allowed,  ariseth 
religion ;  not  allowed,  superstition :"  and  he  resolves  reli- 
gion into  things  which  he  himself  derides,  namely,  ^^  opi« 
nions  of  ghosts,  ignorance  of  second  causes,  devotion  to 
what  men  fear,  and  taking  of  things  casual  for  prognos- 
tics." He  takes  pains  in  many  places  to  prove  man  a 
necessary  agent,  and  openly  derides  the  doctrine  of  a  fu- 
ture state :  for  he  says,  that  the  belief  of  a  future  state 
after  death,  *^  is  a  belief  grounded  upon  other  men's  say- 
ing, that  they  knew  it  supernaturally ;  or,  that  they  knew 
those,  that  knew  them,  that  knew  others  that  knew  it  su- 
pernaturally.'' But  jt  is  not  revealed  religion  only,  of 
which  Hobbes  makes  light ;  he  goes  farther,  as  will  ap* 
pear  by  running  over  a  few  more  of  his  maxims.  He  as-< 
serts,  *^  that,  by  the  law  of  nature,. every  man  hath  a  right, 
to  all  things,  and  over  all  persons ;  and  that  the  natural 
condition  of  man  is  a  state  of  war,  a  war  of  all  men  against 
all  men  :  that  there  is  no  way  so  reasonable  for  any  man, 
as  by  force  or  wiles  to  gain  a  mastery  over  all  other  per- 
sons that  be  can,  till  he  sees  no  other  power  strong  enough 
to  endanger  him  :  that  the  civil  laws  are  the  only  rules  of 
good  and  evil,  just  and  unjust,  honest  and  dishonest ;  and 
that,  antecedently  to  such  laws,  every  action  is  in  its  own 
nature  indifferent ;  that  there  is  nothing  good  or  evil  in 
itself,  nor  any  common  laws  constituting  what  is  naturally, 
just  and  unjust:  that  all  things  are  measured  by  what 
every  man  judgeth  fit,  where  there  is  no  civil  government, 
and  by  the  laws  of  society,  where  there  is :  that  the  power 
of  the  sovereign  is  absolute,  and  that  he  is  not  bound  by 
any  compacts  with  his  subjects  :  that  nothing  the  sovereign 
can  do  to  the  subject,  can  properly  be  called  injurious  or 
wrong  I  and  that  the  king's  word  is  sufficient  to  take  any 


H  O  B  fi  £  S.  17 

Uiii^  firom  the  rabject  if  need  be,  and  that  the  kiog  i^ 
judge  of  Uiat  need/'  This  scheme  evidently  strikes  at 
the  foundation  of  all  religion,  natural  and  revealed.  It 
tends  not  only  to  subvert  the  authority  of  Scripture,  .but 
to  destroy  God's  moral  government  of  the  world.  It  con- 
founds the  natural  differences  of  good  and  evil,  virtue  and 
vice.  It  destroys  the  best  principles  of  the  human  nature; 
and  instead  of  that  innate  benevolence  and  social  disposi- 
tion which  should  unite  men  together,  supposes  all  men 
to  be  naturally  in  a  state  of  war  with  one  another,  ilt 
erects  an  absolute  tyranny  in  the. state  and  church,  which  jt 
confounds,  and  makes  the  will  of  the  prince  or  governing 
power  the  sole  standard  of  right  and  wrong, 

Such  principles  in  religion  and  politics  would,  as  it  may 
be  imagined,  raise  adversaries.     Hobbes  accordingly  was 
attacked  by  many  considerable  persons,  and,  what  may 
seem  more  strange,  by  such  as  wrote  against  each  other. 
Harrington,  in  his  ^*  Oceana,"  very  often  attacks  Hobbes ; 
and  so  does  sir  Robert  Filmer  in  his  ^^  Observations  con- 
cerning the  Original  of  Government.''     We  have  already 
mentioned  Bramhall  and  Clarendon;  the  former  argued 
with  great  acuteness  against  that  part  of  his  system  which 
relates  to  liberty  and  necessity,  and  afterwards  attacked 
the  whole  in  a  piece,  called  ^'Tbe  Catching  of  the  Levia- 
than," published  in  1685  ;  in  which  he  undertakes  to  de- 
monstrate out  of  Hobbes's  own  .works,  that  no  man,  who  is 
thoroughly  an  Hobbist,  can  be  '^  a  good  Christian,  or  a 
good  commonwealth's  man,  or  reconcile  himself  to  him- 
self."   Tenison,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  gave 
•a  summary  view  of  Hobbes's  principles,  in  a  book  called 
"The  Creed  of  Mr.  Hobbes  examined,  1670;"  to  which 
we  may  add  the  two. dialogues  of  Dr.  Eacbard  between  Ti- 
mothy and    Phiiautus,  .and   Dr.  Parker's  book,    entitled 
**  Disputationes de  Deo  &.Divina  Providentia."  Dr.  Henry 
tMore  has  also  in  ditfc^rent  parts  of  his  works  canvassed  and 
refuted  several  positions  of  Hobbes;  and  the  philosopher 
of  JllaUnesbury  is  said  to  have  been  so  ingenuous  as  to  own, 
.that^*  whenever  he  discovered  his  own  philosophy  to  be 
•unsustainable,   he  would  embrace   the  opinions  of    Dr. 
dlore."    'But  the  two  greatest  works  against  him  were, 
^Cumberland's  book^^  De  legibus  Naturae,"  and  Cudworth's 
•^^  Intellectual  System :"  for  these  authors  do  not  employ 
themselves  about  his  peculiar  whimsies,  or  in  vindicating 
ttvealed  religion  'from  his  exceptions   and  cavils,    but 
.    V0L.XVIIL  C 


IS  H  O  fi  B  E  & 

endeavour  to  establish  the  great  principles  of  all  religiofi 
and  morality,  which  his  scheme  tended  to  subvert^  and  to 
shew  that  they  have  a  real  foundation  in  reason  and  nature. 
There  is  one  peculiarity  related  of  Hobbes,  which  we 
have  not  yet  mentioned  in  the  course  of  our  account  of 
him — his  dread  of  apparitions  and  spirits.     His  friends  in* 
deed  have  called  this  a  fable.     ^^  He  was  falsely  accused/' 
say  they,  **  by  some,  of  being  afraid  to  be  alone,  because 
be  was  afraid  of  spectres  and  apparitions;  vain  bugbears 
of  fools,'  which  he  had  chased  away  by  the  light  of  his  phi- 
losophy."    They  do  not,    however^   deny,    that   he   was ' 
afraid  of  being  alone ;  they  only  insinuate,  that  it  was  for 
fear  of  being  assassinated  ;  but  the  fact  probably  was,  that 
he  bad  that  tenacity  of  life  which  is  observable  in   men 
whose  religious  principles  are  unsettled.     Upon  the  whole, 
we  may  conclude,  with  the  intelligent  Brucker,  that  Hobbes 
was    certainly  possessed  of  vigorous  faculties,    and  had 
he  been  sufficiently  careful  to  form  and  improve  his  judg- 
ment, and  to  preserve  his  mind  free  from  the  bias  of  pre- 
judice and  pas^on,  would  undoubtedly  have  deserved  a 
place  in  the  first  class  of  philosophers.     The  mathematical 
method  of  reasfoiiing  which  he  adopted,  greatly  assisted 
him  in  his  researches;  but  he  was  often  led  into  error,  by 
assuming  false  or  uncertain  principles  or  axioms.     The 
vehemence  with  which  he  engaged  in  political  contests 
biassed  his  judgment  on  questions  of  policy,  and  led  him 
to  frame  such  maxims  and  rules  of  government,  as  would 
be  destructive  of  the  peace  and  happiness  of  mankind.. 
An  arrogant  contempt  of  the  opinions  of  others,  an  impa- 
tience of  contradiction,  and  a  restless  ambition  to  be  dis- 
tinguished as  an  innovator  in  philosopby»  were  qualities 
which  appear  to  have  contributed  in  no  small  degree  to 
the  perversion  of  his  judgment     It  is  also  to  be  remarked, 
that  though  he  had  the  precept  and  example  of  lord  Bacon 
to  guide  him,  he  neglected  the  new  and  fertile  path  of 
experimental  philosophy.     So  little  was  he  aware  of  the 
value  of  this  kind  of  knowledge,  that  he  censured  the  royal 
society  of  London,  at  its  first  institution,  for  attending 
more  to  minute  experiment  than  general  priudples,  and 
said,  that  if  the  name  of  a  philosopher  was  to  be  obtained 
•by  relating  a  multifarious   farrago  of   experiments^  we 
might  expect  to  see  apothecaries,  gardeners,  and  per- 
fumers rank  among  philosophers. 
~    A  list  of  the  works  of  this  remarkable  man,  in  the  order 


H  O  B  B  E  S.  19 

0 

of  publieation,  seems  not  unnecessary  to  close  our  account 
ofhim^  1.  His  *^  Translation  of  Thucydides/*  Lond.  1628, 
«nd  1676,  fol.  reprinted  in  2  vols.  8vo.  2.  **  De  Mira- 
bilibus  Pecci/*  a  Latin  poem,  Lond.  1636,  Svo,  1666,  4to. 
3.  *^  Elementa  philosophica  seu  polit^ipa  de  Give,"  Paris, 
J  642,  4to,  Amst.  1647,  12mo.  4.  '^  An  Answer  to  sir 
William  Davenant's  Epislle  or  Preface  to  Gondibert,'*  Pa- 
ris, 1650,  12mo,  afterwards  printed  with  Gondibert.  5. 
'^  Human  Nature  ;  or  the  fundamental  elements  of  policy,*' 
Lond.  1650,  12mo.  6.  '^  De  Corpore  Politico;  or  the 
Elements  of  the  Law,"  Lond.  1650,  Timo.  7.  "  Levia- 
than ;  or  the  matter,  form,  and  power  of  a  Commonwealth,'* 
ibid.  1651,  and  1680,  fol.  8.  ^*  A  Compendium  of  Aris- 
totle's Rhetoric,  and  Ramus^s  Logic.*'  9.  ^*  A  Letter  about 
Liberty  and  Necessity,"  Lond.  1654,  12mo.  This  was 
answered  by  Dr.  Laney  and  bishop  Bramhall.  10.  '^  The 
Questions  concerning  Liberty,  and  Necessity,  and  Cliance, 
stated  and  debated  between  Mr.  Hobbes  and  Dr.  Bramhall, 
bishop  of  London- Derry,"  Lond.  1656,  4to.  1 1^  "  Ele- 
mentorum  Philosophiie  sectio  prima  de  Corpore,"  ibid. 
1655,  8vo;  in  English,  1656,  in  4to.  "  Sectio  secunda," 
London,  1657,  4to;  Amsterdam,  1668,  in  4to.  12.  ^'Six: 
Lessons  to  the  professors  of  mathematics  of  the  institution 
of  sir  Henry  Savile,"  ibid,  1656,  4to,  written  against  Mr. 
Seth  Ward,  and  Dr.  John  Wallis.  13.  «  The  Marks  of  the 
absurd  Geometry,  rural  Language,  &e.  of  Dr  John  Wal- 
lis," ibid.  1657,  Svo.  14.  ^^  Examinatio  et  emendatio 
Matbematicae  hodiernse,  sex  Dialogis  comprehensa,"  ibid. 

1660,  4to;  Amsterdam,  1668,  4to.  15.  "  Dialogus  Phy- 
sicus,  sive  de  Natur^  Aeris,"  Lond.  1661,  4to;  Amster- 
dam, 1668,  4to.     16.  "  De  Duplicatione  Cubi,"  London, 

1661,  4to;  Amsterdam,  1668,  4to.  17.  "  Problem ata 
Physica,  una  cum  magnitudine  circuli,"  Lond.  1662,  4to; 
Amsterdam^  168.8,  4to.  18.  *'  De  principiis  et  ratiocina- 
tione  Geometrarum,  contra  fastuosumT  professorem,"  Lond. 
1666,  4to;  Amsterdam,  1668,  4to.  19.  ^<  Quadratura  Cir- 
<ruli,  cubatio  sphserus,  duplicado  cubi ;  una  cum  respon- 
sione  ad  objectiones  geometriae  professoris  Saviliani  O.x- 
onisB  editas  anno  1669."  Lond.  1669,  4tOv  20.  <<  Rosetum 
Geometricum,  sive  propositioiies  aliquot  frustra  antehap 
tentatsB,  cum  censur4  brevi  doctrinae  Wallisianande  motu,'' 
London,  1671,  4to,  of  which  an  account  is  giVen  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  No.  72,  for  the  year  1671, 
?  L  Three  Papers  presented  to  the  royal  society  against 

G  2 


UO  H  O  B  B  E  S. 

Dr.  Wallis,  with  considerations  on  Dr.  Wallis*s  Ahswier  tb 
them/'  Lond.  1671,  4to.  ^2.  **  Lux  Mathematical  &c. 
censura  doctWnae  Wallisianse  de  Libra:  Rosetum  Hob- 
besii,"  Lond.  1672,  4to.  23.  "  Princi]pia  et  Problemata 
aliquot  Ceometrica  ante  desperata,  nunc  breviter  explt- 
cata  et  demonstrata/*  London,  1674,  4to.  24.  '*  Epis- 
tola  ad  Dom.  Anton,  a  Wood,  Authorem  Historise  et  Anti- 
quitat.   Universit.   Oxon. :"  dated   April   the  20th,  1674^ 

Krinted  in  half  ^  sheet  on  one  side.  '*  It  was  written  to 
Ir.  Wood,"  says  Wood  himself,  "  upon  his  complaint  made 
to  Mr.  Hobbes  of  several  deletions  and  additions  made  in 
and  to  his  life  and  character  (which  he  had  written  of  him 
in  that  book)  by  the  publisher  (Dr.  Jo.  Fell)  of  the  said 
Hist  and  Antiq.  to  the  great  dishonour  and  disparagement 
of  the  said  Mr.  Hobbes.  Whereupon,  when  that  history 
was  finished,  came  out  a  scurrilous  answer  to  the  said 
epistle,  written  by  Dr.  Fell,  which  is  at  **  the  end  of  the 
said  history."  In  this  Answer  Dr.  Fell  styles  Mr.  Hobbes, 
^^  irritabiie  illud  et  vanissimum  Malmsburiense  animal  *," 
and  tells  us,  that  one  Mr.  J.  A.  had  sent  a  magnificenjt  euld- 
gium  of  Mr.  Hobbes  drawn  up  by  him,  or  more  probably 
by  Hobbes  himself,  in  order  to  be  inserted  in  the  Hist,  et 
Antiq.  Univers.  Oxon.;  but  the  editor  finding  in  this  eulp- 
gium  a  great  many  things  foreign  to  the  design  of  that  wofk^ 
and  far  from  truth,  he  suppressed  what  he  thought  proper. 
25.  "A  Letter  to  William  duke  of  Newcastle,  concerning 
the  Controversy  had  with  Dr.  Laney,  bishop  of  Ely,  about 
Liberty  and  Necessity,"  Lond.  1670,  12mo.  26.  "  Deca- 
meron Physiologicum ;  or  ten  dialogues  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, &c."  London,  1678,  8vo.  To  this  is  added  "  The 
Proportion  of  a  strait  line  to  bold  the  Arch  of  a  Quadrant." 
27.  ^*  His  last  words  and  dying  Legacy  :"  printed  on  one 
side  of  a  sheet  of  paper  in  December  1679,  and  published 
by  Charles  Blunt,  esq.  from  the  ^*  Leviathan,"  in  order  to 
expose  Mr.  Hobbes^s  doctrine.  28.  His  *^  Memorable  Say- 
ings in  his  books  and  at  the  table;"  printed  on  one  side  of 
a  broad  sheet  of  paper,  with  his  picture  before  them.  29. 
<<  Behemoth:  The  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  Englahd 
from  1640  to  16€0,"  Lond.  16719,  8vo.  30.  «*  Vita  Tho- 
mas Hobbes,"  a  Latin  poeih  written  by  himself,  and  prihted 
at  London  in'4to,  in  the  latter  end  of  December  1679 ; 
and  a  fortnight  after  that,  viz.  about  the  lOih  of  January, 
it  was  published  in  English  verse  by  another  band,  at  Lon- 
idot)  1680|  ill  five  sheets  in  folio.    The  Latin  copy  was 


H  O  B  B  E  a  21 

reprinted  and  subjoined  to  ^  Vits  Hobbianse  Auctariuro/' 
31.  ^^  Historical  narration  of  Heresy,  and  the  punisbment 
thereof/'  London,  1680,  in  four  abeets  and  an  half  in  folio ; 
and  in  1682  in  8vo.  This  is  chiefly  e^ctracted  out  of  the 
second  chapter  De  Haeresi  of  his  Appendix  to  the  i.$via« 
than.  32.  <<  Vita  Thoms  Hobbes,'*  written  by  himself  in 
prose,  and  printed  at  Caropolis,  i.  e.  London,  s^nd  pre- 
fixed to  *^Y'\UB  HobbiansB  Auctarium,''  1681,  Svo,  ai^4 
1683,  4 to.  33.  <<  A  Brief  of  the  art  of  Rhetpric,  c^nt^n- 
ing  in  substance  all  that  Aristotle  hath  written  in  hi$  thre^ 
books  of  that  subject,*'  12mo,  without  a  date.  U  was 
afterwards  published  in  two  books,  London,  169 1*,  in  8vo, 
the  first  bearing  the  title  of  "  The  Art  of  Rhetoric/'  and 
the  other  of  *^  The  Art  of  Rhetoric  plainly  set  forth  ;  with 
pertinent  examples  for  the  more  ready  understanding 
and  practice  of  the  same."  To  which  is  added,  34.  ^^  A 
Dialogue  between  a  philosopher  and  a  student  of  the  CpQi*!* 
mon  Laws  of  England."  Mr.  Harrington  in  bis  Ob^erva-? 
tions  on  the  Statute  of  Treasons,  says  it  appears  by  thitt 
dialogue,  that  Hobbes  had  considered  most  of  the  funda^- 
mental  principles  of  the  English  law  with  great  care  and 
attention.  35.  **  An  Answer  to  archbishop  BrarpbalPiS  Book 
called  The  catching  of  the  Leviathan,"  London,  1682,  $VQ. 
36.  ^<  Seven  philosophical  Problems,  and  two  Propositions 
of  Geometry,"  London,  1682,  Svo,  dedicated  to  the  king 
in  1662.  37.  ^*  An  Apology  for  himself  and  his  Writings." 
38.  ^*  Historia  Ecclesiastica  carmine  elegiaco  concinnata,'' 
Aug.  Trinob.  i.  e.  London,  1688,  8vo.  39.  "  Tractatus 
Opticus,"  inserted  in  Mersennus's  *^  Cou^itata  Physico^ 
Mathematica,"  Paris,  1 644,  4to.  40.  ^^  Qbservationes  in 
Cartesii  de  prim&  Philosophic  Meditationes."  These  ob- 
jections are  published  in  all*  the  editions  of  {)es  Gartes's 
**  Meditations."  41.  "The  Voyage  of  Ulysses;  or  Ho- 
mer's Odysses,"  book  9,  10,  11,  12.  London,  1674,  in  8vo* 
And  42.  "Homer's  Iliads  and  Odysses,"  London,  1675 
and  1677,  12mo.  ^ 

HOBBIMA  (Mind-erhout),  a  very  eminent  painter,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  born  about  1611,  at  Antwerp  ^  but 
tbe  master  from  whom  he  received  his  instruction  is  not 
known.     He  studied  entirely  after  nature,  sketching  every 

1  Bioff.  6rit-«6en.  Dict.-^Bnract's  Gyro  Tiipes.— Life  prefixed  to  Wood'^ 
Annals,  4to,  p.  1^. — A th.  Ox.  vol.  II,— Leland's^  Deistical  Writers — Letters 
irwm  the -Bodleian  Libraryi  S  T6lt.  Svo,  lSld.^--D''Itraeirs  Quarrels  of  A^ihors, 
Tol.  111.  p.  1—89. 


22  H  O  B  B  I  M  A. 

scene  that  afforded  him  pleasure,  and  his  choice  was  ex-' 
ceedingly  picturesque.  His  grounds  are  always  agreeably 
broken,  and  be  was  particularly  fond  of  describing  slopes 
diversified  with  shrubs,  plants,  or  trees,  which  conducted 
the  eye  to  some  building,  ruin,  grove,  or  piece  of  water, 
and  frequently  to  a  delicate  remote  distance ;  every  object 
perspectively  contributing  to  delude  our  observation  to  that 
point.  The  forms  of  his  trees  are  not  unlike  Ruysdael  and 
Dekker ;  and  in* all  his  pictures  he  shews  an  admirable 
knowledge  of  the  chiaroscuro.  His  colouring  is  extremely 
good,  and  his  skies  evidently  shew  that  he  made  nature 
his  principal  director,  by  the  shape  and  disposition  of  his 
clouds,  as  also  by  those  peculiar  tints,  by  which  he  ex* 
pressed  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun,  the  morning  and 
evening.  His  touch  is  light,  free,  and  firm  ;  and  .his  p 'int- 
ings  have  a  very  striking  effect,  by  the  happy  distribution 
of  his  light  and  shadow.  The  figures  which  he  himself 
designed  are  but  indifferent,  which  was  a  defect  imputable 
to  Claude  Lorraine  and  Caspar  Poussin,  as  well  as  to  Hob- 
bima;  but  the  latter,  conscious  of  his  inabihty  in  that  re- 
spect, admitted  but  few  figures  into  his  designs,  and  those 
he  usually  placed  somewhat  removed  from  the  immediate 
view,  at  a  prudent  distance  from  the  front  line.  However, 
most  of  his  pictures  were  supplied  with  figures  by  Ostade, 
Teniers,  and  other  very  famous  masters,  which  must  always 
give  them  a  great  additional  value.  The  works  of  Hobbima 
are  now  exceedingly  scarce,  and  industriously  sought  for. 
A  very  fine  landscape  of  his,  the  property  of  the  late  Edward 
Coxe,  esq.  was  sold  a  few  years  ago  for  nearly  700/.^ 

KtOCCLEVE,  or  OCCLEVE  (Thomas),  an  ancient 
English  poet,  who  scarcely,  however,  deserves  the  name, 
was  horn  probably  about  1370,  and  has  been  styled 
Chaucer's  disciple.  He  studied  law  at  Chester's  Inn,  in 
the  Strand,  and  was  a  writer  to  the  privy  seal  for  above 
twenty  yeard.  When  he  quitted  this  office,  or  what  means 
of  subsistence  he  afterwards  had,  cannot  be  easily  deter- 
mined. Pits  seems  wrong  in  asserting  that  he  was  pro- 
vided for  by  Humphrey  duke  of  Gloucester.  Nor  is  Bale 
more  correct  in  saying  that  he  had  imbibed  the  religious 
tenets  of  Wickliff.  From  his  poems  the  following. scanty 
particulars  of  his  history  have  been  communicated  by  a 
learned  friend  :  **  lie  dwelt  in  the  office  of  the  privy  sea\, 
a  ^vriter  '  unto  the  se^l  twenty-four  years  come  Easter,  ^nd 

1  Pilkington. 


IL 


H  O  C  C  L  E  V  E.  23 

that  k  nigh.'  The  king  granted  hitn  an  annuity  of  twenty 
marks  in  the  exchequer,  which  it  appears  be  had  much* 
difficulty  in  getting  paid.  He  expresses  much  doubt  of 
obtaining  it  from  ^  yere  to  yere :'  fears  it  may  not  be  con- 
tinued when  he  is  no  longer  able  to  ^  serve'  (i.  e.  as  a  writer 
in  the  privy  seal  office).  Besides  this  annuity  he  has  but 
six  marks  coming  in  yearly  *  in  noo  tide.'  Speaks  of  dwell- 
ing at  home  in  his  *  pore  coote,'  and  that  more  than  two 
parts  of  his  lif^  are  spent-— he  is  ignorant  of  husbandry ; 
*  scarcely  could  skare  away  the  kite ;'  can  neither  use 
plough  or  harrow,  knows  not  *  what  land  is  good  for  what 
corn  ;'  unable  to  fill  a  cart  or  barrow  from  long  use  to 
writing ;  descants  on  the  troubles  and  difficulties  attending 
writing;  says  that  ^  bit  is  welle  grett  laboure,'  and  con- 
trasts very  happily  the  life  of  an  husbandman  or  artificer 
with  that  of  a  writer^  adding  that  he  has  continued  in 
writing  twenty  years  and  more.  He  *  whilom'  thought  to 
have  been  a  priest,  but  now  is  married,  having  long  waited 
for  a  benefice;  describes  the  corruption  in  bis, office,  but 
that  no  share  of  the  bribes  come  to  the  clerks.  Name 
'  Okkleve'  acquainted  with  Chaucer — has  small  knowledge 
of  Latin  and  of  French.  He  is  advised  to  complain  to  the 
prince  that  he  cannot  get  paid  in  the  excheqtitr^  and  peti- 
tion that  his  patent  be  removed  into  the  haniper,  but  ob* 
serves  this  cannot  be  done  because  of  the  *  ordinance*'  for 
'  longe  after  this  shall  noo  graunt  be  chargeable.'  He  says 
^  my  lorde  the  prince  is  good  lorde'  to  him,  and  is  advised 
to  write  him  ^  a  goodlie  tale  or  two,'  therein  to  avoid  flat- 
tery, and  write  *  nothinge  that  sowneth  to  vice,' "  &c. 

Hpccleve  is  supposed  to  have  died  in  1454.  Some  of 
his  poems  were  printed  by  Mr.  George  Mason,  in  1796, 
4to,  from  a  MS.  in  bis  possession,  and  a  preface,  notes, 
and  glossary.  The  glossary  is  useful,  but  the  attempt  ko 
reyive  the  poems  impotent.  Instead,  indeed,  of  removing, 
they  confirm  Warton's  objection  to  him  as  a  feeble  poet, 
"  whose  chief  merit  seems  to  be,  that  his  writings  contri- 
buted to  propagate  and  establish  those  improvements  in 
our  language,  which  were  in  his  time  beginning  to  take 
place."  The  most  favourable  specimen  of  Hoccleve's 
poetry  is  bis  *'  Story  of  Jonathas,"  which  the  reader  will 
£nd  in  the  "  Shepherd's  Pipe,"  by  William  Browne,  au- 
thor of  Britannia's  Pastorals.  ^ 

>  Preface  to  Mawn's  edition.— Extracts  commiiiiicated  by  Mr.  Archdeacon 
Nares  from  Mn  Sharp  of  Coventry.— Ellis's  Specimens*-— Walton's  Hist,  of 
Poetry. 


^       HOCHSTETTER. 

HOCilSTETTER  (Andrew-Adam),  a  prot€»taDt  di^ 
vine,  wacs  born  at  Tubingen,  July  1688.  After  studying^ 
i^b  credit  in  the  principal  universities  of  Germany,  he 
b66aTne  successively  professor  of  eloquence,  of  moral  phi- 
losophy, of  divinity,  and  finally  rector  of  Tubingen.  He 
died  at  the  same  place,  April  27,  1717.  His  principal 
work^  are,  1.  "  Collegium  Puffendorfianum."  2.  "  Dii 
Festo  Expiationis,  et  Hirco  Azazel.'*  3.  *' De  Conradino^ 
ultifho  ^3t  Suevis  duce."  4.  **  De  rebur  Elbigensibus." 
Hi!^  historical  works  are  in  most  esteem.* 

HODGES  (Nathaniel),  an  English  physician,'  was  the 
scm  of  Dr.  Thomas  Hodges,  dean  of  Hereford,  of  whomf 
th^re  are  three  printed  sermons.  He  was  educated  iii 
Westminster-school,  and  became  a  student  of  Christ^church, 
Oxford,  in  1648.  In  1631  and  1654,  he  took  the  degreed 
of  B.  aiid  M.  A.  and,  in  1659,  accumulated  the  degriees  of 
B.  and  M.  D.  He  settled  in  London,  and  was,  in  1672, 
made  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  remained  in 
the  metropolis  during  the  continuance  of  the  plague  iit 
1665,  when  most  of  the  physicians,  and  Sydenham  amon^ 
{fae  rest,  retired  to  the  country  :  and,  with  another  of  his 
Brethren,  he  visited  the  infected  during  the  whole  of  that 
terrible  visitation.  Thiese  two  physicians,  indeed,  appear 
to  ha^e  been  appointed  by  the  city  of  London  to  attend  the 
diseased,  with  a  stipend.  Dr.  Hodges  was  twice  taken  ill 
ddring  the  prevdeiice  of  the  disease;  but  by  the  aid  o£ 
timely  remedies  be  recovered.  His  mode  of  performing 
\xvi  perilods  duty  was  to  receive  early  every  morning,  at  bis 
own  house,  the  persons  who  came  to  give  reports  of  the 
^fck,  and  convalescents,  for  advice;  he  then  made  his 
forenoon  visits  to  the  infected,  causing  a  pan  of  coals  to  be 
carried  before  him  with  perfumes,  and  chewing  tuocfaeal 
while  hfe  wad  in  the  sick  chamber.  >  He  repeated  bis  visits 
in  the  afternodh.  His  chief  prophylactic  was  a  liberal  use 
bf  Spanish  wine,  and  cheerful  society  after  the  business  of 
thb  day.  It  i^  hibch  to  be  lamented  that  such  a  man  after- 
virai'ds  fell  into  uhfortunate  circumstances,  and  wis  confined 
.  for  debt  in  Ludgate  prison,  where  he  died  in  1684.  His 
body  was  interred  in  the  church  of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook^ 
London,  where  a  nionumeut  \%  erected  to  him.  He  is 
author  of  two  works :  1 .  ^^  Vindici^  Medicihse  et  Medi* 
corum:  An  Apology  for  the  Profession  and  Professors 

1  Diet,  (list 


HODGES.  25 

t>f  Physto,  &c.  1660/'  Svo.  2.  *' Ao(/MXoyia  .•  sive,  pestis 
nuperoe  apnd  populum  Londinensem  grassantis  narratio  bis- 
torica/'  1672,  9vo.  A  translation  of  it  into  English  was 
printed  at  London  in  1720,  Sva,  under  the  following  title : 
'*  Loimologta,  or,  an  Historical  Account  of  the  Plague  of 
London  in  1665,  with  precautionary  Directions  against  the 
lik€  Contagion.  To  which  k  added,  an  Essay  on  the  different 
causes  of  pestilential  diseases,  and  how  they  become  con- 
tagious. With  remarks  on  the  infection  now  in  France, 
and  the  nobst  probable  means  to  prevent  its  spreading  here  ;'* 
the  latter  by  Jdhn  Quiucy,  M.  D.  In  1721,  there  was 
printed  at  London,  in  Svo,  ^*  A  collection  of  very  valuable 
and  stai^ce  pieces  relating  to  the  last  plague  in  1665;** 
among  which  is  **  An  account  of  the  first  rise,  progress, 
symptoms,  and  cure  of  the  Plague ;  being  the  substance  of 
a  letter  from  Dr.  Hodges  to  a  person  of  quality,  dated  from 
bis  house  in  Watling-street,  May  the  8th,  1666/'  The 
atithor  of  the  preface  to  this  collection  calls  our  author 
'*  a  fditbful  historian  and  diligent  physician ;"  and  tells  us, 
that  **  he  may  be  reckoned  among  the  best  observers  in 
any  age  of  physic,  and  has  given  us  a  true  picture  of  the 
plague  in  his  own  titne."^  * 

HODGES  (William),  an  English  landscape  painter, 
Was  born  in  London,  in  1744,  and  received  his  tuition  in 
Che  art  from  Wilson,  whom  he  assisted  for  some  time,  and 
under  whom  be  acquired  a  good  eye  for  colouring,  and 
great  freedom  and  boldness  of  band ;  but  unluckily,  like 
loo  many  pupils,  he  caught  the  defects  of  his  master  more 
powerfully  than  his  beauties ;  and  was,  in  consequence, 
too  loose  in  his  definition  of  forms,  by  which  means,  that; 
which  added  gface  to  the  works  of  the  master,  became 
tdovenliness  in  the  pupil.  **  Hodges,'*  says  Fuseli,  **  had 
the  boldness  and  neglect  of  Wilson,  but  not  genius  enough 
to  give  authority  to  the  former,  or  make  us  forgive  the 
latter :  too  inaccurate  for  scene-painting,  too  mannered  for 
local  representation,  and  not  sublime  or  comprehensive 
enough  for  poetic  landscape ;  yet,  by  mtere  decision  of 
hand,  nearer  to  excellence  than  mediocrity ;  and,  perhaps, 
koperidt  to  some  who  surpassed  him  in  perspective,  or 
diligence  of  execution."  He  accepted  an  appointment  to 
go  out  draughtsman  with  captain  Cook  on  his  second  voyage 
to  the  South  Seas,  from  which  he  returned  after  an  ab» 

»  Ath%  Ox.  tol.  II,— Gen.  Diet. — Recs's  Cyclopsedfa. 


2C  HODGES, 

sence  of  three  years,  and  painted  some  pictures  for  the 
admiralty,  of  scenes  in  Otabeite  and  Ulietea.  Afterwards, 
under  the  patronage  of  Warren  Hastings,  he  visited  the 
JCast  Indies,  where  he  acquired  a  decent  fortune.  On  his 
return  home,  after  practising  the  art  some  time,  he  en- 
gaged in  commercial  and  banking  speculations;  which  nojb 
proving  successful,  he  sunk  under  the  disappointment,  and 
died  in  1797.' 

HOD  Y  (Humphrey),  an  eminent  English  divine,  was  bora 
Jan.  1, 165s^,atOdcombe  in  thecountyof  Somerset,  of  which 
place  his  father  was  rector.  He  discovered  while  a  boy,  a 
great  propensity  to  learning ;  and,  in  1676,  was  admitted 
into  Wadham-coUege,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  chosen 
fellow  in  1684.  When  he  was  only  in  bis  twenty-first  year 
he  published  his  ^^  Dissertation  against  Aristeas^s  History  of 
the  Seventy-two  Interpreters.**  The  substance  of  that 
history  of  Ansteas,  concerning  the  seventy-two  Greek  in- 
terpreters of  the  Bible,  is  this :  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
king  of  Egypt,  and  founder  of  the  noble  library  at  Alex- 
andria, being  desirous  of  enriching  that  library  with  all  sorts 
of  books,  committed  the  care  of  it  to  Demetrius  Phalereus, 
a  noble  Athenian  then  living  in  bis  court.  Demetrius  being 
informed,  in  the  course  of  his  inquiries,  of  the  Law  of 
Moses  among  the  Jews,  acquainted  the  king  with  it ;  who 
signified  his  pleasure,  that  a  copy  of  that  book,  which  was 
then  only  in  Hebrew,  should  be.  sent  for  from  Jerusalem, 
with  interpreters  from  the  same  place  to  translate  it  into 
Greek.  A  deputation  was  accordingly  seiit  to  Eleazar  the 
liigh-priest  of  the  Jews  at  Jerusalem  ;  who  sent  a  copy  of  ^ 
the  Hebrew  original,  and  seventy-two  interpreters,  six  out 
of  each  of  the  twelve  tribes,  to  translate  it  into  Greek. 
When  they  were  come  to  Egypt  the  king  caused  them  to 
be  conducted  into  the  island  of  Pharos  near  Alexandria, 
in  apartments  prepared  for  them,  where  they  completed 
their  translation  in  seventy-two  days.  Such  is  the  story 
told  by  Aristeas,  who  is  said  to  be  one  of  king  Ptolemy's* 
court  Hody  shews  that  it  is  the  invention  of  some  Hel- 
lenist Jew  ;  that  it  is  full  of  anachronisms  and  gross  blun- 
ders ;  and,  in  short,  was  written  on  purpose  to  recommend 
and  give  greater  authority  to  the  Greek  version  of  the  Old 
Testament,  which  from  this  story  has  received  the  name  of 
the  Septuagint    This  dissertation  was  received  with  th^ 

1  PillqDgtoD,  by  Faseli.— fidward«'s  Continuatioft  of  Watpole. 


H  O  D  Y.  27 

liigheftt  applause  by  all  the  learned,  except  Isaac  Vossiasv 
Charles  du  Fresne  spoke  highly  of  it  in  his  observations  oa 
the  ^' Chronicon  Paschale/*  published  in  1698;  and  Me- 
nage,  in  his  notes  upon  the  second  edition  of  *^  Diogenei^ 
Laertius,"  gave  Hody  the  titles  of  ^^  eruditiiisimus,  doC- 
tissimus,    elegantissimas,    &c."     but   Vossiiis   alone   was 
greatly  dissatisfied  with  it*     He  had  espoused  the  contrary 
opinion,  and  could  not  bear  that  such  a  boy  as  Hody  should 
presume  to  contend  with  one  of  bis  age  and  reputation  for 
letters.     He  published  therefore  an  appendix  to  his  '*Ob« 
servations  on  Pomponius  Mela/'  and  subjoined  an  answer 
to  this  viissertation  of  Hody*s ;  in  which,  however,  he  did 
not  enter  much  into  the  argument,  but  contents  himself 
with  treating  Hody  very  contemptuously,  vouchsafing  him 
no   better  title   than  Juvenis  Oxonieusis,  and  sometimes 
using  worse  language.     When  Vossius  was  asked  afters- 
wards,  what  induced  him  to  treat  a  young  man  of  promis- 
ing hopes,  and  who  had  certainly  deserved  well  of  the  re« 
public  of  letters,  so  very  harshly,  he  answered,  that  be  had 
received  some  time  before  a  rude  Latin  epistle  from  Ox- 
ford, of  which  he  suspected  Hody  to  be  the  author ;  and 
that  this  had  made  him  deal  more  severely  with  him  than 
be  should  otherwise  have  done.     Vossius   had  indeed  re* 
ceived  such  a  tetter ;  but  it  was  writjten,  according  to  the 
assertion  of  Creech,  the  translator  of  Lucretius,  without 
Hody's  knowledge  or  approbation.    When  Hody  published 
his  ^*  Dissertation,  &c.*'  he  told  the  reader  in  his  preface, 
that  he  had  three  other  books  preparing  upon  the  Hebrew 
text,  and  Greek  version ;  but  lie  was  now  so  entirely  drawn 
away  from   these  studies  by  other  engagements,  that  he 
could   not  find  time  to  complete  his  work,  and  to  answer 
the  objections  of  Vossius,  till  more  than  twenty  years  after. 
In  1 704,  he  published  it  altogether,  with  this  title,  ^^  De 
Bibliorum   textibus  originalibus,    versionibus  Grcecis,    et 
Latina  Vulgata,  libri  IV.  &c.*'     The  first  book  contains 
bis  dissertation  against  Aristeas*s  history,  which  is  here  re- 
printed with  improvements,  and  an  answer  to  Vossius^s 
objections.     In  the  second  he  treats  of  tlie  true  authors  of 
the   Greek    version    called  the  Septuagint;   of  the  time 
when,  and  the  reasons  why,  it  was  undertaken,  and  of  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  performed.     The  third  is  a  history 
of  the  Hebrew  text,  the  Septuagint  version,  and  of  the 
Latin  Vulgate;  shewing  the  authority  of  each  in  different 
ages,   and  that  the  Hebrew  text  has  been  always  most 


si  HOB  Y. 

eftteem^d  and  vailiied.  In  the  fourth  he  gives  as  account 
Oif  the  re»t  of  the  Gi*^8k  Tersions,  namely,  those  of  Sym* 
machtts,  Aquila,  and  Tbeodotion ;  of  Origen^s  **  Hexapla,*' 
and  other  ancient  editions,;  and  subjoins  lists  of  the  book« 
of  the  Bible  at  different  times,  which  exhibit  a  concise,  but 
foil  and  clear  view  of  the  canon  of  Holy  Scripture. — Upon 
the  whole,  he  thinks  it  probable,  that  the  Greek  version, 
ealled  the  Septuagint,  was  done  in  the  time  of  the  two 
Ptolemies,  Lagus  and  Philadelphus ;  and  that  it  was  not 
done  by  order  of  king  Ptolemy,  or  under  the  direction  of 
Demetrius  Phalereus,  in  order  to  be  deposited  in  the  Alex- 
andrine library,  but  by  Hellenist  Jews  for  the  use  of  their 
own  countrymen. 

In  1689,  he  wrote  the  '^  Prolegomena"  to  John  Malela's 
♦*. Chronicle,"  printed  at  Oxford;  and  the  year  after  was 
made  chaplain  to  Siillingfleet  bishop  of  Worcester,  being 
tutor  to  his  son  at  Wadham  college.     The  deprivation  of 
the  bishops,  who  had  refused  the  oaths  to  king  William  and 
queen  Mary,  engaged  him  in  a  controversy  with  Dodwell, 
who  had  till  now  been  his  friend,  and  had  spoken  hand- 
somely and   affectionately  of  him,  in  his  **  Dissertations 
upon  Irenaeus,- '  printed  in  1669.  The  pieces  Hody  published 
on  this  occasion  were,  in  1691,  ^^  The  Unreasonableness  of 
a  Separation  from  the  new  bishops :  or,  a  Treatise  out  of 
Ecclesiastical  History,    shewing,    that  although  a   bishop 
was  unjustly  deprived,  neither  he  nor  the  church  ever  made 
a  separation,  if  the  successor  was  not  an  heretic.     Trans- 
lated out  of  an   ancient  manuscript  in  the  public  library 
at  Oxford,"  one  of  the  Baroccian  MSS.     He  translated  it 
afterwards  into  Latin,  and  prefixed  to  it  some  pieces  out 
of  ecclesiastical  antiquity,  relating  to  the  same  subject. 
Dodwell  publishing  an  answer  to  it,  entitled  <^  A  Vindica- 
tion of  the  deprived  bishops,"  &c.  in  1692,  Hody  replied, 
in  a  treatise  which  he  styled  "  The  Case  of  Sees  vacant 
by  an  unjust  or  uncanonical  deprivation  stated ;  in  answer 
to  a  piece  intituled,  A  Vindication  of  the  deprived  Bishops, 
&c.     Together  with  the  several  pamphlets  published  as 
answers  to  the  Baroccian  Treatise,  1693."    The  part  he 
acted  in  this  controversy  recommended  him  so  powerfully 
to  Tillotson,  who  had  succeeded  Sancroft  in  the  see  of 
Canterbury,  that  be  made  him  his  domestic  chaplain  in 
May  1694.     Here  he  drew  up  his  dissertation  <<  concern- 
ing the  Resurrection  of  the  same  body,"  which  he  dedi- 
caited  to .  Stillingfleet,  whose  chaplain  he  had  been  from 


H  O  D  T.  29 

1690.  Tillotson  dying  NoTcmber  Following,  he  was  con- 
tinued chaplain  by  Tenison  his  successor;  who  soon  after 
gave  him  the  rectory  of  Chart  near  Canterbury,  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Wharton.  This,  before  he  was  collated, 
he  exchanged  for  the  united  parishes  of  St.  MichaePs 
Royal  and  St.  Martin's  Vintry,  in  London,  being  instituted 
to  these  in  August  1695.  In  1696,.  at  the  command  of 
Tenison,  he  wrote  *^  Animadversions  on  two  pamphlets 
lately  published  by  Mr.  Collier,  &c."  When  sir  WiUiaiH 
Perkins  and  sir  John  Friend  were  executed  that  year  for 
the  assassination*plot,  Collier,  Cook,  and  Snatr,  three 
nonjuring  clergymen,  formally  pronounced  upon  them  the 
absolution  of  the  church,  as  ic  stands  in  the  office  for  the 
visitation  of  the  sick,  and  accompanied  this  ceremony  with 
a  solemn  imposition  of  hands.  For  this  imprudent  actioi> 
they  were  not  only  indicted,  but  also  the  archbishops  and 
bishops  published  ^^  A  Declaration  of  their  sense  concern- 
ing those  irregular  and  scandalous  proceedings.'*  Snatt 
and  Cook  were  cast  into  prison.  Collier  absconded,  and 
from  his  privacy  published  two  pamphlets  to  vindicate  bis 
own,  and  his  brethren's  conduct;  the  one  called,  <<A  De- 
fence of  the  Absolution  given  to  sir  William  Perkins  at  the 
place  of  execution  ;"  the  other,  "  A  Vindication  thereof, 
occasioned  by  a  paper,  intituled,  A  Declaration  of  the 
sense  of  the  archbishops  and  bishops,  &c."  ;  in  answer  to 
which  Hody  published  the  **  Animadversions"  above-men* 
tioned. 

lV£arch  1698,  be  was  appointed  regius  professor  of  Greek 
in  the  university  of  Oxford ;  and  instituted  to  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Oxford  in  1704.  In  1701,  he  bore  a  part  in 
the  controversy  about  the  convocation,  and  pUbKshed  upon 
that  occasion,  ^*  A  History  of  English  Councils  and  Con- 
vocations, and  of  the  Clergy's  sitting  in  Parliament,  in 
which  is  also  comprehended  the  History  of  Parliaments^ 
with  an  account  of  our  ancient  laws."  He  died  Jan.  20,  , 
1706,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  belonging  to  Wad- 
ham-coilege,  where  he  had  received  his  ^ucation,  and  to 
which  he  bad  been  a  benefactor  :  for,-in  order  to  encourage 
the  study  of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  languages,  df  which 
he  was  so  great  a  master  himself,  he  founded  in  that  col- 
lege ten  scholarships  of  ten  pounds  each ;  now  increasekl 
to  fifteen  pounds  each;  and  appointed  that  four  of  the 
scholars  should  apply  themselves  to  the  study  of  the  He- 
brew, and  six  to  the  study  of  the  Greek  language.     He 


30  BODY. 

left  behind  him  in  MS.  a  valuable  work  formed  frotdube 
lectures  which  he  had  read  in  the  course  of  his  professor^- 
sbip^  t^ontaining  an  account  of  those  learned  Grecians  who 
retired  to  Italy  before  and  after  the  taking  of  Constanti* 
nople  by  the  Turks^  and  restored  the  Greek  tongue  and 
learning  in  these  western  parts  of  the  world.  This  was 
published  in  1742,  by  Dr.  S.  Jebb,  under  this  title,  "  De 
Graecis  illustribus  linguae  Grsscae  literarumqge  humanio- 
rum  instauratoribus,  eorum  vitis,  scriptis,  et  elogiis  libri 
<luo.  £  Codicibus  potissimum  MS8.  aliisque  authenticis 
ejusdem  aevi  monimeutis  deprompsit  Huoifredus  tiodius, 
S.  T.  P.  baud  ita  pridem  Regius  Professor  et  Archidiaco- 
nus  Oxon.^'  Prefixed  is  an  account  in  Latin  of  the  author^s 
life,  extracted  chiefly  from  a  manuscript  one  written  by 
himself  in  English. ' 

HOE  (Matthias  de  Hoenegg),  of  a  noble  family  at 
Vienna,  was  born  Feb.  24,  1580.  After  being  eight  years 
superintendant  of  Plaven  in  Saxony,  he  took  holy  orders 
at  Prague  in  1611.  In  1613  he  left  Prague,  and  was  ap«^ 
pointed  principal  preacher  to  the  elector  of  Saxony  at 
Dresden,  where  he  died  March  4,  1645.  He  wks  a  stre- 
nuous Lutheran,  and  wrote  with  as  much  zeal  against 
Calvinists  as  Papists.  His  works,  which  are  very  numerous 
both  in  Latin  and  German,  are  not  at  this  day  much 
esteemed,  or  indeed  known.  Their  titles,  however,  are 
given  by  the  writers  of  his  life,  and  among  them  we  find« 
*^  Solida  detestatio  Papife  et  Calvinistarum,"  4to.  '^  Apo- 
logia pro  B.  Luthero  contra  Lampadium,''  Leipsic,  1611, 
4to.  '^  PhiiosophisB  Aristotelicse,  partes  tres.**  ''  Septem 
verborum  Christi  explicatio.*'  The  greater  part  of  bis 
tracts  appear  evidently,  from  their  titles,  to  be  contro*- 
versial.  • 

HOELTZ LINUS  (Jeremias),  a  philologer,  was  born  at 
Nuremberg,  but  settled  at  Leyden,  and  is  best  known  by 
his  edition  of  ApoUonius  Rhodius,  which  was  published 
there  in  1641.  This  edition  is  generally  esteemed  for  the 
beauty  of  the  printing;  but  Rubnkenius,  in  his  second 
Epistola  Critica,  calls  the  editor  *^  tetricum  et  ineptum 
Apollonii  Commentatorem  ;^*  and  bis  commentary  has  been 
censiired  also  by  Harwood,  Harles,  and  other  learned 
men.     He  published  in  1628,  a  German  translation  of  the 

t  Life  M  above.— Biog.  Brit«-»Birch*s  Tillotson.— Chalmen's  Hist,  of  Oxfoi]^. 
s  Freheri  The atruip.'-Gen.  Diet.— Moeheioi.-— Saxii  Onomafit. 


.y 


H  O  E  S  C  H  E  L  I  U  S.  31. 

Pskims,  wbich  has  the  credit  of  being  accui'ate.     He  died 
in  1641.^ 

HOESCHELIUS  (David),  a  learned  German,  was  born 
at  Augsburg  in  1556;  and  spent  his  life  in  teaching  the 
youth  in  the  college  of  St.  Anne,  of  which  he  was  made 
principal  by  the  magistrates  of  Augsburg,  in  1593.     They 
made  him  their  hbrary- keeper  also,  and  he  acquitted  him- 
self with  true  literary  zeal  in  this  post :  for  he  collected  a 
great  number  of  MSS.  and  printed  books,  especially  Greeks 
and  also  of  the  best  authors  and  the  best  editions,  with 
which  he  enriched  their  library ;  and  also  published  the 
most  scarce  and  curious  of  the  MSS.  with  bis  own  notes. 
His  publications  were  very  numerous,  among  which  were 
editions  of  the  following  authors,  or  at  least  of  some  part 
of  their  works;  Origen,  Philo  Judseus,  Basil,  Gregory  of 
Nvssen,  Gregory  of  Nazianzen,  Chrysostom,  Hori  Apol- 
linis   Hierbglypbica,    Appian,    Photius,    Procopius,  Anna 
Comnena,  &c.     To  some  of  these  he  added  Latin  transla- 
tions, but   published   others   in    Greek  only,  with   notes. 
Huetius  has  commended  him,  not  only  for  the  pains  he 
took  to  discover  old  manuscripts,  hut  also  for  his  skill  and 
ability  in  translating  them.     Re  composed,  and  published 
in  1595,  "  A  Catalogue  of  the  Greek  MSS.  in  the  Augs- 
burg library,"  which,  for  the  judgment  and   order   with 
which  it  is  drawn  up,  is  reckoned  a  masterpiece  in  its  kind. 
He  may  justly  be  ranked  among  those  who  contributed  to 
the  revival  of  good  learning  in  Europe ;  for,  besides  these 
labours  for  the  public,  he  attended  his  college  closely ; 
and  not  only  produced  very  good  scholars,  but  is  said  to 
have  furnished  the  bar  with  one  thousand,  and  the  church 
with  two  thousand,  young   men    of  talents.     He  died  at 
Augsburg  in  1617,  much  lamented,  being  a  man  of  good  as 
well  as  great  qualities,  and  not  less  beloved  than  admired. ' 
HOET  (Gerard),  an  eminent  historical  and  landscape 
painter,  born  at  Bommel  in  1648,  was  a  disciple  of  War- 
,nard  van  Rysen,  an  excellent  ardst,  who  had  been  bred  in 
the  school  of  Polemburg.     He  was  at  first  invited  to  Cleve, 
where. his  paintings  procured  him  very  great  credit;  but 
he  was  afterwards  prevailed  on  to  visit  Paris,  where  not 
meeting  with  encouragement  in  any  degree  proportioned 
to  his. merit,  he  turned  his  attention  to  England,  whither  he 

*  Gen.  Diet. — Moreri.— ^Saxii  Oiiomaat. 

'  NiceroD,  vol.  XXVllI.— Freberi  Theatrum* — Gen.  Dict-^Saxii  Oo^HnaaU 


82  H  O  E  T. 

certainly  would  have  directed  his  course,  bad  he  not  been 
dissuaded  by  Vosterman.  After  practisingi  therefore,  for^ 
some  time  at  Paris  and  Cleves,  he  settled  at  Utrecht,  and 
in  that  city  and  its  neighbourhood  displayed  bis  abiiitiea,  in 
executing  several  grand  designs  for  ceilings,  saloons,  and 
apartments,  and  also  in  finishing  a  great  number  of  easel 
pictures  for  cabinets ;  and  his  reputation  was  so  universally 
established  at  Utrecht,  that  be  was  appointed  director  of 
an  academy  for  drawing  and  painting,  which  he  ^conducted, 
with  great  honour  to  himself,  and  remarkable  advantage  to 
bis  pupils.  He  had  a  lively  imagination,  a  vefy  ready  iu* 
vention,  a  talent  for  composition  and  correctness  in  the  cos- 
tume. His  manner  of  painting  was  clean  and  neat,  and  he 
was  thoroughly  master  of  the  true  principles  of  the  chiaro*- 
scuro.  His  figures  in  general  are  designed  with  elegance, 
bis  colouring  is  vivid,  natural,  and  harmonious,  his  touch 
is  light  and  firm,  and  his  pictures  have  a  great  deal  of  trans- 
parence. His  small  easel-paintings  are  as  distinctly  touched 
as  highly  finished ;  and  yet  his  larger  works  are  always 
penciled  with  a  freedom  that  is  suitable  to  those  grander 
compositions. 

Many  capital  pictures  of  this  master  are  in  the  palace  of 
Slangenberg;  and  his  eminent  talents  may  be  seen  in  the 
grand  staircase  at  Voorst,  the  seat  of  the  earl  of  Alben>arle. 
In  Holland,  and  also  in  our  kingdoms,  several  charmiuf^ 
pictures  of  Hoet  are  preserved  ;  some  of  them  in  the  maa* 
ner  of  Polemburg,  and  others  in  the  style  of  Carel  du  Jjir* 
din.     He  died  in  1733.' 

HOFFMAN  (Daniel),  a  Lutheran  minister,  superin- 
tendant  and  professor  at  Helmstad,  was  the  author  of  an 
idle  controversy  towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
He  started  some  difficulties  about  subscribing  the  concord, 
and  refused  to  concur  with  Dr.  Andreas  in  defence  of  this 
confession.  He  would  not  acknowledge  the  ubiquity,  but 
only  that  the  body  of  Jesus  Christ  was  present  in  a  great 
many  places ;  this  dispute,  though  laid  asleep  soon  after, 
left  aspirit  of  curiosity  and  contradiction  upon  people's 
minds,  so  that  in  a  little  time  they  began  to  disagree  and 
argue  very  warmly  upon  several  other  points,  HofFoiaa 
being  always,  at  the  head  of  the  party.  Among  other  things 
in  an. academical  disputation,  he  maintained  that  the  light 
of  reason,  even  as  it  appears  in  the  writings  of  Plato  and 

*  Pjlkington. 


HOFFMAN.  S3 

Aristotle^  is  aver&e  to  religion ;  and  the  more  the  hamaa 
iindersundiug  is  culurateli  by  philpsapbical  studyi  the 
more  perfectly  is  tbe  enemy  supplied  with  weapons  of  de« 
fence*  Tbe  partiality  which  at  this  time  universally  pre- 
?ailed  in  favour  of  the  Aristotelian  philosophy  was  such^ 
that  an  opinion  of  this  kind  could  dot  be  advanced  publiclyi 
without  exciting  general  dissatisfaction  and  alarm.  A  nu- 
merous band  of  professors,  though  they  differed  in  opinion 
among  themselvesi  united  to  cake  op  arms  against  the 
*  .common  enemy.  At  the  bead  of  this  body  was  John  Caa« 
sel ;  whence  the  advocates  for  philosophy  were  called  tbe 
Casselian  party.  They  at  first  challenged  Hoffman  to  a 
private  conference,  in  expectation  of  leading  him  to  a 
sounder  judgment  concerning  philosophy  ;  but  their  hopea 
were  frustrated.  Hoffman,  persuaded  that  interest  and 
envy  liad  armed  the  philosophers  against  him,  in  bis  reply 
to  bis  opponents  inveighed  with  great  bitterness  against 
philosophers,  and  acknowledged,  that  be  meaut  to  oppose 
not  only  the  abuse  of  philosophy,,  but  the  most  prudent  and 
legitimate  use  of  it,  as  necessarily  destructive  of  theology. 
This  extravagant  assertion,  accompanied  with  many  con- 
tumelious censures  of  philosophers,  produced  reciprocal 
vehemence;  and  Albert  Graver  published  a  book  ^^  De 
Unica  Veritate,"  which  maintained  '^  the  Simplicity  of 
Trutb;'*  a  doctrine  from  which  tbe  Casselian  party  were 
called  Simplicists,  whilst  the  followers  &f  Hoffman  (for  he 
fmnd  means  to  engage  several  persons,  particularly  among 
the  Theosopbista,,  in  his  interest)  (^posing  this  doctrine^ 
were  calledj  on  the  other  hand„  Duplicists,  John  Angel 
Werdeobagen,  a  Boehmenite,  who  possessed  some  poe«- 
tical  lalenta,  wrote  several  poems  against  the  phifoso^ 
phenu  In  short,  tbe  disputes  ran  so  Ugh,  and  produced 
no  SHich  persotial  abuse,  that  tbe  court  thought  it  neoes* 
aacy  to  interpose  its  authority,  and  appointed  arbitrators  to 
examine  the  merits  of  the  controversy.  Tha  decision  waa 
against  Hoffman,  and  ha  was  obliged  to  make  a  public  re- 
cantation ot  bis  errors,  acknowledging  tbe  utility  and  OKr 
ceUence  of  philosophy,  and  declaring  that  bis  invective#^ 
bad  been  only  directed  against  its  abuses. 
.  Hofthian  and  Beaa  wrote  against  each  other  upon  tb# 
sbbject  of  tbe  Holy  Eucharist  Hoffman  aAQUsed  Hommis, 
an  eminent  Lutheran  minister,  for  having  misrepresent^ 
the  book  of  tbe  Concord ;  for  here,  says  Hoffman,  the 
cause  of  election  i*  not  made  ttt  ctefKWd  upon  the  qualifi* 
Vol-  XVIIL  J> 


34  »  O  F  F  M  A  N- 

cations  of  the  person  elected  ;  but  Hdnniusi  says  be,  and 
Myiius  assert,  that  the  decree  of  election  is  founded  upon 
the  foresight  of  faith.  Hunniiis  and  Myiius  caused  Hoff- 
man to  be  condemned  at  a  meeting  of  their  divines  in 
1593,  and  threatened  Him  with  excommunication,  if  be 
did  not  comply.  The  year  following,  Hoffman  publtsbed 
an  apology  against  their  censure.  Hospinian  gives  the 
detail  of  this  controversy :  he  observes,  that  some  divines 
of  Leipsic,  Jena^  and  Wittemburg,  would  have  h^d  Hoff-' 
man  publicly  censured  as  a  Calvinist,  and  such  a  heretic 
as  was  not  fit  to  be  conversed  with  ;  others  who  were  more 
moderate,  were  for  admonishing  him  by  way  of  letter  be- 
fore they  came  to  extremities :  this  latter  expedient  was 
approved,  and  Hunnius  wrote  to  him  in  the  name  of  all  his 
brethren.  Hoffman's  apology  was  an  answer  to  this  letter, 
in  which  he  gives  the  reasons  for  refusing  to  comply  with 
the  divines  of  Wittemburg,  and  pretends  to  shew  that  they 
were  grossly  mistaken  in  several  articles  of  faith.  At  last 
he  was  permitted  to  keep  school  at  Helmstadt,  where  be 
died  in  1611.  He  must  not  be  confounded  vnth  Mekhior 
Hoffman^  a  fanatic  of  the  sixteenth  century,  who  died  in 
prison  at  Strasburgh.  There  was  also  a  Gasper  Hoffman 
(the  name  being  common),  a  celebrated  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Altdorf,  who  was  born  at  Gotha  in  lii72,  and  died 
in  1649  ;  and  who.  left  behind  him  many  medical  works. ' 

HOFFMAN  (John  James),  professor  of  Greek  at  Bale, 
was  born  in  that  city  in  1635,  and  died  there  in  1706. 
Little  besides  is  known  of  his  history.  His  great  work,  the 
•*  Lexicon  Universale  Historico-Geographico-Poetico-Phi- 
losopbico-Politico-Philologicum,^*  was  first  published  at 
Geneva,  in  1677,  in  two  volumes,  folio.  This  being  re* 
ceived  by  the  learned  with  great  avidity,  he  published,^  9 
few  years  after,  a  Supplement ;  which  was  also  rapidly  sold 
of£  In  1698,  some  of  the  principal  booksellers  at  Leyden, 
encouraged  by  this  success  of  the  work,  and  having  re<* 
ceived  from  the  author  all  his  subsequent  collections,  and 
many  other  additions  from  various  learned  men,  digested 
the  whole,  with  the  Supplement,  into  one  alphabet,  and 
published  it  in  four  volumes,  folio.  In  this  form  it  is  now 
Known  as  a  most  useful  book  of  reference,  and  finds  a 

{>lace  in  every  learned  library.     For  this  edition  the  aii-* 
hor  wrote  a  new  pre&ce.    He  also  published  a  '*  History 


HOFFMAN.  8jr 

of  the  Popes'*  in  Latin^  1687,  2  vols,  and  <^  Historia  Au-* 
gusta,*'   1687,  fol.» 

HOFFMAN  (Maurice),  a  physician,  was  born  of  a  good 
-family,  at  Furstenwalde,  in  the.  electorate  of  Branden** 
bourg,  Sept.  20, .  1621  ;  and  was  driven  early  from  bis  na« 
tive  country  by  the  plague,  and  also  by  the  war  that  fol-^ 
lowed  it.  His  parents^  having  little  idea  of  letters  or 
sciences,  contented  themselves  with  having  him  taught 
writing  and  arithmetic ;  but  Hoffman's  taste  for  books  and 
study  made  him  very  impatient  under  this  confined  instruc** 
tion,  and  he  was  resolved,  at  all  events,  to  be  a  scholar. 
He  first  gained  over  his  mother  to  his  scheme ;  but  she 
died  when  he  was  only  fifteen.  This,  however,  fortunately 
proved  no  impediment  to  his  purpose;  for  the  schoolmaster 
of  Furstenwalde^  to  which  place  after  many  removals  he 
bad  now  returned,  was  so  struck  with  his  talents  and  laud* 
able  ambition,  that  he  instructed  him  carefully  in  secret* 
His  father,  convinced  at  length  of  his  uncommon  abilities^ 
permitted  bim  to  follow  his  inclinations;  and,  in  1637, 
sent  him  to  study  in  the  college  of  Cologtie*  Famine  and 
the  plague  drove  him  from  hence  to  Kopnik,  where  be  bu*' 
ried  his  father;  and,  in  1638,  he  went  to  Altdorf,  to  an 
uncle  by  his  mother's  side,  who  was  a  professor  of  physic. 
Here  he  finished  his  studies  in  classical  reaming  and  philo-* 
sophy,  and  then  applied  himself,  with  the  utmost*  ardour, 
to  physic.  In  1641,  when  he  had  made  some  progress, 
be  went  to  the  university  of  Padua,  which  then  abounded 
with  men  very  learned  in  all  sciences.  Anatomy  and  bo-* 
tany  were  the  great  objects  of  bis  pursuit ;  and  he  became 
very  deeply  skilled  in  both.  Bartholin  tells  us,  that  Hoff- 
man, having  dissected  a  turkey-cock,  discovered  the  pa- 
nacreatic  duct,  and  shewed  it  to  Versungus,- a  celebrated 
anatomist  of  Padua,  with  whom  he  lodged;  who,  taking 
the  hint,  demonstrated  afterwards  the  same  vessel  in  the. 
human  body.  When  he  had  been  at  Padua  about  three 
years,  he  returned  to.  Altdorf,  to  assist  his  uncle,  now 
growing  infirm,  in  his  business ;  and  taking  the  degree  of 
doctor,  he  applied  himself  very  diligently  to  practice,  in 
which  he  had  abundant  success,  and  acquired  great  fame. 
Id  1 648,  be  was  made  professor  extraordinary  in  anatomy 
and  surgery ;  in  1649,  professor  of  physic,  and  soon  afteir 
member  of  the  college  of  physicians ;  in  1653,  professor 

1  Jdoren*— Diet.  Hi8t.*-Saxii  Onomatt. 

D  2 


%i  »  a  S  F  M  A  N. 

ef  bota»;p^  and  director  of  the  physic^ garden.  He  acquit- 
ted himself  Tery  ably  in  these  various  employments,  uojt 
neglf  etiog^  in  tb#  nvean  tiia^  tke  Vusineaa  of  his  profession ; 
ta  whieh  hi»  reputation  was  sa  extensive,  that  many  prii>- 
ees  ef  Gepma^y  appointed  k^im  their  pby^ician.  He  died 
e£  an  apoptexy  ii>  169^,  aftec  having  fwbHsb.ed  several 
botanicaJ  wWks^  and  marrv^  the ee^  wives,  by  whom  be  had 
eighteen  okildrieD^  H4&  works^  are,  1.  <^  Ahdorfi  dehcise 
kovtensefr/*  1677,  4to.  2*.  ^<  Appendix  ad  Catalo^umPhn* 
tamun  koctensiotn,'^'^  1691,  4to«  3.  *<  Delicis  silvestres,'* 
lft7<7>,  4t(K  4.  <<  FkMilegiim  Altdorfinum,''  1676,  &c.  4tOw^ 
HOFFMAN^  (John  Ma v&ice),  son  of  the.  for^per  by  kis 
firsi  wifev  was.  hw»  a^  Alidorl  in  1653 ;  and  sent  to.  school 
ab  Hevsapvuck,  where  haMi<*^  acquired  a  oonatpetent  know-r 
ledge  of'  the  Giseek  and  Laim  to»gi4es,  Ive  returned  to  his 
father  9M  Ahdavf  an  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  studied  feat 
pbilosophy,'  and  then  physic.  He  went  afterwards  to 
J^ancfovt  upon  the  Oder,  and  proposed  to  visit  ^he  United 
Provinces  9^  Engtand ;  but  being  prevemed  by  the  waps, 
%e  went  y>  Padi\^  whefe  b^  studied  two  y^avs.  Tfaeo 
waking  a  tour  of  pavt  of  Italy,  he  vdiurned  to<  Altdorf,  in 
1674,  and  was  acinwited  ta  tlK&deg«^e*of  M;  Dv  He  spent 
two  yeaps  in  adding  to  the  bnojwvsdge  be  had  acquired ; 
and  tbe%  i;i^  16*^7,  was  made  pt^ofessor  exti»aordinary  in 
pbysic>  whieh  title,  in.  » 631,  was  cbanged  to  that  of  pro-> 
fefi^C  in  ordinary.  He  how  ajpptied  hionseU  earne&Ucy  to  the 
praotix^e  ef^  pbysie  y  and  in  time  hi«  fame  was  spread  so  faif, 
that  he  me^  sought  by  papsons*  of  tke  fivst  rank.  George 
Frederic,  meiquis  of  Aiyspack^  of  t^e  houa^  of  3rande»« 
beurg,  chose  him  in  169^3  for  bis  pb.ysiciai^;  and  ^bout  the 
laHep  end  of  the  year^  HQ^an  attendted'  tki^.  prince  into 
itaty,  and  renewi^d  hk  acquaintance  witb  the  teamed  therek 
Vpo»  the  dea^b  qS  bis  fatl>er  in  1 6dd>  b^  was  chosen,  to  soc-» 
eeed  him>  in  his  places  of  botanic*  professor  aed»  director  of 
tbepbysio  gavden.  He  was  elected  also  the-  same  year 
reotor*  of  the  univevsity  oil  Altdopf  ;>  a  post  vidiicb.  he  had 
occupied  in  1 6;^.  Be  lost  his*  great  ftie^d  and  patwo, 
Ibe  marquis  of  Ansp^auih,  ia  170S;  but  fiH^qd  the  same 
kindHess-  ^j^om-  hi^  succeasQV  WiUiaru  Feeder ie>  who  pressed 
]|im^  so  earnestly  to  come  nearer  him,  and  made  ki^  suck 
advantageous  o|fer$,  that  Hofftnaip  i^  1*7 1  Si  r^nao^ed-  frona 
AMoi^f  to  Anspaoh,  wheite  bi^  died  i^  1727.     He  had  auu^^ 

1  mo^  wok  XV'I.— RalkFBtlik  Am*,  U  Botan. 


«  O  F  F  M  A  N.  «7 

Tied  t  wife  in  16«I|  by  whota  hfe  btd  five  ehildrm.  Hi 
left  «ev«ral  wt>rks  of  fepdte :  riis.  two  difoertatrons  on  aim^ 
tomy  aoil  phyviokgy ;  one  ea  whaft  had  !Btfiee  been  caiHeA 
moibid  aitotbfny^  efitttled  *<  Disquiaitid  bonpoiis  hamttni 
ADatoaiicb-Fathol()gfea ;"  ibid.  1713.  <<  Acta  LabofotodI 
€faemi4:i  AltdorffinV*  17 19^  ^<  Syntagma  Patbologico-tlitf- 
ri^euiicuoii'*  1788^  in  9  vok.  4toy  and  <' Sciagrafiifa  fo>- 
iBUtutionam  Medicaniln^''  a  posthumoiis  pnUkatton.  Mb 
also  <&ontkiaed  bis  fadler's  <<  Fioise  AltderSin«.*' ' 

HOFFMANN  (FftESiEai€&)^  the  most  earineht  pbyt{w 
ciaii  of  his  itaoie,  was  born  at  Halle,  in  Saxony^  Feb^  19^ 
1660.  He  received  his  eariy  education  ki  hi^  ^mtii^e  towil^ 
and  bad  foade  great  pirogress  in  philosophy  ai^d  the  mathe- 
ikiatics,  when,  ^t  the  agie  bf  fifteen^  lie  lost  htl  fatiher  and 
mother  duriing  the  prevaienbe  of  an  ^tdeinic  disease.  Ill 
1679  he  commenced  the  study  of  medieine  at  J^na^  and  in 
tbe  following  year  attended  the  eh^tniciBl  leettires  of  Oai- 
}>ar  Cramer,  at  Erfarth ;  and,  on  bis  return  to  Jena^  re- 
ceived tbe  degree  of  M.  D.  in  February  l€8i.  In  16B2Me 
published  an  l&xcellelit  tradt  *^  De  Cinnabari  Antimomi/' 
which  gained  htm  great  applanse^  and  k  crowd  of  pupils 
to  th^  chefbiclil  Iieetures^  which  he  delivered  there.  lie 
was  then  induced  to  vitit  Minden>  in  W^tphalia,  oA  the 
invitation  of  a  relation^  And  practised  there  for  t^  y^ars 
with  tconslderaUe  success*  He  then  travailed  into  HoHaM 
and  tbsnce  to  Engtand>  where  he  ivas  received  with  dit- 
tinction  by  tnlen  of  s^cience,  and  particulhriy  by  Paul  HaN 
man,  the  botanist^  in  th6  fommi*,  and  Robert  Bayle  ih  tile 
latter*  On  bik  return  to  Minden^  ih  1€S£^  IM  Was  lia^de 
physiciah  to  the  garrison  thefe^  and  in  the  foMclwibg  year 
Was  honoured  by  Fr^eric  William,  elector  of  Brahdta<- 
burg,  with  tbe  ap^bintm^nts  of  physician  to  bis  own  per- 
son, and  to  the  whole  principality  of  Minden.  ¥^t  lie 
quitted  that  city  in  1686|  in  consequence  of  an  invitatidn 
to  settle  at  Halbersladt^  in  Lower  Sa^ony^  ab  public  phy« 
sicitafc  Here  he  published  a  treatise  *^  I><3  insufficientia 
acidi  €t  viscidii'*  by  which  he  overthrew  the  system  of 
Corl>eUu8  Boni^km.  In  1689  he  iliarried  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  Andrew  Herstel,  an  eihinent  apothecary^  with  whom 
hd  had  liv^d  forty-^ight  years  in  perfect  union^  when  she 
died.  About  €bis  tim^,  j^rederic  III.^  dftoerwards  first  kiilg 
f>f  Prtisiia^  feUod^d  tbe  university  of  Halle;  Andta  1613 

1  i^ictroDj  Tol.Xvl. 


3»  HOFFMANN. 

Hoffmann  Was  appointed  primary  professor  of  medicine^ 
composed  the  statutes  of  that  institution,  and  extended  its 
fame  and  elevated  its  character,  while  his  own  reputation 
procured  him  admission  into  the  scientific  societies  at  Ber- 
lin, Petersburgh,  and  Loudon,  as  well  as  the  honour  of 
•being  consulted  by  persons  of  the  highest  rank.     He  was 
called  upon  to  visit  many  of  the  German  courts  in  his  ca- 
'pacityof  physician,  and   received  honours  from   several 
princes ;  from  whom  some  say  that  he  received  ample  re- 
muneration in  proportiou  to  the  rank  of  his  patients ;  while 
,others  have  asserted  that  he  took  no  fees,  but  contented 
.himself  with  his  stipends.'    Haller  asserts  that  he  acquired 
great    wealth  by  various    chemical    nostrums   which    be 
vended.     In  ITO*  he  accompanied  some  of  the  Prussian  mi- 
nisters to  the  Caroline  warm  baths  in  Bohemia,  on  which 
occasion  he  examined  their  nature,  and  published  a  dis- 
sertation concerning  them.     On  subsequent  visits,  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  Sedlitz  purging  waters,  which 
he  first  introduced  to  public  notice,  having  published  a 
treatise  on  them  in  1717  i  and  he  afterwards  extended  his 
inquiries  to  the  other  mineral  waters  of  Germany.     In  1 708 
•he  was  called  to  Berlin  to  take  care  of  the  declining  health 
of  Frederic,  and  was  honoured  with  the  titles  of  archiater 
and  aulic  counsellor,  together  with  a  liberal  salary.     After 
V three  years  residence  at  this  court  he  returned  to  Halle, 
and  gladly  resumed  his  academical  functions.     He  con- 
tmued  also  to  labour  in  the  composition  of  his  writings ;. 
and  in  1718,  at  the  age  of  60,  he  began  the  publication 
of  his  "  Miediciiia  Rationalis  Systematica,"  which  was  re- 
ceived with  great  applause  by  the  faculty  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,   and  the  completion  of  which  occupied  him 
nearly  twenty  years.     He  likewise  published  two  volumes 
of  *^Consultations,"  in   which   he  distributed  into  three 
"centuries,*'  the  most  remarkable  cases  which  had  oc- 
curred to  him ;  and  also  "  Observationum  Physico-Che- 
micarum   Libri   tres,"  1722.     In   1727    he   attended   the 
pnnce  of  Schwartzemburg  through  a  dangerous  disease; 
in  recompence  for  which  his  noble  patient  created  him 
'  count  palatine.     He  quitted  Halle  in   1734,  in  order  to 
pay  a  short  visit  to  his  daughter  and  son-in-law  at  Ber- 
lin, and  was  detained  five  months  by  the  king  of  Prussia^ 
.  Frederic  William,  in  order  to  attend  hiih  during  a  danger- 
ous illness,  by  whom  he  was  treated  with  great  honour, 
feeing  elevate^  tp  the  rank  of  privy  counsellor^,  and  pr§^ 


H  O  F  F  M  A  N  N.  S9 

senled  with  a  poitrait  of  the  king,  set  in  diamonds.  Hoff- 
>mann  declined  a  pressing  invitation  to  settle  at  Berlin,  on 
accoant  of  bis  advanced  age,  and  returned  to  Halle  in 
April  1735.  The  illness  and  death  of  his  beloved  wife,  in 
1737,  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  consolations  of  religion, 
and  he  drew  up  in  I^tin  a  summary  of  Christian  doctrine, 
which,  at  the.  king's  desire,  was  translated  into  German. 
He  continued  to  perform  his  academical  duties  until  1742, 
wbea  he  died  in  the  month  of  November,  aged  eighty-two. 
Frederick  Ho£Pmann  was  an  industrious  and  copious  writer. 
Haller  has  occupied  thirty-eight,  quarto  pages  in  the  enu- 
meration of  his  works  in  detail.  The  principal  of  these 
were  collected,  during  the  life  of  the  author,  by  two  Ge« 
nevese  booksellers,  and  published  with  his  approbation, 
and  with  a  preface  from  his  pen,  in  1740,  in  six  vols,  folio. 
It  was  reprinted  by  the  same  booksellers,  the  freres  de 
Tournes,  in  1748;  and  itt  the  following  year,  having  raked 
together  every  thing  which  bis  pen  had  touched,  they  pub- 
lished a  supplement  in  t:hree  additional  volumes  folio,  which 
was  also  reprinted  in  1753-4.  The  writings  of  Hoffmann 
contain  a  great  mass  of  practical  matter  of  considerable 
value,  partly  compiled  from  preceding  writers,  and  partly 
the  result  of  his  own  observation ;  but  they  contain  also 
many  trifling  remarks,  and  not  a  little  hypothetical  con- 
jecture, which  was  indeed  a  common  fault  of  the  times ; 
and  in  the  detail  there  is  considerable  prolixity  and  repeti- 
tion. As  a  theorist  his  suggestions  were  of  great  valu^^ 
and  contributed  to  introduce  that  revolution  in  the  science 
of  pathology,  which  subsequent  observation  has  extended 
and  confirmed.  His  doctrine  of  atony  and  spasm  in  the 
living  solid,  by  which  he  referred  all  internal  disorders  tQ 
some  ^^  preternatural  affection  of  the  nervous  system/* 
rather  than  to  the  morbid  derangements  and  qualities  of 
the  fluids,  first  tprned  the  attention  of  physicians  from  the 
mere  mechanical  and  chemical  operations  of  the  animal 
body  to  those  of  the  primary  moving  powers  of  the  living 
system.  To  Hoffmann  Dr.  Cuilen  acknowledges  the  obli-» 
gations  we  are  under  for  having  first  put  us  into  the  proper 
train  of  investigation ;  although  be  himself  did  not  apply 
bis  fundamental  doctrine  so  extensively  as  he  might  have 
done,  and  every  where  mixed  with  it  a  humoral  pathology 
as  incorrect  and  hypothetical  as  any  other.  Hoffmann  par"* 
sued  the  study  of  practical  chemistry  with  qonsiderable 
ardour,  and  improved  tbe  department  of  pharmacy  hy  thfi 


42  H  O-G  A  R  T  H. 

There  are  still  many  family  pictures  by  Hogarth  existing;^ 
in  the  style  of  serious  conversation -pieces.  What  the 
prices  of  his  portraits  were,  Mr.  Nichols  strove  in  vain  to 
discover ;  but  he  suspected  that  they  were  originally  very 
low,  as  the  persons  who  were  best  acquainted  with  them 
chose  to  be  silent  on  the  subject.  At  Rivenhali,  in  Essex^ 
the  seat  of  Mr.  Western,  is  a  family-picture,  by  Hogarth, 
of  Mr.  Western  and  his  mother,  chancellor  Hoadly,  arch- 
deacon Charles  Plumptre,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cole  of  Milton 
BOfi'  Cambridge,  and  Mr.  Henry  Taylor,  the  curate  there 
173B.  In  the  gallery  of  Mr.  Cole  of  Milton,  was  also  a 
wbole-lipngth  picture  of  Mr.  Western  by  Hogarth,  a  striking 
resemblance.  He  is  drawn  sitting  in  his  fellow-commonei^^s 
habit,  and  si^uare  cap  with  a  gold  tassel,  in  his  chamber  at 
Clare-hall,  tuver  the  arch  towards  the  river ;  and  the  artist, 
lis  the  chimifey  could  not  be  expressed,  has  drawn  a  cat 
sitting  near  it,  agreeable  to  his  humour,  to  shew  the  situ* 
ation.  Mr.  Western's  mother,  whose  portrait  is  in  the  con- 
versation-piece at'Rivenhall,  was  a  daughter  of  sir  Anthony 
Shirley. 

It  was  Hogarth's  custom  to  sketch  out  on  the  spot  any 
remarkable  face  which  particularly  struck  him,  and  of  which 
be  wished  to  preserve  the  remembrance.  A  gentleman 
informed  his  biographer,  that  being  once  with  him  at  the 
Bedford  coffee-house,  he  observed  him  drawing  something 
with  a  pencil  on  bis  nail.  Inquiring  what  had  been  his 
employment,  he  was  shewn  a  whimsical  countenance  of  a 
person  who  was  then  at  a  small  distance. 

It  iiappened  in  the  early  part  of  Hogarth's,  life,  that  a 
nobleman  who  was  uncommonly  ugly  and  deformed,  came 
to  sit  to  him  for  his  picture.  It  was  executed  with  a  skill 
that  did  honour  to  the  artist's  abilities ;  but  the  likeness 
was  rigidly  observed,  without  even  the  necessary  attention 
to  compliment  or  flattery.  The  peer,  disgusted  at  this 
coiitnterpart  of  his  dear  self,  never  once  thought  of  paying 
for  a  reflector  that  would  only  insult  him  with  his  de- 
formities. Some  time  was  suflered  to  elapse  before  the 
artist  applied  for  his  money;  but  afterwards  many  appli- 
cations were  made  by  him  (who  had  then  no  need  of  a 
banker)  for  payment,  but  without  success.  The  painter, 
however,  at  last  hit  upon  an  expedient  which  he  knew  must 
.alarm  the  nobleman's  pride,  and  by  that  means  answer  his 
purpose/  It  was  couched  in  the  following  card ;  ^'  Mr. 
Hogarth's  dutiful  respects  to  lord  >-*-— ^ ;  fiading  that  be 


HOGARTH.  ♦» 

does  not  faiean  to  have  the  picture  which  was  dr^Wn  for  hiin« 
is  informed  again  of  Mr.  H.'s  necessity  for  the  money ;  if, 
therefore,  his  lordship  does  not  send  for  it  in  three  days^; 
it  will  be  disposed  of,  with  the  addition  of  a  tail,  and  some 
other  little  appendages,  to  Mr.  Hare,  the  famous  wijd-beast 
man  ;  Mr.  H.  having  given  that  gentleman  a  conditional 
promise  of  it  for  an  exhibition  picture,  on  his  lordship's 
refusal.''  This  intimation  had  the  desired  effect.  The 
pictnre  was  sent  home,  and  committed  to  the  flames. 

Mr.  Walpole  has  remarked,  that  if  our  artist  ^^  indufged 
hiis  spirit  of  ridicule  in  personalities,  it  never  proceeded 
beyond  sketches  and  drawings,^'  and  wonders  **  that  her 
never,  without  intention,  delivered  the  very  features  of 
any  identical  person.''  But  this  elegant  writer,  who  may 
be  said,  to  have  received  his  education  in,  a  court,  had  per«> 
haps  few  opportunities  of  acquaintance  amMg  the  low 
popular  characters  with  which  Hogarth  occasionally  peopled 
his  scenes.  The  friend  who  contributed  this  remark,  was 
assured  by  an  ancient  gentleman  of  unquestionable  veracity 
and  acuteness  of  remark,  that  almost  all  the  personages 
who  attended  the  levee  of  the  Rake  were  undoubted  por* 
traits ;  and  that  in  <^  Southwark  Fair,^'  and  the  <'  Modern 
Midnight  Conversation,"  as  many  more  were  discoverable* 
In  the  former  plate  he  pointed  out  Essex  the  dancing* 
master ;  and  in  the  latter,  as  well  as  in  the  second  plate  to 
the  **  EUike's  Progress,"  Figg  the  prize-fighter.  He  men- 
tioned several  others  by  name,  from  his  immediate  know- 
ledge both  of  the  painter's  design  and  the  characters  re- 
presented ;  but  the  rest  of  the  particulars  by  which  he 
supported  bis  assertions,  have  escaped  the  memory  of  our 
informant.  While  Hogarth  was  painting  the  ^^  Rake's  Pro- 
gress," he  had  a  summer  residence  at  Islewortb,  and  never 
failed  to  question  the  company  who  came  to  see  these  pic- 
tures if  they  knew  for  whom  one  or  another  figure  was 
designed.    When  they  guessed  wrongly,  he  set  them  right 

The  duke  of  Leeds  has  an  original  scene  in  the  Beggars 
Opera,  painted  by  Hogarth.  It  is  that  in  which  Lucy  and 
Polly  are  on  their  knees  before  their  respective  fathers,  to 
intercede  for  the  life  of  the  hero  of  the  piece.  All  the 
figures  are  either  known  or  supposed  to  be  portraits.  If 
we  are  not  misinformed,  the  late  sir  Thomas  Robinsoti 
(better  known  perhaps  by  the  name  of 'long  sir  Thomas)  is 
standing  in  one  of  the  side-boxes.  Macheath,  unlike  his 
spruce  representative  on  our  present  stage,  is  a  slouching 


4*  HOGARTH. 

bully ;  aiid  Pally  appears  happily  discncumberedl  iff  svrdl 
a  hoop  as  the  daughter  of  Peachuitt  within  ih^  reach  of 
younger  tneoiories  has  f?orn.  The  dtike  gafe  35/«  for  this 
picture  at  Mr.  Rich's  auction.  Another  copy  of  tM  same 
scene  was  bought  by  the  late  Sir  Wiiiiam  Saunderson,  and 
is  now  in  the  possession  of  sir  Harry  Gough.  Mr.  Walpole 
has  a  picture  of  a  scene  in  the  same  piece,  where  Macheatb 
is  going  to  execution.  In  this  also  the  likenesses  of  Walker 
and  Miss  Fenton,  afterwards  duchess  of  Bolton  (the  original 
Macheatb  and  Polly)  are  preserve. 

In  the  year  1726,  when  the  aBair  of  Mary  Tofts,  tb* 
rabbtt-breederofGodalming,  engaged  the  public  attention^ 
a  few  of  the  principal  surgeons  subscribed  their  guinea 
a-piece  to  tiogeith,  for  an  engraving  from  a  ludicrous 
sketch  he  had  made  on  that  very  popular  subject.  This 
plate,  amongst  other  portraits,  contains  that  of  St.  AndriS^ 
then  anatomist  to  the  royal  household,  and  in  high  credit 
as  a  surgeon. 

In  1727,  Hogarth  agreed  with  Morris^  an  upbotsterer,  to 
furnish,  him  with  a  design  on  canvas,  representing  the  ele- 
ment of  earth,  as  a  pattern  for  tapei^tfy.  The  work  not 
being  performed  to  the  satisfaction  of  Morris,  he  refused 
to  pay  for  it,  and  the  artist,  by  a  suit  at  law,  recovered 
the  money^ 

In  17S0,  Hogarth  married  the  only  daughter  of  sir  James 
Tbornhill,  by  whom  he  had  no  child.  This  union^  indeed^ 
was  a  stolen  one,  and  consequently  without  the  approbation 
of  sir  James,  who,  considering  the  youth  of  his  daughter, 
then  barely  eighteen,  and  the  slender  Bnances  of  her  hus<- 
band,  as  yet  an  obscure  artist,  was  not  easily  reconciled  to 
^he  match.  Soon  after  this  period,  however,  he  began  his 
^^  Harlot's  Progress,"  and  was  advised  by  lady  Thornhill 
to  have  some  of  the  scenes  in  it  placed  in  the  way  of  his 
father-in-law.  Accordingly,  one  mortiing  early,  Mrs.  Ho- 
garth undertook  to  convey  several  of  tbem  into  his  dining- 
room.  When  be  arose,  he  inquired  whence  they  came ; 
and  being  told  by  whom  they  were  introduced,  he  cried 
out,  <*  Very  well ;  the  man  who  can  furnish  representatiotia 
like  these,  can  also  maintain  a  wife  without  a  portion."  He 
designed  this  remark  as  an  excuse  for  keeping  his  purse- 
strings  close ;  but,  soon  after,  became  both  reconciled  and 
generous  to  the  young  people.  An  allegorieal  cieling  by 
sir  James  Thornhill  is'at  the  bouse  of  the  iaie  Mn  Hoggins, 
at  Headly-park,  Hants.    The  Mibjeet  of  it  ia  the  story  of 


BOGARTR  43 

£epbyru9  and  Flora ;  and  the  figure  ef  a  satyr  and  smM 
others  were  painted  by  Hogartb. 

In  17S2  he  venlur^d  to  attack  Mr.  Pope,  in  a  plate  eaMed 
^  The  Man  ef  Taste,"  containing  a  Tiew  of  the  gate  ef 
BurlingtoR«house,  with  Pope  wbite«>washing  it,  and  be^ 
^Mtttering  the  duke  of  Chandos's  coach.  This  plate  was 
intended  as  a  satire  on  the  translator  of  Homer,  Mr.  Keoi 
the  architect,  and  the  earl  of  Burlington.  It  was  fortunate 
ibr  Hosarth  that  he  escaped  the  lash  of  the  first.  Either 
Hogarth's  obsourity  at  that  time  was  bis  protection,  or  the 
bara  was  too  prudent  to  exasperate  a  painter  who  had 
ahready  gi?ea  saeh  proof  of  his  abilities  for  satijre*  What 
must  he  have  felt  who  could  complain  of  the  ^pictured 
abape**^  prefixed  to  *^  GuUiveriana,'*  *'  Pope  Alexander^ 
Supreoiacy  and  InAtllibiNty  examined,^*  &e.  by  Ducket^ 
and  other  pieces^  bad  such  an  artist  as  Hogarth  undertaken 
to  express  a  certain  transaction  recorded  by  €ibber  >    • 

Soon  after  his  marriage,  Hogarth  bad  summer  iodgrings 
at  8out)i^ Lambeth;  and,  being  intimate  with  Mr.  Tyers, 
contributed' to  the  icnproTement  of  the  Spring  Gardens  at 
yauxhaW,  by  the  bint  ef  embeUisbtng  them  with  pamtings, 
some  of  whicb  were  the  suggestions  of  his  own  truly  comic 
penciL  Foe  his  assistance,  Mr.  Tyers  gratefuNy  presented 
kim  witb  a  gold  ticket  of  admission  foe  himself  and  bis 
friends,  inscribed 

IN   PERPETUAM   I^ENEFICII   MB^fORlAM. 

This  ticket  remained  in  the  possession  of  his  widow,  and 
was  by  ber  oceasibnally  employed. 

lu  (7^3  bis  genius  became  coospieiiously  known.  The 
third  scene  (df  his  ^^Harlot^s  Progress,^*  introduced  him  to 
the  notice  of  the  great.  At  a  board  of  treasury  which  was 
held  a  day  ec  two^  aftef  the  appearance  of  that  print,  a 
copy  of  it  was  shewn  by  one  of  the  lords,  as  cpntadning, 
amon^  Other  excej|fenci€s,  a  striking  likeness  of  sir  Sohn 
Gonsoo.  It  gave  universal  satisfaction  :  from  the  treasury 
each  tordt  repaired  to  the  print- siiep  f^r  a  copy  of  it,  and 
Hogarth  rose  eompletel^jr  into  fame. 

The  ingeoious  abb^  du  Bos  has  often  complained',  that 
no  history- paki^ei?  of  his  time  went  through  a  aeries  of 
actions,  and  thus,  like  an<  historian,  painted  the  successire 
fortuue  of  an  hero,  from  the  cradle  to  the  ^ave.  What' 
Du^  Bos  wished  to  see  done,  Hogarth  performed.  He 
launches  out  his  young  adventurer  a  simpte:  girl  upon  the 
town,   and  conducts  her  through  ail  the  vicissitudes  of 


46  HOGARTH. 

wretchedness  to  a  premature  death.  This  was  painting  to 
the  understanding  and  to  the  heart ;  none  had  ever  before 
made  the  pencil  subservient  to  the  purposes  of  morality 
and  instruction*;  a  book  like  this  is  fitted  to  every  soil  and 
every  observer,  and  he  that  runs  may  read.  Nor  was  the 
success  of  Hogarth  confined  to  his  figures.  One  of  his 
excellencies  consisted  in  what  may  be  termed  the  furniture 
of  his  pieces ;  for  as  in  sublime  and  historical  representa- 
tions the  seldomer  trivial  circumstances  are  permitted  to 
divide  the  spectator's  attention  from  the  principal  figures^ 
the  greater  is  their  force ;  so  in  scenes  copied  from  fitmiliar 
life^  a  proper  variety  of  little  domestic  images  contributes 
to  throw  a  d^ree  of  verisimilitude  on  the  whole.  ^'  The 
Rake's  levee- room,'*  says  Mr.  Walpole,  *^  the  nobleman'a 
dining-room,  the  apartments  of  the  husband  and  wife  in 
Marriage  a  la  Mode,  the  alderman's  parlour,  the  bed* 
chamber,  and  many  others,  are  the  history  of  the  manners 
of  the  age."  The  novelty  and  excellence  of  Hogarth's 
performances  soon  tempted  the  needy .  artist  and  print* 
dealer  to  avail  themselves  of  his  designs,  and  rob  him  of 
the  advantages  which  he  was  entitled  to  derive  from  them« 
This  was  particularly  the  case  with  the  ^^  Midnight  Con- 
versation," the  "  Harlot's"  and  ♦*  Rake's  Progresses,"  and 
Others  pf  his  early  works.  To  put  a  stop  to  depredations 
like  these  on  the  property  of  himself  and  others,  and  to 
secure  the  emoluments  resulting  from  his  own  labours,  as 
Mr.  Walpole  observes,  he  applied  to  the  legislature,  and 
obtained  an  act  of  parliament,  8  Geo.  II.  cap.  38,  to  vest 
an  exclusive  right  in  designers  and  engravers,  and  to  restrain 
the  multiplying  of  copies  of  their  works  without  the  con<? 
sent  of  the  artist.  This  statute  was  drawn  by  his  friend 
Mr.  Huggins,  who  took  for  his  model  the  eighth  of  queen 
Anne,  in  favour  of  literary  property ;  but  it  was  not  so 
accurately  executed  as  entirely  to  remedy  the  evil ;  for,  in 
a  cause  founded  on  it,  which  came  before  lord  Hardwicke 
in  chancery,  that  excellent  lawyer  determined,  that  no 
assignee,  claiming  under  an  assignment  from  the  original 
inventor,  could  take  any  benefit  by  it.  Hogarth,  imme- 
diately after  the  passing  of  the  act,  published  a  small 
print,  with  emblematical  devices,  and  an  inscription  ex* 
pressing  his  gratitu(|e  to  the  three  branches  of  the  legisla- 
ture. Small  copies  of  the  '.^  Rake's  Progress"  were  piib* 
lisbed  by  his  permission. 


HOGARTH.         ^  4» 

In  1745,  finding  that,  however  great  the  success  of  his 
prints  might  be,  the  public  were  not  indined  to  take  his 
pictures  oiF  his  hands,  he  was  induced  to  offer  some  of 
them,  and  those  of  the  best  he  had  then  produced,  for 
•disposal  by  way  of  auction  ;  but  after  a  plan  of  his  own, 
-viz.  by  keeping  open  a  book  to  receive  biddings  from  the 
^rst  day  of  February  to  the  last  day  of  the  same  month,  at 
12  o^clock.  The. ticket  of  admission  to  the  sale  was  his 
print  of  "  The  £attle  of  the  Pictures,"  a  humourous  pro^ 
Auction,  in  which  he  ingeniousJy  upheld  his  assertions 
concerning  the  preference  so  unfairly  given  to  old  pictures^ 
And  the  tricks  of  the  dealers  in  tbem. 
•    The  pictures  thus  disposed  of  were,  £.     s.   d. 

The  six  of  the  Harlot's  Progress,  for 88     4     0 

Eight  of  the  Rake's  Progress ;184  16     a 

Morning 21     0    O 

Noon 38   17     O 

Evening • 39  18     0 

Night , ^ 27     6     O 

Strolling  Players  dressing  in  a  Bam.. 27     6     O 

In  the  same  year  he  acquired  additional  reputation  by 
the  six  prints  of  ^^  Marriage  a  la  Mode,  which  may  be 
regarded  as  the  ground- work  of  a  novel  called  *'The  Mar- 
riage Act,"  by  Dr.  Sfaebbeare,  and  of  '^  The  Clandestine 
Marriage." 

Hc^arth  had  prcgected  a  '^  Happy  Marriage,"  by  way  of 
counterpart  to  his  '^  Marriage  a  la  Mode.*'  A  desugn  for 
the  first  of  his  intended  six  plates  he  had  sketched  out  iu 
colours ;  and  the  following  is  as  accurate  an  account  of  it 
as  could  be  furnished  by  a  gentleman  who  long  ago  etgoyed 
only  a  few  minutes  sight  of  so  great  a  curiosity.  The  time 
supposed  was  immediately  after  the  return  of  the  parties 
from  church.  The  scene  lay  in  the  hall  of  an  antiquated 
country  mansion.  On  one  side  the  married  couple  were 
represented  sitting.  Behind  them  was  a  group  of  their 
young  friends  of  both  sexes,  in  the  act  of  breaking  bride* 
cake  over  their  heads.  In  front  appeare<|  the  father  of  the 
young  lady,  grasping  a  bumper,  and  drinking,  with  a 
seeming  roar  of  exultation,  to  the  future  happiness  of  her 
and  her  husband.  By  his  side  was  a  table,  covered  With 
refreshments.  Jollity  rather  than  politeness  ^Was  the  desig* 
nation  of  his  character.  Under  the  screen  of  the  hall, 
several  rustic. musicians  in  grotesque  attitudes,  together 
with  servants,  tenants,  &c.  were  arranged*    Through  the 


> 


««  HO  Q  ART  tt 

ftrch  by  wfaicli  ttSe  room  was  enteibd^  tifae  eye  ira^  l^d  ^\bng 
m  pasfsige  into,  the  Idccheny  Wfaicli '  afforded  a  glimpse  of 
•acerdbtat  luxuty.  Before  tbie  dripping-pan  stood  a  well- 
fed  dif  ine,  in  his  gown  arid  cassock,  with  bis  watch  in  bis  ' 
Kand,  giving  directions  tor  a  cook,  dressed  ail  in  ^liite,  wb^ 
was  employed  in*  basting  a  bauncb  of  irenison.  Atpoh^ 
tbc^  faces  of  the  principal  figures,  none  but  Ibal  of  tbe 
young  lady  was  completely  finished.  Hogarth  bad  beefi 
ofcen  reproached  for  bis  inability  to  impart  gt'ace  and  dig- 
nity to  bis  heroines.  The  bride  was  tfaereforei  meari.t  tb 
i4ndicate  his  pencil  from  so  degrading  an  imputtation.  Th^ 
effort,  however,  was  unsuccessfuL  The  girLwas  certainlif^ 
preity ;  but  her  features,  if  we  may  use  the  term,  wer^ 
uneducated.  She  might  have  altractedtiotice  as  a  chamber- 
maid, but  would  bave  fajled  to  extort  applausle  as  a  vlbma^n 
of  fashion.  The  clergyman  and  bis  cuLLaary  associate  were 
more  laboured  tbaa  any  other  parts  of  the  picture.  It  isi 
natural  for  us  to  dwell  longest  on  that  division  of  a  subject 
which  is  most  congenial  to  our  private  feelings*  The 
painter  sat  down  with  a  resolution  to  delineate  beautj^ 
improved  by  art,  but  seems,  as  usual,  to  bave  deviated  into, 
ineanness,  or  could  not  help  neglecting  his  or^nal  pur- 
pose,  to  luxuriate  in  such  ideas  as  his  situation  in  early  life 
bad  fitted  him  to  express.  He  footid  himself,  in  abort. 
Out  of  his  element  in  the  parlour,  and  therefore  hastened 
in  quest  of  ease  and  amusement,  to  the  kitcbeo  iire.. 
ChuFC&ill,  with  more  force  than  delicacy,  once  observed 
of  him,  that  be  only  painted  the  backside  of  natitre.  X% 
most  be  allowed,  that  sock  an  artist,  however  excellent^n 
bis  vralb^  was  better  qualified  to  represeat  the  low-^borii 
parent  than  the  royal  preserver  of  a  foundlings. 

Soon  after  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Cbapelle,  be  t^nt  a^ver  t0 
France,  and  was  taken  into  custody  at  Calais,  wbi^be.was 
drawijig  the  gate  of  thail  towtt,  a  circumstanea  wbieb  he 
has;  reeqrded  in  his  picture  entitled  '^  O  the  Roast  Beef  of 
Old  England  !'*  published  March  96, 1749=.  He  was  mtaif. 
alty  carried  before  the  governor  as  a  spy,  and,,  after  a  Tery 
strict  examination,  committed  a  prisoner  to  Gransife,  hiei 
laiKilord,  on  hi»  promise  that  Hogarth  should  not  g^  oot  of. 
bis  house  till  he  was  to  embark  for  England.  .  Soon,  after 
tbift  period  he  purchased  a  small  house  at  Chiswick^  whete. 
be  usually  passed  the  greatest  part  of  tbesuamec  seasoo^ 
3ret  not  without  dccasioaal  vi^itato  kia  house  in  LeicaUear^ 
fields. 


II  Q  O  A  H  T  H.  49 

.  Ifi  1753  be  uppttred  19  ibe  worid  in  the  character  4>f  aa 
Autbor^  and  published  a  4io  volume  entitled  **  The  Analysis 
pf  Beaucy^  written  with  .a  view  of  fixing  the  fluctuating 
ideas  of  Taste/*  In  this  performance  be  shews  by  a  variety 
Qf  examples!  that  a  curve  is  the  line  .of  beauty,  and  that 
round  swelling  figures  are  most  pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  and 
the  truth  of  bis  opinion  has  been  countenanced  by  subse*^ 
^uenl  writers  on  tbe  subject  In  this  v\ork|.  the  leading 
idea  pf  which  was  bieroglypbically  thrown  out  in  a  frontis* 
piece  to  his  works  in  1745,  he  acknowledges  himself  in- 
debted to  bis  friends  for  assistance^  and  particularly  to  one 
gentleman  for  his  corrections  and  amendments  of  at  leajst 
a  third  part  of  the  wording.  This  friend  was  Dr.  Benjamin 
Hoadiy  tbe  physician,  who  carried  on  the  work  to  about  tbe 
third  part  (chap,  ix  ),  and  theti,  through  indisposition,  de- 
clined the  friendly  office  with  regret.  Mr.  Hogarth  applied 
to  his  neighbour,  Mr.  Ralph ;  but  it  was  impossible  for  two 
such  persons  to  agree,  both  alike  vain  and  positive.  He 
proceeded  no  further  thaii  about  a  sheet,  and  they  then 
parted  friends,  and  seem  .to  have  continued  such.  7*he 
kind  office  of  finishing  the  work  and  superintending  the^ 
publication  was  lastly  taken  up  by  Dr.  Morell,  who  went 
through  the  remainder  of  the  book.  The  preface  was  iu 
like  manner  corrected  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  TownIt*y.  The; 
family  of  Hogarth  rejoiced  when  the  last  sheet,  of  the 
**  Anaiys^*^  was  printed  off;  as  the  frequent  disputes  he 
had  wiUi  bis  coadjutors  in  the  progress  of  the  work,  did 
not  oiucb  harmonize  his  disposition.  This  work  was  trans- 
lated into  German  by  Mr.  Mylins,  when  in  England,  under 
tbe  author's  inspection ;  and  the  translation  was  printed  in 
London,  price  five  dollars.  A  new  and  correct  edition 
was,  in  1754,  proposed  for  publication  at  Berlin,  by  Ch. 
Fn  Vok,  with  an  explanation  of  Mr.  Hogarth's  satirical 
prints,  translated  from  the  French ;  and  an  Italian  transia*  ^ 
tion  was  published  at  Leghorn  in  1761. 

Hogarth  had  one  failing  in  common  with  most  people  who 
attain  wealth  and  eminence  without  the  aid  of  liberal  ed.u« 
cation.  He  affected  to  despise  every  kind  of  knowledge 
which  he  did  not  possess.  Having  established  his  fiime 
with  little  or  no  obligation  to  literature,  he  either  conceived 
it  to  be  needless,  or  decried  it  because  it  lay  out  of  his^ 
reach.  His  seiitiments,  in  short,  resembled  those  of  Jack 
Cade,  who  pronounced  sentence  on  the  clerl^  of  Chatham,, 
because  \ie  could  write  and  read.    Tilj,  in  evil  hour,  thia 

Vou  XVIIL  E 


\ 


so  RO  O  ikIt'Plll 


eelellirated  artist  coiiraneiiced  author,  and  #a»' obligecTtO 
employ  tbe  friends  already  inerftiofied  to  coFre<:t  bis  f^  Ana^ 
lysis  of  Beauty,^'  he  dld-not  s^em  to  havediscovere^d  thiaM 
even  spelHng  was  a  neeei^sary  qiialifioatiou ;  and  yet  be 
had  vetHured  to  ridi€ule>the  late  Mr.  Rich's  deficieificy  as 
t6  tlhis  particular,  in  a  n^te  irhicb  iies  before  the  *ItsLke 
whose  play  is  refused  while  he  remains  iiv  eonfiiicaieiit  fol^ 
debt.  Before  tbe  time  o# 'which  we  are  liow  sp^akitfigy  Otfie 
of  our  artist's  cooinion  topics  of  declamation,' was  the  use-^ 
lessness  of' books  to  a  man  of  bis  profession.  In  ^Beer^ 
^reel,  among  other  volumes  consigned  by  him  to  tbe 
pastry-eook,  we  find  ^^TurnbuU  on  Ancient  Painting,''  m 
freattse  which  Hogarth  should  have  been  able  to  under- 
stand  before  he  ventured  to  condemii.  Garrtch  himseliv 
however,  was  not  more  ductile  to  flattery.  A  word  in- 
&vour  of  Sigismunda^"  might  have  coc^maoded  a  proof 
print,  or  forced  an  original  sketch  out  of  our  artist's  hands.- 
The  person  who  supplied  this  remark  owed  one  of  Hogarth's; 
scarcest  performances  to  the  success  of  a  compliment^ 
which  nHght  have  seemed  extravagant  even  to  sir  Godfreys 
Kneller. 

The  following  well-authenticated  story  will  also  serve  ta. 
shew  how  much  more  easy  it  is  to  detect  ill-placed  or  hy« 
perbohoal  adulation  respecting  others,  than  when  applied 
to  ourselves.  Hogarth  being  at  dinner  with  the  celebrated 
Cheselden,  and  some  other  company,  was  told  .that  Mr.* 
John  Freke,  surgeon  of  St.  Bartholomew's  hospital^  a  few* 
evenings  before  at  Dick's  coffee-house,  had  asserted  tHab^ 
Greene  was  as  eminent  in  composition  as  Handel.  ^<  That- 
fellow  Freke,"  replied  Hogarm,  ^^  is  always  shooting  bis^ 
bolt  absurdly  one  way  or  another !  Hafidel  is  a  giant  ii^ 
music ;  Greene  only  a  tight  Florimel  kind  of  a  compjoser.'^ 
— **  Ay,*'  said  the  informant,  "  but  at  the  same  time  Mr* 
Freke  declared  you  were  as  good  a  portrait-^painter  a» 
Vandyck." — "  There  he  was  in  the  right,'?  adds  Hogarth  v 
*  **  aiid  so  I  am,  give  me  my  time,  and  let  me  choose  my 
suWect!'* 

Hogarth  was  the  most  absent  of  men.  At  table  he  wouid- 
•sometimes  turn  round  his  chair  as  if  he  had  finished  eat* 
ing,  and  as  suddenly  would  return  it,  and  commencie  hi» 
meal  again.  He  once  directed  a  letter  to  Dr.  Hoadly, 
thus:  "To  the  Doctor  at  Chelsea."  This  epistle,  how- 
ever, by  good  luck,  did  not  miscarry ;  and  was  preserved" 
hj  the  late  chancellor  of  Winchester^  as  a  plea&ant  memo^ 


hooarth:  St 

ml  of  his  fnend't  extraoirdiiiliry  itmlteatioti.  Awkhet  ire^^ 
markafate  instance  of  Hogarth's  absence  was  rekited  by  006 
of  bis  intimate  friendsi  8oon  after  he  aet  up  his  camage^^ 
he  had  occasion  to  paya  visift  to  the  lord-mayor^  Mr.  Btek-" 
ibrd.  When,  he  went^  the  vreatfaer  was  fine ;  but  bustn^a* 
detained^ him  till  a  violent  shower  of  rain  came  on.  H^* 
was  let  cot  of  the  mansion-house  foy  a  different  door  from 
diat  at  which' he  entered ;  and,  seeing  the  rain,  began  im<^' 
niediatelj  to  oati  for  a  haokney-<coacb.  Not  one  was  to  be' 
met  with  on  any  of  the  neighbouring  stands ;  and  the  ar-^ 
dst  sallied  Forth  to  brave  the  storm,  and  actuaOy  reached 
Leicester- fielda  without  bestowing  a  thought  oh  bis  own* 
carriage)  till  Mrs;  Hogarth  (surprised  to  see.  him  so  wet; 
aad  splashed)  asked  him  where  be  had  left  it. 
-  A  specimen  of  Hogarth^s  propensitf  to  merriment,  on 
the  most  trivial  occasions,  is  observable  in  one  of  bis'tsards' 
requesting  the  coQipany  of  Dr.  Arnold  King  to  dine  with 
bioi'  at  the  Mitre.  Within  a  circle,  to  which  a  knife  and 
fork  are  the  supporters,  tb^  written  part  is  contained*  In 
the  centre-  is  drawn  a  pye«  with  a  mitre  on  the  top  of  it ; 
and  the  invitation  concludes  with  the  following  sport  on 
three  of*  the  Greek  lettenn^to  Eta  Beta  Pi.  The  rest  of 
the  inacriptioo  is  not  very  accurately  spelt  A  quibble  by 
Hogaitb  is  surely  as  respectable  as  a  conundrum  by  Swift. 

In  one  of  the'  early  exhibitions  at  Spring-gardens,  a  very 
pleasing  amaU  picture  by  Hogarth  made  its  first  appear- 
ance. It  was  painted  for  the  earl  of  Cbarlemont,  in  whose 
coUectiein'itrefimna;  and  was  entitled  ''  Picquet,  or  Virtue  in 
Danger,^'  and  shews usayounglady,  who,  during  a /^^^-d-^^le;, 
had  just  losf  all  her  money  and  jewels  to  a  handsome  officer 
of  her  own  age.  He  is  represented  in  the  act  of  offering  hef 
the  contents  of  his  hat,,  in  which  are  bank-notes,  jewels,  and 
trinkets,  with  the'  hope  of  exchan^ng  them  for  a  softer 
acquisition,  and  more'd^licate  plunder.  On  the  chimney-' 
piece  a  wacch*case  and  a  figure  of  Time  over  it,  with  tbia 
motto — ^NUNCc  Hogarth  has  caught  his  heroine  during 
this  moment  of  hesitation,  this  struggle  with  herself,  and 
has  marked  her  feelings  with  uncommon  success. 

In  the  **  MiaerS  Feast,"  Mr.  Hogarth  thought  proper 
to  pillory  an" Isaac  Shard,  a  gentleman  proverbially  avari- 
eioas.  'Hearing  this,  the  son  of  sir  Isaac,  tb^  late  Isaac? 
KadltUB  Siiard,esq.  a  young  man  of  spirit,  just  returned 
from  bis  tcoveis,  calfedat  the  painter^s  to  see  the  picture ; 


wz  HO  &  A  B  T  H. 

and  tellong  the  retti  Mkipg  the  Cicerone  <*  wbedier  tbiit 
odd  figure  was  intended  for  any  particular  person  ^J*  oil 
his  replying,  '*  that  it  was  tbdught  to  be  very  like  one  sir 
.Ispac  Shard,**  he  imoiediately  drew  bis  sword,  find  slashed 
the  canvas  Hogarth  appeajred  insuntly  in  great  wrath ; 
tp  whom  Mr.  Sbajrd  calmly  justified  what  he  had  donci  say* 
ipg,  *<  that  this  was  a  very  unwarrantable  lijcence  \  that 
he  was  the  injured  party's  son,  and  that  he  was  ready  to 
defend  any  suit  at  law ;''  which,  however,  was  never  insti- 
Uited. 

.  About  1757,  his  brodier-ip*law,  Mr.  ThombiU,  resigned 
the  plaiee  of  king's  seijeant-painter  in  favour,  of  Mr.  Ho- 
garth«    '*  The  last  memorable  event  in  our  artist's  Jife,'^  as 
Mn  Walpole  observes*  '*  was  his  quarrel  with  Mr.  Wilkei, 
in  wbich^  if  Mr.  Hogarth  did  not  commence  direct  bpstili* 
ties  on  the  latter,  he  at  least  obliquelv  gave  the  first  of** 
fence,  by >n  attack,  oq  the  friends  and  party  of  that  geu* 
tleman.    This  conduct  was  the  more  surprising,  as  he  bad 
all  his  life  avoided  dipping  his  pencil  in  political  contests, 
and  had  early  refused  a  very  lucrative  offer  that  was  made, 
to  engage  him  iu  a  set  of  prints  against  the  head  of  a  court- 
party*    Without  eotmng  into  the  merits  of  the  cause^  I 
shall  only  state  the  fact,    in  September  1762^  Mr.  Hogarth 
published  his  print  of  f  The  Times.'     It  was  answiered  by 
Mr.  Wilkes  in  a  severe  ^  North  Briton.*  On  this  the  painter 
exhibited  the  caricatura  of  the  writer.    Mr.  Chiircblll,  the 
poet,  then  engaged  in  the  war,  and  wrote  his  ^  Epistle  to 
Hogarth,'  not  the  brightest  of  bis  works,  and  in  which  the 
severest  strokes  fell  on  a  defect  tbat  the  painter  had  nei- 
ther caused  nor  could  amend— rhis  age  \  and  which,  how- 
ever, was  neither  remarkable  nor  decrepit ;  much  less  had 
it  impaired  his  talenu,  as  appeared  by  bis  having  composed 
but  six  months  before,  one  of  his  most  capital  works,  the 
sadre  on.  the  Metbodii^ts.    In  revenge  for  this  epistle^  Ho- 
garth caricatured  Churchill,  under  the  form  of  a  canonical 
bear,  with  a  club  and  a  pot  of  porter— >1C  vi/u/^  tu  dignus 
K  Aic—* never  did  two  angry  men  of  their  abilities  throw 
mud  with  less  dexterity. 

:  <*  When  Mr.  Wilkes  was  the  second  time  brought  from 
the  Tower  to  Westminster^ball,  Mr.  Ho|pdrth  skulked  be* 
hind  in  a  corner  of  the  gallery  of  the  court  of  Common 
Pleas ;  and  while  the  chief  justice  Pratt,  with  the  elo« 
quence  and  courage  of  old  Rome,  was  enforcing  the  great 


ttaGABTa  53 

jpKoeipIes  of  Magna  Ghana,  and  the  English  constitution^ 
while  every  breast  from  htm  cau^t  the  holy  flame  of  li- 
berty, the  painter  was  wholly  employed  in  caricatuiing 
the  person  of  the  man,  while  all  the  rest  of  his  fellow* 
citizens  were  animated  in  his  cause,  for  they  knew  it  to 
be  their  own  cause,  that  of  tlieir  country,  and  of  its  laws. 
It  was  declared  to  be  so  a  few  hours  after  by  the  unanimous 
sentence  of  the  judges  of  that  court,  and  they  were  all 
present 

''  The  print  of  Mr.  Wilkes  was  soon  after  published, 
irwwnjtom  the  l^e  by  William  Hogarth,  It  must  be  al- 
lowed^ to  be  an  excellent  compound  caricatura,  or  a  cariea* 
tura  of  what  nature  bad  already  caricatured.'    I  know  but 

'  one  sbort  apology  that  can  be  made  for  thi$'gentleman,  or, 
to  speak  more  properly,  for  the  person  of  Mr.  Wilkes.    It 

'  is/  that  he  did  not  make  himself,  and  that  he  never  waa 
solicitous  about  the  case  of  his  soul,  as  Sh^d^spealHe  calls  It, 
only  so  far  as  to  keep  it  clean  and  in  health,  \  xkexet  beard 
that  he  once  hung  over  the  gUs^  stream,  like  another 
Narcissus,  admiring  the  image  in  it,  nor  that  he  ever  stole 
an  amorous  look  at  his  counterfeit  in  a  side  mirrdur.  His 
formi  such  as  it  is^  ought  X^  give  bin)'  nd  pain,  because  i( 
is  capable  of  giving  pleasure  to  othersi  I  f^ney  he  finds 
fainiseif  tolerably  happy  in  the  clay-cottage  tb  which  be  is 
tenant  for  life,  because  he  has  leartit  to  keep  it  in  good 
jlrd^r.  While  the  share  bf  health  anil  animal  spirits,  which 
h^ven  hsM  giveii  him,  sh^aUbold  out^  I  icah  scarcely  ima* 
gine  he  wiirbe  one  inoinent  peevish  about  the  outside  of 
so  precarious^'  so  temporary  a  habitation,  or  will  even  be 
brought  to  own,  tn^mium  Cdlta  male  habitat.  Monsieur 
ainiqllagS. 

'^*  Mr.  Churchill  was  exasperated  at^  this  personal  attack 
on  his  friend.  H^  soon  alter  published  the  *  Epistle  to 
Wilfilun  Hogarth,'  and'tobk'  for  the  motto,  ut  pietura pdesin 
Mr.  Hogarth's  t^Y&i^e  against  the  po^t  teritiinatrid*  in, 

'  vad(^^if)g  lip  an  old  print  of  a  ptig-dog  ai\d  a.  bear,  which 

■   he  published  under  the  title  of  ^  The  Bruiser  C.  Churchill 
(once  the  Revd.!)'  in  the  character  Qfa^  Russian  Hercules. 

At  .the  time  when  these  hostilities  ^ere  carrying  on  ip^  ^ 

;i^nii|er  s^^  Vir^ilent  and  disgraceful  to  all  the  parties,  Ha-> 

^"' 1^1^  Wsis  v^^      declining  in  bis  health.     In  1762,  ho 

''  cdmpiaShed  of  an  inward  pain,  wbicb>  continuingi  brought 


M  H  O  G  A  E  T  U. 

on  a  general  decay  that  proved  incurable  *.  This  I  ast  year 
of  his  life  be  employed  in  re-toucbing  bis  plates,  witli  the 
assistance  of  several  engravers  whom  be  took  with  him  to 
Chiswick.  Oct.  25,  17.64,  he  was  conveyed  from,  theilce 
to  Leicester-6elds,  in  a  very  weak  couditioiH  yet  remark* 
ably  cheerful ;  and^  receiving  an' agreeable  letter  from  the 
American  Dr.  Franklin,  drew  op  a  rough  *  draught  of  an 
answer  to  it ;  but  going  to  bed,  be  was  seized  with  a 
Vomiting;  upon  which  he  ruog  his  bell  with  such  violence 
that  he  broke  it,  and  expired  about  two  hours  afterwards, 
'His  disorder  was  an  aneurism ;  and  his  corpse  was  interred 
in,  the  church-yard  at  Chiswick,  where  a  monument  is 
erected  to  his  memory,  with  an  inscription  by  his  friend 
'Mr.  Garrick. 

',  It  may  be  truly  observed  of  Hogarth,  that  all  his  powers 
!6f  delighting  were  restrained  to  his  pencil*  Having  rarely 
been  admitted  into  polite  circles,  none  of  his  sharp  corners 
liad  been  rubbed  off,  so  that  he  continued  to  the  last  a 
gross  uncultivated  man.  The  slightest  oootradictioa  trans- 
jported  him  into  rage.  To  some  confidence  in  himself  be 
was  certainly  entitled ;  for,  as  a  comic  painter,  he  could 
iave  claimed  no  honour  that  would  not  'most  readily  have 
lieen  allowed,  him  ;  but  he  was  at  once  unprincipled  and 
Variable  in  his  political  conduct  and  attachments.  He  is 
j^lso  said  to  have  beheld  the  rising  eminence  and  p(q>a- 
larity  of  sir  Joshua  Reynolds  with  a  di&gree  of  envy ;  and, 
if  we  are  not  misinforo^ed,  frequently  spoke  with  asperity 
|)oth  of  him  and  his  performances..  Justice,  however,  ob- 
liges us  to  add,  that  our  artist  was  liberal,  hospitable,  and 
the  most  pdnctual  of  paymasters ;  so  that,  in  spite  of  the 
emoluments  his  works  had  procured  to  him,  he  left  but  an 
inconsiderable  fortune  to  his  widow.     His  plates  indeed 

^  It  maybe  worth  obsenring,  that  ed  in  November  1764,  the  compiler  of 

in  *'  Ivdependeoce,"  a  poem  whfch  was  this  artrcle  took  occasion  to  Inment  that 
not  published  by  Churchill  tiU  U|e  last         "  -^— ^Seavee  bad  Ae  friendly  tear, 

week 'of  September  1764,  he  con<<iders  For  Hogarth.shed,  escaped  the  generoua 
his  antagonist  as  a  departed  Oenitis  ;  '   eye 

^  ^ogarth  WDuFd  draw  him  (Envy  jnnst  Of  feeling  PUy ,  when  again  h  flow*t] 


allow)                            [now.*'  F«r  Cburohill*!  fate.    Ill  can  we 

JPin  to' the  life,  wa$  Hogarth  liyinc.  '  the  loss'                           [ally'd 

How  little  did  the  sportive  satirist  ima-  Of  Fancy's  twin-bom  offspring,  close 

gine  the  power  of  pleasing  was  so  soop  In  enev|^  of  thought,  tboogh  dUTerent 

to  cease  in  both  \  Hogarth  died  in  four  paths               Tpassions  sway'd 

weeks  after  the  publication  of  this  pdem;  They  sought  for  fame  f  Though  jarring 

and  Churchill  surviv^  bim  but  nine  The  living  artists,  let  the  funeral  wreath 

flays.   In  some  lioM  which  were  pnat-  UuUcf  their  mtwory  I" 


HOG  A  R  T  H.  ;A5 

were  fpch-jcesqacces  ^ o  ber  ^b  could  not  speedily  be  ex- 
bf^Qst^d.  I  Sw^  ^  ^is  domestics  bad  lived  many  years  in 
Jiis  serviq^i  a  ^ircunisMLnce  ibat  always  reflects  credit  on-^ 
oaast^i^. .  Of  most  of  these  be  painted  strong  likenesses^  o^ 
a  csuivaf  .wbicb  was  lefy  in  Mrs.  Hogarth's  possession. 
.  His  widow  had  al#Q  ^  portrait  of  ber  husband,  and  |in  ex- 
•CQllent  bust  of  him  by  lio^biUiac,  a  strong  resemblance  ; 
i^d  i»ae  of;  bis  brotber^ip-ipiwi  Mr.  Tbornhill,  much  resenv- 
JbUeg  the  countenance  of  Mrs.  Hogarth  Si^veral  of  his 
portraits  also  remaine^din  ber  possession,  but  at  ber  death 
were  disperseicU 

OC  Hogarth's  smi^Uer  plates  many  were  destroyed.  When 
be  W9Pt€^d  a  piece  .of  copper  on  a  sudden^  he  would  take 
any  plate  from .  which ,  he  had  already  worked  off  such  a 
,niimb(^  of  impressipos  as  be  supposed  be  should  sell.  He 
then  seii^  it  to  be  effaced,  beat  out,  or  otherwise  altered 
.to  his-  pr^seiS^  purp^e^ 

The  fpUt^.  whiph  remained  in  bis  possession  were  se-^ 
cor^d  itojMr^  Hogarth  by, his  will,  dated  Aug.  12,  1764^ 
chargeable  wiib  .&u  it^iniiity  of  80/,  to  his  sister  Anne,  who 
surviy^  bioi.  Wh^u^  on  the  dei^  of  his  other  sister,  she 
left  off  the.  business  in.  which  she  was  engaged,  be  kindly 
took  bet  home,  and  generously  supported  her,  making  her, 
at  the  s.aoie  Ume,  useful  in  the  disposal  of  bis  prints^  Want 
.of  teod^B^ss  and  liberality  to  his  relations  was  not  amon^ 
,tbe  failings,  of  Hogarth^ 

In  .174$»  one  Lauocdiot  Burton  was  appointed  naval 
officer  at  QeaU  Hogarth  had  seen  him  by  accident;  and 
on  a  pie^e,^  pape(|  .previc^usiy  impressed  by  a  pl^in  cop- 
per •platj^|:. -drew  bis  %ure  with  a  pen  in.  imitation  of  a 
coarse  etpbing.  He  w^g  represented  on  a  lean  Canterbury 
haoky  with  ^  ^ot^le  sticking,  out  of  hia  pocket;  and  uitder*' 
Death,  wf^  'an  inscription^  intimating  that  he  was  going  ^ 
doilv'n. to. take, possess! (H).pfbi$. place..  This  was  inclosed  to 
bim  in  '.a. letter ;  and,,sQme  of  bis  friends^  who  were  in.the 
seereti  protested  the  drawing  to  be  a  print  wbich  they  bad 
seen  i«xpp$^d  ly>  sale  at  the:sbops  in  London ;  a  cir^iii^ir 
stance. tb^. p^t  bitn  in  a  vi<>lent  passion,  during  whigh  bf. 
wrptCiW  Abjiiilive  letter  to. Hogarth,  wbosQ  miin^e  was^ub«- 
Bcrib^d  ibo  tbe  work*  Put,.af^^  po^r.'^non's  tormentors 
badtopt  bim  in.suspepsethrpugbout  an, uneasy  three  weeks, 
tbey^rdi^^dt^o  him  tbajc  it  w#s  no  engravir)gi.  but  a  sketeb 
with  a  jpienk  (kOtl  ink.  .  He  then  became  so  perfectly  reoon* 
ipiied  to  bi»  re«ettibbiiH^|  jbteftt  be  sbewQ^  it  with  e^iUatioa 


5C  BOGAET^ 

to  admiral  Vernon,  and  aU  the  res^  of  bU  fiiendg;  lo  195  9^ 
Hogarth  returning  with  a  firiend  from  a  visit  to  Mn  Rich 
at  Cowley,  stopped  bis  chariot,  and  get  out,  being  ^uck 
by  a  large  drawing  (with  a  coal)  on  the  wail  of  an  alehouse^ 
He  immediately  made  a  sketch  of  it  with  tfiiim|lb ;  it  was 
a  St.  Gt  orge  and  the  Dri^on^  all  in  straight  iiiies. 

Hogarth  made  one  essay  in  scolpiiirew    He  wanted  a 

sign  to  distinguish  his  boose  in  Leieoi^er'rfieldt ;  and  tfaink^ 

ing  none  more  proper  than  the  Grotden  Bead,  he  out  of  a 

mass  of  corlfL  made  up.of  severai  thicknesses  compacted  tOr 

gether,  carved  a  bust  of  Vandyck,   which  be  gilt  end 

pimped  over  his  door.     It  decayed,  and  was -succeeded  by 

a  head  in  plaster,  which  in  its  turn  was  supplied  k^y  a  heoSd 

of  sir  Isaac  Newton.     H/:>garth  also  moiielled  another  re« 

semblance  of  Vaiid)  ck  in  cUy ;  which  has  also  perisbedi 

His  works,  as  lus  elegant  biogmpher  has  well  o4iserved|  are 

bis  history;  and  the  curioMS  are  highly  indebted  to  Mhr« 

Walpole  ibr.  a  catalogue  of  bis  printi^,  drawn  t^p  from-  his 

own  valuable  collection,  in  177i*    Bui  as  neither  that  ea^ 

talogue,  nor  iiis  appendix  to  it  in  1 780,  have  given  tbe 

whole  of  Mn-Hogartb*s  labours,  Mr.  Nicbolsi  including 

Mr.  Walpole-s  c^aJoguC)  has  endeavoured,  f^om  later  4^is«« 

eoveries  of  our  artistes  prints  in  other  colief|ioH&,  to  ar^ 

range  them  in  chroooiogical  order.    IPbere  are  three  large 

pictures  by  Hogartht  Over  the  ^tarin  the  ebureb^  of  Sli 

Mary  Redcliff  at  6i:ialol.  .  Mr.  Forrest,  of  York4>uilding9^ 

was  in  possession  of  a  sketch  in  oil  ofourf>avioiir(<1esigrfced 

as  a  pattern  for  painted  glass) ;  and  several  drawings  do* 

scriptive  of  the  incidents  th$ithappeaed  during  a  five  days^<: 

tour  by  land  and  water    Tbe  parties  ^ere  Messrs.  Hoga#tfa^{ 

Tbornhill  (son  of  the  late  sir  James),  Scott  .{an  tngeniooa 

landseape-'painter  of  that  name),  Tothall, .  and  ^  forresfe 

They  set  out  at  midnight^  at  a  moment^s  werniiigy  ff!om> 

the  Bedford-Arms  uvero*  with  each  a  shirt,  in  his  pocket^l 

They  had  all  their  particular  departments^.    Hcfpanb  ^and* 

Scott  made  the  drawings;  Tbornhill  the  ma|pi;.TotbaU: 

faithfully  dtscbarged  the  joint  offices  q$  tireasiirer.and  et^s 

terer;  and  Forrest  wrote  the  journal    They  were^ont  fivo^ 

days  only  ;  and  on  the  second  night  after  their  retarD^-ibtf^ 

book  was  produced,  bound,  gilt,  and  lettered,  and  iread^ 

at  the  same  tavern  to  the  above  parties  tb^  present^^ 

Mr.  Forresit  had  also  drawings  of  two  of  the  m€Hp))^ll»Li^  i^ 

markably  fat  men,  in  ludit;rous  situations.     Etchings  from 

all  these  have  been  inade^aad'fbelotirnat-^  been  printed^ 


H  0  G  A  R  t  B.  ij 

A  i^«iy*efilertmdiig  woric,  bjr  Mr.  John  Iriel^lid^^entitle^ 
^<  Hpl^nbilhMtfaiedt^  was  ptrblished  by  Metsrs.  Boydet^t 
ia  1799,  wld'iits^shide  been  reprinted:  It  conUins  tiiife 
MoaHrplatdi  wiginalty  engraved  for  %  ptrltry  work,  calte<i 
^^  Ht^Mk  moidiixed/'  and  aa*  «itact  aecoutit  of  all  iriii 
prints.  9ilice  that,  ^  bav«  appcfared  ^  Grapbic  illastration^ 
^f'^Hopnrtta}  -from  (nottfres,  4trawtngs,  and  scarce  prints,  in 
tile  posseision^of  ^MAoel  IretamI/'  Some  curious  articled 
were  Gonuined  in  this  votume.  A  sopplementary  volinne 
%cr<^  Uogxnk  tlhistrated,*^  has  more  recently  appeared,  con* 
tainiiig  the"^ original  mannsertpt  of  the  Analysis,  with  tb^ 
iS^t  sketebes  of  the  figiures.'  2.  A  Supplemem  to  the  Ana^ 
}ysia,  ^e^er  flablisbed.  >'  3.  Original  Memdranda.  4.  Ma<^ 
teriads  Ibr'bik  ^own  Life,  &c.  But  the  most  ample  Me* 
Inoirs  of  Hogarth  ^  are  conuifned  in  Mr.  Nichols's  spiendidt 
poblication  of  bis  life  sind  works,  2  toIs.  Ai<r^  with  cbpies 
of  all  bis  ptetes  accurately  redo^ed.*  Z 

HOLBEIN  {IcmN),  better  known  by  bis  €^rma|[i  nailiift 
Hans  HolbefR)  a  ifiost  excetient  painter,  wis  born,  accord^ 
faig  to  some  accounts,  at  BAsil  in  Switsserland  in  1498,  hii 
Charles  Patin  places  bis  birth  three  years  earlier,  supposin^^ 
k  tBeryimproteil^e  that  he  cotrid  have  arrived  at  such  ma^ 
tority  of  jmlgment  and '  perfection  in  painting,  as  be  shewed 
m  1514  and  IS  re,  if  be  had  been  bom  so  late  as  1498? 
He  learned  tfye  rudiments  of  Us  ^trt  from  bts  father  Johii! 
IJoMbN^n,' Who  was  a  paititer,  and  badiremoved  from  Augs«^ 
burg.,  to  Basifl ;  but  the  sufiertority  of  his  genius  soon  raised 
bbn  above  his  master.  He  painted  out  SaViour^s  Passiott 
ih  the  tewn-konse  of  Basil ;  and  in  the  fish-market  of  the 
saltier toiii^,a^  Dance  tyf  peasants,  and  Deatb^s  dance.  Tbescf 
pieces  were  ekceediilgly  "striking  to  the  curious ;  and  £ras» 
mus  wat  so  affe<Sted  with  them,  that  be  requested  of  hii&; 
to  Arturhis  picture,  and  was  ever  after  his  friend.  HbU 
bdn,  vi  the  me^n  time,  though  a  great  genius  and  fine  s(r 
tfsfe,  had^  wo  ^gaiice  or  delicacy  of  tnanners,  but  was  gtveit 
tii'-wine  and-' ve veiling  company;  for  which  be  met  with 
tbe>M)owing  getitle  rebuke  fh>m  Erasmus;  When  Eras*^ 
laaa  wrote  his  ^  Moii»  Bncdtnium,^  or  **  Pan^ric  upon 
Solly,^  iie  sent-a  eopy  of  it  to  Hans  Holbein,'  who  was  so 
iAe»ieA*w4tb  tbe  several  deikcriptions  of  foHy  there  given,- 
tfalat^^e'4es«gn^d  them  all  in  the  margiti;*  and  where  be 
bad>  net  YMm  to  draw  the  wholi  figures,  p«i^ed  h  |>iece  of 


H 


«»  9  9  I-  B  E  IN. 

paper  to  the  leayes.  He  <tlien  (returned  \\ie  book  to  Era^ 
musy  who  seeing  that  he  had  xejpresented  an  amorous  fo^I 
by  the  figure  of  a  fatJDutch  lovef»  hugging  bis  bottle  and 
his  lass,  wrote  under  it,  *'  Hans  JHolbein,"  and  so  sent  it 
iback  to  the  painter.  Holbein^  l^ow^ver,  .t;o  be  revenged 
of  hin»^  drew  the  picture  of  Erasmusfor  ^.oiusty  book- worm, 
v^ho  busied  himself  in  scraping  together  old  MSS.  and  an^ 
ticjuities,  and  wrote  under  it  f'  Adagia.^*      , 

It  is  said,  that  an  English  nobleman,  who  accidentally 
saw  some  of  Holbein's  pprform^nces  at  Basil,  invited  him 
to  come  to  England,  where  his  art  was  in  high  esteein ;  and 
promised  him  great  encouragenaent  from  Henry  VIII. ;  but 
Holbein  was  too  much  engage^l  in  his  plea&ures  to  listen  to 
so  advantageous  a  proposal.'  .  A  few  years  after,  however, 
moved  by  the,i|ecessit»es^to  yvhich  ^n  increased  family  ancl 
Eis  own  mismanagement  had  reduced  him,  as  well  as  by 
the  persuasions  of  his  friend  Erasmus,  who  told  him  hovif 
improper,  a  country  his  own  was  to  do  justice  to  km  merit, 
he  consented  to  go  to  Epgland  :  aiul  he  consented  the  more 
readily,^,  as  he  did  not  live  on  the  happiest  terms  with  hi$ 
wife,  who  is  said  to  have  been  a. termagant.  In  bis  journey 
thither .  he,  stayed  some  days,  at  Strasburg,  and  applying  to 
a  very  great  master  in  rtb^at  city  for  work,  was  taken  in, 
and  ordered  tq  give  a  specimen  of  hi3.  skill.  Holbein 
finished  a  piece  with  great^  care,  and  paint^  a  fly  upoii 
the  most  conspicuous  part  of  it ;  after  which  he  withdrew 
privily  in  the  absence  Qf  his  master,  and  pursued  his  jour« 
ney.  .When  the  painter  returned  home,  be  was  astonished 
at  the  beauty  and  elegance  of  the, drawing ;  and  especially 
at  the  fly,  which,  upon  his  fiirst  casting  his  ^ye  upon  it,  he 
so  far  took  for  a  real  fly,  that  he  .endeavoured  to  remove  it 
with  his  hand.  He  sent  all  oyef  the  city  for  his  journey- 
man, who  was  now  missiag ;  but  after  many  i.nqpiries, 
found  that  he  had  been  thus  deceived  by  the  famous  Hot* 
bein.  This  story  has  been  somewhat  diSeren^tly  told,  as 
if  the  painting  was  a  portrait  for  ope  of  his, patrons  at  B^w 
sil,  but  the  eifect  was  the  same,  for  befof^  he  was  disco^ 
yered,  he  had  made  his  escape.  '-     / 

After  almost  begging  his  way  to  Englac^d,  ^  f!ftifi  telU 
us,  he  found  ao  easy  admitta^e  to  the  lprd*-chancellor| 
sir  Thomas  More,  having ,  bjpught  with  him  %a^mais-g 
picture,  ajnd  letters  recommendatofy  from  him  to  that  gr4^ 
man.  Sir  Thomas  received  him  with  all  the  joy  imagina- 
ble, and  kept  him  ia  )iis  bwse  be%^mem  two  and  three 


HOLBEIN. 

years ;  duriog  which  time  he  drew  sir  Thomases  picture, 
and  those  of  many  of  his  friends  and  gelations.     One  liay 
Bolbein  happening  to  mention  the  nobieman  who  had  some 
years  ago  invited  him  to  England,  sir  Thomas  was  very 
solicitous  to  know  who  he  was.     Holbein  replied|  that  he 
had  indeed. forgot  .bis  title,  but  remembered  his  face  so 
well,  that  he  thought  he  could  draw  his  likeness  ;  and  this 
he  did  so.  very  strongly,  that  the  nobleman,  it  is  said,  was 
immediately  known  by  it*     This  nobleman  some  think  was 
the  earl  of  Arundel,  others  the  earl  of  Surrey.     The  chan- 
cellor, having  now   sufficiently  enriched  his  apartments 
with  Holbein's  productions,  adopted  the  following  method 
to  introduce  him  to  Henry  Vlll.     He  invited  the  king  to 
an  entertainment,  and  hung  up  all  Holbein's  pieces,,  dis- 
posed in  the  best  order,  and  in  the  best  light,  in  the  great 
hall  of  his  house.     The  king,  upon  his  first  entrance,  was 
so  charmed  with  the  sight  of  them,  that  he  asked,  *^  Whe- 
ther such  an  artist  were  now  alive,  and  to  be  had  for  mo- 
ney ?''  on  which  sir  Thomas  presented  Holbein  to  the  bing^ 
who  immediately  took  him  into  his  service,  with  a  salary  of 
200  florins,  and  brought  him  into  great  esteem  with  the 
nobility  of  the  kingdom.     The  king  from  time- to  time  ma- 
nifested the  great  value  he  had  for  him,  and  upon  the  death 
of  queen  Jane,  his  third  wife,  sent  him  into  Elandersi  to 
draw  the  picture  of  the  duchess  dowager  of  Milan,  widow 
to  Francis  Sforza,  whom  the  emperor  Charles  V.  had  re- 
commended to  him  for  a  fourth  wife ;  but  the  king^s  de-* 
fection  from  the  see  of  Rome  happening  about  that  time, 
he  rather    chose   to   match   with   a   protestant  princess. 
Cromwell,  then  his  prime  minister  (for  sir  Thomas  More 
bad  been  removed,   and  beheaded),  proposed    Anne  of 
Cleves  to  him  ;  but  the  king  was  not  inclined  to  the  match, 
till  her  picture,  which  Holbein  had  also  drawn,  was  present- 
ed to  him.  There,  as  lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  says,  she  w'as 
represented  so  very  charming,  that  the  king  immediately  re«« 
solved  to  marry  her;  and  thus  Holbein  was  unwittingly  the 
fcause  of  the  ruin  of  his  patron  Cromwell,  whom  the  king 
nevef  forgave  for  introducing  him  tpAnne  of  Cleves. 

In  England  Holbein  drew  a  vast  number  of  admirable 
portraits;  among  otliers,  those  of  Henry  VII.  and  Henry 
yill.  on  the  wall  of  the  palace  at  Whitehall,  which  perished 
when  it  wjas  burj^t,  though  sooie  endeavours  were  made  to 
remove  tha^  part  of  the  wall  on  which  the  pictures  were 
(irfiwn*    There  happened,  however^  an  atfair  in  England, 


60  HO  LB  EI  ». 

Which  might  have  been  fatal  to  Hblbetti|  if  the  king  had 
hot  protected  hinv*.    On  the  report  of  his  character,  a  no^ 
bleman  of  the  first  quality  wanted  one  day  to  see  faim,  wheh 
lie  was  drawing  a  fignre  after  the  life.     Holbein,  in  an^wer^ 
bagged  his  lordship  to  defer  the  honour  of  bis  visit  to  ano- 
ther day ;  which  the  nobleman  taking  for  an  affront,  came  arid 
broke  open  the  door,  and  very  rudely  went  up  stairs.  Holbein, 
bearing  a  noise,  left  his  chamber ;  and  meeting  the  lord  at 
his  door,  fell  into  a  violent  passion,  and  pushed  Itim  back- 
wards from  the  top  of  the  stairs  to  the  b(ittom.    Consider- 
ing, however,  imme<iiately  what  he  had  done,  he  escaped 
from  the  tumult  he  had  raised,  and  made  the  best  6f  Eis 
way  to  the  king.    The  nobleman,  tnucti  hurt,  tbougb  not 
90  much  as  be  pretended,  Was  there  soon  after  him;  and 
upon  opening  bis  grievance,  the  king  ordered  Holbein  tb 
ask  pardon  for  his  offence;     But  this  only  irritated  the  no- 
bleman'the  more,  who  would  not  be  satisfied  with  less  than 
his  life;  upon  which  the  king  sternly  replied,  <^My  lord, 
you  have  not  now  to  do  with  Holbein^  but  with  tne ;  what- 
ever punishment  you  may  qontrive  by  way  of  revenge 
agiiinst  him,  shall  assurealy  be  inflicted  upon  yourself': 
remember,  pniy  my  lord,  that  I  can,  whenever  I  please, 
make  seven  lords  of  seven  ploughmen,  but  I  cannot  make 
one  Holbein  even  of  seven  lords.*' 

We  cannot  undertake  to  give  a  list  of  Holbein*!  works^l 
but  this  may  be  seen  in  Walpole^s  Anecdotes.  Soon  after 
the  accession  of  the  late  king,  a  noble  collection  of  his 
drawings  was  found  in  a  bureau  at  Kensington,  amounting 
td  eighty- nine.  These,  which  are  of  exquisite  merit,  h^ve 
been  admirably  imitated  in  engraving,  in  a  work  publbhecl 
lately  by  John  Chamberlaine,  F.  S.-A.  certainly  one  of  the 
most  splendid  books,  and  most  interesting  collections  oJF 
portraits  ever  executed.  Holbein  painted  eqdalty  well  ib 
oil,  water-colours,  and  distempef,  in  large  and  in  niinia:^ 
ture :  but  he  had  never  practised  the  art  of  painting  in 
'miniature,  till  be  resided  in  England,  and  learned  it  from 
Lucas  CoriieUi ;  though  be  afterwards  carried  it  to  its 
bighest  perfection.  His  paintings  of  that  kind  have  all 
the  force  of  oil-colourd,  and  are  finished  with*  the  utmoist 
delicacy.  In  general  he  painted  on  a  green  ground,  bqt 
in  bis  small  pictures  frequently  he  painted  on  afalue.  T4ie 
onyention  of  Jlolbeiyi  4vas  surprisingly  fruitful,  ^iid  often 
poetical ;  his  execution  was  remarkably*^ quick)  «nd  his  ap* 
plication  indefatigable.    His^  pencil  was  exceedingly  deB* 


HOLBEIN..  «l 

C$tk^ ;  bis  coloqritig.  bad  a  wonderfql  degree  of  force ;  he 
finished  his  pictures  with  exquisite  neatness ;  and  his  car* 
iiations  were  life  itself.  His  genuine  works  are  alwws  dis* 
tinguisbablebjrthe  troe^  rounds  lively  imitation  of  fleshy 
visible  in  all  his  portraits,  and  also  by  the  amazing  deli* 
cacy  of  bis  finishing. 

It  is  obsenred  by  most  anthors,  that  Holbein  alwayi 
|]iainted  with  his  left  hand ;  though  Walpole  objects  against 
that  traditioh)  (what  he  considers  as  a  proof),  that  in  a  por- 
trait of  Hoibein  painted  by  himself,  which  was  in  the  Arun* 
delian  collection,  he  is  represented  holdinsr  the  pencil  ia 
the  right  hand.    But  that  evidence  cannot  be  suifncient  to 
set  a^de  so.  general  a  testimony  of  the  most  authentic  writers 
Qn.tbis,  subject;   because,   although  habit  and  practice 
^igbt  enable  him  to  handle  the  pencil  familiarly  with  his 
Ie(t  band,  yet,  as  it  is  so  unusual.  It  must  hatte  had  but  an 
unseemly  and  awkward  appearance  in  a  picture ;  which  pro* 
bably  might  have  been  his  real  inducement  for  represent- 
ing himsejif  without  9UGh  a  particularity.    Besides,  the 
writer  of  .Holbein^ sft  life,  at  the  end  of  the  treatise  by  De 
PU.es,  mentions  a. print  by  HpUar,  still  extant,  which  de- 
scribes Holbein  drawing  with  his  left  hand. .   Nor  is  it  so 
extraordinary  or    incredible  a  circumstance ;    for  other 
artists,  mentionied  in  this  volume,  are  remarked  for  the  very 
saipe  hi^bit  ^ .  particularly  Mozzo  of  Antwerp,  who  worked 
with  the:  left ;  and  Amico  Aspertino,  as  well  as  Ludovico 
Cangiagio,    who  worked  equally  well  with   both  hands. 
This  great  artist  died  of  tbe  plague  at  London  in  1554; 
lonie  think  at  hi^  lodgiugs  in  Whitehall,  where  he  had 
Jived  fromjtbe  time  that  the  king  became  his  patron,  but 
y^riue  rather  thQUght  at  the  duke  of  Norfolk^s  house,  in 
tbe„  priorv  of.  Christ  church,  near  Aldeate,  then  called 
Dake^s-pface.  '  Strype  says  that  be  was  buried  in  St.  Ca- 
tberiiie  Cree  chgrcb  ;  but  this  seems  doubtful.^ 

HOLBERG  (Loui^  pe),  a  Danish  historian,  lawyer, 
and  poet,  was  born  at  Bergen  in  Norway,  in  1.685.  His 
family  i*  l^aid  by  some  to  have  been  low,  by  others  noble ; 
b,ut  it  i$  agreed  that  he  commenced  life  in  very  poor  cir* 
.<:uQastaoces,  and  picked  up  bis  education  in  his  travels 
.through  various*  parts  of  Europe,  where  he  subsisted  either 
by.  charity,  or  by  his  personal  efforts  of  various  kinds.    Qn 


't  Viti  MlbenPi  a  Car.  Patiito,  preflited  to  Sraiurat^fl  Mori*  Coconi7a«.«» 
WalpolO.  Aascdottf,-P»air  i*  Reytt<»ldt*i  Wocks. 


€2  H  O  L  B  ERG* 

his  rQtnftt  to  Copenbageh,  be  foand  tneans  to  be  appbitited^ 
assessor  of  tbe  consistory  court,  which  place  aflPording  faioi 
a^  competent  subsistence,  be  was  able  to  indulge  his  ge- 
nius,, and  produced  several  works,  which  gave  him  great 
celebrity*  Among  these  are  some  comedies,  a  volume  of' 
which  has  been  translated  into  French.  He  wrote  also  a 
History  of  Deninark,  in  3  volt.  4tOy  which  has  been  consi- 
dered- as  tbe  best  that  hitherto  has  been  produced,  though' 
in  some  parts  rather  minute  and  uninteresting.  Two  vo* 
lumes  of  "  Moral  Thoughts,"  and  a  work  entitled  *^  The 
Danish  Spectator,"  were  produced  by  him  :  and  he  is  ge- 
nerally considered  as  the  author  of  the  ^^  Iter  subterraneum 
of  KHmius,"  a  satirical  romance,  something  in  the  style  of' 
Gulliver's  Travels.  Moot  of  tliese  have  lieen  translated 
also  into  German,  and  are  much  esteemed  in  that  country* 
Hb  ^^  Introduction  to  Universal  Histofy"  was  translated 
int<>  English  by  Dr.  Gregory  Sbarpe,  with  notes,  1755, 
Svo»  ^  his  publications,  and  his  place  of  assessor,  he 
had  ceeonomy  enough  to  amass  a  considerable  fortune,  and' 
even  in  bis  life  gave  70,000  crowns  to  the  university  of 
Zealand,  for  the  education  of  young  noblesse ;  thinking 
it  right  that  as  his  wealth  had  been  acquired  by  literature, 
it  should  be  employed  in  its  support.  This  munificence 
obtained  him  the  title  of  baron.  At  his  death,  which  hap-r 
pened  in  1754,  he  left  also  a  fund  of  16,000  crowns  to  por- 
tion out  a  certain  number  of  young  women,  selected  from 
the  families  of  citizens  in  Copenhagen.^ 

HOLBOURNE  (^ir  Robert),  a  lawyer  of  considera-' 
ble  eminence,  and  law  writer,  flourished  in  the  time  of 
Charles  I.  but  of  his  early  history,  we  have  no  account.  In 
1640  he  was  chosen  represifentative  for  St.  Michael  in  Corn- 
wall in  the  Long-parliament,  and  on  one  occasion  argued 
for  two  hours  in  justification  of  the  canons.  In  1641  he 
was  Lent  reader  of  Lincohi's-inn,  but  soon  after  quitted  the 
parliamient  when  be  «aw  the  extremities  to  which  they  were 
proceeding.  He  had  formerly  given  his  advice  against 
ahip-motiey,  but  was  not  prepared  to  overthrow  the  consti- 
tution entirely,  and  therefore  went  to  Oxford,  where,  in 
1643,  he  sat  in  the  parliament  assembled  there  by  Charles 
I.  was  made  the  princess  attorney,  one  of  the  privy  coun- 
cil, and  received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  1644  he 
was  present  at  the  .treaty  of  Uxbridge,  and  afterwards  at 

1  Diet  Hist.— Amiual  Re^^Uter  for  1759. 


H  O  L  B  O  U  RN£.  €S 


Aat^  thelde  of  Wight  Beturmsg  to  hotkd'oa^  «fter 
ineffectual  attempts,  to  restore  peace^  be  was  forced  to  com- 
poond  for  his  estate^  and  was  not  permitted  to  remain  in 
any  of  the  inns  of  court.  He  died  in  1647,  and  was  in- 
terred in  the  crypt  under  Lincoln^s-inn  chapel.  His  ^^  Read<^ 
iogsen  the  Statute  of  Treasons,  25  Edward  III.  c.  2.'*  were 
published  in  1642^,4to^  and  m  1661.  He  was  the  author 
ako  of  ^'  The  Freehqider's  Griand. inquest  touobing  our  So^ 
vereign  Lord  th&  King  and  his,  Parliament,"  viihich  bears 
the  name  of  sir  Robert  Filmer^  wha  reprinted  it  in  1679, 
and  1680,  8vo^  with  observations  upon  forms  of  govern^ 
ment.     He  left  also  some  MSS«^    • 

HOLCROFT  (Thomas),  a  draonatic  and  miscellaneoua 
writer  and  translator,  was  born  in  Orange-court^  Leicester- 
fields,  Dec.  22, 1744.     His  frtber  was  in  the  humble  oc-*. 
cupation  of  a  shoe-maker,  and  does  not  appear  to  hav0 
given  his  son  uiy  education.     The  first  employment  men** 
tioned}  in  which  the  latter  was  concerned,  was  as  servant 
to  the  hop.  Mr*.  Veruon^  of  whose  race-horses  he  had  the 
care,  and  became  very  expert  in  the  art  of  horsemanships 
He  is  said  also  to  have  worked  for  many  years  at  bis  fa* 
therms  trade.     He  possessed,  however,  good  natural  abili^ 
ties,  and  a  thirst  for  knowledge,  of  which  he  accumulated 
a  considerable  fund,  and  learned  with  facility  and-  suocesr 
the  French,  German,  and  Italian  languages.     When  abou^ 
his  twenty-fifth  year,  he  conceived  a  passion  for  the  stage^ 
and  his  first  performance  was  in  Ireland.     He  had  after^ 
wards  an  engagement  of  the  same  kind  in  London,  but 
never  attained  any  eminence  as  an  actor^  although  he>al-' 
ways  might  be  se6n  to  understand  his  part  better  than  those 
to  whom  nature  was  more  liberal.    He  quitted  the  stage  in 
1781,  after  the  performance  6f  bts  first  play,  ^^  Duplicity/^ 
which  was  successfol  enough  to  encourage  his  perseverance 
as  a  djramatic  writer.     From  this  time  he  contributed  up* 
wards  of  thirty  pieces,  which  were  either  acted  oa  Xhe- 
London  stages,  or  printed  without  having  been  performed* 
Scarcely  any  of  them,  however,  have  obtMned  a.  perma- 
nent situation  on  the  boards.     He  published  also  tiie  fol- 
lowing novels  :  **  Alwyn,'*  1780  ;  *«  Anna  St.  Ives,''  1 792  j: 
"  Hugh  Trevor,"  1794  ;  and  "  Brian  Perdue,"  1807.    Hi« 
translations  were,  ^^  The  private  Life  of  Voltaire/' •12mo ;: 

1  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  Ilk— Lloyd's  Memoirs,  foIio>  pr584. — Bridgmao';}  JCegal  Bib^ 
liograpfay. 


U  H  O  LC  R  O^T. 

*<  Memoirs  of  Baron  Trenck,**  S  volt.  1 2iiio ;  M trrilmm^tf 
*'  Secret  History  of  the  Court  of  Berlin,*'  2  vols.  8vo;  m*-' 
dame  de  Genlis's  <*  Tales  of  the  Castle,*'  5  voir*  I2ido^ 
^  Tbe-  postbumoos  Works  of  Frederick  11.  of  ProsMa,'*  IS 
vols.  8vo ;  **  An  abridgment  of  Lavater^s  Physiognomy/'  ft 
vols.  8vo.  Mr.  Holcroft  having  imbibed  tbe  revolutionarj 
principles  of  France,  bad  joined  some  societies  in  thia 
coontrv,  which  brought  him  under  suspicion  of  being  con« 
cemed  with  Hardy,  Tooke,  and  Thelwall,  who  were  tried 
for  high  tre<)s*)n  in  1794,  but  they  being  acquitted,  Mn 
Holcroft  was  discharged  without  being  put  upon  his  trii^ 
His  last  work  was  his  **  Travels,**  in  Germany  and  France^ 
2  vols.  4to,  which,  like  some  other  of  his  speculations,  was 
less  advantageous  to  his  bookseller  than  to  himself.  Jn 
1782  he  published  a  poem  called  ^  Human  happiness,  or 
ibe  Sceptic,**  which  attracted  little  notice  on  the  score  of 
poetical  merit,  but  contained  many  of  those  loose  senti* 
ments  on  religion,  which  he  was  accustomed  to  deliver 
with  more  dogmatism  than  became  a  man  so  little  ac- 
quainted with  the  subject.  In  these,  however,  he  persisted 
almost  to  tbe  last,  when,  on  his  death- bed,  be  is  said  toi 
have  acknowledged  his  error.     He  died  March  23,  1809.^ 

HOLDEN  (Henry),  an  English  Roman  catholic  divine, 
was  born  in  LAncashire  in  1596^  and  in  1618  was  admitted 
*a  student  in  the  English  college  at  Doway,  where  be  took 
tbe  name  of  Johnson.  Here  he  improved  himself  in  the 
classics,  and  studied  philosophy  and  divinity,  and  going 
to  Paris  in  1623,  took  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  that  univer- 
sity,  to  which  he  continued  attached  during  the  remainder 
oi  his  life,  having  no  other  preferment  but  that  of  peniten* 
tiary  or  confessor  in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Nicholas  da 
iCbardonet.  He  died  about  |66S,  esteemed  one  of  the 
ablest  controversial  divines  of  bis  time,  and  in  this  respect 
has  been  highly  praised  by  Dupin.  Some  suspected  him 
of  Jansenism,  but  his  biographers  wish  to  repel  I  thia 
charge,  as  they  think  it.  Among  his  works  are  three^ 
whi<db  chiefly  contributed  to  his  fame,  I.  **  Analysis  Fidei,** 
Paris,  I6S2,  8vo,  translated  into  English  by  W.  G.  4to, 
1658.  Of  this  Dupin  has  given  a  long  analysis.  It  waa 
reprinted  by  Barbou  in  1766,  and  conuins  a  brief  sum* 
snary  of  the  whole  ceconomy  of  faith,'  its  principles  and 
motivesy  with  their  application  to  controversial  questions. 

'  Blof.  Draniw*--OcBt«  Msf. 


»  O  L  D  E  N.  W 

It  l^teifsidered  as  argumentative  and  sound.     2.  ^^  Mar-- 
gilial  Notes  on  the  New  Testament,"  Paris,  16^60,  2  vols. 
i2fnt>;     3.  **  A  Letter  concerning  Mr.  White's  Treatise 
Be  Media  Animarum  statu/'  Parts,  1661,  4to.' 
-  HO i.]>ER  (William),  a  learned  English  pbilosopher^i 
i^s  born  in  Nottinghamshire,  educated  in  Pembroke  hall| 
Gainbridge,  and,  in  1642,  became  rector  of  Blecfaingdon^ 
Oxfordshire.     In  1660  he  proceeded  D.  D;  was  afterwardsi 
o^nofi  of  Ely,  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  eanoti  of  St* 
Paul'%  sub-dean  of  the  royal  chapel,  and  sab-almoner  to 
1h»  majesty.     He  gained  particular  celebrity  by  teaching 
sk'yQung  gentleman  of  distinction,  who  was  bom  deaf  and 
dlHnb,  to- speak,  an  attempt  at  that  time  unpTecedented, 
This  gentleman^'s  name  was  Alexander  Poph'amr,  son  of 
colonel  Edward  Popham,  who  was  some  time  at^  admiral 
ia  thesevtice  of  tfafe  long  parliament.     The  cure  was  per- 
foraied  by  bimin  his  hquse  at  Blechingdon,  in  1659  ;  but 
Pdpbaim,  Josiffg  what  he  had  been  taught  by  Holder,  after 
he  was  called  hdme  to  bis  friends,  was  sent  to  Dr.  Wallis^ 
wfa6  brought  him  to  bis  speech  again.     On  this  subject 
Holdei!  puWi^bed    9,  book   entitled  ^*  The  Elements   of 
Speech-;  an  essay  of  inquiry  into  the  natural  production  of 
letters  :  witb  an  appendix  concerning  persons  that  are  deaf 
aiiddamb/*  1669,. Sva     In  the  appendix  he  relates  how 
soon,  and  by^  what-methods,  he  brought  Popham  to  speak,- 
latbift^essi^'be  has  aoalysed,  dissected,  and  classed  tbe*^* 
l^tef4  of-oud^  alphabet  •  so  miAutely  and  clearly,  that  it  19 
weH^^wortliy  the  attentive  perusal  of  every  lover  of  philology^ ' 
butpaniottlarly,  say^  BiSb  Bumey,  of  lyric  poets  andcom^ 
posers  of  ^ocal  music ;.  to  whom;  it  will  point  out  such  harsh 
and  uDtaoable  combinations  of  letters  aiid  syilables^as-from 
their  difficult  utterance  impede  and  corrupt  the  ^ceiii 
its^paesage.     In  167B  he  published,  in  4to,  ^' A  Supple^ 
ment  ta  tim^Philosopbicat  Tr»cisaetions:xkt.  July  1670,  witk 
some  Reflections  oa  Dr.  WaUis^s  Let)ter  thece'ittserted.'?<- 
TUs  waa  writteO'to  clainfi  the  glory  of  having  taugfatHPp^ 
ham  to  4peak,  -whidh. Wallis  in  the  letter  there  mentioned 
Imd'elaimed  to  himself :  upon  which  the  doctor  soon  aftet^- 
pnhliKhed^  ^'^  A  Defence  of  the  Roy^l  Society  and  the  Pniii'. 
iosqphixsal  TransactiOB%  particularly  those  of  July  t679/«> 
In  answer  to  the  cavils  of  Dr^r  William  Holder,"  1678^'  4t^i 
Hohler^. was  skilled  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  .mtisiQir 

1  Dttp'ta*'^DocM's-€)mrcli  Hfjit.  tol.  lit 

VouXVIIIa  F 


66  HOLDER. 

and  composed  some  anthems,  three  or  four  of  which  are - 
preserved  in  Dr.  Tudway*s  collection  in  the  British  mu- 
seum. In  1694  he  published  **  A  Discourse  concerning 
Time,'*  in  which,  among  other  things,  the  deficiency  of 
the  Julian  Calendar  was  explained,  and  the  method  of  re- 
ibrming  it  demonstrated,  which  was  afterwards  adopted  in 
the  change  of  style.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  in  treating 
this  subject  with  so  much  clearness  and  ability,  so  good  a 
musician  did  not  extend  his  reflections  on  the  artificial 
parts  of  time,  to  its  divisions  and  proportions  in  musical 
measures;  a  sul\ject  upon  which  the  abbate  Sacchi  has 
written  in  Italian,  *^  Del  Tempo  nella  Musica  ;*'  but  which 
rhythniically,  or  metrically   considered   in   common   with 

i>oetry,'  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently  discussed  in  our  own 
anguage.  • 

The  same  year  was  published  l)y  Dr.  Holder,  **  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  natural  grounds  of  Harmony,'*  in  which  the 
propagation  of  sound,  the  ratio  of  vibrations,  their  coinci- 
dence in  forming  consonance,  sympathetic  resonance,  or 
sons  harmomques,  the  difference  between  arithmetical,  geo- 
metrical, and  harmonic  proportions,  and  the  author's  opi^ 
nion  concerning  the  music  of  the  ancients,  to  whom  he 
denies  the  use  of  harmony,  or  music  in  parts,  are  all  s6 
ably  treated,  and  clearly  explained,  that  this  book  may  be 
read  with  profit  and  pleasure  by  most  practical  musicians^ 
though  unacquainted  with  geometry,  mathematics,  and 
harmonics,  or  the  philosophy  of  sound.  This  book  is  snid^ 
in  the  introduction,  to  have  been  drawn  up  chiejfly  for  the 
sake  and  service  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  chapel  royal,  of 
which  he  was  sub-dean,  and  in  which,  as  well  as  othel* 
cathedrals  to  which  his  power  extended,  he  is  said  to  have 
been  a  severe  disci plinariaf) ;  for,  being  so  excellent  a 
judge  and  composer  himself,  it  is  natural  to  suppose  that 
he  would  be  the  less  likely  to  tolerate  neglect  and  igno- 
rance in  the  perforniance  of  the  choral  service.  Michael 
Wise,  who  perhaps  had  fallen  under  his  lash,  u^ed  to  call 
him  Mr.  Snub-dean.  Dr.  Holder  died  at  Amen  Corner, 
London,  Jan;  24,  1696-7,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's^ 
with  his  wife,  who  was  only  sister  to  sic  Christppher  Wren. 
Dr.  Holder  had  a  considerable  share  in  the  eatly  education 

of  that  afterwards  eminent  architect.  ^ 

...  i  .  .  .     ^ 

I  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  n.-^\Vard'i  Lives  of  the  Orefbam  Professon.— .Letters  fram 
the  BddUiaa  Uirdrj,^  3  T^ls.  #to«  1813.— Rees*a  Cyclojpaadia. 


HOLDSWORTH.  i> 

HOLDSWORTH  (Edward),  a  very  polite  and  elegant 
scholieiry  son  of  the  rev.  Thomas  Holdsworth,  rector  of 
North  Stoneham,  in  the  county  of  SoMthampton,  was  borti 
Aug.  6,  1688,  and  trained  at  Winchester-school.  He  was 
thence  elected  demy  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  iti 
July  1705;  toqk  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  April  1711  ;  be- 
came a  college  tutor,  and  had  many  pupils.  In  17 15^ 
when  he  was  to  be  chosen  into  a  fellowship^  he  resigned 
his  deiny ship,  and  left  the  college,  because  unwilling  to 
swear  allegiance  to  tbe^^ew  government.  The  remainder 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  travelling  with  young  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  as  a  tutor:  in  1741  and  1744  he  was  at  Home 
in  this  capacity,  with  Mr.  Pitt  and  with  Mr.  Drake  and  Mr. 
Townson.  He  died  of  a  fever  at  lord  Digby's  house  at 
Coleshill  in  Warwickshire,  Dec.  30,  1746.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  ^^  Muscipula,''  a  poem,  esteemed  a  master- 
piece in  its  kind,,  written  with  the  purity  of  Virgil  and  the 
pleasantry  of  Luciau,  and  of  whicl^  there  is  a  good  English 
translation  by  Dr.  John  Hoadly,  in  vol.  V.  of  "  Dodsley'd 
Miscellanies,*'  and  another  among  Dr.  Cobden's  poems. 
He  was  the  author  also  of  a  dissertation  entitled  ^'  Pharsalia 
and  Philippi ;  or  the  two  Philippi  in  VirgiPs  Georgics  at- 
tempted to  be  explained  and  reconciled  to  history,  1741,^* 
4to ;  and" of  ^*  Remarks  and  Dissertations  on  Virgil ;  with 
some  other  classical  observations,  published  with  several 
notes  and  additional  remarks  by  Mr.  Spence,  1768,"  4.to. 
Mr.  Spenoe  speaks  of  him  in  his  Polymetis,  as  one  who 
understood  Virgil  in  a  more  masterly  manner  than  any  per- 
son he  ever  knew.  The  late  Charles  Jennens,  esq.  erected 
a  monument  to  his  memory  >t  Gopsal  in  Leicestershire. '  / 

HOLDSWORTH  (Richard),  sometimes  written  Oldsr 
worth f  and  Oldisworth^  a  learned  and  loyal  English  4ivine, 
the  youngest  son  of  Richard  Holdswo»th,  a  celebrated 
preacher  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  was  born  in  1590^  and 
after  the  death  of  his  Father  was  committed  to  the  care  of 
the  rev.  William  Pearson,  a  clergyman  of  the  sanle  place, 
who  had  married  his  sister.  He  was  first  educated  at  New*- 
castle,  and  in  July  1607  admitted  of  St.  John!s  coll.ege^ 
Cambridge.  In  1610  he  took  his  bachelor^s  degree,  in 
1613  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  in  16Ji4  was  made 
master  of  arts,  and  incorporated  at  Oxford,  in  tbe  'same, 
diegree  in  1617,  and  in  1620  was  chos^  one  of  the  twelve 

*  Nichols's  Bow]rer«— and  Hwt  of  LeicesUrshire.— Cent.  Mag.  toI.  LXI. 

F   2 


«f       HOLDSWORTR 

univernty  preachers  at  Cambridgie.    While  at  eoUege  fie 
was  tutor,  among  others,  to  the  famous  sir  Symond  D'Eweft. 
After  this   he  was  for  some  time  chaplain  to  sir  Henry 
fiobart,  lord  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and  thei» 
bad  a  living  given  him  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire^ 
whieh  he  exchanged  for  the  rectory  of  St.  Peter  the  Poor> 
Broad-street,«  London.     He  settled  there  a  little  before 
Ibe  great  sickness  in  1625,  during  which  he  continued  to 
do  the  duties  of  his  ofike,  became  a  very  popular  preacber> 
mnd  was  much  followed  by  the  puritans.     In  1629  he  waa 
chosen  professor  of  divinity  at  Gresham  college,  and  in 
iiis  lectures,  afterwards  published,  he  discovered  an  un- 
usual  extent  and  variety  of  learning.     They   were  fre- 
quented by  a  great  concourse  of  divines  and  young  scholars^ 
'About  1631  he  was  made  a  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  in 
16S3  archdeacon  of  Huntingdon.     In  the  same  year  he 
4itood  candidate  for  the  mastership  of  St.  John^s  college^ 
Init  neither  be  nor  his  competitor.  Dr.  Latie,  being  ac- 
ceptable at  court,  the  king,   by  mandate,  ordered   Dr. 
Beale  to  be  chosen.     In  1637,  however,  Mr.  Holdsworth 
was  elected  master  of  Emanuel  college,  and  created  doctor 
•of  divinity.   In  the  same  year  he  kept  the  act  at  Cambridge, 
and  in  1639  was  elected  president  of  Sion  college  bytbe 
Lottdon  clergy.     In  1641  he  resigned  bis  professorship  at 
Gresham  college,  and  the  rebellion  having  now  begun,  he 
was  marked  out  as  one  of  tbe  sacri6ces  to  popi^ar  pre}u* 
^ice,  although  he  had  before  suffered  somewhat  from  the 
•court.     While  vice-chancellor  Dr.  Holdsworth  had  sup^ 
plied  the  king  wirh  money  contributed  by  the  university^  a 
erime   not  easily  to  be  forgiven*.     When,  however,  the 
assembly  of  divines  was  called.  Dr.  Holdsworth  was*  no- 
jninafeed  one  of  tbe  number,  biit  never  sat  among  them*. 
Soon  after,  in  obedience  to  the  king^s  mandate,  he  causeA 
such  of  his  majesty^s  declarations  to  be  printed  at  Cam- 
Jbridge  as  were  formeriy  published  at  York,  for  which,  and^ 
^  Dr.  FuUer  sajns,  a  sennon  preached  then  by  him,  be 
-was  forced  fep  leave  tbe  university  before  the  expiration  of 
ills  4>ffiee  as  vice-chancellor.     After  some  concealment  he 
uras  apprehended  near  London,  and  imprisoned,  first  in 
£ly  bouse,  and  then  in  the  Tower.     Such  was  the  regard^ 
ilowever,  in  which  he  was  held  at  Cambridge,  that  while 
mider  4)onfin0ment  be  was  elected  Margaret  professor  oT 
divinity,  which  he  held  until  bis  death,  although  he  could 
neither  attend  tbe  duties  of  it  nor  receive  the  profits ;  hot 


V. 


H  O  L  D  S  W  O  RT  H;  W 

Ilk  rectory  of  St  Peter  the  Poor,  and  the  masterahip  of 
Emanuel,  were  both  taken  from  him.  It  seems  uncertain 
when  he  was  released.  We  find  him  attending  the  king  at 
Hampton  Court  in  1647  ;  and  in  January  following,  when 
the  parliament  voted  that  no  more  addresses  should  be 
made  to.  the  king,  he  preached  a  bold  sermon  against  thakt 
iPesolutioni  for  which  he  was  again  imprisoned,  but  being 
leleased,  assisted,  on  the  king's  part,  at  the  treaty  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight  The  catastrophe  that  soon  after  befell  his 
royal  master  is  thought  to  have  shortened  bis  life,  which 
terminated' Aug.  29, 1649.  He  lived  unmarried,  and  left 
his  property  to  charitable  uses^  eiccept  his  books,  part  of 
which  went  to  Emanuel  college,  and  part  to  the  public 
library  at  Cambridge.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St 
Peter  the  Poor,  where  is  a  monument  to  his  memory.  He 
was  of  a  comely  appearance  and  venerable  aspect ;  warm 
in  his  temper,  but  soon  pacified  ;  a  great  advocate  for  the 
king,  and  zealous  in  the  cause  of  episcopacy.  He  was 
devout,  charitable,  and  an  excellent  scholar.  In  bis  **  Prn- 
iectiones*'  he  shows  not  only  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  fathers  and  schoolmen,  but  likewise  most  of  the  emi- 
nent divines  of  later  ages,  popish  as  well  as  protestant, 
and  bis  style  is  good.  His  works  are,  1.  "  AlSermon 
presu^hed  in  St.  Mary's,  Cambridge,  on  his  majesty's  in- 
auguration,*' 1642,  4to,  the  only  thing  he  ever  published. 
2.  ^^  The  Valley  of  Vision ;  or  a  clear  sight  of  sundry  sa- 
cred truths ;  delivered  in  twejity-one  sermons,"  Lond* 
1651,  4to.  These  were  taken  in  short  band)  and  Dr* 
Pearson  says' they  are  very  defective.  3.  **  Praelectiones 
theologicse,"  Lond.  1661,  fol.  published  by  his  nephew, 
Dr.  William  Pearson,  with  a  Kfe  of  the  author.  ^ 

HOLINSHEO  (Raphael),  an  EogUsb  historian,  and  fa- 
mous for  the  Chronicles,  that  go  under  his  name,  was 
descended  from  a  family  which  lived  at  Bosely,  in  Cheshire: 
but  neither  the  place  nor  time  of  his  birth,  nor  scarcely 
any  other  circumstances  of  his  life,  are  ki^own.  Some  say 
be  had  an  university  education,  and  was  a  clergyman  ; 
while  others,  denying  this,  affirm  ths^t  he  was  steward  to 
Thomas  Burdett,  of  ,Bromcote  in  the  county  of  Warwick) 
esq.  Be  this  as  it  will,  he  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of 
considerable  learning,  and  to  have  had  a  particular  turn  for 

^  Life  at  aboTC— Ward's  Grciham  Profetson.-— Atb.  Oz<  toL  L— Barwjck^i 
XHe.— Walker's  S«ff«rings  of  tlw  Clerfy.^Lloyd's  Memoirs,  foL— Peck's  X)e« 
•iderad^  ?al«  IL 


70  KOLINSHED. 

history.  His '<  Chronicles'*  were  first  published  in  ]577> 
in  2  vols,  folio;  and  then  in  1587,  in  three,  the  two  first 
of  which  are  commonly  bound  together.  In  this  second 
edition  several  sheets  were  castrated  in  the  second  and 
third  volumes,  because  there  were  passages  in  them  dis- 
agreeable to  queen  £Iizabeth  and  her  ministry :  but  the 
castrations  were  reprinted  apart  in^  1723.  Holinshed  w^ 
«ot  the  sole  author  or  compiler  of  this  work,  but  was  as- 
sisted in  it  by  several  other  writers.  The  first  volume 
opens  with  ^'  An  historical  Description  of  the  Island  of 
Britaine,  in  three  books/*  by  William  Harrison  ;  and  then, 
**  The  Historic  of  England,  from  the  time  that  it  was  first 
inhabited,  until  the  time  that  it  was  last  conquered,"  by 
R.  Holin^hed.  The  second  volume  contains,  *^  The  de- 
scription, conquest,  inhabitation,  and  troublesome  estate 
of  Ireland  ;  particularly  the  description  of  that  kingdom  :^' 
by  Richard  Stanihurst.  '<The  Conquest  of  Ireland,  trans- 
lated from  the  Latin  of  Giraldus  Cambrensis,*'  by  John 
Hooker,  alias  Vowell,  of  Exeter,  gent.  "  The  Chronicles 
of  Ireland,  beginning  where  Giraldus  did  end,  continued 
untill  the  year  1509,  from  Philip  Flatsburie, '  Henrie  of 
Marleborow,  Edmund  Campian,*'  &c.  by  R.  Holinshed  ; 
and  from  thence  to  1586,  by  R.  Stanihurst  and  J.  Hooker. 
^'  The  Description  of  Scotland,  translated  from  the  Latin 
of  Hector  Boethius,"  by  R.  H.  or  W.  H.  "  The  Historic 
of  Scotland,  conteining  the  beginning,  increase,  proceed- 
ings, continuance,  acts  and  government  of  the  Scottish 
natron,  from  the  original  thereof  unto  the  yeere  1571,'* 
gathered  by  Raphael  Holinshed,  and  continued  from  1571 
|o  1586,  by  Francis  Boteville,  alias  Thin,  and  others.  The 
third  volume  begins  at  <^  Duke  William  the  Norman,  com- 
monly called  the  Conqueror ;  c^nd  descends  by  degrees  of 
yeeres  to  all  the  kings  and  queenes  of  England."  First 
compiled  by  R.  Holinshed,  and  by  him  extended  to  1577  ( 
augmented  and  continued  to  1586,  by  John  Stow,  Fr. 
Thin,  Abraham  Fleming,  and  others.  The  time  of  this 
):iistorian's  death  is  unknown  ;  but  it  appears  from  his  will, 
which  Hearne  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Camden^s  <^  An- 
nals,** th&t  it  happened  between  1578  and  1582. 

As  for  his  coadjutors;  Harrison,  as  we  have  already 
noticed  in  his  article,  was  bred  at  Westminster  school,  sent 
from  thence  to  Oxford,  became  chaplain  to  sir  William 
Brooke,  who  preferred  him,  and  died  in  1593.  Hookejr, 
frbo  ^i^s  uncl^  to  the  famous  Richard  (iook^r^  will  he  ho^ 


H  0  L  I  N  S  H  E  D. 


7h 


ticed  hereafter.  We  know  Nothing  of  Botevil^ ;  Qrtly  that 
Hearne  styles  him  **  a  man  of  great  learniag  and  judgment, 
and  a  wonderful  lover  of  antiquities/'  In  the  late  reprint 
of  the  series  of  English  Chronicles  by  the  booksellers  t{ 
London,  Holinsbed  very  properly  took  the  precedence^ 
and  was  accurately  edited  in  6  vols.  4to. ' 

HOLLAND  (Philemon),  a  noted  translator,  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient'family  of  the  Hollands  of  Lan« 
cashire,  and  was  the  $on  of  John  Holland,  a  pious  divine, 
who,  in  queen  Mary's  reign,  was  obliged  to  go  abroad  for 
the  sake  of  religion  ;  but  afterwards  returned,  and  became 
pastor  of  Dunmowin  Essex,  where  he  died  in  1578.  Phi- 
lemon was  born  at  Chelmsford  in  Essex,  about  the  latter 
end  of  the  reign  of  Edward  VL  and  after  being  instructed 
at  the  grammar-school  of  that  place,  was  sent  to  Trinity- 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  was  pupil  to  Dr.  Hampton, 
and  afterwards  to  Dr.  Whitgift.  He  was  adaritted  fellow  of 
his  college,  biit  left  the  university  after  having  taken  the 
degree  of  Ml  A.  in  which  degree  be  was  incorporated  at 
Oxford  in  15S7.  He  was  appointed  head  master  of  the 
free-school  of  Coventry,  and  in  thi^  laborious  station  he  not 
only  attended  assiduously  to  the  duties  of  his'  office,  but 
served  the  interests  of  learning,  by  undertaking  those  nu- 
inerous  translations,  which  gained  him  the  title  of  *^  Trans- 
lator general  of  the  age."  He  likewise  studied  medicine^ 
tmd  practised  with  considerable  reputation  in  his  nei^b- 
foourhood  ;  and  at  length,  when  at  the  age  of  forty,  becam^ 
a  doctor  of  physic  in  the  university  of  Cambridge.  He 
was  a  peaceable,  quiet,  and  good  man  in  all  the  relations 
of  private  life,  and  by  his  habits  of  temperance  and  regu*^ 
larity  attained  his  95th  year,  tiot  only  with  the  full  pos- 
session of  his  intellects,  but  bis  sight  was  iso  good,  that 
he  ne^ver  had  occasion  to  wear  spectacles.  He  continued 
to  translate  till  his  80th  year ;  and  his  translations,  though 
devoid  of  elegance,  are  a<^counted  faithfut  and  accurate^. 
Among  these  are,  translations  into  English  of  **  Livy,** 
written,  it  is  said,  with  one  pen,  which  a  lady  of  his  ac« 
quaintance  so  highly  prized  that  she  had  it  embellished 
with  silver,  and  kept  as  a  great  curiosity.  **  Pliny*s  Na- 
tural History,"  "Plutarch's  Morals,"  "  Suetonius,"  "Am- 
mianus  Marcellinus,"  "  Xenophon^s  Cyropadia,"  and 
^*  Camden's  Britannia,"  to  the  last  o^  which  he  made  seve« 

"       '  1  Biof.  Brit.— tamifrt  Bibliothec*. 


M  HOLLAND. 

n\  useful  additions :  and  into  Latin  he  traintlated  the  geo- 
graphical part  of  <*  Speed's  Theatre  of  Grslat  Britain,*'  and 
a  French  **  Pharmacopoeia  of  Brice  Bauderon."  A  quib- 
l^ing' epigram  upon  his  translation  of  Suetonius  has  often 
been  recaitod  in  jest  books  : 

**  Philemi^n  with  translations  does  so  fill  us. 
He  will  not  let  Suetonius  be  TranqulUus.'* 

He  died  Feb.  9.  1636,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
oventry.  He  married  a  Staffordshire  lady,  by  whom  he 
bad  seven  ^ons  and  three  daughters,  all  of  whom  he  sur- 
vived except  one  son  and  his  daughters.  One  of  his  sons, 
H£NRY,  appears  to  have  been  a  bookseller  in  London,  and 
ivas  editor  of  the  ^^  Heroologia  Anglicana/'  a  valuable  col* 
lection  of  English  portraits,  with  short  lives,  but  the  latter 
are  not  very  correct,  or  satisfactory.  These  portraits  were 
chiefly  engraved  by  the  family  of  Pass,  and  many  of  them 
are  valued  as  originals,  having  never  been  engraved  since 
jbut  as  copies  from  these.  They  are  sixty-five  in  number. 
tie  also  published  <'  Monumeuta  Sepulchralia  Ecclesise  S. 
t^auli,  Lond."  4to,  and,  ^^  A  Book  of  Kings,  being  a  true 
and  lively  effigies  of  all  our  English  kings  from  the  Con- 
quest,"  1618.     When  he  died  is  not  mentioned.  ^ 

HOLLAR,  or  HOLLA.RD  (Wj^ntzel,  or  Wences- 
Ukus),  a  most  admired  engraver,  was  born  at  Prague  in 
l^hemiai  in  1607.  He  was  at  first  instructed  in  school- 
learning,  and  afterwards  put  to  the  profession  of  the  law  ; 
hut  not  relishing  that  pursuit,  and  his  family  being  ruined 
^ben  Prague  was  taken  and  plundered'  in  1619,  so  that 
they  could  not  provide  for  him  as  had  been  proposed,  be 
jremoyed  from  thence  in  1627.     During  his  abode  in  seve* 

'  iral  tO)vns  in  Germany,  he  applied  himself  to  drawing^and 
jdesigningy  to  copying  the  pictures  of  several  great  artists, 

,  jUtking  geometrical  and  perspective  views  and  draughts  of 
cities,  tpwns^  and  countries,  by  land  and  water ;  in  which 
«t  length  be  grew  so  e^ccellent,  especially  for.  his  land- 
.scapes  in  miniature^  as  not  to  be  outdone  in  beauty  and 
^elicacy  by^  any  artist  of  his  time.     He  had  some  ihstruc- 

.  ^tipns  from  Matthew  Merian,  an  eminent  engraver,  and 
vho  is  thought  to  have  taught  him  that  method  of  pre- 
jparing  and  working  on  his  plates  which  he  constantly  used, 
.jp.e  waa  but  eighteen  when  the  ^i«t  specimens  of  his  art 

1  Atb,  0z.  Yol.  I.— Letters  from  the  9odki«ii»  3  to1«i.  8to.  1813.-i»Fttller's 
Woitluy.  »CeMM»  literaria,  toL  I. 


HOLLAR.  79* 

sppeared ;  and  the  coonoisseurs  in  his  works  have  oh* 
served,  that  he  inscribed  the  earliest  of  tbem  with  ouly  a 
cypher  of  four  letters,  which,  as  they  explain  it,  was  in- 
tended for  the  initials  of,  ^^  Wenceslaus  Hollar  P|^ensi$ 
cxcudit."  He  employed  himself  chiefiy  in  copying  head^ 
and  portraits,  sometimes  from  Rembrandt,  Henzelmat^ 
Fselix  Biler,  ami  other  eminent  artists ;  but  his  little  deli- 
cate views  of  Strasburgb,  Cologne,  Mentz,  Bonn,  Franc« 
fort,  and  other  towns  along  the  Rhine,  Danube,  Necker^ 
&c.  got  him  his  greatest  reputation;  aiid  when  Howar4 
earl  of  Arundel,  was  sent  ambassador  to  the  emperor  Fer« 
dinand  IL  in  1636,  he  was  so  highly  .pleased  with  his  per*^ 
formances,  that  he  admitted  him  into  bis  retinue.  Hollar 
attended  his  lordshipfrom  Cologne  to  the  emperor's  court, 
and  in  this  progress  made  several  draughts  and  prints  of  the 
places  through  which  they  travelled.  He  took  that  view  of 
Wurtzburgb  under  which  is  written,  ^*  Hollar  delineavit, 
in  legatione  Arundeliana  ad  Imperatorem/'  He  then  made 
also  a  curious  large  drawing,  with  the  pen  and  pencil,  of 
the  city  of  Prague,  which  gave  great  satisfaction  to  his  pai> 
tron,  then  upon  the  spot 

After  lord  Arundel  had  finished  bis  negotiations  in  Ger«- 
many,  he  returned  to  England,  and  brought  Hollar  with 
him :  where,  however,  he  was  not  so  entirely  confined  to 
his  lordship's  service,  but  that  he  had  the  liberty  to  accept 
of  employment  from  others.  Accordingly,  we  soon  find 
him  to  have  been  engaged  by  the  printsellers ;  and  Petef 
Stent,  one  of  the  most  eminent  among  them,  prevailed 
upon  him  to  make  an  ample  view  pr  prospect  of  and  from 
the  town  of '  Greenwich,  which  he  finished  in  two  platei, 
16S7  ;  the  earliest  dates  of  his  works  in  this  kingdom.  In 
1698,  appeared  his  elegant  prospect  about  Richmond  ;  at 
which  time  he  finished  also  several  curious  plates  fromjtHe 
fine  paintings  in  the  Arciudelian  collection.  In  the  midstf 
of  this  employment,  arrived^  Mary  ide  Medicis,  the  queen- 
mother  of  France,  to  visit  her  daughter  Henrietta  Maria 
queen  of  England ;  and  with  her  an  historian,  who  recorded 
the  particulars  of  her  journey  and  entry  intotliis  kingdom. 
His  wovit,  written  in  French,  was  printed  at  London  in 
1639,  and  adorned  with  several  portraits  of  the  royal  fa- 
mily, etched  for  the  purpose  by  the  hand  of  Hollar.  Thft 
«ame  year  was  published  the  portrait  of  bis  patron  the  eail 
4>f  Arandel  on  horseback ;  and  afterwards  he  etched  ano- 
ther ^  lum  in  ar»iHir,  aad  sevemi  views  of  his  cofintry- 


t4  H  OL  L  A  R. 

I 

seat  at  Aldbrough  in  Surrey.  In  1640,  be  seems  to  hare 
been  introdoced  into  the  service  of  the  royal  family,  to 
give  the  prince  of  Wales  some  taste  in  the  art  of  design* 
ingi  a^d  it  is  intimated,  that  either  before  the  eruption 
jof  the  civil  wars,  or  at  least  before  he  was  driven  by  them 
abroad,  he  was  in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  York.  Tins 
year  appeared  his  beautiful  set  of  figures  in  twenty-eighl 
piatesy  entitled,  *^  Ornatus  Muliebris  Anglicaims/^  and 
containing  the  several  habits  of  £nglish  women  of  all  ranks 
or  degrees :  they  are  represented  at  fuU  length,  and  have 
rendered  biiti  famous  among,  the  lovers  of  engraving.  In 
1641^  were  ptiblisbed  his  prints  of  king  Charles  and  his 
queen  :  but  now  the  civil  wars  being  broke  out,  and  his  pa* 
tron  the  earl  of  Arundel  leavin^^  the  kingdom  to  attend 
upon  the  queen  and  the  princess  Mary,  Hollar  was  left  to 
support  himself.  He  applied  himself  closely  to  his  busii> 
ness,  and  published  other  parts  oP  his  works,  after  Hoi* 
beiD,  Vandyck,  &c.  especially  the  portraits  of  several 
persons  of  quality  of  both  sexes,,  niinisters  of  state,  com* 
nianders  4)f  the  army,  learned  and  eminent  authors ;  and  es« 
pecially  another  set  or  two  of  female  habits  in  divers  nations 
^in  Europe.  Whether  he  grew  obnoxious  as  an  adherent 
to  the  earl  of  Arundel,  or  as  a  malignant  for  drawing  so 
niany  portraits  of  the  royal  party,  is  not  expressly  said: 
but  hovv  it  seems  he  was  molested,  and  driven  to  tak^ 
•belter  under  the  protection  of  one  or  more  of  them,  till 
they  were  defeated,  and  he  taken  prisoner  of  war  with 
them,  upon  the  surrender  of  their  garrison  at  Basing-house 
in  Hampshire.'  This  happened  on  Oct  14,  1645;  biu 
Hollar,  either  making  his  escape,  .or  otherwise  obtaining 
bis  liberty,  went  over  to  the  continent  after  the  earl  of 
Arundel,  who  resided  at  Antwerp,  with  his  family,  <&nd 
bad  transported  thither  bis  most  valuable  collection  of 
pictures. 

.  He  remained  at  Antwerp,  several  years,  copying  fi-bm 
bis  patron's  collection,  and  working  for  printsellers,  book- 
sellers, and  publishers ;  but  seems  to  have  Cultivated  no 
interest  among  men  of  fortune  and  curiosity  in  the  art,  to 
dispose  of  them  by  subscription,  or  otherwise' tnost  to  his 
advantage.  In  1647,  and  1643,  he  etched  eight  or  ten  of 
the  painters'  heads  with  bis  own,  witb  various  other  curious 
pieces,  as  the  picture  of  Charles  L  soon  after  his  deatb^ 
and  of  several  of  the  royalists ;  and  in  the  three  following ' 
yparsy  many  portraits  and  landscapes  after  Breughill,  £U 


H  O  L  L  A  B.  7* 

sheimer,  and  Teniers,  with  the  Triuinphs  of  Death.  He 
etched  also  Charles  II.  standing,  with  emblems ;  and  also 
published  a  print  of  James  duke  of  York,  setat  18,  ann. 
165  i»  from  a  picture  drawn  of  him  when  he  wns  in  Flan^ 
ders,  by  Teniers.  He  was  more  punctual  in  bis  dates  than 
most  other  engravers,  which  have  afforded  very  agreeable 
lighis  and  directions,  both  as  to  his  own  personal  history 
and  performances,  and  to  those  of  many  others.  At  last^ 
either  not  meeting  with  encouragement  enough  to  keep 
him  longer  abroad,  or  invited  by  several  magnificent  and 
costly  works  pro|)osed  or  preparing  in  England,  in  which 
bis  ornamental  hand  might  be  employed  more  to  his  ad* 
vantage,  he  returned  hither  in  1652.  Here  he  afterwards 
eYecute;d  some  of  the  most  considerable  of  his  publications: 
but  though  be  was  an^  artist  superior  to  almost  most  others 
in  genius  as  well  as  assiduity,  yet  he  had  the  peculiar  fate 
to  work  here,  as  he  bad  done  abroad^  still  in  a  state  of 
subordination,  and  more  to  the  profit  of  other  people  than 
himself.  Notwithstanding  his  penurious  pay,  be  is  said  to 
have  contracted  a  voluntary  affection  to  his  extraordinary 
labour;  so  far,  that  he  spent  almost  two*>thirds  of  his  time 
at  it,  and  would  not  suffer  himself  to  be  drawn  or  disen* 
gaged  from  it,  till  his  hour-glass  had  run  to  the  las^  mo^- 
ment  proposed.  Thus  he  went  on,  in  full  business,  till  the 
restoration  of  Charles  H.  brought  home  many  of  his  friends^ 
and  him  into  fresh  views  of  employments «  It  was  but  two 
years  after  that  memorable  epocha,  that  Evelyn  published 
bis  <' Sculptura,  or  the  History  and  Art  of  .Chalcography 
and  engraving  in  copper :''  in  which  he  gave  the  following 
very  honourable  account  of  Hollar:  ^*  Wincesiaos  Hollar,*' 
says  he,  ^^  a  gentleman  of^  Bohemia,  comes  in  the  next 
plaee :  not  that  he  is  not  before  most  of  the  rest  fbr  his 
choice  and  great  industry,  for  we  rank  them  very  promis*^ 
cuously  both  as  to  time  and  pre-eminence,  hut  to  bring  up 
the  rear  of  the  Germans  with  a  deserving  person,  whose 
indefatigable  works  in  aqua  fortis  do  infinitely  recommend 
themselves  by  the  excellent  choice  which  he  hath  made  of 
the  rare  things  furnished  out  of  the  Arundelian  collection, 
and  from  most  of  the .  best  bands  and  designs :  for  such 
were  those  of  L.  da  Vinci,  Fr.  Parmensis,  Titian,  Julio 
Romano,  A.  Mantegna,  Corregio,  Perino  del  Vaga,  Ra« 
phael  Urbin,  Seb.  del  Piombo,  Palma,  Albert  Durer, 
Hans  Holbein,  Vandyck,  Rubens,  Breughel,  Bassan,  £U 
ihaimer,  grower,  Artois,  and  divers  other  masters  of  priioe 


76  HOLLAR. 

not^y  whose  drawing?  and  paintings  be  hath  fatthfally/co* 
pied;  besides  sevenil  books  of  Ian dscapes^  towns,  solem- 
nities, histories,  heads,  beasts,  fowls,  insects,  vessels,,  and 
other  signal  pieces,  not  omitting  what  he  hath  etched  after 
De  Cieyn,  Mr.  Streter,.  and  Dankerty,  for  sir  Robert  Sta- 
pleton^s  ^  Juvenal,*  Mr.  Ross's  '  Silius  Italicus,*  '  Poly- 
glotta  Biblia,'  *  The  Monasticon,*  first  and  second  part, 
Jdr.  Dugdlale's  *  St.  Paul's,'  and  *  Survey  of  Warwickshire^* 
with  other  innumerable  frontispieces,  and  things  by  hioA 
published,  and  done  after  the  life ;  and  to  be  on  that  ac- 
count more  valued  and  esteemed,  than  where  there  has  been 
more  curiosity  about  chimeras,  and  things  which  are  not  in 
nature :  so  that  of  Mr.  Hollar's  works  we  may  justly  pro- 
nounce, there  is  not  a  more  useful  and  instructive  coUee- 
tion  to  be  made.'* 

Some  of  the  first  things  Hollar  performed  after  the  Re- 
atoratioii,  were,  *^  A  Map  of  Jerusalem ;"  **  The  Jewish 
Sacrifice  in  Solomon's  Temple ;"  ^'  Maps  of  England,  Mid* 
dlesex,  &c."  "  View  of  St.  George's  Hospital  at  Wind- 
aor ;"  ^'  The  Gate  of  John  of  Jerusalem  near  London ;" 
and  many  animals,  fruits,  flowers,  and  insects,  after  Bar- 
low and  others :  many  beads  of  nobles,  bishops,  judges, 
and  great  men ;  several  prospects  about  London,  and  Lon- 
don itself,  as  well  before  the  great  fire,  as  after  ijts  ruin 
^nd  rebuilding :  though  the  calamities  of  the  fire  and  plague 
in  1655  are  thought  to  have  reduced  him  to  such  difiicul- 
;tie8,  as  be  could  never  entirely  vanquish.  ,  He  vvas  after- 
wards sent  to  Tangier  in  Africa,  in  quality  of  his  majesty's 
designer,  to  take  the  various  prospects  there  of  the  garri- 
son, town,  fortifications,  and  the  circumjacent  views  of  the 
country :  and  many  of  his  drawings  on  the  spot,  dated 
.1669,  preserved  in  the  library  of  the  late  sir  Hans  Sloane» 
were  within  three  or  four  years  after  made  public,  upon 
«ome  of  which  Hollar  styles  himself  '^  Stenograpbus  Regis.'' 
After  bis  return  to  England,  he  was  variously  employed, 
in  finishing  his  views  of  Tangier  for  publica.tion,  and  taking 
several  draughts  at  and  about  Windsor  in  1671,  with  many 
jrepresentations  in  honour  of  the  knights  of  the  garter. 
.About  1672,  he  travelled  northward,  and  drew  views  of 
Lincoln,  Southwell,  Newark,  and  York  Minster ;  and  after* 
wards  was  engaged  in  etching  of  towns^  castles,  churches^ 
,and  their  fenestral  figures,  araa3>  &c.  besides  tombs,  manu- 
mental  effigies  with  their  inscriptions,  &c^  in  such  uum* 
ktn  as  it  would  almost  be  isodl^^  itp  enumierate*    Few 


HOLLAR.  7T 

artists  have  been  able  to  imitate  his  works ;  for  wiiich  rea- 
son many  lovers  of  the  art,  and  all  the  curious  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  have,  from  his  time  to  ours,  been 
zealous  to  collect  them.  But  how  liberal  soever  they  might 
be  in  the  purchase  of  his  performances,  the  performer 
himself,  it  seems,  was  so  incompetently  rewarded  for  them^ 
that  he  could  not,  in  his  old  age,  keep  himself  free  frooi 
the  incumbrances  of  debt ;  though  he  was  variously  and 
closely  employed  to  a  short  time  before  his  dedch.  But  as 
many  of  bis  plates  are  dated  that  year,  in  the  very  begins 
ning  of  which  he  died,  it  is  probable  they  were  somewhat 
antedated  by  him,  that  the  sculptures  might  appear  of 
the  same  date  with  the  book  in  which  they  were  printed  t 
thus,  in  '^  Thoroton^s  Antiquities  of  Nottinghamshire/' 
tome  of  them  appear  unfinished ;.  and  the  50  (st  page» 
which  is  entirely  blank,  was  probably  left  so  for  a  plate 
to  be  supplied.  When  he  was  upon  the  verge  of  bis 
seventieth  year,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  have  an  execa« 
tion  at  his  house  in  Gardiner's-lane,  Westminster:  he 
desired  only  the  liberty  of  dying  in  bis  bed,'  and  that  he 
might  not  be  removed  to  any  other  prison  but  his  grave. 
Whether  this  was  granted  him  or  not,  is  uncertain,  fa^t  he 
died  March  28,  1677,  and,  as  appears  from  the  parish* 
register  of  St.  Margaret's,  was  buried  in  the  New  ChaptA 
Yard,  near  the  place  of  his  death.  Noble  and  valuable 
as  the  monuments  were  which  Hollar  had  raised  for 
others,  none  was  erected  for  him :  nor  has  any  person 
proposed  an  epitaph  worthy  of  the  fame  and  merits  of  the 
artist.. 

Mr.  Grose,  from  the  information  of  Oldys,  has  favoured 
the  public  with  some  anecdotes  of  the  conscieiiitiousness  of 
this  eminent  artist  which  are  not  noticed  by  Vertue.  He 
used  to  work  for  the  booksellers  at  the  rate  of  four--peiice 
an  hour ;  and  always  bad  an  hour-glass  before  him.  He 
was  so  very  scrupulously  exact,  that,  when  obliged  to  tu*- 
tend  the  calls  of  nature,  or  whilst  talking,  though  witlk 
persons  for  whom  he  was  working,  and  about  their  own 
business,  he  constantly  laid  down  the  glass,  to  previent  the 
sand  from  running.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  such  a  man 
should  have  known  distress.  His  works  amount,  according 
to  Vertue^s  catalogue,  to  nearly  24O0  prints.  They  ar^ 
generally  etchings  performed  almost  entirely  with  .the 
point,  yet  possess  great  spirit,  with  astonishing  freedom 
and  lightoess,  especially  when  we  consider  how  highly  be 


n  HOLLAR. 

bas  fiiiisbed  some  of  them.  In  drawing  the  human  figur0 
he  was  most  defective ;  bis  outlines  are  stiff  and  incorrect^ 
and  the  extremities  marked  without  the  least  degree  of 
knowledge.  In  some  few  instances,  he  had  attempted  to 
execute  bis  plates  with  the  graver  only :  but  in  that<  has 
failed  very  much.* 

HOLLIS  (Thomas),  esq.  of  Corscombe  in  Dorsetshire; 
m  gentleman  whose  "  Memoirs"  have  been  printed  in  two 
splendid  vOhimes,  4to,  1780,  with  a  considerable  number 
of  plates  by  Bartolozzi,*  Basire,  and  other  engravers  of 
eminence,  and  an  admirable  profile  of  himself  in  the  fron- 
tispiece, was  born  in  London,  April  14,  1720;  and  sent 
to  school,  first  at  Newport  in  Shropshire,  and  afterwards 
at  St.  Alban*s«  At  l^,  he  was  sent  to  Amsterdam,  to 
learn  the  Dutch  and. French  languages,  writing,  and  ac« 
compts;  stayed  there  about  fifteen  months,  and  then  rr* 
turned  to  his  father,  with  whom  he  continued  till  his  death 
in  1735.  To  give  him  a  liberal  education,  suitable  to  the 
ample  fortune  he  was  to  inherit,  his  guardian  put  him 
under  the  tuition  of  professor  Ward,  whose  picture  Mr. 
Mollis  presented  to  the  British  Museum;  'and,  in  honcTur 
of  his  father  and  guardian,  be  caused  to  be  inscribed 
roUnd  a  valuable  diamond  ring,  Mneviosyiion  patris  tutt>rU^ 
gue.  He  professed  himself  a  dissenter ;  and  from  Dr.  Fos* 
ter  and  others  of  that  persuasion,  imbibed  that  ardent  love 
of  liberty,  and  freedom  of  sentiment,  which  strongly 
marked  his  character.  In  Feb.  1739-40,  he  took  cham- 
bers in  Lincoln's-Inn,  and  was  admitted  a  law-student; 
but  does  not  appear  ever  to  have  applied  to  the  law,  as  a 
profession.  He  resided  there  till  July  1748,  when  he  set 
out  on  bis  travels  for  the  first  time ;  and  passed  through 
Holland,  Austrian  and  French  Flandets,  part  of  France, 
Switzerland;  Savoy,  and  part  of  Italy,  returning  through 
Provence,  Britanny,  &c.  to  Paris.  His  fellow-traveller 
was  Thomas  Brand,  esq.  of  the  Hyde  in  Essex,  who  was 
bis  particular  friend,  and  afterwards  his  heir.  His  se- 
cond tour  commenced  in  July  16,  1750;  and  extended 
through  Holland  to  Embden,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  the  prin- 
cipal cities  on  the  north  and  east  side  of  Germany,  the  rest 
of  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Malta,  Lorrain,  &c.  The  journals  of 
both  his  tours  are  said  to  be  preserved  in  manuscript. 

On  bis  return  home,  be  attempted  to  get  into  parlia* 

A  life  by  Vcrtue,  1745,  ^.— Bioj^.  Brit.— SUult'fl  Dictnoajy.     . 


.  H  O  L  L  I  ^.  ?!» 

''•■•.  .  .      •       « 

tnetiC;  but^  not  being  able  to  effect  this  without  some 
small  appearance  of  bribery,  he  turned  his  thoughts  en* 
tirely  to  other  objects.  He  began  a  collection  of  books 
and  medals ;  "  for  the  purpose,'*  it  is  said,  **  of  illustra- 
ting and  upholding  liberty,  preserving  the  memory  of  its 
champions,  rendering  tyranny  and  its  abettors  odious,  e?r« 
tending  art  and  science,  and  keeping  alive  the  honour  due 
to  their  patrons  and  protectors."  Among  his  benefactions 
to  foreign  libraries,  none  b  more  remarkable  than  that  of 
two  large  collections  of  valuable  books  to  the  public  libraiy 
of  Berne ;  which  were  presented  anonymously  as  by  "  an 
Englishman,  a  lover  of  liberty,  his  country,  and  its  exceU 
lent  constitution,  as  restored  at  the  happy  Revolution.'* 
tjwitzeriand,  Geneva,  Venice,  Leyden,  Sweden,  Russia,  &c. 
shared  his  favours.  His  benefactions  to  Harvard-college 
commenced  in  1758,  and  were  continued  to  the  amount  of 
14002.  His  liberality  to  individuals,  as  well  as  to  public 
societies,  are  amply  detailed  in  the  **  Memoirs"  above^ 
mentioned,  in  Aug.  1770,  he  carried  into  execution  a 
plan,  which  be  had  formed  five  years  before,  of  retiring 
into  Dorsetshire;  and  there,  in  a  field  near  his  residence 
at  Corscombe,  dropped  down  and  died  of  an  apoplexy,  on 
New-year's-day,  1774.  The  character  of  thi«  singular 
person  was  given,  some  time  before,  in  one  of  the  public 
prints,  in  the  following,  sbmewbsit  extravagant  terms. 
^^ Thomas  Hoilis  is  a  man  possessed  of  a  large  fortune: 
above  half  of  which  he  devotes  to  charities,  to  the  encou- 
ragement of  genius,  and  to  the  support  and  defence  of 
liberty*  His  studious  hours  are  devoted  to  the  search  of 
noble  authors,  hidden  by  the  rust  of  tifne  ;  and  to  do  their 
virtues  justice,  by  brightening  their  actions  for  the  review 
of  the  public.  Wherever  he  meets  the  man  of  letters,  he 
is  sure  to  assist  him  :  and,  were  I  to  describe  in  paint  this 
illustrious  citizen  of  the  world,  I  would  depict  him  leading 
by  the  hands  Genius  and  distressed  Virtue  to  the  temple  of 
Reward." 

^  If  Mr.  Hoilis  had  any  relations,  his  private  affections 
were  pot  as  eniinent  as  bis  public  spirit,  for  he  left  the 
Vvhole  of  his  fortune  to  his  ftiend  T.  Brand,  esq.  who,  on 
titat  account,  took  the  name  of  Hoilis,  and  was  as  violent  a 
zealot  for  liberty  as-  his  patron,  although  less  pure  in  his 
practice.  la  1764,  Mfv  Hoilis  sent  to  Sidney-college, 
Cambridge,  where  Cromwell  was  educated,  an  original 
portrait  of  him  by  Cooper ;  and^  a  fire  happening  at  his 


«0  H  O  L  L  I  S. 


;tngft  in  Bedford^street,  in  176],  he  calmly  walked  ou^ 
taking  an  original  picture  of  Milton  only  in  bis  band*  A 
Dew  edition  of  ^*  Toland^s  Life  of  Milton^'  was  published 
under  bi»  dtrectioni  in  1761;  and,  in  1763,  he  gave  an 
accurate  edition  of  ^*  Algernon  Sydpey^s  Discourses  oa 
Government/'  on  which  the  pains  and  expence  be  be- 
stowed are  almost  incredible.  He  meditated  also  an  edi* 
tion  of  Andrew  Marvell ;  but  did  not  complete  it.  In 
order  to  preserve  the  memory  of  those  patribtic  heroea 
whom  he  most  admired,  he  called  many  of  the  farms  and 
fields  in  his  estate  at  Corscombe  by  their  names;  and^  iq 
the  middle  of  one  of  these  fields,  not  far  from  his  house, 
be  ordered  his  corpse  to  be  deposited  in  a  grave  ten  feet 
deep,  and  the  field  to  be  immediately  ploughed  over,  that 
no  trac^  of  his  burial  place  might  remain*  His  religious 
principles  have  been  suspected,  as  he  joined  no  denomina- 
tion of  Christians,  Another  of  his  singularities  was,  to. 
observe  bis  nominal  birth*day  always,  without  any  regard 
to  the  change  of  style.  He  never  took  it  amiss  that  he  was 
charged  with  singularities;  he  owned  that  he  affected 
them :  "  the  idea  of  singularity,"  says  he,  ^*  by  way  of 
shield,  I  try  by  all  means  to  hold  out,"  and  in  this  way 
got  rid  of  those  who  would  otherwise  break  in  upon  his 
time,  customs,  and  way  of  living.  Mr.  Branp  Hollis,  his 
beir,;died  in  Sept.  1804,  and  bequeathed  his  estates  in 
Dorsetshire  and  Essex  to  his  friend  Dr.  Disney.  Tbim 
Brand  HoUis  did  not  exactly  inherit  the  independent  prin^ 
ciples  of  bis  benefactor ;  for  whereas  Mr.  Hollis  would  not 
accept  of  a  seat  in  parliament,  for  fear  of  being  led  intp 
corrupt  prs^ctices,  Mr.  Brand  bad  no  scruple  to  apply  kis 
fortune  to  acquire  a  seat  for  Hindon,  and  was  convicted  of 
the  most  scandalous  bribery,  and  imprisoned  in  the  King's 
Bench.  It  is  not  unuseful  t9  know  of  what  stuff  clamorous 
patriots  are  made. '  • 

HOLMES  (George),  an  Englishantiquaiy,  born  in  1662, 
at  Skipton,  in  Craven,  Yorkshire,  became  about  1695  clerk 
to  William  Petyt,  esq.  keeper  of  the  records  at  the  Towett 
and  continued  near  sixty  years-  deputy  to  Mr.  P^tyt,  Mr. 
Topham,  and  Mr.  Pdlbilh  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Petyt^ 
which  happened  Oct.  9,  ITO?^  Mr.  Holmes  was,  on  ac»- 
oount  of  his  singular  abilitret  and  industry^  appointed  by^ 

.  1  Memoirt  at  alcove.— Gent.  Mag.  LXX1V. — Ik,  pitne;^  \mm  lately  printed^ 
but  Mot  pttbKahed,  a  Memoir  of  Mr.  Bmid  Holiia. 


HOLMES,  ai 

lo^d  HaUfiuc  (tben  president  of  a  coomiktee  pf  tbe  Houaa 
of  lords)  to  methodize  and  Agest  tbe  records  deposited  int 
tbe  'I'owery  at  n  yearly  salary  of  200iL  vKhicb  was  continued 
tpbisdeatii,  Feb.  16,  1743-9,  in  tbe  87th  year  of  bis  affe« 
lie  wa$  also  barrack- master  of  tbe  Tower.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  Marshall^  an  eminent  sword-cmler  in 
fleet-street,  hy  whom  he  had  ^u  only  son  G^eorge,  who 
was  bred  at  Elton,  and  waa  clerk  under  bis  father,  but  diedj 
apred  25,  many  years  before  him.  Holmes  re-pdblisbed 
the  first  17  Tolumes  *  of  Rymer^s  **Foedera,''  in  iizf. 
His  curious  dollections  of  books,  prints,  and  coins,  &c. 
were  so|d  by  anction  in  1749.  His  portrait  was  engravec( 
by  tbe  society  of  antiquaries,  with  this  inscription :  "  Vera 
effigies  Georqu  Holmes  generosi,  a.  s.  s.  &  tabularii  pub- 
lici  in  Turre  Londiaensi  Vicecustodis ;  quo  munere  annos 
ciFciijer  lx  summa  fide  &  diiigentia  perfupctus^.  xiV  l^alend^ 
Mart.  A.  D.  mDccxlvui,  aetatis  suae  Lxxxvn,  fato  demun^ 
concessit^  In  fratris  siii  erga  se  meritorum  testimoniun^ 
b^nc  tabulam  Socicta^  ANTiauARioRUM  Londini,  cujus 
CQoimofia  semper  promqyit,  sumptu  suq  seri  incideadum 
cpravit,  mdccxux-  R.  Van  Bleak,  p.  1743.  G.  Veftpe 
del.  &  sculp.''— ^la  Strype's  London,  1754,  vol.  I.  p.  746^ 
is  a  fac-simile  of  an  antique  insci:iption  over  tbe  liule  door 
next  to  the  cloister  in  the  Temple  church.  It  was  in.  i  old 
Sasou  capital  letters,  engraved  within  an  half-circle ;  de*^ 
noting  tbe  year  when  the  church  was  dedicated,  and  by 
Yfbomy  oamelfyy  Heraclius  the  patriarch  of  the  church  of 
the  Holy  Resurrection  in  Jerusalem ;  and  to  whom,  namely, 
tbe  Blessed  Virgin  ;  and  tbe  indulgence  of  forty  days  par« 
.don  to  such  who,  according  to  the  penance  enjoined  tbem, 
vesorted  thither  yearly.  This  inscription,  which  was  scarcely 
legible,  and  in  1695  was  entirely  broken  by  tbe  workipen, 
having  been  exactly  transcribed  by  Mr.  Holmes,  was  by 
^im  communicated  to  Strype.  Mrs.  Holmes  out-lived  het 
husband,  and  received  of  government  200/.  for  bis  MSS. 
about  the  records,  which  were  deposited  and  remain  in  bis 
pffice  to  this  day.  ^Few  men,  in  a  similar  office,  were  ever 
i^ore  able  or  willing  to  assist  the  researches  of  those  who 
applied  to  him,  than  Mr.  Holmes ;  and  he  received  maay 
handsome  acknowledgen^nts  of  his  politeness  and  abilities^ 
in  that  respect,  from  Browne  Willis,  Dr.  Tovey,  principal 
• 

*  'Before  this  tecoiidi  edition,  a  set  of  the  seveateen  ▼olumet  was  told  for  100 
guineas.    See  the  prefaoa  to  the  **  Acta  Regia,"  17£6,  Svo. 

Vol.  XVI I  L  G 


>  *t 


82  HOLMES.' 

of  New-Inn-hall,  Oxford,  Dr.  Richardson,  editor  of  ^*  God- 
win de  Presulibus,"  and  others.  * 

HOLMES  (Robert),  D.  D.  a  learned  EnglisK  divine, 
rector  of  Stanton  in  Oxfordshire,  canon  of  Salisbury  and 
Christ  church,  and  dean  of  Winchester,  was  born  in  1749, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  school.  He  was  afterwards 
chosen  to  New-college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  hb  degrees 
of  M.  a!  1774,  of  B.  D.  in  1787,  and  of  D.  D.  in  1789. 
lii  1790,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Warton,  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  poetry.  His  last  ecclesiastical  promotion  was 
to  the  deanery  of  Winchester  in  1804,  which  he  did  not 
long  enjoy,  dying  at  his  bouse  in  St  Giles's,  Oxford, 
Nov.  12,   1805. 

His  first  publication  was  a  sermon  preached  before  the 
university  of  Oxford,  entitled  "  The  Resurrection  of  the 
body  deduced  from  the  Resurrection  of  Christ,'*  1777, 
4to,  a  very  ingenious  discourse,  in  which  the  subject  is  il- 
lustrated in  a  manner  somewhat  new.  In  the  same  year  he 
published  "  Alfred,  an  Ode,  with  six  Sonnets,"  4to,  in 
which  Gray's  style  is  attempted  with  considerable  success. 
In  1782  he  was  chosen  the  third.  Bampton  lecturer,  and  in 
1783  published  his  eight  lectures  *^  on  the  prophecies  and. 
testimony  of  John  the  Baptist,  and  the  parallel  prophecies 
of  Jesus  Christ,"  in  which  he  displayed  great  abilities  and 
judgment.  These  were  followed,  iiv  1788,  by  a  very  able 
defence  of  some  of  the  essential  doctrines  of  the  churchy 
respecting  the  nature  and  person,  death  and  sufferings  of 
Christ,  in  "  Four  Tracts ;  on  the  principle  of  religion,  as 
^  test  of  divine  authority ;  on  the  principle  of  redemption ; 
on  the  angelical  message  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  on  the 
resurrection  of  the  body ;  with  a  discourse  on  humility,** 
8vo,  the  whole  illustrated  by  notes  and  authorities.  He 
published  also  one  or  two  other  single  sermons^  and  an  ode 
for  the  eiicoenia  at  the  installation  of  the  duke  of  Portland 
in  1793  ;  but  what  confers  the  highest  honour  on  his  abili- 
ties, critical  talents,  and  industry,  was  his  collation  of  the 
MSS.  of  the  Septuagint  version,  which  he  appears  to  have 
begun  about  1786.  Induced  to  think  that  the  means  of 
determining  the  genuine  tenor  of  the  Scriptural  text  wouldl 
be  mudTi  enlarged  if  the  MSS,  of  the  Septuagint  version 
were  carefully  collated,  as  those  of  the  Hebrew  had  been^ 
and  ibn  collations  published  in  one  vie w^  he  laid  down  his 


HOLMES..  83 

{>lajQ,,.the  essential  parts  of  which  were:  that  all  MSS« 
knoi^o  or  discoverable  at  home  or  abroad^  if  prior  to  the 
invention  of  printing,  should  be  carefully  collated  with 
on^  printed  text;  and  all  particularities  in  which  they  dif- 
fered from  it  distinctly  noted ;  that  printed  editions  and  ver- 
sions, inade  from  all  or  parts  of  that  by  the  seventy,  and 
juitations  from  it  by  eccle^stical  writers  (with  a  distinction 
of  tbos^  who  wrote  before  the  time  of  Aquila  or  after  k), 
should  also  be  collated  with  the  same  printed  teirt,  and  all 
their  variations  from  it  respectively  ascertained;  and  that 
these  materials,  when  collected,  should  all  be  reduced  to 
one  plain  view,  and  printed  under  the  text  with  which  the 
several  collations  have  been  made,  as  by  Pr.  Keunicott— » 
or  without  the  text,  as  by  De  Rossi.  Upon  these  general 
principles.  Dr.  Holmes  embarked  on  his  enterprize,  hav* 
ing  in  the  first  instance  been  patronized  by  the  delegates 
of  the  Clarendon  pre^s,  and  by  liberal  subscriptions  from 
other  universities,  and  the  public  at  large.  The  de^legates 
of  the  press,  agreed  to  allow  him  40/.  a  year  for  three.years, 
^^  on  bis  exhibiting  to  them  his  collations  annually,  to  be 
deposited  in  th^,  Bodleian  library,  and  when  the  whole  was 
finished,  to  be  printed  at  the  university  press,  at  his.  ex- 
pence,  and  for  bis  benefit,  or  of  his  assigns,  if  he  should 
live  to  complete  his  collations ;  or  if  they  were  left  imper.-* 
feet,  they  were  to  be  at  the  discretion  of  the  delegates,  they 
undertaking  to  promote  the  finishing  of  them  to.  the  best 
pf  their  power,  and  to  publish  them  when  finished,  allow- 
ing to  his  assigns  a  just  proportion  of  the  profits.*' 

V^th  these  encouragements.  Dr.  Holmes  exhibited  in 
•1789  .bis  first  annual  account,  by  which  it  appeared  that 
^leven  folio  volumes  of  collations  were  deposited,  at  th^ 
end  of  that  year,  in  the  Bodleian  library ;  subsequent  an- 
nual accounts  followed,  and  at  the  end  of  I7dk3,  the  total 
number  of  MS  volumes  deposited  in  that  library  was  seven- 
ty-three, and  the  sum  received  by  subscriptions  4445/. 
which,  liberal  as  it  may  seem,  fell  very  fur  short  of  the  ex-* 
pences  incurred  by  the  editor.  Notwithstanding  this  W 
proceeded  in  the  last-mentioned  year  to  subo^it  two  folio 
specimens  to  the  opinion  of  scholars  and  critics,  the  first 
containing  cbsCpters  I.  and  J.I.  of  Genesis,  and  the  second, 
chapter  I.  according  to  the  Vatican  text,  the  divisions  of 
.chapters  and  verses  in  which  somewhat  digiar^  from  the 
Vulgate.  He  was  aware,  however,  that  his  original  plan 
was  so  extensively  idborlous,  that  09  perseverance  or  lif^ 

(J   2 


«4  H  O  L  M  fe  S. 

• 

Wbuld  bav^  hken  equal  to  Us  lexectttion.  He  ddte^mtlted, 
therefore,  to  contract  it,  and  in  tHfe  form  published  lii  17M 
ban  of  his  first  volume,  feotitkfmf^g  tfre  book  of  Geilesis, 
*)?bich  exhibits  a  Very  tekttitri'di^ry  itaiohmdi^t  of  diligc^»e<^. 
This  was  followell  in  1801,  by  artoHifer  pdrtion  of  tbe^Btie 
Volume,  coAtaimog  tlx^dhs  tod  L^hiciis ;  ^hd  Ih  1804 
the  tolcrme  was  completed  by  th^  addittdta  6f  Numb^t^ftatid 
Deuterohom^,  with  a  valvafbfe  preface^  givirtg  a  hisitd^y  ef 
the  8eptaa^}nt  and  its  vftrtous  editibtw.  Dr.  Holmes  tbfeh 
'publiibed  the  prophecy  of  Daniel,  According  to  Thifrbdo- 
tlon  and  the  Scptuaginti  departing  from  his  pwpoited 
ordfer,  as  if  by  a  presentiment  of  his  end;  The  Idss  of  WtA 
-a  iiian  at  this  eritical  time  tras  nnqtiestib^bly  gteat,^  tod 
nvft^  duly  Appreciated  by  every  "scholar  who  Wasr  k  jud^e  'crf 
-his  labours.  They  felt  ^herefote  a  proporHorial  grtttificJii- 
^on,  in  seeing  the  work  iresutned,  in  kh  tintform  hianlft^ry 
after  an  interruption  of  only  four -years,  by  the  rcfv.'Jann^es 
Parsons,  M.  A.  of  Wadham  college,  who  in  1810  published 
the  first  part  of  vol.  11.  containing  the  book  of  Joshitia,  and 
^bo  appears  in  every  retpect  qualified  to  carry  oh  -tbela- 
ikH-ious  design  with  honour  to  himself  and  to  the  uniVer^ 
«ty.  * 

HOLSTENIUS,  nr  HOLSTEIN  (Lucas),  an  iiig^ntotis 
'andIearnedGerinan,WasboniatHamburgin  1596;  and  aftet 
%  liberal  education  in  his  own  country,  went  toFranee^'and 
^t  (^aris'distinguished  himself  by  uhfcottimori  parts  and  learn^ 
ing.  He  was  educated  a  protestant,  but  afterwards  by  the 
persuasions  of  Sirmond  the  Jesuit,  embraced  the  Roddati 
*tatholic  religion^  and  going  fromFrance  to  Rotoe,  attat^hed 
biihseif  to  cardinal  Francis  Barberiiii ;  who  took  him  under 
4its  protection,  and  recommended  him  to  favour.  He  was 
iionoured  by  three  popes.  Urban  VIII.  Innocent  X.  and 
'Alexander  VH.  The 'first  gave  him  a  canon  ry  of  St. 
•Peter's;  the  second  made  him  librarian  of  the  Vatican; 
and  the  third  sent  him,  in  1^65,  to  Christina  of  Sweden^ 
w^iose  formal  profession  of  the  Catholic  faith  he  received  at 
inspruck.  He  spent  his  life  in  study,  arid  died  at  Rome 
♦in  1^61.  Cardinal  Barberini,  whom  he  made  his  heir^ 
caused^  marble  monument  to  be  erected  over  his  grave, 
witfaa  Latin  inscription  much  to  his  honour.  He  wins  very 
learned  both  in  sacred  and  profane  antiquity^  was  an  aictiie 
5crhic,  and  wrote  with  the  utmost  purity  and  ele^f^e. 


I  ttMt.  ASag.  x«ir  LXXV.--lVro»lb.  Cnitical,  andl  Brifeisk  Crrttic. 


h    n 


HOLSTENIUS.  «* 

works  eoosiftted  chiefly  of  notes  and  dissertations,  which 
hanre  been  highly  esteemed  forjudgmeDt  and  precision. 
Some  of  these  were  published  by  himself;  but  the  greater 
part  were  eomnunicated  after  his  death,  and  inserted  by 
his  friends  in  their  editions  of  authors,  or  other  works  that 
would  admit  them.  His  notes  and  emendations  upon  Eur 
sebius's  book  against  Hi^rocles,  upon  Porphyry 'S  <'  Life  of 
Pythagoras,"  upon  ApoUooius's  *^  Argonautics,"  upon  the 
fifsgments  of  DemophUus,  Democrates,  ^eci^odus,  and  Sal- 
lustius  the  philosopher,  upon  Stepbanus  Byzaotinus  de 
Urbibus,  8cc.«  are  to  be  found  in  the  best  editions  of  th\>se 
autfaprs.  He  wrote  a  ''  Dissertation  upon  the  Life  and 
Wsitiogrs  of  Porphyry,"  which  is  printed  with  his  notes  on 
f^hyry^gJf  Life  of  Pythagoras ;"  and  other  dissertations 
of  iiis  are  inserted  in  Grsevius's  **  Ck)lleciion  of  Roman  An- 
dquities,"  and  elsewfaere.' 

HOLT  (Sir  Join?),  knight,  lord  chief  justice  of  the  oouft 
of  King's-bench  in  Uie  reign  of  king  Wiiliam,  was  son  of 
sir  Thomas  Ho)t,  knight,  serjeaot  at  law;  and  born  at 
Thame  in  Oafordshire,  1642.  He  was  educated  at  Abing- 
don-school,  while  his  father  was  recmder  of  that  ^wn ; 
Bod  afterwards  became  a  gentleman*commoner  of  Oriel^ 
coliege,  Oxford.  In  165^  he  entered  himself  of  Gray^s« 
inn,  before  be  took  a  degree ;  some  time-  after  which  be 
was  eaHed  to  the  bar,  where  he  attended  constantly,  and 
soon  became  a  very  eminent  barrister.  In  the  reign  of 
Jaases  H.  he  was  made  recorder  of  L<uidon,  which  office 
he  disctiarged  with  much  applause  for  about  a  year  and  a 
half;  but  refusing  to  give  his  hand  towards  abolishing  the. 
testf  and  'to  expound  the  law  according  to.  the  king's  design, 
he  was  removed  from  his  place.  In  16ft6  he.  was  called  to 
the  degree  of  a  seijeant  at  law,  with  many  other^i.  On  the 
arrivat  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  convention  parliament ;  and  appointed  one  of  the 
managers  for  the^^ommons  at  the  conferences  held  with  the 
lords,  about  the  abdication  and  the  vacancy ^  of  the  throne. 
He  ^d  here  an  opportunity  of  displaying  his  abilities ;  and 
as  soon  as  the  government  was  settled,  he  was  made  lord: 
chief  justice  of  the  court  .of  King's-bench,  and  admitted 
into  the  king's  privy- council. 

In  1700,  when  lord  Somers  parted 'with  the  great  seal, 
king  William  pressed  chief  justice  Holt  to  accept  of  it : 

.     1  IfHBtrom  vsL  XXXI.--»CbAafepMi— Morf ri.r-.Saxii  Onosiftst. 


S9  HOLT.-; 

but  he  replied,  that  he  never  had  but  one  chancery  eause 
in  bis' life,  which  he  lost ;  and  consequently  could  not'  think 
himself  fitly  qualified  for  so  great  a  trust.  He  continued  in 
his  post  twenty-two  years,  and  maintained  it  with  great 
reputation  for  steadiness,  integrity,  and  complete  know-r 
ledge  in  his  profession.  He  applied  himself  with  great  as* 
siduity  to  the  functions  of  his  important  office.  He  was 
perfect  master  of  the  common  law ;  and,  as  his  judgment 
was  most  solid,  his  capacity  vast,  bnd  understanding  most 
clear,  so  he  had  a  firmness  of  mind,  and  such  a  degree  of 
resolution,  as  never  could  be  brought  to  swerve  in  ^e  least 
from  what  he  thought  to  be  law  and  justice.  Upon  gnoat 
occasions  he  shewed  an  intrepid  zeal  in  asserting  the  au« 
thority  of  the  law ;  for  he  ventured  to  incur  the  indigna* 
tion  of  both  houses  of  parliament,  by  turns,  when  he 
thought  the  law  was  with  him.  Sev^al  oases  of  the  utmost 
importance,  and  highly  affecting  the  lives,  rights,  liberties, 
and  property  of  the  people,  came  in  judgment  before  hifft. 
There  was  a  remarksible  clearness  and  perspicuity  of  ideas 
in  his  definitions ;  a  distinct  arrangement  of  them  in  the 
analysis  of  his  arguments ;  and  the  real  and  natural  differ- 
ence of  things  was  made  most  perceptible  and  obvious^ 
when  he  distinguished  between  matters  which  bore  a  false 
resemblance  to  each  other.  Having  thus  rightly  formed 
his  premises,  he  scarcely  ever  erred  in  his  conclusions ;  bis 
arguments  were  instructive  and  convincing,  and  his  in* 
tegrity  would  not  suffer  him  to  deviate  from  judgment  and 
truth,  in  compliance  to  his  prince,  or,  as  observed  before, 
to  either  house  of  paHiament.  They  are  most  of  theia 
faithfully  and  judiciously  reported  by  that  eminent  lawyer, 
chief  justice  KaynM)nd.  His  integrity  and  uprightness  as 
a  judge  are  celebrated  by  the  author  of  the  *^  Tatler,** 
No.  1 4,  under  the  noble  character  of  Verus  the  magistrate. 
There  happened  in  the  time  of  this  chief  justice  a  riot 
in  Hoiborn,  occasioned  by  an  abominable  practice  then 
prevailing,  of  decoying  young  persons  of  both  sexes  tp  the 
Plantations,  The  persons  so  decoyed  they  kept  prisoners 
in  a  house  in  Hoiborn,  till  they  could  find  an  opportunity 
of  shipping  them  off;  which  being  discovered,  the  enraged 
populace  were  going  to  pull  down  the  house.  Notice  of 
tbis«being  sent  to  Whitehall,  a  party  of  the  guards  were 
commanded  to  march  to  the  place ;  but  they  first  sent  aa 
officer  to  the  chief  justice  to  acquaint  him  with  the^  design, 
and  to  desire  him  to  send  some  of  his  people  to  attend  the 


HOLT.  «7 

Boldiersy  in  ordes  to  give  it  the  better  countenance.  Th^ 
oflicer  having  delivered  liis  message,  Holt  said  to  tiioii 
**  Suppose  the  populace  should  not  disperse  at  your  ap** 
pearance,  what  are  you  to  do  then?''  ^<  Sir,'',  answered 
the  officer,  *'  we  have  orders  to.  fire  upon  theoi."  ^^Have 
you,  Sir  ?  (replied  Holt)  then  take  notice  of  what  I  say ; 
if  there  be  one  man  killed,  and  you  are  triced  before  me,  I 
will  take, care  that  you,  and  every  soldier  of  your  party, 
shall  be  hanged.  Sir,  (added  he)  go  back  to  those  who 
sent  you,  and  acquaint  them,  that  no  officer  of  mine  shall 
attend  soldiers;  and  let  them  know  at  the  same  time,  that 
the  laws  of  this  kingdom  are  not  to  be  executed  by  th^ 
sword :  these  matters  belong  to  the  civil  power,  and  you 
have  nothing  to  do  with  them."  Upon  this,  the  chief  jus* 
tice,  ordering  his  tipsuves  with  a  few  constables  to  attend 
him,  went  himself  in  person  to  the  place  where  the  tumult 
was;  expostulated  with  the  mob ;  assured  them  that  justice 
should  be  done  upon  the  persons  who  were  the  objects  of 
their  indignation  :  and  thus  they  all  dispersed  quietly. 

He  married  Anne  *,  daughter  of  sir  John  Cropley,  hart 
whom  he  left  without  issue;  and  died  in  March  1709, 
after  a  lingering  illness,  in  his  68th  year.  The  following 
re]|orts  were  published  by  himself,  in  1708,  fol.  with  some 
notes  of  his  own  upon  them :  *^  A  Report  of  divers  Cases,  in 
Pleas  of  the  Crown,  adjudged  and  determined,  in  the  reign 
^of  the  late  King  Charles  the  Second,  with  directions  for 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  others,  collected  by  sir  John 
Key  ling,  knight,  late  lord  chief  justice  of  his  Majesty's 
court  of  King's-bench,  from  the  original  manuscript  under 
his  own  hand.  To  which  is  added.  The  Report  of  thiree 
modern  Cases,  viz.  Armstrong  and  Lisle;  the  King  and 
Plumer ;  the  Queen  and  Mawgridge."  A  second  edition 
was  pretendedly  published  in  1739,  but  the  title  only  wsys 
new.  * 

HOLT  (John),  a  miscellaneous  writer  of  considerable 
merit,  was  born  at  Mottram  in  Cheshire  in  1742,  and 
educated  with  a  view  to  the  ooinTstry  among  the  dissenters ; 
but  this  pursuit  he  very  early  relinquished,  in  consequence 

*  Dr.  Arbuthnot  iii  a  Letter  to  Swift  jastice  Hott'i  wife,  whom  he  attended 

says,   **  I  t6ok  the  same  pleasure  ia  out  of  spite  to  the  husband,  who  wished 

saring  hiiQ  (Gay,  the  poet),  as  Rad-  her  dead. 
tUffe  did  in  preserving  my  lord  chief 

I  Life»  1764,  Sto.— Biog.  Brit.  toI.  VI  L  Supplement'— Burnet's  Own  Times. 
•— Atb.  03U  vol.  U.— Nichols's  Atterbury. 


'k»  H  O  L  T; 

of  becoming  z  tneinber  of  the  clitircl^  ol  Englaiid.  tl^ 
icontitnied)  ho^vever,  to  cultivate  his  mind  by*  levery  op^por^ 
tanity  withiti  his  power,  aUhough  his  circumstfthces  in  earFy  * 
Kfe  were  uo^vour^ble  to  a  liberal  education.  Abom  tht 
year  1761  he  removed  to  Walton  in  Lancashire,  three  miles* 
from  Liverpool,  where  be  commenced  ^cfaoolmi^ter  m4 
parish-clierk  ;  the  latter  he  resigned  some  years  lyeibre  h^ 
tieath.  Having  married  a  very  sensibly  and  worthy  wbm^n, 
)re  opened  a  boarding-school  for  yoang  ladies,  with  tfaik 
Assistance  of  his  wife,  and  carried  it  on  with  great  reputa* 
tion.  f)is  time  was  for  many  years  divided  between  l!h^ 
pares  of  the  school  knd  the  study  &f  tigficulture,  ivhich 
had  always  in  some  measure  engaged  his  nmid.  Vdr  bis 
scholars  he  compiled  several  us^nl  manuals,  particulatly 
the  "Characters  of  the  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,'* 
1786—1788,  3  vols,  l12mo,  so  jgdiciousf]y  laid  doWn,  knfl 
Illustrated  by  iso  many  sensible  and  original  temai'ks,  ihA 
bad  Mr.  Holt  applied  himself  to  history  only,  it  is  not 
improbable  he  might  have  produced  a  wotk  of  Iri^er  hn* 
portance  in  that  science.     In  the  course  of  his  agriculttiral 

?)ursuits,  he  wrote  **  An  %iisay  on  the  Curie  in  Potattoes," 
or  which  he  received  the  medal  from  the  society  of  arts, 
manufactures,  and  commerce.  The  many  essays  amd  me- 
moirs which  he  drew  up  on  such  subjects  having  acquired 
him  the  character  of  a  minute  and  sfcilful  observer,  the 
Board  of  agriculture  appointed  hifn  surveyor  of  the  cOunfty 
of  Lancaster,  and  the  ^^  Report"  which  he  returned,  rich 
^1  valuable  diatter,  judiciously  arranged,  *was  the  first  that 
was  republished  by  the  Board ;  and  he  had  various  pre- 
miums and  other  testimonies  of  approbation  adjudged  to 
him.  It  appears  to  have  been  his  utmost  ambition  to  em- 
ploy his  time  in  what  was  useful,  and  no  part  of  that  timei 
was  allowed  to  pass  without  adding  something  to  his  stock 
of  knowledge.  He  was  at  last  employed  in  collecting 
materials  for  a  History  of  Liverpool,  when  a  bilious  disorder 
carried  him  off,  March  21,  1801,  to  the  very  great  regret 
of  all  who  knew  his  amiablp  character.  A  portrait,  and 
some  other  parjticulars  of  his  Kfe,  may  be  seen  in  our 
authority.^ 

HOLTE  (J^QK),  author  of  the  first  Latin  grammar  of 
any  note  in  England,  was  a  native  of  the  county  of  Sussex, 
and  flourished  about  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  cen* 

1  Cent  Mag.  toI.  LXXt. 


H  O  L  T  K.  •» 

tury.  After  bavingr  httu  for  sotne  time  usher  of  the  school 
next  to  Magdalen  college  gate  in  Oxford,  be  took  his 
degree  of  B.  A.  and  in  1491  was  admitted  fellow  of  that 
"College.  He  afterwards  compteted  his  degrees  in  atts,  and 
comn^enced  schoolmaster,  in  which  capacity  he  acqaireil 
'great  reputation^  and  prepared  for  college  many  student!, 
who  were  afterwards  men  of  eminence.  When  he  died  Is 
unknown,  bnt  he  was  alive  in  1511.  The  gramriiar  be 
|mhliihed  was  entitled  ^'^  Lac  PHeroruni.  M.  Holti.  Mylke 
for  chy  Wren,"  4to,  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  149T. 
It  is  dedicated^  to  Morton  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  anil 
has  some  veiy  elegant  Latin  verses  by  sir  Thomas  More, 
•when  he  was  a  young  man.  The  only  copy  known  is  in 
Mr.  Heber's  fine  collection.  This  grammar,  the  first  me?- 
^odical  piece  of  the  kind  for  the  use  of  schools,  was  long 
-followed  by  John  Stanbiidge,  Robert  Whittington,  Wifliam 
l.ily,  Leonard  Cox,  Henry  Prime,  and  other  sclioc4- 
masters.' 

HOLWELL  (Johk  ZtPHANiAM),  a  learned  EngliA 
'gentleman,  well  known  in  the  history  of  Britirii  India, 
was  the  son  of  Zepbaniah  flolwell,  thnher-merchant  and 
citizen  -of  London,  and  grandson  of  John  Holwell,  a  mathe*  . 
fwaNScal  writer  of  much  feme  in  the  serertieenth  century. 
The  ftither  and  grandfather  of  this  Jchn  Holwell  both  fell 
in  support  of  the  royal  cause  during  the  nsui|yation,  and 
libe  family  estate  of  Holwell- ball,  in  Devonshire,  was  lost 
to  their  descendants  for  ever ;  for  although  Mr.  Holwell 
applied  to  king  Charles  at  the  restoration,  the  only  re* 
compense  he  obtained  was  to  be  appointed  royal  astrono- 
mer and  surveyor  of  the  crown  lands,  and  the  advaneemerit 
of  his  wife  to  a  place  of  some  honour,  but  of  little  emohi- 
ment,  about  the  person  of  the  queen.  Some  years  after  ^ 
lie  was  appointed  mathematical  preceptor  to  the  duke  ^f 
Monmouth,  for  whom  he  conceived  a  warm  attachment, 
-snd,  believing  farm  lo  be  the  legitimate  son  of  the  king, 
-was  ind^^ed  to  take  a  very  active  and  imprudent  pan 
against  the  succession  of  the  duke  of  York,  which  in  the 
end  proved  bis  ruin.  Having  published  in  16S3  a  small 
Latin  tract  called  '^  Catastrophe  Mundi,'*  which  was' soon 
after  translated,  and  is  a  severe  attack  on  the  popish  t^rty, 
he  was  marked  for  destruction  as  soon  as  the  duke  of  York 

4i)QiUe8»  vol.  II. 


dQ  H  O  L  WE  L  L. 

xame  to  the  throne.  Accordingly,  in  1681,  it  was  conr 
trived  that,  in  quality  of  surveyor  to  the  crown,  he  should 
be  sent  to  America,  to  survey  and  lay  down  a  chart  of  the 
town  of  New  York ;  and  at  the  same  time  secret  orderjs 
,  were  sent  to  the  government  agents  there,  to  take  some 
effectual  means  to  prevent  his  return.  In  consequence  of 
this,  it  is  said,  that  he  had  no  sooner  execqt^d  his  commis- 
sion, than  he  died  suddenly,  and  his  death  was  attributed, 
at  the  time  and  on  the  spot,  to  the  application  of  poison 
administered  to  him  in  a  dish  of  coffee.  His  son  was  futher 
to  the  subject  of  the  present  article. 

John  Zephaniah  Holwell  was  bom  at  Dublin,  Sept.  17^ 
1711,  and  at  the  age  of  eight  was  brought  over  to  England, 
and  placed  at  Mr.  M'Kenzie's  grammar-school  at  Richmond 
in  Surrey,  where  he  distinguished  himself  in  classical 
learning.  After  this,  his  father  having  determined  to  breed 
bim  up  to  mercantile  life  in  Holland,  sent  him  to  an  aca- 
demy at  Iselmond  on  the  Mouse,  where  he  learned  th|e 
French  and  Dutch  languages,  and  was  instructed  in  book- 
keeping. He  was  then  placed  in  the  counting-house  of 
Lantwoord,  a  banker  and  ship's-husband  at  Rotterdam^ 
with  a  stipulation  that  he  was  to  be  admitted  as  a  partner  at 
the  expiration  of  five  years.  The  unceasing  toil,  however, 
of  his  new  situation  soon  affected  his  health  to  a  very 
alarming  degree ;  and  although  he  recovered  by  consulting 
the  celebrated  Boerhaave  at  Leyden,  his  inclination  for 
trade  was  gone,'  and  on  his  return  to  England,  his  father, 
finding  him  inflexible  on  this  point,  bound  him  appren* 
tice  to  Mr.  Forbes,  a  surgeon  in  the  Park,  Southwark,  and 
upon  the  death  of  that  gentleman  he  was  placed  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Andrew  Cooper,  senior  surgeon  of  Guy's 
hospital. 

.  Being  now  duly  qualified,  andf  having  lost  his  father  in 
1729,  who  left  a  very  slender  provision  for  his  widow  and 
son,  he  quitted  the  hospital,  and  engaged  himself  as  sur- 
geon's mate  on  board  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  Indiaman, 
which  jailed  from  Gravesend  Feb.  2,  1732,  and  proceeded 
to  Bengal,  where  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  a  frigate 
belonging  to  the  company,  bound  for  the  gulph  of  Persia. 
In  the  course  of  this  voyage  he  acquired  some  knowledge 
of  the  Arabic  tongue,  and  on  his  return  to  Calcutta  em- 
ployed his  leisure  hours  in  studying  the  Moorish  ^nd  com- 
mon Hinduee  languages,  and  the  Lingua  Franca  of  the 
Portuguese.    -In  January  1734  he  made  another  voyage,  as 


\ 


.  H  0  L  W  E  t  L.  9^ 

% 

sargeoo  of  the  ship  Prince  of  Wales,  to  Suri^^  &c.  aud 
80011  after  his  return  to  Bengal,  he  was  appointed  surgeon* 
major  to  the  Patna  party,  usually  consisting  of  about  400 
European  infaDtry^  frhich  annually  left  the  presidency  in 
the.  latter  end  of  Septeoiber,  with  the  company's  trade  for, 
ibeir  factory  at  Patna.  His  next  voyage  was  in  ;tbe  ship 
Prince  of  Orange^  to  Mocha  and  Judda  in  the  Arabian 
gulph.  During  his  stay  there  he  added  to  his  knowledges 
of  the  Arabic  tongue,  and,  on  his  return  to  Ca\cutta  was 
able  to  speak  it  with  tolerable  fluency.  After  another 
visi](,  however,  to  Patna,  as  surgeon-major,  he  was  anxious 
to  quit  this  rambling  life,  and  by  the  interest  of  his  friends 
was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  company's  factory  at  Decca ; 
and  here,  besides  farther  improving  himself  in  the  Moonsh. 
and  Hinduee  tongues,  he  commenced  his  researches  into 
the  Hindu  theology. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1736  he  returned  to  Calcutta, 
and  was  elected  an  alderman  in  the  mayor's  court ;  and  in- 
1740  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  the  hospital,  which 
first  g^ye  him  a  solid  establishment  in  the  company's  ser-» 
vice.  In  1746  he  succeeded  to  the  place  of  principal 
physician  and  surgeon  to  the  presidency ;  and  in  the  yeara 
1747  and  1748  was  successively  elected  mayor  of  the  cor- 
poration. In  Sept.  1749  his  bad  state  of  health  rendered 
it  necessary  for  him  to  return  to  England,  where  he  arrived 
in  the  March  following.  During  this  voyage  he  bad  leisure 
to  arrange  his  materials  on  the  theology  and  doctrines  of 
the  ancient  and  modern  Brahmans,  and  to  digest  a  plam 
which  he  had  formed  for  correcting  abuses  in  the  Zemin* 
dar's  court  at  Calcutta.  This  scheme  of  reform  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  court  of  directors,  who,  in  consequence .  of 
the  advantages  it  promised  to  produce,  appointed  him  per*» 
petual  Zemindar,  and  twelfth,  or  youngest,  in  the  cou'ncU 
at  the  board  of  Calcutta ;  but  With  an  exception  to  any 
further  advancement  in  it.  On  his  arrival  in  Calcutta,  in 
August  17^1,  he  immediately  began  his  system  of  reform, 
which  gave  so  much  satisfaction  to  the  directors,  that  tb^: 
exception  against  his  rising,  in  the  council  wa$  removed, 
and  4000  rupees  added  to  his  salary.  I'he  nature  and 
object  of  this  reform  is  fully  delineated  in  his  ^' India  Tsracts^'* 
a  4to  volume,  which  he  published  at  London  in  1764. 

In  1756  he  rose  to  be  seventh  in  council,  and  in  the 
month  of  June  in  that  year,  Surajah  Dowlah,  nabob  of 
bengal,  attacked  Calcutta.    The  governor  and  seniors  iit 


U  H  O  L  W  E  L  L. 

council  having  deserted  the  place,  the  renainifig  memhets^ 
of  the  board,    with  the  inhabitants  and  trbops,    elected 
Mr.  Holwell  governor  and  commander  in  chief  of  the  fort 
and  presidency ;  who,  supported  by  i  few  gallant  friends^ 
•nd  the  remains  of  a  feeble  garrison,  bravely  held  out  l^e 
jbrt  to  the  last  extremity ;  but  a  noble  defence  could  not 
.preserve  an  untenable    place,    or  affect   an   ungenerous' 
eiiemy.    The  opposition  he  had  met  with  so  incensed  the 
habob,  that  although  on  the  surrender  he  had  given  Mr. 
Holwell  his  word  mat  no  harm  should  come  to  him,  he 
ordered  him  and  his  unfortunate  companions  in  arms,  146 
persons  in  number,  to  be  thrust  into  a  close  prison  called 
the  Black  Hole,  not  eighteen  feet  square,  into  which  no 
tfujj^ply  of  air  could  cotae  but  by  two  small  windows  in  one 
end.     Here  for  one  whole  night  they  were  confined,  and 
in  ibe  morning  only  twenty-three  were  found  alive,  one  of 
whom  was  Mr.  Holwetl,  whose  affecting  and  highly  inte- 
resting **  Narrative*'  of  the  event  was  published  at  London 
in  1758  *•    On  his  delivery  from  this  place  he  was  carried 
in  irons  to  Muxadabad,  but  was  released  on  July  31st  fol- 
lowing, by  the  intercession  of  the  Begum,  Surajah  Dbwlab's 
grandmoUier,  vAko  was  influenced  to  this  act  of  compassioo- 
by  the  reports  of  his  upright  and  lenient  conduct  to  the 
natives  during  the  time  he  presided  in  the  Zemindar  and 
Cutcherry  courts.      He  soon  after  joined  the  wretched 
remnins  of  the  colony  at  Fultafa.     In  December  following 
tlie  presidency  was  retaken  by  vice-admiral  Watson  and 
eolonel  Clive,  and  the  governor  and  council  re-established 
by  them. 

Mr.  Holwell  being  in  a  most  deplorable  state  of  health, 
from  bis  unparalleled  sufferings,  obtained  leave  to  take- 
dispatches  for  the  company  to  England,  and  for  that  pur- 
pose embarked  on  board  the  Syren  sloop,  of  no  more  t^an 
eighty  tons  burthen.  In  February  1757,  after  a  most  ha- 
zardous voyage  of  six  months  in  that  small  ve8se;l  (a  very 
curious  journal  of  which  he  nfterwards  published),  he 
arrived  in  England  ;  and  in  consideration  of  his  meritorious 
services,    eminent  abilities,   and  distinguished  integrity, 

*  At  the  ttne  of  Mr.  Ho^reIi*s4e»th  Uemao  vbo,  ms  mmitipiiiBd  m  t^>  par*^ 

in  119%  there  were  two  survivors  of  rati ve,  manifestecl  the  truest  frieDdship, 

that  horrible  tyranny,  in  Eugland :  Mr.  by  resigning  h  is  station  near  the  window 

Bardett»  residing  at  TbitOD  near  South-  of  the  dungeon  to  Mr.  Holwell,  whg* 

an)pton,.aDd  Capt  Mills  on  the  Haap-  otherwise  must  have  expired  in  a  iesr« 

stead-road.     The  latter,   who,  if  we  ,  minutes, 
mietake  loc,  is  still  iiving,  is  the  ge«- 


HOLWELU  ^ 

iwas  appointed^  by  a  nuajoritjr  of  fifteen  aget9«l{  liinti  in 
ihe  court  o^  directofs,  to  return  tM»  Bengal  ai  lucaessQt  to 
eolanel  Clire  in  that  government ;  but  this  i^ipointmeiit 
hey  ^ith  great  modesty^  decUoed  in  favoof  of  Mr*  Manning** 
haoft.  He  was  tbeil  named  second  in  oemncil,  aiMl  aaceea- 
^or  to  that  gentleman.  In  this  situation  ke  embarked  oil 
.board  tbe  Warren  Indtaasan  in  March  1758;  bnt  betn^ 
detained  by  adverse  winds  till  an  election  of  neur  dtrecfeoit 
took  place)  tbey  reversed  the  whole  ptqceedings  of  tha 
former  court,  and  Mr.  Holwell  was  returned  to  fats  previous 
«i|ualrio<)  as  seventh  ia  council.  With  what  justice  or  Ube>» 
raUty  this  proceeding  was  instituted  we  know  not':  Mr. 
•Holwellj  however,  on  his  arrtvid  in  Bengal^  found  himseil^ 
by  the  ^{^arture  of  some  senior  members  of  the  coudoi^ 
Iciartb  in  rank;  and  in  .17 59^  from. a  similar  renuJTal^  he 
became  aecond,  when  colonel  Cbve  resigned  tbe  gov>em«> 
4Rient  to  hia^  The  conduct  of  his  administration,  and  tbe 
lienefits  the  oompany  derived  from  it,  are  displayed  widi 
eQual  truth  and  modesty  in  the  *'  India  Tracts"  already 
mentioned. 

.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1760  he  was  superseded  by 
Mr.  Vaosittart,  and  in  February  followiftg  be  resigned  all 
employment  in  the  company'<s  service ;  and  in  the  succeed- 
ing month  embarked  for  England  iii  a  noost  wretched  state 
of  health,  which  it  recfuired  upwards  of  twelve  months 
residence  and  care  to  re-establish.  Tired  of  the  bustle  of 
public  life,  he  now  made  his  election  in  favour  of  retire- 
itient  and  tranquillity,  being  possessed  of  an  ample  and 
independent  fortune,  acc^ired  in  the  most  honourable 
planner ;  although  it  has  been  complained  that  he  did  not 
veceive  those  returns  from  the  East  India  Company^  to 
^wbicfa  he  was  entitled  by  bis  long  and  meritorious  services. 
Mr.  Holwell  was  the  first  European  who  studied  the  Hmdu 
antiquities ;  and  although  be  was  uimvoidahly  led  into 
many  terrors  concerning  them,  from  his  being  totally  un-^ 
acquainted  with  the  Saoscreet  language,  he  must  be 
allowed  the  merit  of  having  poimed  out  the  path  .which  ^hs^ 
fiaally  conducted  others  to  those  repositories  of  learning 
and.science.  By  the  capture  of  Calcutta  in  1756,  governor 
Holwell  lost  maaycvrioiK  Hindu  manuscripts,  and  among 
^bem  two  copies  of  the  Sastras,  or  book  of  divine  autho-* 
rtty,  written  ia  the  common  Hinduee  language,  for  which 
the  comausstoners  of  restitution  allowed  him  two  thousand 
Madras  ri^es«    He  also  lost  a  translation  of  a  considerable 


«  holwell; 

•part;  of  liiat  work,  on  which  be  had  employed  eighteen 
•moqths.  However,  during  his  residence  in  Bengal,  after 
:be  wais  removed  from  the  government,  he  resumed  hit 
^searches,,  and  having  recovered  some  manuscripts  by  an 
unforeseen  and  extraordinary  event,  he  was  enabled,  in 
August  1765,  to  publish  the  first  part  of  bis  *^  Intei^esting 
jiistoiricai  events  relative  to  Bengal  and  Indostan  $  as  also 
^tbe  Mythology  of  the  Gentoos ;  and  a  dissertation  on  the 
Metempsychosis,"  Lxxnd.  8vo.  In  1766  and  1771  he  ptib- 
lisbed  the  second  and  third  parts  of  the  same  work,  in 
which  there  is  much  curious  information,  although  ini'Kis 
reasonings  he  has  been  supposed  to  attribute  too  much  of 
divine  authority  to  the  Sastras.  One  of  his  most  valuable 
publications  was  ^^  An  account  of  the  manner  of  inoculat- 
ing, for  tlie  small  pox  in  India,'*  with  observations  on  the 
medical  practice  and  mode  of  treating  that  disease  in  the 
east.  He  piliblisbed  also  ^*  A  new  experiment  for  the 
prevention  of  crimes,*'  1786,  which  consisted  chiefly  in 
establishing  a  system  of  rewards  for  virtue.  His  last  pub- 
lication, *^  Dissertations  on  the  origin,  nature,  and  pursuits 
of  intelligent  beings,  and  on  Divine  Providence,  Religion, 
and  religious  Worship,'*  which  appeared  in  1788,  bore  some 
marks  of  the  whims  of  old  age^  and  contains  some  singular 
and  fanciful  opinions-,  isuch  as  that  God  created  angels  of 
diiferent  degrees,  who  on  their  fall  became,  the  best  of 
them,  Aien,  dogs,  and  horses ;  the  worst,  lions,  tigei^,  and 
other  wild  bea&ts,  :&c  Mr.  Holwell  survived  this  publica* 
tion  about  ten  years,  dying  Monday,  Nov.  5,  1 798,  at  his 
bouse  at  Pinner,  Middlesex.  He  -was  twice  married,  and 
of  bis  family  three  of  his  children  only  survived  him, 
lieut-col.  James  Holwell,  of  Soutbborough  in  Kent;  Mrs^ 
Birch,  the  wife  of  William  Birch,  esq. ;  and  Mrs;  Swinney, 
relict  of  the  late  Dr.  Swinney. 

Mr.  HolweU's  mind  was  stored  with  general  knowle|3ge  : 
his  understanding  was  at  once  sagacious  and  comprehen- 
sive; while  his  imagination  gave  a  lively  and  pleasing 
i:olour  to  all  be  knew  and  every  thing  he  said.  A  taste  for 
^legant  literature,  and  the  possession  of  elegant  accom-» 
plishments,  completed  bis  intellectual  qualifications.  There 
l^as  a  superior  urbanity  in  bis  manners,  which  did  not  pro- 
Qeed  more  from  the  babtts  of.  his  life  than  the  benevolei^d 
of  his  heart;  and  while  his  demeaiiourassimilated  him  to 
the  highest  station,'  it  tendered  him  emitten^ly  pleasing- in 
every  subordinate  rank  ot  soiial  dife.Xi  <He  was, . indeed. 


H  O  L  Y  I>  A  Y.  is 

throughout  life  a  man  of  great  benevolence,  generosity, 
and  candour.^. 

HOLYDAY  (BARTfiN),  an  ingenious  and  learned  English 
divine,  was  the  son  of' a  taylor  in  Oxford,  and  born  in  the 
parish  of  All  Saints  there  about   15^3;     He  was  entered 
early  of  Christ-church  in  the  time  of  Dr.  Ravis,  his  relation 
and  patroY),  by  whom  he  was  chosen  student;  and  in  1615 
he  took  orders.     He  was  before  noticed-  for  his  skill  in 
poetry  and  oratory,  and  now  distingViished  himself  so  much 
by  his  eloquence  and  populaHty  as  a  preacher,  that  he  had 
two  benefices  conferred  on  him  in  the  diocese  of  Oxford. 
In  1618  he  went  as  ebaplain  to  sir  Francis  Stewart,  wheti 
he  accompanied  the  coijint  Gundamore  to  Spain,  in  which 
journey  Holyday  exhibited  such  agreeable  conversation* 
talents,    that  the  count*  was  greatly   pleased    with  him. 
Afterwards  he  became  chaplain  to  the  king,  aud  was  pro^ 
inoted  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Oxford  before  1626.     In 
1642  he  was  made  a  doctor  of  divinity  by  mandamus  at 
Oxford  ;  near  which  place  he  sheltered  himself  during  the 
time  of  the  rebellion.     When  the  royal  party  declined, 
he  so  far  sided  with  the  prevailing  powers,  as  to  undergo 
the  examination  of  the  triers,  in  order  to  be  inducted  into 
the  rectory  of  Chilton  in  Berkshire ;  for  he  had  lost  his 
livings,  and  the  profits  of  his  archdeaconry,  and  could  not 
well  bear  poverty  and  distress.     This  drew  upon  him  much 
censure  from  his  own  party ;    some  of   whom,  however, 
>  says  Wood, .  commended  him,  since  he  had  thus  made 
provision  for  a  second  wife  he  had  lately  married.     After 
the  Restoration  he  quitted  this  living,  and  returned  to  Iffley 
near  Oxford,  to  live  on  his  archdeaconry  ;  and  had  he  not 
acted  a  temporizing  part,  it  was  said  he  might  have  been 
raised  to  much  higher  promotion.     |lis  poetry,  however, 
got  him  a  name  in  those  days,  and  he  stood  fair  for  pre- 
ferment.     His   philosophy  also,    discovered  in   his  book 
*'  De  Anima,*'  and  his  welManguaged  sermons,  says  Wood, 
speak  him  eminent  in  his  generation,  and  shew  him   to 
have  traced  the  rough  parts  of  learning,  as  well  as  the 
pleasant  paths  of  poetry.     He  died  at  Iffley,  Oct.  2,  1661, 
and  was  buried  at  Christ-church. 

His  works  consist  of  twenty  sermons,  published  at  dif- 
ferent times.  ^'  Technogamia,  or  the  Marriage  of  Arts, 
a  comedy,^*   1630*.     ^*  Philosopbis  pQlito-barbarse  speci- 

I  Asiatic  Annual  Register,' vol.  I. 

*  Wood  teltt'iis  that  thii  ^iec«^  bail      halt  in  the  yenr  1617,  but  witb  do  very 
been  publicly  ade^l  in  Cbrisicburcii     great  applause  ^  but  tbat  tbe  irits  of 


#« 


tt  0  t  Y  0  A  Y. 


mevi^  m  c^o  d«  ftnima  &  ^us  habititius  ioteUeetuaUbas 
iqusBstiones  aliquot  libris  duobus  illustrantur^*'  162(3,  4lq4 
*^  purvey  of  the  World,  in  ten  books,  i^  poena/'  1661,  8to. 
B^t  the  work  be  is  koown  for  now  U  his  **  TraasUtion  o^ 
tbe  /Satires  of  Juvepal  and  Persius;''  for  thougpb  bis  poetry 
ia  but  ixidiflPeren^  bis  translation  is  allowed  to  be  faithful^ 
and  bis  nqtes  g^d^.  Tbe  second  edition  of  bis  *'  Persiqs** 
was  published  in  1616  ;  and  the  fourth,  at  tbe  end  of  tb^ 
^<  Satires  of  Juvenal  illustrated,  witb  notes  and  sculptures,^* 
^673,  folio.  Dryden,  in.  the  dedication  of  bis  ''Trans« 
la^on  of  Juvenal  and  Persii^,''  qaakes  tbi^  foiiowiog  critique 
ppou  our  autbor's  performance  :  ^^  If,*'  says  b9,  ^^  rendefiog 
tbe  exact  sense  of  these  autbots,  pdraost  line  for  line,  bad 
be;^  opr  business,  Barten  Holyday  bad  done  it  already  U$ 
our  handa ;  and  by  tbe  help  of  bis  learned  notes  and  illxisr 
tratioQs,  not  only  Juvenal  and  Persias,  but  (what  is  ye€ 
more  obscure)  bis.  own  verses  migbt  be  understood.'* 
Speaking]  a  little  farther  on^  of  close  and  literal  tran8lat.ioni 
be  ad4sy  that  ^f  Holyday,  whq  m^de  this  way  bis  cboi^e^ 
seized  tbe  meaai^  of  Juve;Dal,  but  tbe  poetry  bi|s  alwaya 
escaped  bini^''  In.  bis  account  of  Holyday's  wriiingSf 
Wood  h93  omitted  an  instructive  and  entertaining  litiW 
work  entitled  '^  Comes  jucundus  in  via/'  which  he  pub* 
lished  anonymously  in  1658.  In  the  latter  part  of  tbe 
^cond  addr<ess  to  the  r^tader,  tbed:e  is  s^  quainx  aUusiop  tp 
his  name.' 

HOLYOAKE  (Francis),  a  learned  Englisbipan,  memoirs 
able  for  having  made  an/^  Etymological  Dictionary  of  Latin 
woards,"  was  born  at  Nether  Wtuta(i:re  in  Warwickshirei 
about  156-7,  and  studied  in  the  university  of  Ox£or^  abo^ii 
X582  ;  but  it  does  not  appear  tbat  be  ever  took  a  degree4 


those  times,  being  willing  to  clSstinguish 
themselnes  before  the  king,  were  re- 
solved, with  leave,  to  act  tbe  Mine  co-> 
iqedy  at  Woodstock.  Permission  being 
obtained,  it  was  accordingly  acted  oa 
9nnday  eTeaing^  Aqg.  96,  16^1.  But, 
whether  it  was  too  grave  for  bis  majesty 
and  too  scholastic  for  the  audience,  or 
^belbef,  assoraeeaid*  tbe'aolofs  bad 
taken  too  mnch  wine  before  they  began, 
IQ  order  to  remove  their  timidity,  his 
mejesty  grew  so  lirc^  with  the  perform- 
anee,  tbat»  after  the  two  first  acts  were 
over,  he  several  times  made  efforts  to 
begone.     At  length,  however,  being 


persuaded  by  those  who  were  about 
him  to  have  patience  till  It  was  over, 
lest  tbe  yoqog  men  should  be  disooU'S- 
raged  by  so  apparent  a  slight  shewn  to 
them,  be  did  sit  it  ont,  though  much 
ag«ittst.|iis  will.  Qn  which  tbe  foHow- 
ing  smart  and  ingeoieus  epigram  was 
made  by  a  c<rrtain  scholar: 
**  At  Chnst^bUrch  Marriage,  dent  be- 
fore the  king. 
Lest  tbat  their  mates  should  want  ao 

offering, 
TbekHSg  bimself  did.o0wv    Wb^t»  I 

pray  ? 
He  oj(fer»d  twice  or  thrice — to  go  away.^ 


>  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  n.— Wood's  Life,  8vo.  177^.— Lloyd's  Memein,  fol — ^Ma- 
tone's  Orjrden,  vol.  IV.  p.  186.  218. 


JI  O  L  Y  O  A  K  E.  S7 

He  taught  school  at  Oxford,  and  in  his  own  country  ;  and 
became  rector  of  Southam  in  Warmckshire,  1604.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  convocation  of  the  clergy  in 
the  first  year  of  Charles  the  First^s  reign  ;  and  afterwards, 
in  the  civil  wai^,  suffered  extremely  for  his  attachment  to 
that  king.  He  died  Nov.  13,  1653,  and  was  buried  at 
i\^arwick.  His  **  Dictionary^'  was  first  printed  in  I60e^ 
4to ;  aqd  the  fourth  edition  in  1633,  augm^ted,  was  dedi-. 
cated  to  Laud,  then  bishop  of  London.  He  subscribed 
himself  in  Latin,  ^' Franciscus' de  sacra  quercu.*^^ 

HOLYOAKE  (Thomas),  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  1616  at  Stony-Thorp  near  Southam  in  Warwick- 
fibire,  and  educated  in  grammar  learning  Under  Mr.  White 
at  Coventry ;  from  whence  he  Was  sent  in  Michaelmas  term 
1632,  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  to  Queen's  college  in 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  bachek>r  of  arts  July 
5, 1636,  and  that  of  master,  May  16,  1639,  and  became 
chaplain  of  the  college.  In  the  beginning  of  the  civfl 
wars,  when  Oxford  became  the  seat  of  king  Charles,  and 
was  garrisoned  for  his  use,  he  was  put  into  commission 
for  a  captain  of  a  foot  company,  consisting  mostly  of 
ftcholars.  In  this  post  he  did  great  service,  and  had  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  divinity  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
fiivour  of  his  majesty,  though  no  such  matter  occurs  in  the 
public  register  of  the  univ^sity,  which  was  then  sometimes 
neglected.  After  the  surrender  of  the  garrison  of  Oxford 
to  the  parliament,  he,  by  the  name  of  Thomas  Holyoke^ 
without  the  addition  of  master  of  arts,  bachelor  or  doctor 
of  divinity,  obtained  a  licence  from  the  university  to  prac- 
tise physic,  and  settling  in  his  own  country,  he  practised 
with  good  success  till  the  Restoration  in  1660,  in  which 
year  Thomas  lord  Leigh,  baron  of  Stone  Leigh  in  War- 
wickshire, presented  him  to  .the  rectory  of  Wbitnash  near 
Warwick.  He  was  soon  after  made  prebendary  of  the  col- 
legiate church  of  Wolverhampton  in  Staffordshire.  In 
1674  Robert  lord  Brook  conferred  upon  him  the  donative 
of  Breamour  in  Hampshire  (which  he  had  by  the  mar- 
riage of  bis  lady),  worth  about  two  hundred  pounds  per 
annum ;  but,  before  he  had  enjoyed  it  a  year,  he  died  of  a 
fever,  June  10, 1 675.  His  body  was  interred  near  that  of  his 
fether  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  in  Warwick.  His  Dic^ 
tionary  was  published  after  his  death  in  1677^  in  foL  aod^ 

»  Ath.  Ox.,  vol.  II. 

VouXVin.  H 


98     .  H  O  L  Y  O  A  K  E. 

AS. Wood  says^  ^<  i^  made  upon  the  foundation  laid  by 
hi§  father,'*  Before  it  are  two  epistles,  one  by  the 
author's  son,  Charles  Holyoake  of  the  Inner  Temple^ 
dedicating  the  work  to  lord  Brooke,  and  another  by  Dn 
jBarlow,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  which  contains  many  parti- 
culars of  the  work  and  its. author.  He  had  another  soo^ 
the  Itev*  Henry.  Holyoake,  who  was  for  forty  years 
xnaster  of  Rugby  school  in  Warwickshire,  and  died 
inl73L^ 

HOLYWOOD  (John),  or  Halifax,  or  Sacrohosco^  was, 
according  to  Leland,  Bale,  and  Pits,  born  at  Halifax  in 
Yorkshire,  which  Mr.  Watson  thinks  very  improbable ; 
accordi^ig  to  Stainhurst,  at  Holywood  near  Dublin ;  and 
according  to  Dempster  and  Mackenzie,  in  Nithsdale  ia 
Scotland.  There  may  perhaps  have  been  more  than  one 
of  the  name  to  occasion  this  difference  of  opinion.  Mac- 
kenzie informs  us,  that  having  finished  bis  studies,  he 
entered  into  orders,  and  became  a  canon  regular  of  the 
order  of  St.  Augustin  in  the  famous  monastery  of  Holy- 
wood  in  Nithsdale.  The  English  biographers,  on  the  con- 
trary, tell  us  that  he  was  educated  at  Oxford.  They  all 
agree  however  in  asserting,  that  he  spent  most  of  his  life  ak 
Paris ;  where^  says  Mackenzie,  he  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  university,  June  5,  1221,  under  the  syndics  of  the 
Scotch  nation ;  and  soon  after  was  elected  professor  of  m^* 
thematics,  which  he  taught  with  applause  for  many  years* 
According  to  the  same  author,  he  died  in  1256,  as  appear^ 
from  the  inscription  on  his  monument  in  the  cloisters  of  the 
convent  of  St.  Maturine  at  Paris. 

Holywood  was  contemporary  with  Roger  Bacon,  but 
probably  older  by  about  20  years.  He  was  certainly  the 
first . mathematician  of  his  time;  and  he  wrote,  I.  ^^De, 
Sphs^ra  Mundi,"  Venice,  1478,  1490,^  4to,  a  work  often 
reprinted,  and  illustrated  by  various  commentators.  2.  ^'De 
Anni  Ratione,  sen  de  Computo  Ecclesiastico.''  3.  ^<  De 
Algorismo/'  printed  with  ^*  Comm.  Petri  Cirvilli  Hisp.'* 
ParijS,.  1498.* 

ROMBERG. (William),  a  cele))rated  chemist,  was  bora 
at  Batavia  in  the  island  of  Java/Jan.  3,  1652|  the  son  of 
John  Homberg,  a  Saxon  gentleman,  governor  of  the 
arsenal  of  that  place.     His  father  at  first  put  him  into  the 

^  Ath^Os.  Vol.  Il.-^^en.  Dkt.— Oent.  Mag«  vol.  L 

•  Mackenzie's  SootclrWriten,  toI.  I.— Harrii'i  •ditioB  of  Ware's  Ircbad««» 
Wstson'i  Haiifaz.-— Hutton*B  Pictionary, 


H  O  M  B  £  R  O; 


99 


army)  but  soon  after  qoitting  .the  service  of  the  Dutcb^  and 
a  military  life,  brought  him  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  settled. 
He,  was  now  educated,  by  paternal  indulgence,  at  Jena  and 
Leipsic,  for  the  law,  and  was  received  as  an  advocate  ia 
1674  at  Magdebourg,  but  the  sciences  seduced  him  from 
the  law  :  in  his  walks  he  became  a  botanist,  and  in  his  noc" 
turnal  rambles  an  astronomer.  An  intimacy  with  Otto  de: 
Guericke,  who  lived  at  Magdebourg,  completed  his  con-> 
version,  and  he  resolved  to  abandon  his  first  profession* 
Otto,  though  fond  of  mystery,  consented  to  communicate 
his  knowledge  to  so  promising  a  pupil ;  but  as  his  friends 
continued  to  press  him  to  be  constant  to  the  law,  he  soon 
quitted  Magdebourg,  and  went  into  Italy.  At  Padua  and 
Bologna  he  pursued  his  favourite  studies,  particularly  me«* 
dicine,  anatomy,  botany,  and  chemistry.  One  of  his  first 
efforts  in  the  latter  science  was  the  complete  discovery  of 
the  properties  of  the  Bologna  stone,  and  its  phosphoric 
appearance  after  calcination,  which  Casciarolo  had  first 
observed.  The  efforts  of  Homberg  in  several  scientific 
inquiries,  were  pursued  at  Rome,  in  France,  in  England 
with  the  great  Boyle,  and  afterward  in  Holland  and  Ger-- 
many.  With  Baldwin  and  Kunckel  he  here  pursued  the 
subject  of  phosphorus.  Not  yet  satisfied  with  travelling. 
in  search  of  knowledge,  he  visited  the  mines  of  Saxony, 
Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  jSweden.  Having  materially  im- 
proved himself,  and  at  the  same  time  assisted  the  progress 
of  chemistry  at  Stockholm,  he  returned  to  Holland,  and 
thence  revisited  France,  where  he  was  quickly  noticed  by 
Colbert.  By  his  interposition,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to 
quit  his  intention  of  returning  to  Holland  to  marry,  accord-; 
ing  to  the  desire  of  his  father,  and  fixed  himself  in  France^ 
This  step  also  alienated  him  from  his  religion.  He  re- 
nounced theProtestaut  communion  in  1682,  and  thus  losing 
all  connexion  with  his  family,  became  dependent  on,  Louis 
XIV.  and  his  minister.  This,  however,  after  the  death  of 
Colbert  in  1683,  ^became  a  miserable  dependence ;  men  of 
learning  and  science  were  neglected  as  much  as  before 
fhey  had  been  patronized;  and  Homberg,  in  1687,  left 
Paris  for  Rome,  and  took  up  the  profession  of  physic.  He 
now  pursued  and  perfected  his  discoveries  on  phosphorus, 
and  prosecuted  his  discoveries  in  pneumatics,  and  other 
branches  of  natural  philosophy.  Finding,  after  some  time^ 
that  the  learned  were  again  patronized  at  Paris,  he  returned 
there  in  1690,  and  entered  into  the  academy  of  sciences 

H  2 


100  H  O  M  B  E  R  G. 

under  the  protection  of  M.  de  Bignon.  He  now  resumed 
thei  study  of  cbemistryy  but  found  his  finances  too  limited 
to  carry  on  bis  experiments  as  he  wished,  till  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  be  appointed  chemist  to  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
afterwards  regent  In  this  situation  he  was  supplied  with 
the  most  perfect  apparatus,  and  all  materials  for  scientific' 
investigation.  Among  other  instruments,  the  large  burning 
mirror  of  Tschirnaus  was  given  to  his  care,  and  he  made 
with  it  the  most  interesting  experiments,  on  the  combusti- 
bility of  gold  and  other  substances.  In  examining,  the 
nature  of  borax  he  discovered  the  sedative  salt,  and  traced 
several  remarkable  properties  of  that  production.  Pleased 
with  the  researches  of  his  chemist,  the  duke  of  Orleans  in 
1704  appointed  him  his  first  physician.  About  the  same 
time  he  was  strongly  solicited  by  the  elector  palatine  to 
settle  in  his  dominions,  but  h^  was  too  much  attached  to 
his  present  patron  to  quit  Paris,  and  was  besides  not  without 
an  inclination  of  a  more  tender  kind  for  mademoiselle 
Dodart,  daughter  to  the  celebrated  physician  of  that  name. 
He  married  her  in  1708,  though  hitherto  much  averse  to 
matrimony ;  but  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his  change  of  sen- 
timents only  seven  years,  being  attacked  in  1715  with  a 
dysentery,  of  which  he  died  in  September  of  that  year. 

Homberg  was  indefatigable  in  application,  and  his  man- 
ners were  mild  and  social.  Though  bis  constitution  was 
not  robust,  he  was  rather  addicted  to  pleasure,  and  was  glad 
to  forget  his  fatigues  in  the  charms  of  good  company* 
He  did  not  publish  any  complete  work,  the  productions 
he  has  left  being  only  memoirs  in  the  volumes  of  the 
academy.' 

HOME  (David),  was  a  protestant  minister  of  a  distin- 
guished family  in  Scotland,  but  educated  in  France,  where 
be  passed  the  chief  part  of  his  life.  James  I.  employed 
him  to  reconcile  the  differences  between  Tilenus  and  da 
iVlouIin^  on  the  subject  of  justification ;  and,  if  possible,  to 
reconcile  the  protestants  throughout  Europe  to  one  single 
form  of  doctrine';  but  this  was  found  impracticable.  The 
chief  work  of  Home  is,  his,  1.  '^  Apologia  Basilica;  sea 
Machiavelli  ingenium  examinatum,''  1626,  4to.   There  are 

,  attributed  to  him  also,  2.  *^  Le  contr'  Assassin,  ou  reponse 
a  TApologie   des  Jiesuites,**   Geneve,    1612,  in  8vo.     3. 

'  ^*  L'Assassinait  du  Roi,  ou  maximes  du  Viel  de  la  Mon- 

1  Nioerop,  fol.  XlV.-^Cliaaiepie. 


HOME.  101 

tsig^^i  pratiqu^es  en  la  personne  de  defuDt  Henri  le 
Grand/'  1617,  8vo.  He  is  also  the  author  of  several  com- 
positions in  .the  '*  Deiiciae  Poetarum  Scotorum.''  The 
times  of  his  binh  and  death  are  not  known.' 

HOME  (Henry),  usually  called  Lord  Kames,  an  emi- 
nent Scotch  lawyer,  philosopher,  and  critic,  the  son  of 
George  Home  of  Karnes,  in  the  county  of  Berwick,  was 
born  at  Karnes  in  1696.  He  was  descended  from  an  an-^ 
cient  and  honourable  family ;  being  on  bis  father's  side, 
the  great  grandson  of  sir  John  Home  of  Renton,  whose 
ancestor  was  a  cadet  of  th^  family  of  the  earls  of  Home, 
who  held  the  office  of  lord  justiccrclerk  in  the  reign  of 
king  Charles  H.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Mr.  WaU 
kinshaw  of  Barrowfield,  and  grand-daughter  of  Mr.  Ro- 
bert Baillie,  principal  of  the  university  of  Glasgow,  of 
whom  an  account  is  given  in  our  third  volume.  His  father 
having  lived  beyond  his  income,  and  embarrassed  bis 
affairs,  Henry,  op  entering  the  world,  had  nothing  to  trust 
to  but  his  own  abilities  and  exertions,  a  circumstance  which 
although  apparently  unfavourable,  was  always  most  justly- 
regarded  by  him  as  the  primary  cause  of  his  success  in  life. 
The  only  education  he  had  was  from  private  instructions 
at  home  from  a  tutor  of  the  name  of  Wingate,  of  whom  he 
never  spoke  in  commendation. 

With  no  other  stock  of  learning  than  what  he  had  ac- 
quired from  this  Mr.  Wingate,  he  was,  about  1712,  bound 
by  indenture  to  attend  the  office  of  a  writer  of  the  signet 
in  Edinburgh,  as  preparatory  to  the  profession  of  a  writer 
.or  solicitor  before  the  supreme. court;  but  circumstances^ 
hispired  him  with  the  ambition  of  becoming  an  advocate ; 
and  now  being  sensible  of  bis  defective  education,  he  re- 
sumed the  study  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  to 
which  he  added  French  and  Italian,  and  likewise  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  mathematics,  natural  philosophy, 
logic,  ethics,  and  metaphysics.  These  pursuits,  which  be 
followed  at  tlie  same  time  with  the  study  of  the  law,  af- 
forded, independently  of  their  own  value,  a  most  agree- 
able variety  of  employment  to  his  active  mind.  His  atten- 
tion appears  to  have  been  much  turned  to  metaphysical 
investigation,  for  which  he  all  his  life  entertained  a  strong 
predilection.  About  1723,  he  carried  .on  a  correspond- 
ence with  the  celebrated  Andrew  Baxter,  and  Dr.  Clarke^ 
vpon  subjects  of  that  kind. 

^  Maichanili  vol.  L— Diet.  Hist. 


102  HOME. 

In  January  1724,  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  at  a  time 
vrhen  both  the  bench  and  bar  were  filled  by  men  of  ui|- 

•  common  eminence.  As  he  did  not  possess  in  any  great 
degree  the  powers  of  an  orator,  he  engaged  for  some  time 
but  a  moderate  share  of  practice  as  a  barrister.     In  1728, 

'  he  published  a  folio  volume  of  ^^  Remarkable  Decisions  of 
the  Court  of  Session,"  executed  with  so  much  judgment, 
that  he  began  to  be  regarded  as  a  young  man  of  talents, 
who  had  his  profession  at  heart,  and  would  spare  no  pains 
to  acquit  himself,  with  honour,  in  the  most  intricate  causes 
in  which  he  might  be  employed.  His  practice  was  qi\ickly 
increased  ;  and  after  ^732,  when  he  published  a  small  vo« 
lume,  entitled  *'  Essays  upon  several  subjects  in  Law,"  he 
was  justly  considered  as  a  profound  and  scientific  lawyer. 
These  essays  afford  an  excellent  example  of  the  mode  of 
reasoning  which  iie  afterwards  pursued  in  most  of  his  juris-  . 
prudential  writings,  and,  in  the  opinion  of  his  biographer, 
furnish  an  useful  model  for  that  species  of  investigation.  - 
Mr.  Home,  in  every  period  of  his  life,  was  fond  of  so- 
cial intercourse,  and  with  all  his  ardour  of  sti^dy,  and  va- 
riety of  literary  and  professional  occupations,  a  consi- 
derable portion  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  enjoyments 
of  society  in  a  numerous  circle  of  acquaintance.  Among 
his  early  friends  or  associates  we  find  the  names  of  colonel 
Forrester,  Hamilton  of  Bangour,  the  earl  of  Findlater,  Mr. 
Oswald,  David  Hume,  and  Dr.  (afterwards  bishop)  But- 
ler, with  whom  he  had  a  correspondence.  In  M 74 1  be 
married  miss  Agatha  Drummond,  a  younger  daughter  of 

•James  Drummond,  esq.  of  Blair,  in  the  county  of  Perth. 

•  His  fortune  being  then  comparatively  small,  oeconomy 
Ibecame  a  necessary  virtue,  but  unfortunately,  this  lady, 
who  had  a  taste  for  every  thing  that  is  elegant,  was  parti- 
cularly fond  of  old  china;  and  soon  after  her  marriage  had 
made  such  frequent  purchases  in  that  way  as  to  impress 
her  husband  with  some  little  apprehension  of  her  extra- 
vagance. After  some  consideration,  he  devised  an  inge- 
nious expedient  to  cure  her  of  this  propensity.  He  framed 
a  will,  bequeathing  to  his  spouse  the  whole  of  the  china 
that  should  be  found  in  his  possession  at  his  death ;  and 
this  deed  be  immediately  put  into  her  own  hands.  The 
success  of  the  plot  was  complete ;  the  lady  was  cured  froin 
that  moment  of  her  passion  for  old  china.  This  stratagenA 
his  biographer  justly  considers  as  a  proof  of  the  autbqr's 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  human  miad;,  and  discernment 


HOME.  lOl 

«f  thie  power  of  the  passions  to  balance  and  restrain  each 
other.  It  is,  indeed,  in  its  contriiranoe  and  result,  equally 
honourable  to  the  husband  and  wife. 

The  mode  in  which  Mr.  Home  occupied  bis  time,  both 
in  town  and  country,  appears  to  have  been  most  judicious. 
In  town  he  was  an  active  and  industrious  barrister;  in  the 
country  he  was  a  scientific  farmer  on  his  paternal  estate^ 
which  came  to  him  in  a  very  waste  and  unproductive  con- 
dition. He  had  the  honour  to  be  among  the  first  who  in^ 
troduced  the  English  improvements  in  agriculture  into 
Scotland.  Amidst  all  this  he  found  leisure,  durilig  the 
vacaticms  of  the  court,  to  compose  those  various  works 
which  he  has  left  to  posterity.  In  1741  he  published,  ia 
2  vol«L  fol.  the  *'  Decisions  of  the  Court  of  Session,  from 
its  institution 'to  the  present  time,  abridged  and  digested 
under  proper  heads,  in  the  form  of  a  Dictionary,"  a  cool- 
position  of  great  labour,  the  fruit  of  many  years,  and  a 
work  of  the  highest  utility  to  the  profession  of  the  law  in 
Scotland.  In  1747  he  published  a  small  treatise  entitled 
*'  Essays  upon  several  subjects  concerning  British  Anti- 
quities.^' The  subjects  are,  the  feudal  law ;  the  constitu- 
tion of  parliament;  honour  and  dignity;  succession  pr 
descent ;  and  the  hereditary  and  indefeasible  rights  of 
kings.  These  were  delicate  subject^at  that  time  in  Scot- 
land, and  the  general  doctrines  p^?baps  more  seasonable 
than  now. 

In  17S1  Mr.  Home,  though  now  at  the  head  of  the  bar, 
published  a  work  entitled  ^^  Essays  on  the  principles  of 
Morality  and  Natural  Religion,"  the  object  of  which  is  to 
prove  that  the  great  laws  of  morality  which  ijifluence  the 
conduct  of  man  as  a  60cial  being,  have  their  foundation  in 
the  human  constitution  ;  and  areas  certain  and  immutable 
as  those  physical  laws  which  regulate  the  whole  system  of 
nature.  His  biographer  attributes  this  publication  to  the 
desire  of  its  author  to  counteract  some  sceptical  doctrines 
of  his  friend  David  Hume,  which  he  had  invain  endeavoured 
to  suppress;  That  the  work,  however,  had  not  this  effect^ 
we  know,  in  point  of  fact ;  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in 
asserting  that  it  was  not  calculated  to  produce  the  effect^ 
as  it  leads  to  consequences  as  fatal  as  any  which  have  fol- 
lowed David  Hume's  works.  It  accordingly  attracted  the- 
notice  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  although  be  appears  to> 
have  had  friends  enough  in  the  general  assembly  to  prevent^ 
its  being  censured.    In  some  respect  he  saw  his  error^  and 


iQ4  it  O  M  E. 

endeavoured  to  amend  it  rn  a  second  edition  ;  but  in  the 
third  it  seems  doubtful  -whether  he  has  not  retained  the 
most  offensive  of  his  opinions. 

In  Feb.  1752  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
court  of  session,  and  took  his  seat  on  the  bench  by  the  title 
of  lord  Kames.  This  promotion  was  attended  with  the 
general  satisfaction  of  bis  country^  as  he  stood  high  in 
the  public  esteem,  both  on  the  score  of  bis  abilities,  and 
knowledge  of  the  laws,  and  his  integrity  and  moral  virtues^ 
As  a  judge,  his  opinions  and  decrees  were  dictated  by  an 
mciite  understanding,  an  ardent  feeling  of  justice,  and  a 
perfect  acquaintance  with  the  jurisprudence  of  his  bountry, 
which^  notwithstanding  the  variety  of  pursuits  in  which  hi# 
comprehensive  mind  had  already  found  exercise^  had  al- 
ways been  his  principal  ^tudy,  and  the  favoifrite  object  of 
his  researches.  The  situation  which  he  now  filled,  while 
it  eKtended  his  opportunities  of  promoting  every  species 
of  improvement,  gave  the  greater  weight  and  efficacy  tO' 
his  patronage ;  and  his  example  and  encouragement  were 
more  particularly  beneficial  in  exciting  a  literary  spirit, 
which  iiow  began  to  prevail  among  bis  countrymen,  and 
which  was  destined  to  shine  forth  in  his  own  times  with  no 
common  lustre.  It  was  but  a  just  tribute  to  bis  merits 
when,  many  years  afterwards.  Dr.  Adam  Smith,  then  in 
the  height  of  his  literary  reputation',  said,  in  reference  to 
^  remark  on  the  great  number  of  eminent  writers  which 
Scotland  bad  of  late  years  produced,  ^^  We  must  every 
one  of  us  acknowledge  Kaoies  for  our  master.'* 

It  was  not,  however,  to  the  cultivation  and  patronage 
of  literature,  and  to  the  duties  of  a  judge  in  the  court  of 
session,  that  the  time  and  talents  of  lord  Kames  were 
wholly  confined.  He  was  appointed  in  1755  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fisheries, 
artisi,  and  manufactures  of  Scotland,  and  soon  after  .one  of 
the  commissioners  for  the  management  of  the  forfeited 
estates ;  and  in  the  discharge  of  these  important  trusts  he 
WAS  a  zealous  and  faithful  servant  of  the  public.  Amidst 
such  multifarious  employment,  he  found  leisure  to  com* 
pose,  and  in  1757,  to  publish,  in  one  volume  8vo,  <<  The 
Statute  Law  of  Scotland  abridged,  with  historical  notes,V 
a  work  which  still  retains  its.  rank  among  those  which  are  in 
daily  use  with  barristers  and  practitioners.  About  tbiis 
period  he  conceived  the  hope  of  improving  the  liaw  of  Scot* 
land  by  fissimilating  it  a«  much  as  possible  with  the  kw  of 


/ 


HOME.  IQS 

England.  With  this  view,  after  corresponding  on  the  sub- 
ject with  the  lord  chancellor  Hardwicke,  he  published 
^  Historical  Law  Tracts/'  1759,  Svo.  In  this  be  advances 
some  singular  opinions  on  the  subject  of  the  criminal  law, 
which  are,  in  our  opinion,  but  feebly  defended  by  hit 
biographer.  The  work,  however,  has  undergone  several 
editions,  and  still  preserves  its  reputation ;  and  with  the 
samejriew  of  counteracting,  as  £ir  as  possible,  the  incon* 
venipncies  arising  from,  two  systems  of  law  regulating  the 
separate  dtvisipns  of  the  united  kingdom,  be  published  in 
1760  his  ^'  Principles  of  Equity,"*  fol.  Courts  of  equity 
and  common  law  are  separate  in.  England,  but  the  powers 
of  b^th  are  united  in  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland, 
and  it  is  for  this  union  lord  Kames  contends-  in  the  pubUca* 
tion  just  mentioned. 

The  greater  part  of  lord  Kames^s  works  had  hitherto  been 
connected  with,  his  profession,  but  in  1761  be  published  a 
small  volume  on  the  elementary  principles  of  education^ 
entitled  an  '<  Introduction  to  the  art  of  Thinking.'*  This 
has  often  been  reprinted  as  an  useful  manual  for  young 
persons,  although,  some  parts  of  it  are  rather  above  their 
comprehension.  In  1762  he  published,  in  3  vols.  8vo,  his 
*^  Elements. of  Criticism,"  the  work,  which,  of  all  others, 
is  best  known  in  England.  We  cannot,  however,  agree 
with  his  biographer,  that  it  entitles  him  to  be  considered 
as  the  inventor  of  philosophical  criticism,  although  be  has 
unquestionably  done  much  to  advance  it,  and  some  of  his 
principles  have  been  followed  by  subsequent  writers  on  the 
subject.     Blair  is  evjidently  much  indebted  to  him. 

In  1763  he  waa  appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  justiciary, 
the  supreme. criminal  tribunal  in  Scotland.  The  mere  fact 
of  his  appointment.is  suted  by  bis  biographer,  but  we  have 
seen  a  letter  from  him  ia  which  he  appKed  for  it  to  a  no- 
bleman  in  power.  This  important  duty  he  continued  to 
discbarge  "with  equal  diligence  and  ability,  and  with  the 
strictest  rectitude  of  moral  feeling.  In  1766  he  received 
a  very  large  addition  to  his  income  by  succession  to  an 
estate  called  Blair-Drummond,  which  devolved  on  his  wife 
by  the  death  of  her  brother,  and  which  furnished  him  with 
opportunities  of  displaying  bis  taste  and  skill  in  embellish** 
ing  hia  plfsasure^grounds  and  improving  his  lands.  His 
ideas  as  a  land*holder  do  him  much  honour  :  ^'  In  point  of 
morality,"  he  says  in  a  letter  to  the  late  duchess  of  Gordon, 
^U  consid^,  that  di0  people  upon  our  estates  are  trusted  by 


106  HOME. 

Providence  to  our  care,  and  that  we  are  accountable  for 
our  management  of  thetn  to  the  great  God,  their  Creator 
as  well  as  onrs,^'  Before  this  accession  to  bis  fortune  he 
bad  published,  in  1765,  a  small  pamphlet  on  the  progress 
of  flax^hiisbandry  in  Scotland,  with  the  patriotic  design  of 
stimulating  his  countrymen  to  continue  their  exertions  iif 
a  most  valuable  branch  of  national  industry.  He  was  also 
very  active  in  promoting  the  project  of  the  canal  between 
the  Forth  and  Clyde,  now  completed,  andwhicb  has  been 
beneficially  followed  by  other  undertakings  of  a  similar 
kind.  In  1766  be  published  ^^  Remarkable  decisions  of 
the  Court  of  Session,  from  17S0  to  1752,*'  fol.  a  period 
which  includes  that  of  his  own  practice  at  the  bar.  These 
reports  afford  the  strongest  evidence  of  the  great  ability 
and  legal  knowledge  of  their  compiler,  but  his  biographer 
allows  that  the  authorV  own  argument  is  generatly  stated 
with  greater  amplitude,  and  is  nyore  strenuously  enforced 
than  that  which  opposes  his  side  of  the  question. 

In  1774  he  published,  in  2  vols.  4to,  his  "  Sketches  of 
the  History  of  Man,''  which  of  all  his  works,  if  we  except 
the  ^^  Elements  of  Criticism,"  has  been  the  most  generally 
read.  It  is  greatly  to  his  honour  that  when  many  of  his 
opinions  were  controverted,  he  not  only  received  the  hints 
and  remarks  with  candour,  but  sought  out  and  behaved  with 
great  iliberality  to  the  authors.  In  pursuance  of  bis  pa- 
triotic wish  to  improve  the  agriculture  of  his  country,  he 
published^  in  1776,  when  he  had  attained  the  age  of  eighty, 
the  **  Gentleman  Farmer,  being  an  attempt  to  improve 
agriculture  by  subjecting  it  to  the  test  of  rational  prin- 
ciples." Noiie  of  bis  works  is  more  characteristic  of  his 
genius  and  disposition  in  all  their  principal  features  than 
this,  which  was  one  of  the  most  useful  books  that  had  ap- 
peared at  the  time  of  its  publication. 

At  the  advanced  period  we  have  just  mentioned,  lord 
Kames's  constitution  had  suffered  nothing  from  the  attacks 
of  old  age.  There  was«  no  sensible  decay  of  his  mental 
powers,  or,  what  is  yet  more  extraordinary,  of  the  flow  of 
his  animal  spirits,  which  had  all  the  gaiety  and  vivacity  of 
his  early  years.  Indefatigable  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  ; 
ever  looking  forward  to  so^e  new  object  of  attainment ; 
one  literary  task  was  no  sooner  accomplished  than  another 
was  entered  upon  with  eq[ual  ardour  and  unabated  perse- 
verance. In  1777  he  publislied  *^  Elucidations  respecting 
ibe  Common  and  Statute  Law  of  Scotland/'  8vO|  in  which 


HO  ME.  107 

it  is  his  object  to  vindicate  the  municipal  law  of  his  country 
from  the  reproach  it  has  incurred  from  the  writings  of  the 
old  Scotch  jurists.  In  1780  he  published  a  supplement  to 
bis  ^^  Remarkable  Decisions/*  under  the  title  of  *^  Select 
Decisions  of  the  Court  of  Session/'  recording  the  cases 
most  worthy  of  notice  from  1752  to  1769. 

The  subject  of  education  had  always  been  regarded  by 
lord  Kames  in  a  most  important  point  of  view^  and  fur- 
nished the  matter  of  that  work  with  which  he  closed  his 
literary  labours.   In  1781  he  published,  when  in  his  eighty- 
fifth  year,   an  octavo  volume  entitled  **  Loose  hints  on 
Education,  cfaiefTy  concerning  the  Culture  of  the  Heart.'^ 
A  work  composed  at  such  an  advanced  age  ought  not  to 
be  subjected  to  rigorous  criticism,  yet  there  are  many 
shrewd  and  useful  remarks  in  the  book,  althbugh  mixed 
with  others  in  which  the  decay  of  mental  powers  is  visible^ 
•In  the  following  year  his  constitution  began  to  give  way, 
principally  from  old  age,  for  he  bad  very  little  that  could 
be  called  disesMse.     In  November  he  left  his  seat  kt  Blair- 
Drummond  for  Edinburgh,  and  the  court  of  session  meet- 
ing soon  after,  for  the  winter,  he  went  thither  on  the  first 
day  of  the  term,  and  took  his  seat  with  the  rest  of  the 
judges.     He  continued  for  some  little  time  to  attend  the 
meetings  of  the  court,  and  to  take  his  share  in  its  usual 
business,  but  soon  became  sensible  that  his  strength  was 
not  equal  to  the  effort.     On  the  last  day  of  his  attendance 
he  took  a  separate  and  affectionate  farewell  of  each  of  his 
brethren.     He  survived  that  period  only  about  eight  days: 
He  died  December  27,  1782,  in  the  eighty-seventh  year 
of  his  -age. 

His  excellent  biographer,  the  late  lord  Woodhouselee^ 
has  drawn  up  his  character  with  impartiality  and  just  dis- 
crimination, without  dwelling  extravagantly  on  his  virtues, 
or  offensively  and  impertinently  on  his  foibles.  The  latter 
appear  to  have  been  of  a  kind  perhaps  inseparable  from 
humanity  in  some  shape  or  other,  such  as  a  degree  of  fond- 
ness for  flattery,  and  somewhat,  although  certainly  in  a 
small  proportion^  of  literary  jealousy.  A  suspicion  of  lord 
Karnes's  religious  principles  has  long  prevailed  in  his  own 
country,  and  his  biographer  has  taken  such  pains  on  this 
subject  as  to  leave  the  reader  with  an  impression  that  lord 
Kames  was  more  a  friend  to  revealed  religion  than  he  ap- 
pears to  be  in  some  of  his  writings ;  but  while  those  writ- 
ings remain,  we  question  whether  the  suspicion  to  which 


108  H  O  M  £. 

we  allude  can  be  e£Fectuaily  removed.  Too  nracb,  how- 
eyer^  cannot  be  said  in  favour  of  his  genius,  and  industry 
in  many  branches  of  literature ;  his  private  virtues  ana 

,  public  spirit ;  his  assiduity  through  a  long  and  laborious 
life  in  the  many  honourable  offices  with  which  he  was  en* 
trusted,  and  his  zeal  to  encourage  and  promote  every  thin|^ 
that  tended  to  the  improvement  of  his  country,  in  laws^ 
literature,  commerce,  manufactures,  and  agriculture.  The 
preceding  sketch  has  been  taken,  often  literally,  from  lord 
Woodhouselee's  valuable  work,  which  appeared  in  1807^ 
entitled  *^  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  the  hon. 
Henry  Home  of  Kames,  &c."  2  vols.  4to,  which  contains 

'  what  we  have  been  in  other  instances  indebted  to,  ^^  Sketches 
of  the  progress  of  Literature  and  general  improvement 
in  Scotland  during  the  greater  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century."  * 

HOME  (John),  a  clergyman  pf  the  church  of  Scotland^ 
but  known  only  as  a  dramatic  writer,  was  born  in  the  yi* 
cinity  of  Ancrum  in  Roxburghshire*  Scotland,  in  1724, 
and  was  educated  at  the  parish  school,  whence  he  went  to 
the  university  of  Edinbuigh,  and  went  through  the  usual 
academical  course,  as  preparatory  tor  his  entering  the  church* 
Here  his  studies  were  for  some. time  suspended  by  the  re^ 
beilion  in  1745.  On  the  approach  of  the  rebels,  the  citi<» 
zens  of  Edinburgh  assembled,  and  .formed  themselves  into 
an  association  fur  the  support  of  their  sovereign,  and  the 
defence  of  their  city.  Mr.  Home,  having  once  taken  up 
arms  in  this  cause,  was  not  to  be  deterred  by  danger,  and 
xnarcned  with  a  detachment  of  the  royal  army  to  Falkirk^ 
,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  battle  fought  in  tluit 
neighbourhood,  and  confined  for  some  time  in  the  castle  of 
Donne.  He  contrived,  however,  to  make  his  escape  aboolt 
the  time  that  tranquillity  was  restored  to  the  country  by 
the  battle  of  CuUoden ;  and  having  resumed  his  studies^ 
was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  in  1747. 

Not  long  after,  while  on  a  visit  in  England,  be  was  in- 
troduced to  Collins,  the  poet,  at  Winchester,  and  Collins 
addressed  to  him  his  ^*  Ode  on  the  Superstition  of  the 
Highlanders.*'  In  1750  Home  was  settled  as  minister  of 
the  parish  of  Athelstaneford  in  East  Lothian,  on  the  .de«- 
mise  of  the  rev.  Robert  Blair,  author  of  the  ^<. Grave  }'*  but 

}  Life  as  above.— See  also  British  Criiic,  toU  XXX.  iB  which  are  many  ra^ 
luable  remarks  on  the  Life  6(  lord  Kames. 


HOME.  109 

« 

i^ch  a  situation  could  not  be  Tery  agreeable  to  one  M^ho 
bad  tasted  the  sweets  of  literary  society,  and  who,  in  par- 
ticular, bad  a  paramount  ambition  to  shine  as  a  dramatic 
writer.  His  first  tragedy  was  **Agis,'*  with  which  it  is 
said  he  went  to  London,  where  the  managers  refused  it^ 
and  immediately  returning  home  be  wrote  his  **  Douglas,^* 
which  Garrick  peremptorily  refused.  By  such  discourage- 
ment, however,  the  ardour  of  the  author  was  not  to  be 
suppressed.  Being  acquainted  with  the  leading  characters 
in  Scotland,  a  ready  reception  of  bis  play  was  secured ; 
and  accordingly  ^^  Douglas"  was  performed  at  the  theatre 
in  the  Canongate,  Edinburgh,  in  December  1756,  Mr. 
Home  and  several  of  his  clerical  brethren  being  present. 
Such  a  departure  from  the  decorum  enjoined  by  the  church 
of  Scotland  could  not  be  overlooked,  and  the  author  was 
so  threatened  with  ecclesiastical  censures,  and  in  reality  be- 
came so  obnoxious  in  the  eyes  of  the  people,  that  in  the 
following  year  he  resigned  his  living,  and  with  it  all  con- 
nexion with  the  church,  wearing  ever  afterwards  a  lay  ha- 
bit In  the  mean  time  the  presbytery  of  Edinburgh  pub- 
lished an  admonition  and  exhortation  against  stage-plays, 
which  was  ordered  to  be  read  in  all  the  pulpits  within  their 
bounds  on  sr  Sunday  appointed,  immediately  after  divine 
service.  In  it  there  is  no  mention  of  Home  or  his  play, 
althotigh  the  latter  was  probably  the  cause.  It  merely  con- 
tains a.  recapitulation  of  what  had  formerly  been  done  by 
the  church  and  the  laws  to  discourage  the  theatres. 

This  opposition,  which  has  been  too  hastily  branded  with 
the  epithets  of  "  bigotry  and  malicie,"  turned  out  much  to 
Mr.  Home's  advantage,  whose  friends  contrived  now  to  add 
to  his  other  merits  that  of  being  a  persecuted  man ;  and 
David  Hume,  whose  taste  for  the  drama  was  the  least  of 
his  qualifications,  addressed  his  *^  Four  Dissertations"  to 
the  author,  and  complimented  him  with  possessing  ^^  the 
true  theatric  genius  of  Shakspeare  and  Otway,  refined  from 
the  unhappy  barbarism  of  the  one,  and  licentiousness  of 
the  other.'*  With  such  recommendation,  "  Douglas"  was 
presented  at  Covent-garden  in  March  14,  1757,  but  re- 
ceived at  first  with  moderate  applause.  Its  worth,  how- 
ever, was  grsuiually  acknowledged,  and  it  is  now  fully  esta- 
blished as  a  stock-piece.  It  would  iiave  been  happy  for 
the  author  had  he  stopt  here ;  but  the  success  of  '^  Dou- 
glas" had  intoxicated  him,  and  be  went  on  froni  this  time 
to  1778,  producing  "Agis,''  "The  Siege  of  Aquileia,V 


110  HOME. 

«  The  Fatal  Discovery,"  "  Alonzo,"  and  «  Alfred,"  none 
of  which  had  even  a  temporary  success.  In  the  mean  time- 
lord  Bute  took  him  uilder  bis  patronage,  and  procured  bt<B, 
a  pension.  In  March  1763  he  was  also  appointed  a  com^ 
missioner  for  sick  and  wounded  seamen,  and  for  the  ex- 
change of  prisoners  ;  and  in  April  of  the  same  year  waa^ 
appointed  conservator  of  the  Scotch  privileges  at  Cample 
vere  in  Zealand.  With  his  "  Alfred,"  which  lived  only 
three  nights,  he  took  his  leave  of  the  stage,  and  retired  to 
Scotland,  where  he  resided  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  la 
1778,  when  the  late  duke  of  Buccleugh  raised  a  regiment 
of  militia,  under  the  name  of  fencibles,  Mr.  Home  received 
a  captain^s  commission,  which  be  held  until  the  peace.  A 
few  years  ago,  he  published  "  The  History  of  the  Rebel- 
lion in  Scotland  in  1745-6,"  4tQ,  a  work  of  which  great 
expectations  were  formed,  but  whether  he  delayed  it  un*. 
til  too  late,  for  he  was  now  seventy-eight  years  old,  or 
whether  he  did  not  feel  himself  at  liberty  to  make  u&e  of 
all  his  materials,  the  public  was  not  satisfied.  For  a  con- 
siderable time  prior  to  his  death,  his  mental  faculties  were 
impaired,  aod  in  this  distressful  state  he  died  at  Merchis- . 
ton-house,  Sept.  4,  1808,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-. 
five.  * 

HOMER,  the  most  ancient  of  the  Greek  poets  extant, 
has  been  called  the  Father  of  poetry;  but,  however  cele-r 
brated  by  others,  he  has  been  so  very  modest  about  him-^ 
(self,  that  we  do  not  find  the  least-mention  of  him  through-, 
out  his  poems :  Where  he  was  born,  who  were  his  parents^ 
at  what  exact  period  he  lived,  and  ulmost  every  <;ircum-. 
stance  of  his  life,  remain  at  this  day  in  a  great  measure,  if 
not  altogether  unknown.     The  Arundel  marbles  say  that  he^ 
flourished  in  the  tenth  century  before  Christ,  and  other 
authorities  say  the  eighth.     The  most  copious  account  we . 
have  of  the  life  of  Homer  is  th^t  which  goes  under  the- 
name  of  Herodotus,  and  is  usually  printed  with  his  history : 
and  though  it  is  generally  supposed  to  be  spurious,  yet  as  it 
is  ancient, .  was  made  use  of  by  Strabo,  and  exhibits  that 
idea  which  the  later  Greeks,  and  the  Romans  in  the  age  of. 
Augustus^  entertained  of  Homer,  an  abstract  of  it  cannot, 
be  unnecessary. 

A  man  of  Magnesia,  whose  name  was  Menalippus,  went 
tQ  aettU  at  Cumas,  where  he  married  the  daughter  of  a  citi- 

*  Biog,  Dntin. — Atfaensum,  vol.  V. — Davies'g  Life  of  Qarrick,  Tol.  L  p.  ^219^  ' 
f»L  II.  p.  980.<*-Qciit.  Ma9»  LXXVllI.    * 


HOMER.  Ill 

«cn  called  Homyres,  and  had  by.  her  a  d^^ugbfer  called 
Critbeis.     The  father  and  mother  dying/  Critheis  Vvas  left 
under  the  tuition  of  Ci^eonax  her  father's  friend;  and,  suf- 
fering herself  to  be  deluded,   became  pregnant.     The 
guardian^/ though  his  care  had  npt  prevented  the  misfor* 
tune,  was  however  willing  to  conceal  it ;  and  therefore 
sent  tiritheis  to  Smyrna.     Critheis  being  near  her  time, 
went  one  day  to  a.festivat,  which  the  town  of  Smyrna  was  , 
celebrating  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Meles ;  where  she 
was  delivered  of  Homer,  whom  she  called  Melesigenes, 
because  he  was  born  on  the  banks  of  that  river.     Having 
nothing  to  maintain  her,  sh^  was  forced  to  spin  :  and  a 
man  of  Smyrna  called  Pbemius,  who  taught  literature  and 
music,  having  often  seen  Critheis,  who  lodged  nea,r  him, 
atid  being  pleased  with  her  housewifery,  took  her  into  his 
house  to  spin  the  wool  he  received  from  his  scholars  for> 
their  schooling.     Here  she  behaved  herself  so  modestly 
and  discreetly,  that  Phemius  married  her,  and  adopted  her 
son,  in  whom  he  discovered  a  wonderful  genius,  and. an. 
excellent  natural  disposition.     After  the  death  of  Phemius 
and  Critheis,  Homer  succeeded  to  his  fatber-in -law's  for- 
tune and  school ;  and  was  admired  not  only  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Smyrna,  but  by  strangers,  who  resorted  from  all 
parts  to  that  place  of  trade.     A  ship-master  called  Mentes, 
who  was  a  man  of  wit,  very  learned,  and  a  lover  of  poetry, 
was  so  pleased  with  Homer,  that  he  persuaded 'him  to  leave 
his  school,  and  to  travel  with  him.     Homer,  whose  mind 
was  then  employed  upon  his  "  Iliad,"  and  who  thought  it 
of  great  consequence  to  see  the  places  of  which  he  should 
have  occasion  to  ,treat,    embraced  the  opportunity,  and 
during  their  several  voyages,  never  failed  carefully  to  note 
dowti  what  he  thought  worth  observing.    He  travelled  into 
Egypt,  whence  he  brought  into  Greece  the  names  of  their 
gods,  and  the  chief  ceremonies  of  their  worship.     He 
visited  Africa  and  Spain,  in  his  return  from  which  places 
he  touched  at  Ithaca,  and  was  there  much  troubled  with  a 
rheum  falling  upon  his  eyes.     Mentes  being  in  haste  t;o 
visit  Leucadia  his  native  country,  left  Homer  well  recom- 
mended  to  Mentor,  one  of  the  chief  men  of  the  island  of 
Ithaca,  and  there  be  was  informed  of  many  things  relating 
to  Ulysses,  which  he  afterwards  made  use  of  in  composing 
his  **  Odyssey.^     Mentes  returning  to  Ithaca,  found  Homier 
cured.     They  embarked  together;  and  after  much  time: 
•pent  in  visiting    the    coasts   of  .Peloponnesus -and  th»^ 


112  HOME  R. 

Islands,  they  arrived  at  Colophon,  where  Homer  was  again 
troubled  with  the  defluxion  upon  his  eyes,  which  proved 
so  violent,  that  he  is  said  to  have  lost  his  sight  ^.  -  This 
misfortune  made  him  resolve  to  return  to  Smyrna,  where 
be  finished  his  **  Iliad."  Some  time  after,  the  bad  state  of 
his  afiairs  obliged  him  to  go  to  Cumse^  where  he  hoped  to 
have  found  some  relief.  Stopping  by  the  way  at  a  place 
called  the  New  Wall,  which  was  the  residence  of  a  colony 
from  Cumse,  he  lodged  in  the  boose  of  an  armourer  called 
Tichius,  and  recited  some  hymns  he  had  made  in  honour 
of  the  Gods,  and  bis  poem  of  Amphiaraus's  expedition 
against  Thebes.  •  Mter  staying  here  some  time  and  being 
greatly  admired,  he  went  to  CumsB ;  and  passing  through 
Larissa,  he  wrote  the  epitaph  of  Midas,  king  of  Phrygian 
then  newly  dead.  At  Cumse  he  was  received  with  extra* 
ordinary  joy,  and  his  poems  highly  applauded  ;  but  when 
he  proposed  to  immortalize  their  town,  if  they  would  allovr 
him  a  salary,  hQ  was  ttnswered,  that  **  there  would  be  ho 
end  of  maintaining  all  the  *Ofmpot  or  Blind  Men,"  and  hence 
got  the  name  of  Homer.  From  Cumce  he  went  to  Phocseay 
where  he  recited  his  verses  in  public  assemblies.  Here 
one  Thestorides,  a  schoolmaster,  offered  to  maintain  him,  if 
he  would*  suffer  him  to  transcribe  his  verses :  which  Homer 
complying  with  through  mere  necessity,  the  schoolmaster 
privily  withdrew  to  Chios,  and  there  grew  rich  with  Ho- 
mer's poems,  while  Homer  at  Phoceea  hardly  earned  his 
bread  by  repeating  them. 

Obtaining,  however,  at  last  some  intimation  of  the  school- 
master, he  resolved  to  find  him  out  y  and  landing  near 
Chios,  he  was  received  by  one  Glaacus,  a  iihepherd,  by 
whom  he  was  carried  to  his  maAer  at  Bolissus,  who,  ad-* 
miring  his  knowledge,  intrusted  him  with  the  education  of 
his  children.  Here  his  praise  began  to  get  abroad,  and  the 
schoolmaster  hearing  of  him,  fied  before  him.  At  Chios,' 
Homer  set  up  a  school  of  poetry,  gained  a  competent  for- 
tune, married  a  wife,  and  had  two  daughters ;  one  of  which 
died  young,  and  the  other  was  married  to  hts  patfo'n  at 
Bolissus.  Here  he  composed  bis  ^^  Odyssey,"  and  inserted 
the  names  of  those  to  whom  be  had  been  most  obliged,  as 
Mentes,  Pbemius,  Mentor;  and  resolving  to  visit  Athens, 

*  The  bUodoeN  of  Honier  has  been     title  of  **  Curatio  cttckHomeri.'? '  If  he 
contested  by  several  authors,  and  par-     was  blind  at  aU,  it  was  probably  oalj 
ticaiarly  by  a  acholar  name  An^i^as     in  extreme  old  age, 
waking  in  a  book  beanos  the  quaint  . 


HOMER.  113 

I 

he  made  bonoufable  mention  of  that  city»  to  dispose  the 
Athenians  fur  a  kind  reception  of  him.  But  as  he  went^ 
the  ship  put  in  at  Samos,  where  he  continued  the  whole 
winter,  singing  at  the  houses  of  great  men,  with  a  train  of 
boys  after  him.  In  the  spring  he  went  on  board  again,  ia 
order  to  prosecute  his  journey  to  Athens  ;  but,  landing  by 
the  way  at  Chios,  he  fell  sick,  died,  and  was  buried  on  the 
sea-shore. 

.  This  is  the  most  regular  life  we  hare  of  Homer;  and 
though  probably  but  little  of  it  is  exactly  true,  yet  it  has 
this  advantage  over  all  other  accounts  which  remain  of  him^ 
that  it  is  more  within  the  compass  of  probability.    The 
only  incontestable  works    which  Homer  has  left  behind 
bim,  are  the  *•  Iliad,"  and  the  "  Odyssey."     The  "  Batra- 
cbomybmachia,"  or  '^  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,"  has 
been  disputed,  but  yet  is  allowed  to  be  his  by  many  au- 
thors.    The  Hymns  have  been  doubted  also,  and  attributed, 
by  the  scholiasts  to  CynsBthus  the  rhapsodist :  but  Thucy<* 
dides,  Lucian,  and  Pausanias,  have  cited  them  as  genuine. 
We  have  the  authority   of  ^he  two  former  for   that  to 
Apollo ;  and  of  the  last  for  a  ^^  Hymn  to  Ceres,"  of  which 
he  has  given  us  a  fragment.    The  whole  hymn  has  beea 
lately  found  by  Matthaei  at  Moscow,  and  was  published  by 
Ruhnkenius  in  1782,  at  Leyden.     A  good  translation  has 
since  been  given  by  Mr.  Hole.     The  Hymn  to  Mars  is 
objected  against ;  and  likewise  the  first  to  Minerva.     The 
"  Hymn  to  Venus"  has  many  of  its  lines  copied  by  Virgil, 
in  the  interview  between  £neas  and  that  goddess  in  the 
first  **  ^neid."     But  whether  these  hymns  are  Homer's  or 
not,  they  were  always  judged  to  be  nearly  as  ancient,  if 
not  of  the  same  age  with  him.     Many  other  pieces  were 
ascribed  to  him  :  "  Epigrams,"  the  "  Margites,"  the  "  Ce- 
cropes^"  the  ^^  Destruction  of  Oechalia,"  and  several  more- 
Time  may  here  have  prevailed  over  Homer,  by  leaving 
only  the  names  of  these  .works,  as  memorials  that  such 
were  once  in  being ;  but,  while  the  "IliadV  and  "Odyssey'* 
rc;main,  he  seems  like  a  leader,  who,  though  he  may  have 
failed  in  a  skirmish  of  two,  has  carried  a  victory,  for  which 
he  will  pass  in  triumph  through  all  future  ages. 

Homer  had  the  most  sublime  and  universal  genius  that 
the  world  has  ever  seen ;  ^nd  though  it  is  an  extravagance 
of  enthusiasm  to  say,  as  some  of  the  Greeks,  did,  that  all 
knowledge  may  be  found  iu  his  writings,  no  man  pene- 
trated deeper  into  the  feelings  and  passions  of  human 

vouxvni.  I 


lU  HOME  R. 

nature.  He  represents  great  things  with  such  sublimity,  and 
inferior  objects  with  such  propriety,  that  he  always  makes? 
the  one  adniirable,  and  the  other  pleasing.  Strabo,  whose 
authority  in  geography  is  indisputable,  assures  us,  that 
Homer  has  described  the  plaees  and  countries,  of  which  he 
gives  an  account,  with  such  accuracy,  that  no  man  can 
imagine  who  has  not  seen  them,  and  no  man  can  observe 
without  admiration  and  astonishment.  Nothing,  however^ 
can  be  more  absurd,  than  the  attempts  of  some  critics, 
who  have  possessed  more  learning  and  science  than  taste, 
to  rest  the  merit  of  Homer  upon  the  extent  of  his  know- 
ledge. An  ancient  encomiast  upon  Homer  proves  him  to 
have  possessed  a  perfect  knowledge  of  nature,  and  to  have 
been  the  author  of  the  doctrine  of  Thales  and  Xenopbanes, 
that  water  is  the  first  principle  of  all  things,  from  his  hay- 
ing called  Oceanus  the  parent  of  nature;  and  infers,  that 
be  was  acquainted  with  Empedocles'  doctrine  of  friendshfp 
and  discord,  from  the  visit  which  Juno  pays  to  Oceanus 
and  Thetis  to  settle  their  dispute :  because  Homer  repre- 
sents  Neptune  as  shaking  the  earth,  he  concludes  him  to 
have  been  well  acquainted  with  the  causes  of  earthquakes } 
and  because.he  speaks  of  the  great  bear  as  never  touching 
the  horizon,  he  makes  him  an  eminent  astronomer.  The 
truth  is,  the  knowledge  of  natare,  which  poetry  describes, 
is  very  different  from  that  which  belongs  to  the  philosopher. 
It  would  be  easy  to  prove,  from  the  beautiful  similes  of 
Homer,  that  he  was  an  accurate  observer  of  natural  ap- 
pearances; and  to  show  from  his  delineation  of  characters, 
that  he  was  intimately  acquainted  with  human  nature.  Bufe 
he  is. not,  on  this  account,  to  be  ranked  with  natural  phi^ 
losophers  or  moralists.  Much  pains  have  been  taken  to 
prove,  that  Homer  expresses  just  and  sublime  conceptions 
of  the  divine  nature.  And  it  will  be  acknowledged,  that, 
in  some  passages,  he  speaks  of  Jupiter  in  language  which 
may  not  improperly  be  applied  to  the  Supreme  Deity.  But, 
if  the  whole  fable  of  Jupiter,  as  it  is  represented  in  Homer, 
be  fiiirly  examined,  it  will  be  very  evident,  either  that  he 
had  not  just  conceptions  of  the  divine  nature,  or  that  be 
did  not  mean  to  express  them  in  the  portrait  which  be  has 
drawn  of  the  son  of  Saturn,  the  husband  of  Juno,  and  the 
president  of  the  council  of  Olympus/  It  would  surely  have 
been  too  great  a  monopoly  of  perfection,  if  the  first  poet  in 
the  world  had  also  been  the  first  philosopher. 


HOMER.  115 

"  Homer  has  bad  His  enemies;  and  it  is  certain,  that  Plata 
banished  bis  writings  from  his  commonwealth  ;  but  lest  this 
should  be  thought  a  blemish  upon  the  memory  of  the  poet^ 
ive  are  told  that  the  true  reason  was,  because  he  did  not 
esteem  the  common  people  to  be  capable  readers  of  them. 
They  would  be  apt  to  pervert  his  meaning,  and  have  wrong 
notions  of  God  and  religion,  by  taking  his  bold  and  beau* 
tiful  allegories  in  a  literal  sense.  Plato  frequently  declares, 
that  he  loves  and  admires  him  as  the  best,  the  most  plea* 
sant,  and  divine  of  all  poets,  and  studiously  imitates  his 
figurative  and  mystical  way  of  writing  :  and  though  he 
forbad  his  works  to  be  read  in  public,  yet  he  would  nev^r 
be  without  them  in  his  closet.  But  the  most  memorable 
enemy  to  the  merits  of  Homer  was  Zoilus,  a  snarling  cri- 
tic, who  frequented  the  court  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
king  of  Egypt,  and- wrote  ill-natured  notes  upon  his  poems, 
but  received  no  encouragement  from  that  prince;' on  the 
contrary,  he  became  universally  despised  for  his  pains,  and 
was  at  length  put,  as  some  say,  to  a  most  miserable  death. 

It  is  said  that  though  llomer's  poems  were  at  first  pub* 
lished  all  in  one  piece,  and  not  divided  ipto  books,  yet 
every  one  not  being  able  to  purchase  them  entire,  they 
were  circulated  in  separate  pieces ;  and  each  of  those 
pieces  took  its  name  from. the  contents,  as,  *'  The  Battle 
of  the  Ships ;"  «  The  Death  of  Dolon ;"  «  The  Valour  of 
Agamemnon  ;*'  " The  Grot  of  Calypso ;"  " The  Slaughter" 
of  the  Wooers,''  &c. ;  nor  were  these  entitled  books,  but 
rhapsodies,  as  they  were  afterwards  called,  when  they  were 
divided  into  books.  Homer's  poems  were  not  known  en- 
tire in  Greece  before  the  time  of  Lycurgus ;  whither  that 
law-giver  bising  in  Ionia  carried  them,  after  he  had  taken 
the  pains  to  transcribe  them  from  perfect  copies  with  his 
,own  hands.  This  may  be  called  the  first  edition  of  Homer 
th£t  appeared  in  Greece,  and  the  time  of  its  appearing 
there  wa^  about  120  years  before  Rome  was  built,  that  is, 
about  260  years  after  the  time  of  Homer.  It  has  been  said, 
that  the  "Iliad"  and  "Odyssey"  were  not  composed  by 
'Hoiner  in  their  present  form,  but  only  in  separate  littJb 
poems,  which  being  put  together  and  connected  afterwards 
hy  sofme  other  person,  make  the  entire  works  they  now  ap- 
pear ;  but  this  is  so  extravagant  a  conbcfit  that  ic  scarcely 
deserves  to  be  ment.oned. 

The  editions  of  Homer  are  numerous  beyond  those  of 
any  other  classic,  and  there  are  many  excellent  ones ;  per- 

i  % 


116  H  O  M  E  It 

baps  the  best  are^  that  by  Dr.  Barnes  with  the  Greek  scho- 
Fia,  in  two  vols.  4to  ;  that  by  Dr.  Clarke  published  in  1729^ 
4to ;  and  that  by  the  learned  Heyne,  1 802,  8  vols.  8vo. 
The  most  elaborate  commentary  is  that  by  Eustathius,  bi- 
shop of  Thessalonica,  and  the  best  English  translation  is 
that  by  Pope  :  though  Cowper^s,  in  blank  verse,  is  thougbt 
to  come  nearer  to  the  original.  The  French,  and  almost 
every  nation,  has  its  translation  of  Homer. ' 

HOMER  (Henry),  an  excellent  classical  scholar,  the 
son  of  the  rev.  Henry  Homer,  rector  of  Birdingbury,  in 
Warwickshire,  who  died  a  few  months  after  this  son,  in 
1791,  was  born  in  1752,  and  at  the  age  of  seven  was  sent 
to  Rugby  school,  where  he  remained  seven  years,  and  be- 
came the  head-boy  of  about  sixty.     He  afterwards  went  to 
Birmingham-school,  where  he  remained  three  years  more. 
In  November  1768,  he  was  admitted  of  Emanuel-college, 
Cambridge,  under  Dr.  Farmer,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  Dr.  Samuel  Parr,  and  was  in  some  measure  directed 
in  his  studies  by  this  eminent  scholar.     He  proceeded  re-* 
gularly  to  his  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1773,  of  M.  A.  in  1776, 
and  that  of  B.  D.  in  1783.     He  was  elected  fellow  of  his 
college  in  1778,  but  had  lived  in  Warwickshire  about  three 
years  before  he  became  fellow,  and  returned  to  the  uni- 
versity soon  after  his  election.     He  then  resided  much  at 
Cambridge,  frequently  visiting  the  public  library,  and  mak- 
ing himself  acquainted  with  the  history  6t  contents  of  many 
curious  books  which  are  noticed  only  by  scholars,  and  par* 
ticularly  turned  his  attention  to  several  philological  works 
of  gvesiX  utility  and  high  reputation.     He  was  well  versed 
in  the  notes  subjoined  to  some  of  the  best  editions  of  vari- 
ous authors ;  and  of  his  general  erudition  the  reader  will 
form  no  unfavourable  opinion  from  the  following  account 
of  the  works  in  which  he  was  engaged.     He  joined  with 
Dr.  Parr  in  the  republication  of  BeUenden's  Tracts  in  1787^ 
and  about  the  same  year  published  three  books  of  ^  Livy,'* 
viz.  the  Ist,  25th,  and  31st  from  Drachenborch^s  edition^ 
with  dissertations,  &c.     This  was  followed  by,  1.  <*  Trac- 
tatus  varii  Latini  aCrevier,  Brotier,^'  &c.  1788.     2.  OvidV 
*^  Epistles**  ex  editione  Burman.  1789.     3.  ''Sallust.  ex 
editione  Cortii,**  1789.     4.  <<  Pliny,  ex  editione  Cortii  et 
Longolii,*'  1790;  5.  <<  CsBsar,  ex  edit.  Oudendorp,"  179Q. 

1  Life  by  Herodotus..— Vo08ii  Poet.  Gnec.— Dibdin's  CUssics.— Saxii  Ou^ 
■■Itioon.— Bracker# 


HOMER  117 

6;  *^  Perstus  ex  edit  HenlniL"  7.  *^  Tacitus^  ex  edit. 
Brotier/'  complete  all  but  the  Index*  8.  **  Livy*'  and 
^'  Quintilian,"  io  the  press  at  the  time  of  bis  death*  He 
also  intended  to  have  published  <*  Quintus  Curtius/^  but 
no  steps  were  taken  towards  it.  To  these^  however,  may 
be  added  bis  **  Tacitus  de  Moribus  Germanorum  et  de 
Vita  Agricolas/'  1788,  and  Tacitus  "  De  Oratoribus,** 
1789.  Dr.  Parr  having  considered  him  as  a  very  proper 
pierson  to  undertake  a  variorum  edition  of  Horace,  he  had 
made  some  progress  in  that  work,  which  was  finally  pub* 
lished  by  Dr.  Combe,  and  occasioned  a  paper-war  between 
Dr.  Combe  and  Dr.  Parr,  which  we  had  rather  refer  to 
than  detail*  Mr.  Homer,  in  consequence  of  some  religious 
scruples,  refused  to  take  priest^s  orders,  when  by  the 
founder's  statutes  be  was  required  to  take  them,  in  order 
to  preserve  the  rank  be  had  attained  in  the  college;  in  con- 
sequence,  of  which  his  fellowship  was  declared  vacant  in 
June  1788.  HediedMay  4,  1791,  of  a  decline,  hastened, 
if  not  occasioned,  by  too  close  an  attention  to  his  literaiy 
pursuits.  The  works  he  left  unfinished  were  completed  by 
his  brothers,  but,  we  are  sorry  to  hear,  have  not  met  with 
that  encouragement  from  the  public,  which  they  amply 
merit.  ^ 

HOMMEL  (CHAatES  Frederick),  a  lawyer,  philobger, 
and  historian  of  Leipsic,  was  born  in  1722.  He  published 
bis  first  work  in  1743,  which  was  a  tract  in  4to.  1.  ^*  De 
Legum  civilium  et  naturalium  Natura.'*  2.  <^  Oblecta- 
menta  Juris  Feudalis,  sive  Grammatical  Observationes  jus 
rei  elieintelaris,  et  antiquitates  Germanicas,  varie  ijlustran- 
tes,"  1755.  This  was  also  in  quarto,  and  tends,  as  well 
as  bis  other  works,  to  prove  the  pleasing  qualities  and  the 
acuteness  of  bis  mind.  3.^*  LiteraturaJuris,*'  1761,  8vo. 
4.  ^^  Jurisprudentia  numismatibus  illustrata,  necnon  sigiU 
lis,  gemmis,  aliisque  picturis  vetustls  varie  exornata,*'  1763, 
8vo.  5.  '*  Corpus  juris  civilis,  cum  notis  variorum,'^  1768, 
8vo.  6.  *^  Palingenesia  librorum  -  juris  veterum,"  &c. 
1768,  3  vols.  8vo.  He  published  some  smaller  tracts,  but 
these  are  the  most  important.     Hommel  died  in  1781.* 

HONAIN,  an  Arabian,  and  celebrated  translator  of  the 
ninlh  century,  was  a  Christian  and  a  native  of  Hira.  Hav- 
iag  quitted  Bagdad,  where  he  had  been  improperly  treated, 

I  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  LXXVI.  and  LXXX.-.Brit.  Crit.  vol.  HI.— Dr.  Fan's 
''Hemarks  on  the  Sutement  of  Dr.  Charles  Combe/'  1795,  8fo, 
'  DicuHisU^-Sazu  OnooMSticoo. 


y 


lis  H  O  N  A  I  n; 

he  went  to  Greece,  and  remained  there  two  yearsi  study* 
ing  the  language,  and  collecting  a  library  of  the  best  wri«» ' 
ters.     He  then  returned  to  Bagdad,  and  some  time  after  * 
went  to  Persia,  where  he  learned  the  Arabic,  and  then 
finally  settled  at  Bagdad,  and  executed  ve.ry  valuable  trana-  . 
lations  of  the  Elements  of  Euclid,  the  Almagestus  of  Ptole- 
my, and  the  writings  of  Hippocrates  and  other  Greek  au- 
.  th9rs.     At  the  desire  of  Almamon  or  Abdallah  III.  he  trans- 
lated into  Arabic  all  the  works  of  Aristotle ;  and  for  every 
book  of  that  philosopher  is  said  to  have  received  from  Al- 
mamon its  weight  in  gold.     An  anecdote  very  honourable 
to  him  is  told  by  Abulfaragius.     One  day,  after  some  me* . 
dical  conversation,  the  Caliph  said  to  him,  ^^  Teach  me  a 
prescription  by  which  I  may  take  oiBF  any  enemy  I  please» 
without  being  discovered.*'     Honain  declining  to  give  aa 
answer,  and  pleading  ignorance,  ^was  imprisoned.     Being 
brought  again,  after  a  year's  interval,  into  the  Galiph^a 
presence,  and  still  persisting  in  ignorance^  though  threat- 
ened with  death,  the  Caliph  smiled  upon  him,  and  said, 
**  Be  of  good  cbeer^  we  were  only  trying  thee,  that  we 
might  have  the  greater  c6nfidence  in  thee."     As  Honain 
upon  this  bowed  down  and  kissed  the  earth,  ^^  What  hiiw 
^ered  thee,"  says. the  Caliph,  **  from  granting  our  request, 
when  thou  sawest  us  appear  so  ready  to  perform  what  we 
had  threatened  f"  "  Two  things ;"  replied  Honain,  "  my 
Keligion,  and  my  Profession.     My  religion,  which  com- 
mands me  to  do  good  to  my  enemies ;  and  my  profession, 
which  was  purely  instituted  for  the  bene6t  of  mankind.** 
'<  Two  noble  laws,"  said  the  Caliph ;  and  immediately  pre- 
sented him,  according  to  the  Eastern  usage,  with  rich  gar- 
ments, and  a  sum  of  money.    This  Caliph  was  not  only  an 
illustrious  patron  of  the  learned,  but  was  himself  no  mean 
adept  in  several  branches  of  science.     He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  astronomy,  mathematics,  and   philosophy ; 
and  was  frequently  present  at  the  conferences  of  learned 
men,  entering  with  great  spirit  into  the  'subjects  of  their 
debates.     In  the  midst  of  the  praise  which  is  due  to  thia 
Caliph,  it  must,  however,  be  mentioned  with  regret,  that, 
through  an  ill-judged  partiality  for  his  vernacular  tongue, 
be  gave  orders  that,  after  the  Arabic  versions  were  finished, 
the  original  Greek  manuscripts  should  be  burned.     A  simi- 
lar folly  seized  the  Caliphs  of  Africa :  and  to  this  cause  we 
are,  dou&fless,  to  ascribe  the  entire  loss  of  many  ancient, 
writings.    The  diligence,  however,  .with  which  this  Caliph 


H  O  N  A  I  N.  119 

cultivated  and  encouraged  learning,  cancels;  iti  some  mea- 
sure this  disgrace,  and  leaves  him  entitled  to  an  honour- 
able station  among  philosophers. ' 

HONDEKOTTeA  (Melchior),  the  son  and  grandson 
of  two  Dutch  painters  of  considerable  repQtation,  was  born 
at  Utrecht  in  1636,  and  carefully  trained  up  to  the  profes- 
sion by  his  father.     He  chose  the  same  subjects;  but,  in 
bis  manner,  be  surpassed  not  only  his  master,  but  even 
the  best  of  his  contemporaries,  in  a  very  iiigb  degree.    Till 
be  was  seventeen  years  of  age  be  practised  under  bis  father^s 
direction,  and  accustomed  himself  to  paint  several  sorts  of 
birds ;  but  he  was  particularly  pleased  to  represent  cocks, 
hens,  ducks,  chickens,  aud  peacocks,  which  be  described 
in  an  elegant  variety  of  actions  and  attitudes.     After  the 
death  of  his  father,  in  1653,  he  received  some  instructions 
fjrom  his  uncie  John  Baptist  Weeninx ;  but  his  principal 
and  best  instructor  was  nature,  which  he  studied  with  in- 
tense application,  and  that  enabled  him  to  give  to  every 
animal  he  painted  such  truth,  such  a  degree  of  force,  ex- 
pression, and  life,  as  seemed  to  eqyal  nature  itself;  nor 
did  any  artist  take  more  pains  to  study  every  point  that 
might  conduce  to  the  perfection  gf  his  art.     His  pencil 
was  wonderfully  neat  and  delicate ;  his  touch  light,  his  co- 
louring exceedingly  natural,  lively,  and  remarkably  trans- 
parent; and  the  feathers  of  his  fowls  were  expressed  with 
such  a  swelling  softness,  as  might  readily  and  agreeably 
deceive  the  eye  of  any  spectator.     It  is  reported,  that  he 
had  trained  up  acock  to" stand  in  any  attitude  he  wanted  to 
describe,  and  that  it  was  bis  custom  to  place  that  creature 
near  his  easel ;  so  that,  at  the  motion  of  hifi  hand,  the  bird 
^ould  fix  itself  in  the  proper  posture,  and  would  continue 
in  that  particular  position,  without  the  smallest  perceptible 
alteration,  for  several  hoars  at  a  time. 

The  landscapes  which  he  introduces  as  the  back  grounds 
of  his  pictures,  are  adapted  with  peculiar  judgment  aiul 
skill,  and  admirably  finished ;  they  harmonize  with  .  his 
subject,  and  always  increase  the  force  and  the  beauty  M 
bis  principal  objects.  His  touch  was  very  singular  in  imi- 
tating the  natural  plumage  of  the  fowls  he  painted  ;  which 
not  only  produced  a  charming  effect,  but  also  may  prove 
serviceable  to  an  intelligent  observer,  to  assist  bini  in  de- 
termining which  are  tbe  genuine  pictures  pf  this  mastar, 

J  Moreri.— Chaufepie.-^Bruclcier.— See  Almanon^  vpL  lit  of  this  Dlctioiuiry. 


120  H  O  N  D  E  K  O  T  T  E  R. 

and  which  are  impositions.  The  works  of  Hondekotter  are 
justly  in  very  great  request  and  estimation,  and  they  gene- 
rally afford  a  large  price,  almost  in  proportion  to  their  va- 
lue.    He  died  1695,  aged  59.' 

HONDIUS  (Abraham),  another  artist,  well  known  in 
this  kingdom,  was  born  at  Rotterdam  in  1638,  according 
to  the  most  authentic  writers,  though  Descamps  fixes  his 
birth  in  1650.  He  appears  to  have  been  an  universal  mas- 
ter, painting,  with  e^ual  readiness,  landscapes,  animals  of 
all  kinds,  particularly  dogs,  huntings  of  wild  animals,  boars, 
defer,  wolves,  and  foxes,  as  also  conversations  and  fowls ; 
but  his  favourite  subjects  were  huntings.  His  manner 
seems  peculiar  to  himself;  it  was  bold  and  free;  and,  ex- 
cept Rubens  and  Snyders,  few  masters  have  painted  ani- 
mals in  a  greater  style,  or  with  more  spirit.  There  is  cer- 
tainly a  great  deal  of  fire  in  his  compositions ;  bat  his  co- 
louring is  often  extravagant,  and  his  drawing  extremely 
incorrect  In  general  his  pencilling  was  harsh,  and  he  de- 
lighted in  a  fiery  tint ;  yet  some  of  his  small  pictures  are 
very  neatly  finished.  There  is  a  great  inequality  as  to  the 
merit  of  the  works  of  Hondius,  some  of  them  being  in 
every  respect  abundantly  superior  to  others ;  but  there  is 
scarce  any  master  whose  compositions  are  so  easily  distin- 
guishable as^  those  of  Hondius,  by  certain  particularities  in 
bis  touch,  his  taste  of  design,  and  his  colouring. 

Several  of  his  pictures  of  dogs  are  much  esteemed ;  and 
one  especially  is  mentioned,  in  which  he  represented  thirty 
difierent  species  of  those  animals,  all  beingwell  designed, 
and  every  distinct  animal  being  characterised  with  some 
peculiar  air,  action,  expression,  or  attitude.  As  he  was 
exceedingly  harassed  and  tormented  with  the  gout,  the 
works  of  his  latter  time  are  more  negligently  executed  than 
those  which  he  finished  in  his  prime ;  and,  therefore,  they 
very  much  contribute  to  lessen  the  reputation  he  had  ac- 
quired by  some  of  his  more  studied  and  better  finished  per- 
formances. His  most  capital  picture  is  the  burning  of 
Troy,  in  which  there  are  a  variety  of  figures,  many  of  them 
veil  designed,  and  disposed  with  judgment.  Houbraken 
also  mentions  a  candle-light  of  this  master's  hand,  in  wbtefa 
appeared  a  fine  opposition  of  light  and  shadow,  and  the 
figures  were  extremely  well  designed  and  well  coloured*. 
When  he  came  to  England  is  not  known.    Vertue  says  he 

•— P*AffenTiUe,  vol.  III. 


H  O  N  D  I  U  S.  121 

wns  a  man  of  bdmour.  He  lired  on  Ludgate-hilly^  bat  died 
of  a  seirere  fit  of  the  gout  ia  i  695  at  the  Biackinoor's  head^ 
over  against  Water-lane,  Fleet-street. — loDOCUS  or  j£8SE 
Hondius  is  supposed  to  have  been  his  graodfiauther«  He 
was  born  at  Wackerne,  a  small  town  in  Flanders,  in  1563, 
and  died  in  1 6 1 1 .  He  was  a  self-taught  engraver  both  on 
copper  and  ivory,  and  a  letter-founder;  in  all  which 
branches  he  attained  great  excellence.  He  'Studied  geo-» 
graphy  also,  and  in  1607  published  a  work  entitled  ^'  De^ 
scriptio  Geographica  orbis  terraruni,'Vin  folio.^ 

HONE  (Georce  Paul),  a  lawyer  of  Nuremberg,  was 
born  there  in  1662.  He  became  counsellor  to  the  duke  of 
.Meinungeu,  and  bailli  of  Cobourg,  at  which  place  be  died 
in  1747.  His  works  are  chiefly  these:  1.  ^^  Iter  Juridioum, 
per  Belgium,  Angliam,  Qalliam,  Italiam.*'  2.  **  Lexicon 
Topographicum  Franconiae.*'  3.  **  History  of  the  Duchy 
of  Saxe^Cohourg,"  in  German.  4.  ^' Though ta  on  the 
Suppression  of  Mendicity,"  in  the  same  language.' 

H0N£  (Nathaniel),  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1767,  and 
came  to  England  in  the  early  part  of  life,  painting  in  se*> 
veral  parts  of  the  country,  particularly  at  York,  where  he 
married  a  lady  of  some  property.  A  short  time  after  bia 
marriage,  he  settled  in  London,  and  practised  with  repu^ 
tation,  both  as  a  painter  in  oil,  and  in  miniature,  particu- 
larly enamel;  and  after  the  death  of  Zincke,  ranked  among 
the  r principal  artists  of  bis.  day  in  that  branch.  He  was 
chosen  one  of  the  members  of  the  royal  academy  at  its 
first  institution ; .  but  took  offence  at  one  of  bis  pictures, 
intended  as  a  satire  on  sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  being  rejected 
from'  the  exhibition.  Another  was  also  objected  to,  as 
containing  a  very  profane  allusion,  which  he  altered  with 
a  substance  easily  washed  away,  and  the  picture  was  again 
exhibited/ in  its  original  state  at  an  exhibition  of  his  ownj 
in  1775.  As  a  painter  in  oil,  he  was  by  no  means  an  in-^ 
ferior  artist,  yet  the  colouring  of  bis  pictures  was  too  red 
for  the  carnations,  and  the  shadows  not  sufficiently  clean 
A  few  years  before  his  death,  he  removed  to  Rathbaee«^ 
place.  He  died  Aug.  14,  1784,  and  was  buried  at  Hendoui 
where  five  of  bis  children  lie.' 

HONESTIS,  Petrosde.     See  D  AMI  AN. 

HONORATUS,  bishop  of  Marseilles,  flourished  about 
.the  year  490.     He  was,    according  to  Gennadius,  who 

>  PilktBg^oD.--Orfonl's  Anecdotes. — Strutt's  DictiQqaiy.^-Rees's  Cyclopedia* 

>  Diet.  Hist.  3  Edwards's  Continuation  of  Walpole't  Anecdotei. 


122  H  O  N  O  R  A  T  U  S. 

celebrates  bim,  a  man  of  ready  and  abundant  eloquence. 
He  published  many  bomilies,  some  delivered  in  an  ex- 
temporary manner,  others  regularly  composed ;  in  which 
his  object  was  to  confute  the  dreams  of  heretics,  and  ex* 
hort  his  hearers  to  piety.  He  wrote  also  lives  of  many- 
eminent  leaders  of  the  churchy  of  which  no  one  is  e^ctant^ 
except  his  life  of  St.  Hilary  of  Aries.* 

HONORIUS  De  Sancta  Mauia,  whose  proper  name 
was  Blaize  Vauzelle,  was  born  July  4,. 1651,  at  Limoges. 
He  made  profession  among  the  Carmelites  at  Toulouse, 
in  1671 ;  taught  theology  with  reputation-in  his  order,  in' 
which  he  was  prior,  counsellor,  provincial,  and  visitor^' 
general  of  the  three  provinces  of  France.  He  died  i72§, 
at  Lisle,  aged  seventy-eight.  His  most  curious  work  is 
entitled  "  Reflexions  sur  les  regies,  et  *ur  Tusage  de  la 
Critique,"  3  vols.  4to ;  the  first  volume  is  most  esteemed.' 
He  atso  left,  **  La  Tradition  des  Peres,  et  des  Auteurs  Et*» 
clesiastiques,  sur  la  Contemplation;  avec  un  Trait^  sur 
les  motifs,  et  la  pratique,  de  PAmour  Divin,*'  3  vols. 
12mo;  **  Trait6  des  Indulgences  et  du  Jubii^,"  12mo; 
**  I>issertations  historiques  et  critiques  sur  les  (>rdre&  mili- 
taires,"  1718,  4to.  He  wrote  some  pieces  in  favour  of 
the  Formulary,  and  the  constitution  Unigenitus,  &c.' 

HON  TAN  (the  Baron  de),  was  a  native  of  Gascony, 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  is  principally  known  by 
his  travels  in  North  America,  which,  however,  are  writ* 
ten  in  an .  embarrassed  and  barbarous  style,  confounding 
truth  and  falsehood,  disfiguring  names,  and  disguisftig^ 
facts.  They  contain  some  episodes  of  pure  fiction,  par-» 
ticularly  the  narrative  of  the  voyage  up  the  long  river, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  of  equal  authority  with  the  Voyage 
to  Liliiput.  He  describes,  nevertheless,  with  some  suc^ 
cess,  the  general  face  of  the  country,  and  the  disposition, 
customs,  government,  and  other  particulars  of  the  inha- 
bitants. There  is  an  edition  of  his  travels  published  at 
Amsterdam  in  1705,  2  vols.  12mo.  He  began  his  career 
in  Canada  as  a  common  soldier,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
an  officer,  went  to  Newfoundland  in  the  quality  of  royal 
lieutenant,  there  quarrelled  with  the  governor,  was  broken, 
and  retired  first  to  Portugal,  and  finally  to  Denmark.' 

HONTHORST  (Gerard),  a  celebrated  artist,  called 
also  Gerardo  Dalle  Nottt,  from  his  principal  subjects, 

.    *  Gare,  vol.  I.— Moreri.  «  Moreri.— pict.  Hist.  3  oict.  Hist, 


H  O  N  T  H  O  R  S  T.  125 

WIS  bom  at  Utrecht  in  1592,  and  was  a  disciple  of  Abra* 
ham  Bloemart;  but  completed  his  studies  at  llome,  where} 
he  continued  several  years,  employed  there  by  persons  of 
the  first  rank,  and  particularly  by  prince  Justiniani.     He 
imitated  the  style  of  Caravaggio,  with  who^e  vivid  tone 
and  powerful  masses  of  light  and  ^hade,  h^  attempted  to^ 
combine  correctness  of  outlinei  refinement  of  forms,  grace- 
ful  attitudes,  and  that  dignity  which  ought  to  be  the  cha- 
racteristic of  sacred  subjects.     In  this  he  often  succeeded*. 
His  subjects  are  generally  night-pieces  as  large  as  life, 
and  illuminated  by  torch   or   candle-light.      Among  his 
numerous  pictures,  that  of  our  Saviour  before  the  Tribunal 
of  Pilate,  in  the  gallery  Justiniani^  for  energy,  dignity,, 
and  contrast,  is  the  most  celebrated.     Soon  after  his  re* 
turn  to  his  own  country  he  visited  London,  and  obtained, 
the  favour  of  king  Charles  I.  by  several  grand  performancesr 
and  portraits;   especially  hy  one  allegorical  picture,  in 
which  he  represented  the  portraits  of  the  king  and  queen^ 
intthe  characters  of  two  deities,  and  the  portrait  of  the, 
duke  of  Buckingham  in  the  character  of  Mercury,  intro- 
ducing the  liberal  arts  to  that  tfionarch  and  bis  consort.- 
For  that  composition,  which  jwas  well  drawn  and  extremely 
well  coloured,  the  king  presented  him  with  three  thousand 
florins,  a  service  of  plate  for  twelve  persons,  and  a  beauti- 
ful horse;  and  he.  had  afterwards  the  honour  to  instruct 
the  queen  of  Bohemia,  and  the  princesses  her  children,  ia 
drawing. 

His  pencil  is  free  and  firm,  and  his  colouring  has  a 
great  deal  of  force,,  although  it  often  is  not. pleasing,  by  a 
predominancy  of  the  yellow  and  brown  tints ;  yet  un- 
doubtedly Hpnthorst  would  have  been  an  excellent  painter^ 
if  he  had  known  how  to  give  more  grace  and  more  correct- 
ness to  his  figures.  At  his  return  from  London  to  Holland; 
he  adorned  the  pleasure  houses  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
with  many  poetical  subjects,  which  he  executed  in  fresco 
as  well  as  in  oil ;  but  he  principally  was  employed  lu 
painting  portraits,  which  are  described  as  having  good  ex-. 
pression,  and  extraordinary  life  and  force,  by  their  broad 
'  masses  of  light  being  contrasted  by  strong  shadows.  He 
died  in  1 660,  aged  sixty  eight.  His  brother,  William,  was 
born  at  Utrecht  in  1604,  and  learned  the  art  of  pa'uiting 
from  Abraham  Bloemart.  The  portraits  which  he  painted 
were  very  much  esteemed,  and  are  far  superior  to  his  histo- 
rical subjects,  which  are  in  no  degree  equal  to  those  of 


126  H  O  O  G  E  V  E  E  N. 

fessedijrto  a  certain  point,  bat  went  far  beyond  htm  in 
copiousness  and  sagacity.  A  very  useful  abridgment  of 
this  work,  the  only  faalt  of  which  is  too  great  prolixity, 
was  poblisbed  at  Dessau,  iu  1782,  by  Schtttz.  This  edi- 
tio»  will  be  found  more  useful  to  the  yoiing  student  than 
the  vast  work  on  which  it  is  founded,  as  more  easily  pur-  " 
chased,  and  more  easily  read.^ 

HOOGSTRATEN  (David  van),  a  professor  of  the 
belles  lettres,  was  born  at  Rotterdam  in  1658,  and  died  at 
Amsterdam  in  1724»  In  the  evenuig  of  Nov.  13,  there 
suddenly  arose  so  thick  a  mist,  that  he  lost  his  way,  and 
fell  into  a  canal.  He  was  soon  taken  out;  but  the  coldness 
of  the  water,  and  the  fright  from  the  fall,  brought  on  so 
strong  an  oppression  upon  the  breast,  that  he  died  in  eight 
*  days  after.  There. are  of  his,  1.  "  Latin  PoemS."  2.  "  Fle- 
mish Poems.'*  3.  **  A  Flemish  and  Latin  Dictionary.** 
4»  "  Note*  upon  C.  Nepos  and  Terence."  5.  "An  edition 
of  Pbcedrus,''  for  the  prince  of  Nassau,  4to,'Th  imitation 
of  the  Delphin  editibns.  6.  A  fine  edition  of  ^*  Janus 
Broukhusius^s  Poems."* 

HOOGUE  (RoMAiN  DE),  a  Dutch  designer  and  engraver, 
who  flourished  towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
bad  a  lively  imagination,  by  which  he  was  sometimes  led 
astray  ;  and  his  works  must  be  viewed  with  some  allowance 
for  incorrectness  of  design  and  injudicious  choice  of  sub- 
jects,  which  were  in  general  of  an  allegorical  cast,  or  dis- 
tinguished by  a  kind  of  low  caricature.  His  works  are 
chiefly  extant  in  certain  editions  of  books  for  which  he  was 
employed  ;  as,  1.  Plates  for  the  Old  and  New  Testament; 
in  folio,  published  by  Basnage  in  1704.  2.  Plates  to  '^the 
Academy  of  the  Art  of  Wrestling,"  in  Dutch,  1(574,  and 
in  French  in  1712.  3.  Plates  to  the  Bible,  with  Dutch 
explanations.  4.  Plates  for  the  Egyptian  Hieroglyphics^ 
Amsterdam,  1-735,  small  folio.  5.  Plates  to  Fontaine's 
Fables,  1685,  2  vols.  8vo.  6.  To  Boccace,  1695,  2  vols. 
8vo.  7.  To  the  Tales  of  the  Queen  of  Navarre.  8.  To 
the  "Cent  Nouvelles  nouvelles,''  1701,  2  vols.  Svo.  Sudh 
of  bis  plates,  as  are  to  be  met  with  separate  from  tbe  works 
to  which  they  belong,  bear  a  higher  price.* 

HOOKE  (Nathaniel),  celebrated  for  a  **  Roman  His- 
tOTYf*  died  July  19,  1763,  but  we  know  not  at  what  age; 

,  0 

.  ■  • 

>  Hades  de  Vitis  Pbilolognnim^  Tol.  IV.— SftxIS  Onmiiattioon,  vol.  VHk 
*  Moreri*— Saxii  Onoiaast.  *  Strait's  JDlcU  of  Sogmvers* 


H  O  O  K  E.  127 

as  indeed  few  particulars  of  him  are  recorded,  tboogh  ke 
is  said,  ^^  from  1723  till  bis  death,  to  have  enjoyed  the 
conddence  and  patronage  of  men  not  less  distinguished  by 
virtue  than  by  titles.^*  The  first  particular  that  occurs  of 
him  is  from  a  letter  to  lord  Oxford,  dated  Oct^l7,  1722, 
by  which  it  appears,  that,  having  been  ^^  seized  with  the 
l^te  epidemical  distemper  of  endeavouring  to  be  rich,^* 
meaning  the  South-sea  infatuation^  *'  lie  was  in  some  mea- 
sure happy  to  find  himself  at  that  instant  just  woriii 
Dothing.'*  ^ome  time  after,  however,  he  was  recommendefd 
to  Sarah  duchess  of  Marlborough,  who  presented  him  with 
5000/.  the  condition  of  which  donation  was  expressly,  that 
he  the  said  Hooke  should  aid  and  assist  her  the  said  duchess 
id  drawing  up  and  digesting  ^^  An  account  of  the  conduct 
of  the  dowager  duchess  of  Marlborough,  from,  her  &ru 
coming  to  court  to  the  year  1710.**  This  was  done,  and 
the  work  was  published  in  1742,  8vo ;  but  soon  after  she 
took  occasion,  as  was  usoa.1  with  her,  to  quarrel  with  him, 
**  because,"  finding  her  without  religion,  "  he  attempted," 
as  she  affirmed,  "  to  convert  her  to.  popery."  Hookewas 
a  mystic  and  quietist,  and  a  warm  disciple  of  Fenelon, 
whose  life  he  translated  from  the  French,  and  published  iR 
1723,  l2nio.  It  was  he  who  brought  a  catholic  priest  to 
take  Pope's  confession  upon  his  death-bed  :  the  priest  had 
scarcely  departed,  when  Boiingbroke  coming  in,  flew  into 
a  great^  passion  upon  the  occasion^  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  remarkably  fine  reader.  Richardson  informs  us, 
that  be  once  read  some  speeches  of  his  Roman  History  to 
the  speaker  Onslow,  who  piqued  himself  too  upoa  reading, 
and  begged  him  to  give  his  opinion  of  the  work :  the 
Speaker  answered,  as  in  a  passion,  *^  he  could  not  tell  what 
to  think  of  it :  it  might  be  nonsense  for  aught  he  knew ; 
for  that  his  manner  of  reading  had  bewitched  him." 

The  "  Roman  History"  of  Hooke  was  pubiished.in  4  vols* 
4to;  the  first  in  1733,  the  second  in  1745,  the  third  iii 
1764,  and  the  fourth  in  1771.  It  embraces  the  events 
from  the  building  of  Rome  to  the  ruin  of  the  common-* 
wealth.  In  176B  he  published  **  Observations -on  four 
pieces  upon  the  Ronnan  Senate,"  among  which  were  those 
of  Middieton  and  Chapman  ;  and  was  answered  in  an  auo« 
nymous  pamphlet,  entitled  "  A  short  Review  of  Mr.  Hookers 
Observations,  i&c.  concerning  the  Roman  Senate,  and  the 
character  of 'Dloaysius  of  Halicarnassus,"  1758,  8vo.  But 
the  author  of  this  was  Edward  Spelman,  esq.  who  was  then 


/ 


]2d  H  O  O  K  E. 

publishing  ftn  English  translation  of  Dionysius.  Hoc^ 
published  also  a  translation  of  Ramsay^s.^*  Travels  of  Cyrus,** 
1739,  4to.  Mr.  Hooke  left  two  sons;  one  a  clergyman  of 
the  English  church,  rector  of  Birkby  and  vicar  of  Leek  in 
Yorkshire,  who  died  in  1791 ;  the  other  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  professor  of  astronomy  in  that  seminary.^ 

HOOKE  (Robert),  an  eminent  English  mathematician, 

and  one  of  the  most  inventive  geniuses  that  the  world  ha^ 

ever  seen,  was  son  of  Mr.  John  Hooke,  rector  of  Fresh* 

water  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  born  there  July  18,  1635. 

He  was  designed  for  the  church ;  but  being  of  a  weakly 

constitution,  and  very  subject  to  the  head-ache,  he  was  left 

to  follow  the  bent  of  his  genius,  which  led  him  to  iiie<« 

ehanicsi  and  first  appeared  in  bis  making  little  toys,  which 

he  did  with  wonderful  art  and  dexterity.     Seeing,  on  one 

occasion,  an  old  brass  clock  taken  to  pieces,  he  made  ar 

wooden  one  that. would  go  :  be  made  likewise  a  small  ship 

about  a  yard  long,  fitly  shaped,  masted,  and  rigged,  with 

a  contrivance  to  make  it  fire  small  guns,  as  it  was  sailing 

across  a  haven  of  some  breadth.    These  indications  led  hia 

friends  to  think  of  some  trade  for  him  in  which  such  talents 

might  be  useful ;  and  after  his  father's  death  in  1648,  as  he 

had  also  a  turn  for  drawing,  he  was  placed  with  sir  Peter 

Lely,  but  the  smell-  of  the  oiUcolours  increased  his  head<* 

aches,  and  he  quitted  painting  in  &  very  short  time^.  After«« 

wards  he  was  kindly  taken  by  Dr.  Busby  into  his  house, 

and  supported  there  while  he  attended  Westminster-schooL 

Here  be  not  only  acquired  Greek  and  Latin,  together  with 

some  knowledge  of  Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages^ 

but  also  made  himself  master  of  a  good  part  of  Euclid's 

Elements ;  and  Wood  adds,  that  while  he  lived  with  Dr. 

Busby  he  ^^  learned  of  his  own  accord  to  play  twenty 

lessons  on  the  organ,  and  invented  thirty  several  ways  of 

flying ;  as  himself  and  Dr.  Wilkins  of  Wad  ham- college 

have  reported." 

*  Aubrey  says  he  bad  some  instruc-  been  paid  as  an  apprentice  fee  to  Lely| 

tions  in  drawing  from  the   celebrated  but  after  he  had  been  some  time  upon 

Sam.  Cooper,  but  does  not  knoir  wbe-  trial,  Hooke  left  htm,  as  thinking  b« 

ther  this  was  before  or  after  he  went  to  could  do  all  that  was  to  b«  done,  an4 

Lely.      He  gives  us  an  auecdote  of  keep  his  hundred  pounds.     When' ha 

Hooke,  however,  which  is  very  charac-  went  to  Busby's  be  "  lodged  his  1 00/^ 

teristic  of  that  sordid  regard  for  money  with  him.'' — Letters  by  Emioeoi  Pfr* 

which  predominated  all  his  life.     His  sons,  1813,  3  vols.  8 vo« 
father  left  him  100/.  which  was  to  have 

I  Nichols's  Bowyer.— Ruffhead's  Life  of  Pope,  4to  edit.  p.  3S1.  421.— <%€»; 
Urfitld's  Memoirs,  4to«  p*  116.— Bo8weU'»  Tour  to  ^  Hebridje^  . 


> 


H  O  O  It  £.  128 

About  1653  he  went  to  Cbrist-churcb,  Oxford^  and  in 
1655  was  introduced  to  the  philosophical  society  tbere; 
where,  discovering  his  mechanic  genius,  he  was  first  em- 
ployed to  assist  Dr.  Willis  in  his  operations  of  chemistry, 
and  afterwards  recommended  to  Mr.  Boyle,  whom  he  served 
many  years  in  the  same  capacity.     He  was  also  instructed 
about  this  time  by  Dr.  Seth  Ward,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy,  in  that  science ;  and  fipom  henceforward  distin- 
gimhed  himself  by  a  greater  number  of  important  inven- 
tions and  improvements  of  the  mechanic  kind,  than  any 
one  man  had  ever  discovered.    Among  these  were  several 
astronomical  instruments  for  making  observations  both  at 
sea  and  land;  and  he  was  particularly  serviceable  to  Boyle, 
in  completing  the  air-pump.     Wood  tells  US|  that  he  also  ' 
explained  '^  Euclid's  Elements,''  and  ^^  Des  Cartes's  Philo- 
sophy," to  Boyle.     In  Nov.  1662,  sir  Robert  Moray,  then 
president,  having  proposed  him  for  curator  of  experiments 
to  the  Royal  Society,  he  was  unanimously  accepted,  and 
it  was  ordered  that  Boyle  should  have  the  thanks  of  the 
.society  for  dispensing  with  him  for  their  use ;  and  that  he 
should  come  and  sit  among  them,  and  both  exhibit  every 
day  three  or  four  of  bis  own  experiments,  and  take  care 
of  such  others  as  should  be  mentiomed  to  him  by  the  so<» 
ciety.     He  executed  this  oflSce  so  much  to  their  satisfac- 
tion, that  when  that  body  was  established  by  the  royal 
charter,  his  name  was  in  the  list  of  those  who  were  first 
nominated  by  the  council.  May  20,   1663 ;   and  he  was 
admitted  accordingly,  June  3,  with  a  peculiar  exemption 
from  all  payoients.     Sept  28  of  the  same  year,  he  was 
nominated  by  Clarendon,  chancellor  of  Oxford,  for  the 
degree  of  M.A.;  and  Oct.  19,  it  was  ordered  that  the 
repository  of  the  Royal  Society  should  be  committed  to  his 
care,  the  white  gallery  in  Cresham-college  being  appointed 
for  that  use.     In  May  1664,  he  began  to  read  the  astrono* 
mical  lecture  at  Gresham  for  the  professor.  Dr.  Pope,  then 
in  Italy  ;  and  the  same  year  was  made  professor  of  mecha- 
nics to  the  Royal  Society  by  Sir  John  Cutler,  with  a  salary 
of  50/.  per  annum,  which  that  gentleman,  the  founder, 
settled  upon  him  for  life.     On  Jan.  11,  1664-5,  he  was 
elected  by  that  society  curator  of  experiments  for  life,  with 
an  additional  salary  of  30/.  per  annum  to  sir  John  Cutler^s 
annuity,  settled  on  him  *'pro  tempore:"  and,  March  fol- 
lowipg,  was  elected  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  «^ 
college,    i. 

VouXVlll  K 


ISO  H  O  O  K  E* 

In  1665,  he  published  in  folio  bis  '' Micrographia,  or 
some  philosophical  descriptions  of  minute  bodies,  made  by 
magnifying  glasses,  with  observations  and  enquiries  there- 
upon f  *  and  the  same  year,  during  the  recess  of  the  Royal 
Society  on  account  of  the  plague,  attended  Dr.  Wilkins 
and  other  ingenious  gentlemen  into  Surrey,  where  they 
made  several  experiments.  In  Sept.  1666,  he  produced 
his  plan  for  rebuildiM  the  city  of  London,  then  destroyed 
by  the  great  fire ;  which  was  approved  by  the  lord- mayor 
and  court  of  aldermen*  According  to  it,  all  the  chief 
streets  were  to  have  been  built  in  regular  lines ;  all  the 
0thet  cross  streets  to  have  turned  out  of  them  at  right 
angles ;  and  all  the  churches,  public  buildings,  market- 
places, &c.  to  have  been  fixed  in  proper  and  convenient 
places ;  but  the  nature  of  the  property,  and  the  impossi- 
bility of  raising  funds  to  indemnify  the  landholders  who 
would  be  injured  by  this  scheme,  prevented  its  being  car- 
ried into  execution.  The  rebuilding  of  the  city,  however^ 
according  to  the  lact  of  parliament,  requiring  an  able  per- 
son to  set  out  the  ground  to  the  several  proprietors,  Hooke^ 
was  appointed  one  of  the  city  surveyors,  and  Ofiver,  a 
glass-pain tet,  the  ot^het*.  In  this  employment  he  acquired 
the  greatest  part  of  that  estate  of  which  be  died  possessed  ; 
as  appeared  sufficiently  evident  from  a  large  iron  chest  of 
money  found  after  his  death,  locked  down  with  a  key  in  it, 
and  a  date  of  the  time,  which  shewed  that  the  contents  had 
been  so  shut  up  for  above  thirty  years,  and  seldom  dis- 
turbed, for  he  almost  starved  himself  and  all  in  his  house. 

in  1668,  Hevelius,  the  famous  astronomer  at  Dantzick, 
pi^esented  a  copy  of  his  **  Cometographia"  to  Hooke,  in 
acknowledgment  for  an  handsome  compliment  which  Hooke 
}iad  paid  to  him  on  account  of  his  '*  Selenographia,^*  printed 
in  1647  ;  and  Hooke,  in  return,  sent  Hevelius  a  description 
of  the  dioptric  telescope,  with  an  account  of  his  manner 
9f  iising  it,  and  recommended  it  to  him  as  preferable  to 
those  with  plain  sights.  This  circumstance  gave  rise  to  a 
great  dispute  between  them,  noticed  in  our  account  of 
Hevelius,  in  which  many  learned  men  afterwards  en- 
ffag^d,  and  which  Hooke  so  managed,  as  to  be  uni- 
versally condemned,  though  it  haa  since  been  agreed 
that  he  had  the  be^t  side  of  the  question.  In  1671  he 
attacked  sir  Isaac  Newton's  "  New  Theory  of  Light  and 
Colours  ;'*  where,  though  he  was  forced  to  submit  in  re- 
tpect  to  the  argument,  he  U  said  to  have  come  off  with  ^ 
b^euer  reputation  than  in  the  former  instance.    The  Royal 


HOOKS.  I3i 

Society  having  begun  their  meetings  at  Gresham-coUege^ 
in  Nov.  1^74^  the  committee  in  December  allowed  him  40/. 
to  erect  a  turret  over  part  of  his  lodgings,  for  proving  his 
instruments,  and  making  astronomical  observations ;  and 
the  year  following  he  published  *<  A  Description  of  Tele- 
scopes, and  some  other  instruments,*'  made  by  him,  with 
a  postscript,  complaining  of  some  injustice  done  him  by 
Oldenburg,  the  publisher  of  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions,*' in  regard  to  his  invention  of  pendulum  watches. 
This  charge  drew  him  into  a  dispute  with  that  gentleman, 
which  ended  in  a  declaration  of  the  Koyai  Society  in  their 
secretary's  favoun  Oldenburg  dying  in  Aug.  1677,  Hooke 
was  appointed  to  supply  his  place,  and  began  to  take 
minutes  at  the  meeting  in  October,  and  published  seven 
numbers  of  the  ^*  Philosophical  Collections,*'  which  have 
been  always  considered  as  a  part  of  the  '*  Philosophical 
Transactions.".  Soon  after  this  be  grew  more  reserved  than 
formerly,  and  though  he  read  his  Cutlerian  lectures,  and 
often  made  experiments,  and  shewed  new  inventions  before 
the  Royal  Society,  yet  he  seldom  left  any  account  of  them 
to  be  entered  in  their  registers,  designing,  as  he  said,  to 
fit  them  for  himself,  and  make  them  ppblic,  which  however 
he  never  performed.  In  1686,  when  sir  Isaac  Newton's 
Prtncipia  were  published,  Hooke,  with  that  jealousy  which 
was  niittural '  to  him,  claimed  priority  respecting  the  idea 
of  gravitation.  Newton,  with  a  candour  equally  natural 
to  him,  admitted  his  claim,  but  shewed  at  the  same  time 
that  Hooke's  notion  of  gravitation  was  different  from  his 
own,  and  that  it  did  not  coincide  with  the  phenomena.  In 
reality,  the  notion  of  gravitation  is  as  ancient  at  least  as 
the  days  of  Lucretius,  and  is  particularly  noticed  by  Kepler. 
Newton's  merit  consisted,  not  in  ascribing  the  planetary 
motions  to  gravitation,  but  in  determining  the  law  which 
gravitation  follows,  and  in  shewing  that  it  exactly  accounts  < 
for  all  the  planetary  phenomena,  which  no  other  system 
does. 

In  1687,  his  brother's  daughter,  Mrs.  Grace  Hooke,  who 
had  lived  with  bim  several  years,  died  ;  and  he  was  so 
affected  at  her  death,  that  he  hardly  eVer  recovered  it,  but 
was  observed  from  that  time  to  .grow  less  active,  more 
melancholy,  and,  if  possible,  more  cynical  than  ever*  At 
the  same  time  a  chancery-suit,  in  which  he  was  concerned 
with  sir  John  Cutler,  on  account  of  his  salary  for  reading 
the  Cutlerian  lectures,    made  him  very  uneasy,  and  in- 

K  2 


J38  H  O  O  K  E. 

creased  bis  disorder.  In  1 69 1 ,  he  was  employed  in  forming^ 
the  plan  of  the  hospital  near  Hoxton,  founded  by  Aske, 
alderman  of  London,  who  appointed  archbishop  Tillptsoa 
one  of  his  executors;  and  in  December  the  same  year, 
Hooke  was  created  M.  D.  by  a  warrant  from  that  prelate. 
He  is  also  said  to  have  been  the  architect  of  Bediami  and 
the  College  of  Physicians.  In  July  1696,  hi^  chancery- 
suit  for  sir  John  Cutler's  salary  was  determined  in  his 
favour,  to  his  inexpressible  satisfaction.  His  joy  on 
that  occasion  was  found  in  liis  diary  thus  expressed : 
^<  DoMSHLGissA ;  that  is,  Deo  Optimo  Maximo  sit  honor^ 
laus,  gloria,  in  saecula  sseculorum.  Amen.  I  was  born  on 
this  day  of  July,  1635,  and  God  has  given  me  a  new  birth  : 
may  I  never  forget  his  mercies  to  me !  whilst  he  gives  me 
breath  may  I  praise  him  !''  The  same  year  an  order  was 
granted  to  him  for  repeating  most  of  his  experiments,  at 
the  expence  of  the  Boyal  Society,  upon  a  promise  of  his 
finishing  the  accounts,  observations,  and  deductions  from 
them,  and  of  perfecting  the  description  of  all  the  instru- 
ments contrii'ed  by  him,  which  his  increasing  illness  and 
general  decay  rendered  him  unable  to  perform.  For  the 
two  or  three  last  years  of  his  life  he  is  said  to  have  sat 
night  and  day  at  a  table,  engrossed  with  his  inventions  and 
stuidies,  and  never  to  have  gone  to  bed,  or  even  undressed  ; 
and  in  this  wasting  condition,  and  quite  emaciated,  be  died 
March  3,  1 702,  at  his  lodgings  in  Gresham-i^oHege,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Helen's  church,  Bishopsgate- street,  bis 
corpse  being  attended  by  all  the  members  of  the  Royat 
Society  then  in  London. 

Waller,  the  writer  of  his  life,  has  given  the  following 
character  of  him,  which,  though  not  an  amiable  one,  seems 
to  be  drawn  with  candour  and  impartiality.  He  was  in 
person  but  a  despicable  figure;  short  of  stature,  very 
crooked,  pale,  lean,  and  of  a  meagre  aspect,  with  dark 
brown  hair,  very  long,  and  hanging  over  his  face,  uncut^^ 
and  lank.  Suitable  to  this  person,  his  temper  was  penu- 
.  rious,  melancholy,  mistrustful,  and  jealous ;  which  qualities 
increased  upon  him  with  his  years.  He  set  out  in  bis  youth 
with  a  collegiate  or  rather  a  monastic  recluseness,  and 
afterwards  led  the  life  of  a  cynical  hermit ;  scarcely  allow- 
ing himself  necessaries,  notwithstanding  the  great  increase 
of  bis  fortunes  after  the  fire  in  London  ^.     He  declared 

*  Sir  Godfrey  Cof>1ev,  in  a  leUer     ffavB,  **  Dr.  Kook«  is  very  craxy ;  much 
vritteB  about  the  time  of  Nooke'f  death,     concerned  for  ftar  be  ahou  Id  4)utUTe  his 


H  O  O  K  E.  133. 

sometimes,  that  he  had  a  great  project  in  his  head  as  to 
the  disposal  of  his  estate,  for  the  advapcement  of  natural 
knowledge,  and  to  promote  the  ends  and  desigpis  for  which 
the  Royal  Society  was  instituted;  to  huild  a  handsome 
fabric  for  the  society's  use,  with  a  library,  repository,  la« 
boratory,  and  other  conveniences  for  making  experiments ; 
and  to  found  and  endow  a  physico-mechanic  lecture  like 
that  of  sir  John  Cutler.     But  though  he  was  often  solicited 
by  his  friends  to  put  his  designs  down   in  writing,  and 
make  his  will  as  to  the  disposal  of  his  estate,  yet  he  could 
never  be  prevailed  on  to  do  it,  but  died  without  any  will 
that  could  be  found.     In  like  lAanner,  with  respect  to  his 
philosophical  treasures,  when  he  first  became  known  to  the 
learned  world,  he  was  very  communicative  of  his  inventions 
and  discoveries,  but  afterwards  grew  close  and  reserved  to 
a  fault ;  alledging  for  an  excuse,  that  some  persons  chal- 
lenged his  discoveries  for  their  own,  and  took  occasion  from 
his  hints  to  perfect  what  he  had  not  finished.     For  this 
reason  he  would  suggest  nothing,  till  he  had  time  to  perfect 
it  himself;  so  that  many  things  are  lost  which  he  affirmed 
he  knew,  though  be  was  not  supposed  to  know  every  thing 
which  he  affirmed.     For  instance,  not  many  weeks  before 
hi9  death,  he  told  Mr.  Waller  and  others,  that  he  knew  a 
certain  and  infallible  method  of  discovering  the  longitude 
at  sea;   yet  it  is  evident  that  his  friends  distrusted  his 
asseveration  of  this  discovery ;  and  how  little  credit  was 
then  g^ven  to  it  in  general,  appears  from  Waller^s  own 
accounts     '^  Hooke,*'  says  he,  '^  suffering  this  invention  to 
be  undiscovered  to  the  last,  gave  some  persons  cause  to 
question,  whether  he  was  ever  the  possessor  of  it ;  and  to 
doubt  whether   what  in  theory  seemed  very  promising, 
would  answer  when  put  in  practice.     Others  indeed  more 
severely  judged,  that  it  was  only  a  kind  of  boasting  in  him 
to  assert  that  which  had  not  been  performed  though  at* 
tempted  by  many."     In  the  religious  part  of  his  character 
he  was  so  hr  exemplary,  that  he  always  expressed  a  great 
veneration  for  the  Deity,  and  seldpm  received  any  remark- 

estate.  He  bath  ttanred  one  old  woman  the  days  of  his  life,  I  mean  mathema- 
already ;  and  I  beiteve  he  will  endanger  ti<;at  experiments,  than  to  hare  it  go  to 
hinself  t»  save  sixpence  for  any  thing  tl^ose  whom  he  never  saw  or  cared  for. 
he  wants."  In  another,  written  a  few  it  is  rare  that  virtuosos  die  rich,  and  it 
weeks  after  his  death.  Sir  Godfrey  says, 
•*  I  wonder  old  Or.  Hooke  did  not  choose 
rather  to  leave  bis  12,000/.  to  continue  Nicholses  possession, 
what  he  had  promoted  and  studied  all 


is  pity  they  should  if  they  were  like 
him."     Dr.  Docarel's    MSS.  in  Mr.  ' 


134  HO  O  K  E. 

able  benefit  in  life,  or  made  any  considerable  diicovisry  in 
nature,  or  invented  any  useful  contrivance,  or  foynd  out 
any  difficult  problem,  without  setting  down  his  acknow- 
ledgment to  God,  as  many  places  in  bis  diary  plainly  shew. 
He  frequently  studied  the  sacred  writings  in  the  originals ; 
for  he  was  acquainted  with  the  ancient  languages,  as  well 
as  with  all  the  parts  of -mathematics.  *^  To  conclude,'* 
says  Waller,  ^^  all  his  errors  and  blemishes  were  more  than 
made  amends  for  by  the  greatness  and  extent  of  his  natural 
and  acquired  parts,  and  more  than  common  if  not  wonder* 
ful  sagacity,  in  diving  into  the  most  hidden  secrets  of 
nature,  and  in  contriving  proper  methods  of  forcing  her  to 
confess  the  truth,  by  driving  and  pursuing  the  Proteus 
through  all  her  changes  to  her  last  and  utmost  recesses- 
There  needs  no  other  proof  of  this,  thaii  the  great  numl^er 
of  experiments  he  made,  with  the  contrivances  for  them^ 
amounting  to  some  hundreds ;  his  new  and  useful  instni«* 
ments  and  inventions,  which  were  numerous ;  his  admirable 
facility  and  clearness  in  explaining  the  phenomeiia  of  na* 
ture,  &nd  demonstrating  his  assertions ;  his  happy  talent 
in  adapting  theories  to  the  phenomena  observed,  and  con« 
triving  easy  and  plain,  not  pompous  and  amusing,  expe- 
riments to  back  and  prove  those  theories ;  proceeding  from 
observations  to  theories,  and  fronn  theories  to  farther  trials, 
which  he  asserted  to  be  the  most  proper  method  to  succeed 
in  the  interpretation  of  nature.  For  these  his  happy  qua- 
lifications he  was  much  respected  by  the  most  learned  phi* 
losophers  at  home  and  abroad.;  and  as  with  all  his  failures 
he  may  be  reckoned  among  the  great  men  of  the  last  age, 
80,  had  he  been  free  from  them,  possibly  he  might  have 
stood  in  the  front.'* 

His  papers  being  put  by  his  friends  into  the  hands  of 
Richard  Waller,  esq.  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  that 
gentleman  collected  such  as  he  thought  worthy  of  the  press, 
and  published  them  under  the  title  of  his  *^  Posthumous 
Works,"  in  1705,  to  which  he  prefixed  an  account  of  his 
life,  in  folio.  It  is  thought,  that  this  gentleman  would 
have  published  more  of  Hooke's  manuscripts,  had  he 
lived.  Mr.  Professor  Robison  of  Edinburgh,  who  ascribes 
the  invention  of  spring- watches  to  Hooke,  had  an  op[]/or- 
tunity  of  seeing  some  of  Hooke's  MSS.  that  had  been 
rescued  from  the  fire  at  the  burning  of  Gresham-college, 
and  says  that  they  are  full  of  systematic  views :  many  of 
them,   it   must  be  acknowledged,  hasty,  inaccurate,  and 


H  O  O  K  £.  lU 

^tntiltt  but  still  syst^maticaL     Hooke  called  them  algebras^ 
and  considered  them  as  having  a  sort  of  inventive  power^ 
or  rather  as  means  of  discovering  things  unknown  by  a 
process  somewhat  similar  to  that  art     He  valued  himself 
highly  on  account  of  this  view  of  science,  which  he  thought 
peculiar  to  himself;  and  he  frequently  speaks  of  others, 
even  the  most  eminent,  as  childishly  contenting  themselves 
with  partial  views  of  the  corners  of  things.     He-was  like- 
wise very  apt  to  consider  other  inventors  as  encroachers  on 
liis  systems,  which  he  held  as  a  kind  of  property,  being 
seriously  determitied  to  prosecute  them  all  m  their  turn, 
and  never  recollecting  that  any  new  object  iipmediately 
called  him  off,  and  engaged  him  for  a  while  in  the  most 
eager  pursuit.     His  algebras  had  given  him  many  signal 
helps,  and  he  had  no  doubt  of  carrying  them  through  in 
every  investigation.     Stimulated  by  this  overfond  expec- 
tation, when  a  discovery  was  mentioned  to  him  he  was  too 
apt  to  thinl:  and  to  say,  that  he  had  long  ago  invented  the 
s^ame  thing,  when  the  truth  probably  was,  that  the  course 
of  his  systematic  thoughts  on  the  subjects  with  which  it  was 
connected  had  really  suggested  it  to  him,  with  such  viva* 
city,  or  with  such  notions  of  its  importance,  as  to  make 
him  ^et  it  down  in  his  register  iu  its  own  systematic  place, 
which  was  his  constant  practice :  but  it  was  put  out  of  his 
mind  by  some  new  object  of  pursuit.     These  remarks  are 
part  of  a  series,  by  the  same  learned  professor,  on  the 
merits  and  inventions  of  Dr.  Hooke,  which  are  new,  and 
highly  necessary  to  enable  the  reader  to  form  a  just  esti- 
mate of  Hooke  as  a  benefactor  to  science.     They  are  to 
be  found  in  the  ^^  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,''  under  the 
article  Watch,  and  in  Dr.  Gleig's  supplement  to  that 
work,  under  HooK£.     No  English  biographer  appears  to 
have  done  so  much  justice  to  our  pliilosopher. ' 

HOOKER,  or  VOWELL,  (John,)  an  English  historian, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  about  the  year  1524.  His  father  Ro- 
bert Hooker,  a  wealthy  citizen,  was  in  1529  mayor  of  that 
city.  Dr.  Moreman,  vicar  of  Menhinit  in  Cornwall,  wa9 
bis  tutor  in  grammar,  after  which  he  studied  at  Oxford, 
but  in  what  college  Wood  was  not  able  to  discover.  Having 
left  the  University,  he  travelled  to  Germany,  and  resided 
some  time  at  Cologn,  where  be  studied  the  law  ^  and  thence 

1  Life  by  Waller.  —  Biog.  Brit. — Ward's  Gresbaia  Professors,— Atb.  Ox. 
Tol.  IL—^EBcyclopssdia  as  above. 


136  HOOKER. 

to  Strasburgh,   where  he  heard  the  divinity  lectures  of 
Peter  Martyr.     He  intended  also  to  have  visited  France, 
3painy  and  Italy,  but  a  war  breaking  out,  he  returned  to*  - 
England,    and,   residing  at   his  native  city,  Exeter,  was  ' 
elected  chamberlain  iti  1554,  being  the  first  person  who 
held  that  office;  and  in  1571  he  represented  Exeter  in 
parliament.     He  died  in  1601,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathe* 
dral  of  Exeter.     His  works  are,  1.  *^  Order  and  usage  of 
keeping  of  Parliaments  in  Ireland.*'     The  MS.  of  this  is 
in  Trinity-college-library,  Dublin.    He  hsid  been  sent  into 
Ireland  by  sir  Peter  Carew  to  negotiate  his  affairs  there, 
and  was  elected  burgess  for  Athenry  in  the  parliament  of 
1568.    This  tract  is  pjrinted  with  his  Irish  Chronicle  in 
Holinshed.     2.  *^  The  events  of  Comets,  or  blazing  stars,    . 
made  upon  the  sight  of  the  comet  Pagoniu,  which  appeared 
in  November  and   December  1577."    Lond.   1577,  8vo. 
3.  ^^  An  addition  to  the  Chronicles  of  Ireland  from  1546 
to  1568,'*  in  the  second  volume  of  Holinshed.     4.  "Ca- 
talogue of  the  bishops  of  Exeter,*'  and  **  a  Description 
of  Exeter,**  in'  the  third  volume  of  Holinshed.    5.  A  trans- 
lation of  the  history  of  the  conquest  of  Ireland  from  Giral- 
dus  Cambrensis,  in  the  second  volume  of  Holinshed,  and 
some  other  pieces  not  printed.     This  gentlemai^  was  uncle 
to  the  celebrated  Richard  Hooker.  * 

I^OOK^R  (Ric|IARD),  an  eminent  English  divine,  and 
.author  of  an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  The  JLaws  of  Ec- 
clesiastical Polity,  in  6ight  books,**  was  born  at  Heavy- 
tree  near  Exeter,  about  the  end  of  March  1554,  Mis 
parents,  not  being  rich,  intended  hiqfi  for  a  trade;  but  bis 
schoolmaster  at  Exeter  prevailed  with  them  to  continue 
him  at  school,  assuring  them,  that  his  na'tural  endowments 
and  learning  were  both  so  remar](able,  that  he  must  of 
necessity  be  taken  notice  of,  and  |hat  God  would  provide 
him  some  patron  who  would  free  them  from  any  future  care 
or  charge  about  him.  Accordingly  his  uncle  John  Hooker, 
the  subject  of  the  preceding  article^  who  was  ^en  cham- 
berlain of  the  town,  began  to  notice  him ;  and  being  known 
to  Jewell,  made  a  visit  to  that  prelate  at  Salisbury  soon 
after,  and  ^  besought  him  for  charity's  sake  to  1oo|l  favour- 
ably upon  a  poor  nephew  of  his,  whom  natqre  had  fitted 
for  a  scholar;  but  the  estate  of  his  parents  was  s$o  narrow, 
that  they  were  unable  to  give  him  the  adv^ntag^  of  l^arn- 

I  Prince's  Worthiei  of  Devon. — Atb»  Ox.  vol.  1.— Ware's  Ireland  by  Marri^. 


HO  O  K  E  R.  1$7 

ing ;  and  that  the  bishop  -therefore  would  become  his  pa* 
troQ,  and  prevent  him  from  being  a  tradesman,  for  be  was 
a  boy  of  remarkable  hopes/'     The  bishop  examining  into 
his  merits,  found  him  to  be  what  the  uncle  had  repre- 
sented him,  and  took  him  immediately  under  his  protec- 
tion.    He  got  him  admitted,  in  1567,  one  of  the  clerks  of 
Corpus-*Christi  college  in  Oxford,  and  settled  a  pension 
on  him ;  which,  with  the  contributions  of  his  uncle,  af- 
forded liim  a  verv   comfortable   subsistence.      In   1571, 
Hooker  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  patron,  together 
with  his  pension.      Providence,  however,  raised  him  up 
two  other  patrons,  in  Dr.  Cole,  then  president  of  the  col- 
lege, and  Dr.  Edwyn  Sandys,  bishop  of  London,  and  after* 
wards  archbishop  of  York.     To  the  latter  of  these  Jewell 
had  recommended  him  so  effectually  before  his  death,  that 
though  of  CambWdge  himself,  he  iimmediately  resolved  to 
send  his  son  Edwyn  to  Oxford,  to  b^  pupil  to  Hooker,  who 
yet  was  not  much  older ;  for,  said  he,  *^  I  will  have  a  tutor 
for  my  son,  that  shall  teach  him  learning  by  instruction, 
and  virtue  by  example.''     Hooker  had  also  another  con- 
siderable pupil,  namely,  George  Cranmer,  grand  nephew' 
to  Cranmer  the  archbishop  and  martyr;  with  whom,  at 
well  as  with  Sandys,    he  cultivated  a  strict  and    htsting 
friendship.     In  1573,  he  was  chosen  scholar  of  Corpus, 
and  in  157T,  having  taken  his  master's  degree,  was  elected 
fallow  of  his  college ;  and  about  two  years  after,  being 
well  skilled  in  the  Oriental  languages,  was  appointed   de- 
puty-professor of  Hebrew,  in  the  room  of  Kih^smill,  who 
was  disordered  in  his  senses.     In  1581,  he  entered  into 
orders ;  and  soon  after,  being  appointed  to  preach  at  St. 
Paul's-cross  in  London,  was  so  unhappy  as  to  be  drawn 
intp  a  most  unfortunate  marriage ;  of  which,  as  it  is  one 
of  the  most  memorable  circumstances  of  his  life,  we  shall 
give  the  particulars  as  they  are  related  by  Walton.  There 
was  then  belonging  to  the  church  of  St.  Paul's,  aliouse 
called  the  Shunamites  house,  set  apart  for  the  reception 
and  entertainment  of  the  preachers  at  St.  Paul's  cross,  two 
days  before,  and  one  day  after  the  sermon.     That  house 
was  then  kept  by  Mr.  John  Churchman,  formerly  a  sub- 
stantial draper  in  Watling-street,  but  now  reduced  to  po- 
verty.    Walton  says,  that  Churchman  was  a  person  of  vir- 
tue, but  that  he  cannot  say  quite  so  much  of  his  wife.    To 
this  house  Hooker  came  from  Oxford  so  wet  and  weary, 
that  he  was  afraid  he  should  aot  be  able  to  perform  his 


138  H  a  O  K  £  R. 

duty  the  Sunday  following:  Mrs.  ChurchmaD)  however, 
nursed  him  so  wellj  that  he  presently  recovered  .from  the 
ill  effects  of  his  journey.     For  this  he  was  very  ^thankful ; 
so  much  indeed  that^  as  Walton  expresses  it,  he  thought 
binriself  bound  in  conscience  to  believe  all  she  said ;  so 
the  good  man   c^me  to  be  persuaded  by  her,  '^that  he 
bad  a  very  *  tender  constitution;  and  that  it  was  best  for 
him  to  have  a  wife,  that  might  prove  a  nurse  to  him  ;  .such 
a  one  as  might  both  prolong  his  life,  and  make  pit  more 
comfortable ;  and  such  a  one  she  could  and  would  provide 
for  him,  if  be  thought  fit  to  marry."     Hooker,  not  conr 
sidering  '^  that  the  children  of  this  world  are  wiser  in  their 
generation  than  the  children  of  light,''    and  fearing  no 
guile,  because  he  meant  none,  gave  her  a  power  to  choose 
a  wife  for  him ;  promising,  upon  a  fair  summons,  to  return 
to  London,  and  accept  of  her  choice,  which  he  did  in  that 
or  the  year  following.     Now,  says  Walton,  the  wife  pro- 
vided for  him  was  her  daughter  Joan,  who  brought  him 
neither  beauty  nor  portion  ;  and  for  her  conditions,  they 
were  too  like  that  wife's  which  Solomon  compares  to  a 
dripping-house ;  that  is,  says  Wood,  she  was  *^  a  clownish 
billy  woman,  and  withal  a  mere  Xantippe." 

Hooker,  having  now  lost  his  fellowship  by  this  marriage, 
remained  without  preferment,   and  supported  himself  as 
well  as  he  could,  till  the  latter  end  of  1584,  when  he  was 
presented  by  John  Cheny,  esq.  to  the  rectory  of  Drayton- 
Beauchamp,  in  Buckinghamshire,  where  he  led  an  uncom- 
fortable  life  with  his  wife  Joan  for  about  a  year.     In  this: 
situation  he  received  a  visit  from  bis  friends  and  pupils 
Sandys  and  Cranmer,  who  found  him  with  a  Horace  in  his 
hand,  tending  a  small  allotment  of  sheep  in  a  common 
field  ;  which  he  told  them  he  was  forced  to  do,  because  his 
servant  was  gone  home  to  dine,  and  assist  his  wife  in  the 
household  business.     When  the  servant  returned  and  re- 
leased him,  his  pupils  attended  him  to  his  house,  where 
their  best  entertainment  was  his  quiet  company,  which  was 
presently  denied  them,  for  Richard  was  called  to  rock  the 
cradle,  and  the  rest  of  their  welcome  being  equally  re- 
pulsive, they  stayed  but  till  the  next  morning,  which  was 
long  enough  to  discover  and  pity  their  tutor's  condition. 
At  their  return  to  London,  Sandys  acquainted  his  father 
with  Hooker's  deplorable  state,  who  entered  so  heartily 
into  his  concerns,  that  he  procured  him  to  be  made  master 
of  the  Temple  in  1585.     This,  though  a  valuable  piece  of 


H  O  O  K  E  It 


139 


prefennent,  wis  not  so  suitable  to  Hooker'«  temper,  as  the 
retirement  of  a  living  in  the  country,  where  he  might  be 
free  from  noise ;  nor  did  he  acc^t  it  without  reluctance. 
At  the  time  when  Hooker  was  chosen  master  of  the  Temple, 
one  Walter  Travers  was  afternoon-lecturer  there ;  a  man 
of  learning  and  good  manners,  it  is  sail),  but  ordained  by 
the  presbytery  of  Antwerp,  and  warmly  attached  to  the 
Geneva  church  discipline  and  doctrines.  Travers  had 
some  hopes  of  establishing  these  principles  in  the  Temple, 
and  for  that  purpose  endeavoured  to  be  master  of  it ;  but 
not  succeeding,  gave  Hooker  all  the  opposition  he  could 
in  his  sermons,  many  of  whfch  were  about  the  doctrine, 
discipline,  and  ceremonies  of  the  church ;  insomuch  that 
they  constantly  withstood  each  other  to  the  face ;  for,  as 
somebody  said  pleasantly,  *^  The  forenoon  sermon  spake 
Canterbury,  and  the  afternoon  Geneva.^'  The  opposition 
became  so  visible,  and  the  consequences  so  dangerous, 
especially  in  that  place,  that  archbishop  Whitgift  caused 
Travers  to  be  silence^  by  the  high  commission  courts- 
Upon  that,  Travers  presented  his  supplication  to  the  privy* 
council,  which  being  without  effect,  be  made  it  public. 
This  obliged  Hooker  to  publish  an  answer,  which  was  in<^ 
scribed  to  the  archbishop,  and  procured  him  as  much  re* 
verence  and  respect  from  some,  as  it  did  neglect  and 
hatred  from  others.  In  order  therefore  to  undeceive  and 
win  these,  he  entered  upon  bis  famous  work  "  Of  the 
Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity  * ;"  and  laid  the  foundation 


*  The  followiog  Memoir  reUttye  to 
•ur  autbor'i  **  Ecclesiastical  Polity," 
was  drawn  op  by  sir  John  Hawkins, 
aod  inserted  in  a  work  into  which  the 
admirers  of  Hooker  were  not  very  likely 
to  look  for  information,  the  *<  Anti- 
quarian Repertory."  Neither  Walton, 
says  sir  John,  nor  bishop  Gauden,  nor 
any  other  that  give  an  account  of 
Hooker  and  his  writings,  make  men- 
tion of  the  particulaf  books  or  tracts 
which  gave  occasion  to  his  writing  the 
Ecolesiastical  Polity.  Whitgift  had 
written  an  answer  to  the  "  Admonition 
to  the  Pftrliameut,"  and  thereby  en- 
gaged in  a  controversy  with  Thomas 
Cartwrigbt,  the  supposed  author  of  it. 
Hooker,  in  bis  excellent  work,  under- 
took the  defence  of  our  ecclesiastical 
establishment,  against  which  Cart* 
Wright  appears  to  have  been  the  most 
powerful  of  all  its  opponents.    Ac* 


cordingly,  we  find  throughout  his  worik 
references  to  T.  C.  lib.  p.  ;  but 
giving  only  these  initials,  amd  citing 
no  book  by  its  proper  title,  we  are  at 
a  loss  now  to  know  with  whom  he  was 
contending.  It  is  necessary  therefore 
to  state  the  controversy,  the  order 
whereof  is  this  :  **  Admonition  to  thft 
Parliament,  viz.  the  first  and  second,'' 
in  a  small  duodecimo  volume,  without 
date  or  place ;  **  An  Answer  to  an  Ad* 
monition  to  Parliament,  by  John  Whit- 
gift, D.  of  Divinitie,"  4to.  Printed  by 
Bynneman,  1573.  1.  "  A  Replie  to 
the  Answer,  by  T.  €.*'  4to.  No  date  or 
place.  Of  this  there  are  two  editions, 
differing  in  the  order  of  numbering, 
the  pages.  *<  A  second  answer  of 
Whitgift,''  as  must  be  presumed  from 
the  title  of  the  next  article,  and  is  pro- 
bably no  other  than  a  book  mentioned 
in  Ames's  Typ.  Antiq.  32^,'  by  the 


140  HOOKER. 

and  plan  of  it,  while  be  viras  at  the  Temple.  Bot  he  foand 
the  Temple  no  fit  place  to  finish  what  he  had  there  de- 
signed ;  and  therefore  intreated  the  archbishop  to  remove 
him  to  some  quieter  situation  in  the  following  letter: 

"  My  lord;  When  I  lost  the  freedom  of  my  cell,  which 
was  my  college,  yet  I  found  some  degree  of  it  in  my  quiet 
country  parsonage.  But  I  am  weary  of  the^  noise  and  op- 
positions of  this  place ;  and  indeed  God  and  nature  did  not 
intend  me  for  contentions,  but  for  Mudy  and  quietness. 
And,  my  lord,  my  particular  contests  here  with  Mr.  Tro^ 
vers  have  proved  the  more  unpleasant  to  nie,  because  I 
believe  him  to  be  a  good  man  ;  and  that  belief  bath  occa- 
sioned me  to  examine  mine  own  conscience  concerning  his 
opinions.  And  to  satisfy  that,  I  have  consulted  the  Holy 
Scripture,  and  other  laws,  both  human  and  diviue,  whe* 
ther  the  conscience  of  him,  and  others  of  his  judgment, 
ought  to  be  so  far  complied  with  by  us  as  to  alter  our  frame 
of  church  government,  our  manner  of  God*s  worship,  our 
praising  and  praying  to  him,  and  our  established  ceremo- 
nies, as  often  as  their  tender  consciences  shall  require  us. 
And  in  this  examination  I  have  not  only  satisfied  myself, 
but  have  begun  a  treatise,  in  which  I  intend  the  satisfac-^ 

title  of  a  '*  Defence  of  the  Answer  to  i^uestion  it  of  the  auUiority  of  a  nan 

the  Admonition,"  1574,  fol.  Printed  bj  fltc."  Eccl.  Pol.  Edit.  1682,  p.  117,  ia 

Bjrnneman.    2.  "  A  second  replie  of  to  be  found  in  p.  S5  of  one  edition,  and 

Cartwright  a[rainst  Whitgifl's  second  in   p.  13  of  tbe  other.    In  Ames, 'p. 

Answer,"    1575,   4to.   No  pUc^^    3.  32^,  is  this  article,  which  seems  to  be 

*'  The  rest  of  the  second  Replie  of  a  collateral  branch  of  the  controversy, 
Cartwright  against  Whitgift's  secpnd  ^  "  A  Defence  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Re^ 

Answer,"  1577,  4to.  No  place.  giment  of  England  defaced  by  T.  C.  in 

Upon  a  reference  to  these  sevei^l  his  Replie  against  D.  Whitgift,  D.  D.'^ 

publicationsof  Cartwright,  and  a  cart-  1574,  12mo.    It  does  not  here  appear 

ful  exan^ination  of  sundry  passages  that  this  defence  is  of  Whitgift's  writings 

cited  from  him   by  Hooker,  it  most  yet  it  fias  the  name  of  his  printer,- 

evidently  appears/  that  by  **  T.  C.  Bsmneman,   Fuller,  in  bi«  Church  His- 

Lib.  I."  is  meant  No.  1,  as  above  de-  tory,  Book  IX,  102,  gives  an  account 

scribed ;  by  T.  C.  Lib.  2,"   is  meant  of  Cartwright,  and  of  his  dispute  with 

No.  2  i  aad  by  *<  T.  C.  Lib.  3,"  Ko^  3.  Wbhgift,  whiehis  very  erroneous;  for 

But  here  it  is  to  be  observed,  that  the  he  makes  it  to  ^nd  'at  Whitgift's  De* 

refejrejnces  to  Lib.  1 ,  agree  bot  with  one  fence  of  his  Answer';  'hay,  he  goes 

edition  of  it,  namely,  tha^  which  has  further,  and  assigns  reasons  for  Oirt- 

the  *'  Table  of  the  principal  Poynte^"  Wright's  silence.    The  truth  is,  he  was 

at  the  beginning  and  not  at  the  end,  not  silent  till  long  after,  but  continued 

as  the  other  .ha»*    13ie  difierence  be-  the  dispute  in  the  Tracts  No.  2  and  3» 

tween  them  is,  that  in  the  former  the  above  notisd.    The  relation  of  the  oon- 

ipnolbers  of  the  pages  commence  with  troversy  by  Neal,  in  his  **  History  oC 

the  "  Address  to  the  Choroh  of  Eng-  the  Puritans,"  vol.  I.  2S5,  et  seq.  ia 

land,"  in  the  latter  with  the  book  it-  very  fair  and  aocurate.    Antiquarian' 

self;  so  that  to  give  one  instance  of  Repertory,  vol.  111.  p.  13$. 
diffeience,  this  passage,  **  When  the 


H  O  O  K  £  fi.  141 

tion  of  others,  by  a  demonstration  of  the  reasonableness 
of  our  laws  of  ecclesiastical  polity.  But,  my  lord^  I  shall 
never  be  able  to  finish  what  I  have  begun,  unless  I  be  re- 
moved into  some  quiet  parsonage,  where  I  may  see  God^s 
blessings  spring  out  of  my  mother  earth,  and  eat  my  oi^n 
bread  in  peace  and  privacy ;  a  place  where  I  may  without 
disturbance  meditate  my  approaching  mortality,  and  that 
great  account  which  all  flesh  must  give  at  the  last  day  to 
the  God  pf  all  spirits/' 

Upon  this  application,  he  was  presented  in  1591  to  the 
rectory  of  Boscomb,  in  Wiltshire ;  and  July  the  same 
year,  to  the  prebeiid  of  Nether*- Haven,  in  the  church  of 
Sarum,  of  which  he  was  also  made  sub-dean.  At  Boscomb 
he  finished  four  books,  which  were  entered  into  the  re- 
gister-book at  Statioxiers'-hall,  in  March  1592,  bu.t  not 
printed  till  1594.  In  1595  he  quitted  Boscomb,  and  was 
presented  by  queen  Elizabeth  to  the  rectory  of  Bishop's- 
Bourne,  in  Kent,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  In  this  place  he  composed  the  6fth  book  of  his  ^^  Ec- 
clesiastical Polity,*'  which  was  dedicated  to  the  archbishop, 
and  published  by  itsflf  in  1597.  He  finished  there  the 
6th,  7th,  and  8th  books  of  Chat  learned  work  ;  but  whe- 
ther we  have  them  genuine,  and  as  left  by  himself,  ha« 
been  a  matter  of  much  dispute.  Dr.  Zouch,  however, 
seems  to  have  advanced  almost  unanswerable  arguments 
against  their  being  directly  from  the  pen  of  Hooker.  Some 
time  after,  he  caught  cold  in  a  passage  by  water  between 
I^ondon  and  Gravesend,  which  drew  upon  him  an  illness 
that  put  an  end  to  his  life  when  be  was  only  in  his  forty- 
seventh  year.  He  died  Nov.  2,  1600.  His  illness  was 
severe  and  lingering ;  he  continued,  notwithstanding,  his 
studies,  to  the  last.  He  strove  particularly  to  finish  his 
'*  Ecclesiastical 'Polity,"  and  said  often  to  a  friend  who 
visited  him  daily,  that  ^'  he  did  not  beg  a  long  life  of  God 
for  any  other  reason,  but  to  live  to  finish  the  three  re- 
maining books  of  Polity  ;  and  then.  Lord,  let  thy  servant 
depart  in  peace,"  which  was  his  usual  expression.  A  few 
days  before  his  death,  his  house  was  robbed;  of  which 
having  notice,  he  asked,  <'  are  my  books  and  written  pa- 
pers safe  ?"  And  being  answered  that  they  were,  **  then," 
said  lie,  '^  it  matters  not,  for  no  other  loss  can  trouble 
me.'* 

But  whatever  value  Hooker  himself  fhight  put  upon  his 
books  of  **  Ecclesiastical  ^Polity,"  he  could    not  in  that 


142  fi  O  O  K  E  R. 

respect'exceed  the  estimate  which  has  been  fbrnied  by  the 
general  jadgment  of  mankind,  with  the  exception  only  of 
the  enemies  of  our  church  establishment.  This  work  has 
€Ter  bieen  admired  for  soundness  of  reasoning,  and  prodi- 
gious extent  of  learning ;  and  the  author  has  universally 
acquired  from  it  the  honourable  titles  of ''  the  judicious,*' 
and  **  the  learned.'*  When  James  I.  ascended  the  throng 
of  England,  he  is  said  to  have  asked  Whitgift  for  his  friend 
Mr.  Hooker,  from  whose  books  of  "  Ecclesiastical  Polity*' 
he  bad  so  much  profited;  and  being  informed  by  the  arch- 
bishop that  he  died  a  year  before  the  queen,  he  expressed 
the  greatest  disappointment,  and  the  deepest  concern. 
Charles  I.  it  is  well  known,  earnestly  recommended  the 
reading  of  Hooker*s  books  to  his  son  ;  and  they  have  ever 
•  since  been  held  in  the  highest  veneration  and  esteem  by 
all.  An  anecdote  is  preserved  by  the  writer  of  his  life^ 
which,  if  true,  shews  that  his  fame  was  by  no  means  con- 
fined to  his  own  country,  but  reached  even  the  ears  of  the 
pope  himself.  Cardinal  Alen  and  Dr.  Stapleton,  though 
both  in  Italy  when  his  books  were  published,  were  yet  so 
affected  with  the  fame  of  them,  that  they  contrived  to  have 
them  sent  for^  and  after  reading  them,  are  said  to  have 
told  the  p€>pe,  then  Clement  VIII.  that  "  though  his  ho- 
liness had  not  yet  met  with  an  English  book,  as  he  was 
pleased  to  say,  whose  writer  deserved  the  name  of  an  au- 
thor, yet  there  now  appeared  a  wonder  to  them,  and  so 
they  did  not  doubt  it  would  appear  to  his  holiness,  if  it 
was  in  Latin ;  which  was,  that  '  a  pure  obscure  English 
priest  had  written  four  such  books  of  law  and  church  po- 
lity, in  so  majestic  a  style,  and  with  such  clear  demon- 
strations of  reason/  that  in  all  their  readings  they  had  not 
jnet  with  any  thing  that  exceeded  him.'*  This  begetting 
in  the  pope  a  desire  to  know  the  contents,  Stapleton  read 
to  him  the  first  book  in  Latin  ;  upon  which  the  pope  said, 
**  there  is  no  learning  that  this  man  hath  not  searched  into ; 
nothing  too  hard  for  his  understanding.  This  man  indeed 
deserves  the  name  of  an  author.  Ilis  books  will  get  re- 
verence by  age ;  for  there  is  in  them  such  seeds  of  eter- 
nity, that  if  the  rest  be  like  this,  they  shall  continue  till 
the  last  fire  shall  devour  all  learning  ;'*  all  which,  whether 
the  pope  said.it  or  no,  we  take  to  be  strictly  true. 

•  Dr.  Gauden  published  Hooker's  "  Works,"  1662,  foL 
with  a  life,  in  which  there  are  some  inaccuracies. '  A.se- 
copd  edition,  with  Hooker's  Life  by  Walton,  appeared  in 


HOOKER.  149 

I6i6,  fol.  reprinted  in  1676,  1682,  and  1723,  which  last 
some  calt  '^  the  best  edition.''  A  more  commodioius  one 
for  use  was  printed  at  Oxford,  1793,  3  vols.  8vo.  It  is 
needless  to  add  how  much  Walton's  Life  of  Hooker  has 
been  improved  in  Zouch's  edition  of  those  valuable  me- 
morials. Hooker's  other  works,  published  separately, 
were,  1.  ^'  Answer  to  the  Supplication  that  Mr.  Travera 
made  to  the  Council,"  Oxon.  1612,  4to.  2.  <*  A  learned 
discourse  of  Justification,  Works,  and  how  the  foundation 
of  Faith  is  overthrown,  on  Habak.  i.  4."  ibid.  1612,  4to. 
3.  *'  A  learned  Sermon  on  the  nature  of  Pride,  on  Habak. 
ii.  4.^'  ibtd.  1612,  4to.  4.  <^A  Remedy  against  Sorrow 
and  Fear,  delivered  in  a  funeral  sermon  on  John  xiv.  27.** 
ibid.  1612,  4tb.  5.  *^  A  learned  and  comfortable  Sermon 
of  the  certainty  and  perpetuity  of  Faith  in  the  elect ;  es- 
pecially of  the  prophet  Habakkuk's  faith,"  ibid.  1612,  4to« 
.6.  "  Two  Sermons  upon  part  of  Jude's  Epistles,"  ibid. 
1613,  4to.  These  Sermons  were  originally  published  by 
Mr.  Henry  Jackson,  with  "  WicklifF's  Wicket,"  and  after- 
wards reprinted  without  that  tract,  and  met  with  a  very 
welcome  reception  from  the  public.  7.  ^*  A  Discovery  of 
the  causes  of  these  Contentions  touching  Church-govern- 
ment, oiit  of  the  fragments  of  Richard  Hooker,"  published 
in  1641,  along  with  a  work  entitled  '^  A  Summarie  View 
of  the  government  both  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ; 
whereby  the  episcopal  government  of  Christ's  church  i» 
vindicated,"  out  of  the  rude  draughts  of  Launcelot  An- 
drews, late  bishop  bf  Winchester.  8.  **  Three  treatises 
inserted  in  a  work  edited  by  bishop  Sanderson,  and  en- 
titled *^  Clavi  Trabales,"  on  the  king's  power  in  matters  of 
religion,  in  the  advancement  of  bishops,  &c.  Dr.  Zouch 
mentions  as  a  publication  of  great  merit,  ^<  A  faithful 
abrids:ment  of  the  Works  of  nooker,  with  an  account  of 
his  life :  by  a  Divine  of  the  Church  of  England,"  London, 
1705.* 

HOOKER  (Thomas),  a  celebrated  divine  of  New  Eng-> 
land,  whose  works  frequently  occur  in  our  public  libraries, 
and  may  render  their  author  the  object  of  curiosity,  was 
born  at  Marfield,  in  Leicestershire,  in  1586,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Emanuel-college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.     On  his  leaving  the  university,  he  preached 

1  Life  by  Walton.— ^Blog.  Srlt.— Prince's  Worthies  of  DcTOfL-i-Neal's  Pu- 


s 


144  H  O  O  K  £  ft.' 

i 

occasionally  for  some  time  in  London^  but  in  1626  was 
chosen  lecturer  and  assistant  to  a  clergyman  at  Chelms* 
ford,  where  he  officiated  with  great  reputation,  until  si<» 
lenced  for  non-conformity  by  Laud,  then  bishop  of  Loa- 
don.  On  this  occasion  forty-seven  of  the  neighbouring 
clergy  sent  a  petition  to  the  bishop,  attesting  his  ortho- 
doxy and  peaceable  disposition.  But  this  had  no  effect ; 
and  ev€Q  when  Mr.  Hooker  set  up  a  grammar'-school  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Chelmsford,  he  was  cited  to  appear 
before  the  high  commission  court,  which  determined  him 
to  go  to  Holland,  where  he  preached  for  two  or  three 
years,  and  in  1633  went  to  New-Epgland,  and  became 
pastor  of.  the  church  of  Hertford,  in  the  colony  of  Con- 
necticut, and  from  bis  pious  services  and  usefulness,  was 
called  the  father  of  that  colony.  He  died  July  7,  1647. 
Among  his  works  are,  K  ^^  An  exposition  of  the  Lord' 
Prayer,"  Lond.  1645,  4to.  '  2.  "  The  Saint's  Guide,' 
ibid.  1645,  12mo.  3.  "  A  Survey  of  the  Summe  of  Church 
Discipline,  wherein  the  way  of  the  churches  of  New  Eng- 
land is  warranted,"  ibid.  1648,  4to*  4.  "  The  "Covenant 
of  Grace  opened  in  several  Sermons,"  ibid.  1649,  4to. 
5.  "The  Saints'  Dignity  and  Duty,"  ibid.  J 651,  4to.' 

HOOLE  (Charles),  a  schoolmaster  of  very  consider- 
able note  in  his  day,  and  the  publisher  of  some  school- 
books  not  yet  out  of  use,-  was  born  at  Wakefield,  in  York- 
shire, in  1610,  and  educated  at  the  free-school  there.  At 
the  age  of  eighteen  years,  by  the  advice  of  his  kinsman 
Dr,  Robert  S^^nderson,  afterwards  bishop  of  Linpoln,  he 
was  sent  to  Lincoln-college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  a 
proficient  in  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  tongues,  and  in  phi- 
losophy. After  he  had  taken  one  degree  in  arts,  he  en- 
tered into  orders,  retired  to  Lincolnshire  for  a  time,  and 
was  appointed  master  of  the  free-school  at  Rotberam,  in 
Yorkshire.  In  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  went  to 
London,  and  by  the  invitation  of  some  of  the  citizens,  he 
taught  a  private  school,  first  near  Red-cross  street,  and 
afterwards  in  Token-house  garden,  in  Lothbury.  About 
the  restoration,  he  was  invited  into  Monmouthshire ;  but 
the  promises  made  to  induce  him  to  go  there  not  being 
answered,  he  returned  to  London,  and  was  taken  under 
the  protection  of  his  relation  bishop  Sanderson,  who  gave 
him_  a  prebend  in  the  church  of  Lincoln.     About  that  time 

1  Ncal's  Hist  of  N«w  £Dg1an€l.^Bo41e!an  and  BriU  Museum  Catalogao. 


H  O  O  L  E.  14» 

lie  bectitie  rector  of  Stocky  near  Billericay,  in  Essez^ 
where  be  died  on  die  7  th  of  March,  1666.  He  pablishedy 
^  Piieriiet  confabulatinncule;''  '*  Aditas  facilis  ad  linguam 
Latinam  ;^'  <<  Corderius's  CoUoqaies  ;'*  ^  Rndimenti  cf  the 
Latin  Grammar;*'  '* Examination  of  the  Common  Aeci«* 
dence/'  and  in  all,  above  twenty  litde  books  of  this  kind, 
many  of  which  were  adopted  in  schools,  and  reprioted 
again  and  again  for  the  remainder  of  the  seventeenth  and 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century.^ 

HOOLE  (John),  a  dramatic  poet  and  translator,  Waa 
the-son  of  Samuel  Hool^  of  London,  watch-maker,  by 
Sarah  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  James  Drury^  a  clock* 
maker,  v<rhose  family  came  from  Warwickshire.  He  waa 
born  in  Moorfiteids,  in  December  1727,  and  received  part 
of  his  early  instruction  from  his  uncle,  a  taylor,  who  lived 
in  Grub-street*.  He  was  afterwards  sent  to  a  private 
boarding-school  in  Hertfordshire,  kept  by  Mr.  James  Ben* 
net,  die  publisher  of  Roger  Ascham's  works,  "where  he 
acquired  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Latin  and  French 
languages,  and  a  small  portioit  of  the  Greek.  His  father^ 
who  had  carried  on  the  business  of  watch-making  to  con-- 
siderable  advantage,  in  consequence  of  some  newly-in- 
vented  machifiery  of  his  own  construction,  wished  to  have 
Bis  son  brought  up  to  his  own  trade,  but  his  being  ex- 
tremely near*sighted  proved  an  instiperable  objection^  and 
therefore,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  was  placed  as  a  clerk 
in  the  Eiast^ India-house,  in  the  aocountant*s  office.  At 
this  time,  as  he  otten  accompanied  his  father  to  the  Aeatre^ 
who  had  access  behind  the  scenes^  and  assisted  in  'c6n«» 
fltructing  some  of  the  pantomime  scenery,  he  contracted 
a  fondness  for  this  amusement  which  might  have  been 
fatal  to  him,  for  he  had  no  qualifications  for  the  stage,  had 
not  his  father  prevented  him.  He  employed  his  leisure 
hours,  therefore,  more  profitably,  in  improving  himself  in 
the  Latin,  and  especially  the  Italian  tongue,  which  last 
he  studied  with  a  view  to  be  able  to  read  in  the  original 
bb  favourite  Ariosto,  of  wtiom,  when  a  boy,  he  beoime 
enamoured  by  reading  the  <*  Orlando  Furioso^*  in  sir  John 
Harrington's  old  translation. 

'   From  admiring  he  proceeded  to  trltdslate  this  poet,  but 
laid  this  tadk  ^id^  for  some  time,  to  execute  a  translation 


'  Ath.  Ox.T0Kn. 

^  Wben  this  little  «ircamst 
tbe 


*  Wden  this  little  circumstance  waf  mentioned  bj  Mr.  Hoole  taJDr.  J«bM9B, 
e  latter  said,  sobHingi  **  Sir»  you  have  been  reguUrlp  edttciitc4.** 

Vol.  XVIII.  L 


U6  Kd  O  IE. 

of  Tasso's  f^  Jerasalem  Delivered/'  which  be  begam  ii* 
I75^S,  and  printed  in  1761.  a  specimen  for  the  peru»at  o£ 
kis  friends,  who  probably  encouraged:  bioi  to  proceed,  a» 
in  1763  he  published  the  whole,  and  was  permitted  to  de-» 
dicate  and  present  it  at  court  to  the  qtieen.  Tbe.dedica* 
tion  was  written  by  Dr.  Johnson.  This  was  Mr.  Hoole^.» 
first  avowed  production,  but  he  had  before  printed  a  fewr 
poetical  essays  wkhout  his  name, .  and  a  Monody  on  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Woffington,  which  is  in  Pearcb's  coilectioo. 
In  1767  he  published  two  volumes  of  the  dramas  of  Metas- 
tasio,  consisting  of.  six  pieces^  a  copy  of  which  he  traas^^ 
Hiitled,  to  the  author,  who  wrote  a  very  elegant  letter  to 
him.  His. own  dramas  were,  *^  Cyrus,'*  1768.;  '^Timao*-* 
thes,*'  1770 ;  and  ^^  Cleof>ice,'*  1775 ;  none  of  which  had 
success  on  the  stage. 

:  :  In  1773,  the  first  voluniie  of  bis  "  Orlando  Furio^'!  ap- 
peared, and  .was  favourably  received,  but  the  farther  pro- 
secution of  the  work  was  interrupted  by  his  appointment 
to  the  office  of  auditor  of  Indian  accounts  to  the  East  India 
company,  which  occupied  much  of  his  time  aiKi  attention* 
Returning'  again,  however,  to  his  task,  be  coo^pleted  the 
<^  Orlando  Furioso*'  in  1783,  in  5  vol^.  8vo. .  In  17S5  he 
wrote  the  life  of  his  friend  Mr.  Scott,  the  poet  of  Amwell, 
with  whom  be  bad  become  acquainted  in  1757,  by  mar* 
rying  a  quaker  lady,  Susannah  Smith,  of  Bishop  Stortford. 
About  the  end  of  17  S3  he  resigned  his  employment  in  the 
ladia^ house,,  after  a  service  of  nearly  forty-two  years;  and 
in  April  17S6  retired  with  his  wile  and  son,  the  rev.  Sa-» 
mael  tHoole,  to  the  parsonage-rhouse  of  Abinger,  near 
Dorking.  Here,  adverting  to  the  objections  which  had 
been  niade  to  the  length  and  perplexity  of  Arioso's  poem, 
he  published  *'  The  Orlando,  reduced  to  twenty-four  books^ 
the  narrative  connected,  and  the  stcuries  disposed  in  a  re- 
gular series,'*  1791,  2  vols,  dvo;  but  thia  has  not  prevented 
the  republication  of  his  |E»rmer  edition,  whicb^  wiU^  all  its^ 
imperfections,  coaveya  tiie  truest  idea  of  the  tediops  and 
extravagant  jonginal*     In  1792   he  gave  to  the  JEIngUsh. 

Sublic  Tasso's  juvenile  poem  of  ^'  Rinaldo.'*  His,last  prq- 
uction  was  a  more  coniptete  collection  of  Metast^iofs 
5*.  Dramas  aud  other  Poems*'  i^  3  vqIs»  8vo.  In  tbis^  iiF  we 
mistake  not,  Mr.  Hoole  has  displayed  more  poetical  energy 
and  varie^  than  tn  his  translations  of  Tasso  and  Ariosto» 
in  which  his  chief  merit  is  snoooth  versification,  and  bi» 
^hief  defect  a  want  of  variety  in  his  harmony*    Mr»  Hoole 


H  O  O  L  E«  147 

died  at  Dorkiog,  Aug.  2,  1803,  leaving  the  reptltmtion  of 
an  amiable  and  estimable  man  in  his  private  character }  a 
man  of  taste,  and  a  good -scholar.  He  lived  much  in  ha« 
Irits  of  friendship  with  Dr.  Johnson,  and  attended  that 
eminent  man  in  his  last  illness,  of  which  be  left  an  iil« 
terestirig  diary. ' 

HOOPER  (Dr.  George),  an  eminent  English  divine^ 
son  of  George  Hooper,  gent,  was  borp  at  Grimley>  ia 
Worcestershire,  Nov.  18,  1640,  and  educated  in  grammar 
and  classical  learningfirst at  St  PauPs,  and  afterwards  at 
WestminsCer-school,  where  he  was  a  king's  scholar.  From 
thence  he  was  elected  to  Christ-church  in  Oxford,  in  1657, 
where  be  took  his  degrees  at  the  regular  times ;  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  above  his  contemporaries  by  his  supe« 
rior  knowledge  in  philosophy,  mathematics,  Greek  and 
Roman  antiquities,  and  the  oriental  languages,  in  whieh 
last  he  was  assisted  by  Dr.  Pocock.  In  1672  he  became 
.chaplain  to  Morley,  bisbc^  of  Winchester,  who  collated 
him  to  the  rectory  of  Havant,  in  Hampshire>  which,  the 
situation  being  unhealthy,  he  resigned  for  the  rectory  of 
East  Woodbay,  in  the  same  county.  In  July  1673  he 
took  the  degree  of  B.  D.  and  not  long  afterwards  became 
chaplain  to  archbishop  Sheldon,  who  begged  that  favour 
of  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  who  in  1675  gave  hioi 
the  rectory  of  Lambeth,  and  afterwards  the  precentor^ip 
of  Exeter.  In  1677  he  commenced  D.  D.  and  the  same 
year,  being  made  almoner  to  the  princess  of  Orange,  he 
went  over  to  Holland,  where,  at  the  request  of  her  royal 
highness,  he  regulated  her  chapel  according  to  the  usage 
of  the  church  of  England.  After  one  year's  attendancey 
he  repassed  the  sea^  in  order  to  complete  hb«  marriage  to 
Abigaili  daughter  of  Richard  Guildford,  gent,  the  treaty 
for  which  had  been  set  on  foot  before  his  departure.  He 
then  went  back  to  her  highness,  who  had  obtained  a  pro* 
mise  from  him  to  that  purpose  ^  but,  after  a  stay  of  about 
eight  months,  she  consented  to  let  h^m  jreturn  borne.  In 
1680  he  is  said  to  have  been  offered  the  divinity-profes- 
sorship at  Oxford,  but  the  succession  to  that  chair  had 
been  secured  to  Dr.  Jane.  About  the  same  time,  however. 
Dr., Hooper  was  made  king's  chaplain.  In  16S5,  by  the 
king's  command,  he  attended  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  and 

t  E«ropean  Mag.  fpr  1*793.— Biog,  Dram.-- Geut^  Mag,  voU  ZJQCZll«— Nl- 
cfaofs't  Bowyer.— Boswell's  Johnson. 

L  2 


141  B  O  O  P  E  R. 

bad  nueh  free  conversation  with  him  in  the  Tower,  iMOlfa 
the  evening  before,    and  the  day  of  his  execution,  on 
which,  tiiat  unhappy  nobleman  assured  him  ^*  be  bad  made 
bis  peace  with  God,''  the  nature  of  which  persuasion  Dr» 
Hooper  solemnly  entreated  him  to  consider  well,  and  theit 
waited  on  him  in  his  last  moments.    The  following  year 
be  took  a  share  in  the  popish  controversy,  and  wrote  a 
treatise,  which  will  be  mentioned  presently  with  bis  Works. 
In  1691,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Sharp  in  the  deanery  of  Can<i> 
terbury.     As  he  never  made  the  least  application  for  pre* 
ferment,  queen  Mary  surprised  him  with  this  oiler,  when 
the  king  her  husband  was  absent  in  Holland.     With  a  dis- 
interestedness not  very  common,  he  now  proposed  to  re-^ 
sign  either  of  his  livings,   but  the  queen  observed  that 
1*  though  the  king  and  she  never  gave  two  livings  to  one 
man,  yet  they  never  took  them  away,''  and  ordered  him 
to  keep  both.     However,  be  resigned  the  rectory  of  Wood* 
hay.'    He  was  made  chaplain  to  their  majesties  the  same 
year.     In  1698,  when  a  preceptor  was  chosen  for  the  duke 
of  Gloucester,  though  both  the  royal  parents  of  that  prince 
pressed  earnestly  to  have  Hooper,  and  no  objection  wat 
ever  made  against  him,  yet  the  king  named  bishop  Burnet 
for  that  service.     In  1701,  he  was  chosen  prolocutor  to 
the  lower  bouse  of  convocation ;  and  the  same  year  waa 
offered  the  primacy  of  Ireland  by  the  earl  of  Rochester^ 
then  lord-lieutenant,  which  he  declined,     in  May  1703^ 
he  was  nominated  to  the  bishopric  of  St.  Asaph.     This  h<^ 
accepted,  though  against  his  inclination  :  on  this  occasion 
he  resigned  Lambeth,  but  retained  his  other  preferme^its 
with  Uiis  bishopric,  in  which,  indeed,  he  continued  but 
a  few  months,  and  on  that  account  he  generously  refused 
the  usual  mortuaries  or  pensions,  then  so  great  a  burthen 
tb  the.  clergy  of  Wales,  saying  **  They  should  never  pay 
0O  dear  for  the  si^t  of  him."     In  March  following,  being 
translated  to  &e  bishopric  of  Bath  and  Wells,  be  ear* 
Bestly  requested  her  majesty  to  dispense  with  the  (»rder^ 
not  only  on  account  of  the  sudden  charge  of  such  a  trans* 
latioD,  as  well  as  a  reluctance  to  remove,  but  also  in  re-^ 
gard  to  his  friend  Dr.  Ken,  the  <)eprived  bishop  of  that 
]dace^  ibr  whom  he  begged  the  bishopric.    The  queen 
feadily  complied  with  Hooper'^  request ;   but  the  offer 
being  declined  by  Ken,  Hooper  at  his  importunity  yielded 
to  become  bis  successor.     He  now  relinquished  the  deanery 
•f  Canterbury,  but  wished  to  have  retained  the.  precentor- 


HOOPER.  149 

ship  of  Exeter  in  comnHndanif  sdely  for  tbe  use  df  'Dr. 
Ken.  Bot  this  was  not  agreeable  to  Dr.  Trektwney,  bl«  . 
shop  of  Exeter.  His  intention,  however,  was  supplied  hy 
the  bounty  of  tbe  queen,  who  conferred  .an  annual  pen- 
sion of  200/.  on  the  deprived  prelate.  In  1705,  bishop 
Ho<^r  distinguished  himself  in  the  debate  oii  the  dangefr 
of  the  church,  which,  with  many  other  persons,  he  ap- 
prehended to  be  qaore  than  imaginary.  His  observation 
was  candid ;  he  complained  with  justice  of  that  invidious 
distinction  which  the  terms  high  church  and  law  church  op^ 
casioned,  and  of  that  enmity  which  they  tended  to  pro- 
duce. In  the  debate  in  1706,  he  spoke  against  the  union 
between  England  and  Scotland,  but  grounded  his  argijH 
ments  on  fears  which  have  not  been-realized.  In  1709-10, 
when  the  articles  of  SacbeverelPs  impeachment  were 
debated,  he  endeavoured  to  excuse  that  divine,  and  en- 
tered bis  protest  against  the  vote,  which  he  could  not 
prevent. 

But,  whatever  were  his  political  opinions,  bis  prudent, 
courteous,  and  liberal  behaviour  in  his  diocese,  secured 
tbe  esteem  both  of  tbe  laity  and  clergy.  To  the  latter  ha 
was  a  faithful  friend.  For  while  he  con6ned  his  prefer^ 
ments  to  those  of  bis  own  diocese,  bis  disposal  of  them 
was  judicious  and  disinterested.  The  modest  were  often 
dignified  without  any  expectation,  and  the  diligent  were 
always  advanced  without  the  least  solicitation.  His  regu^ 
lation  also  in  official  proceedings  was  so  conspicuous,  that 
'*  no  tedious  formalities  protracted  business,  no  imperious 
officers  insulted  the  clergy.*'  The  regard  which  he  ex«- 
perienced,  inseparably  attached  him  to  this  diocese,^  and 
it  is  said  that  he  could  not  be  prevailed  on  to  accept  the 
see  of  Loudon  on  ^the  death  of  Dr.  Compton,  or  that  of 
York  op  the  death  of  Dr.  Sharp* 

Having  presided  over  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells  twenty-* 
three  years  and  six  months,  and  having  nearly  attained  to 
tbe  great  age  of  eighty-seven,  he  died  at  Barkley,  in  So* 
mersetshire,  whither  he  sometimes  retired,  Sept.  6,  1727. 
His  remains  were  interred^  at  his  own  request,  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  Wells,  under  a  marble  monument  with  a  Latin 
ioscriptiop,  and  adjoining  to  it  is  a  monument  with  an  in« 
scripcion  to  the  oiemory  of  his  wife,  who  died  the  year  be- 
fore him.  By  this  lady  he  had  nine  children,  one  of  whooa 
oniy^  a  dau^ter,  survived  hiiii»  then  tbe  widow  of 


150  HOOPER. 

It  had  been  observed  of  this  prelate  by  the  celebrated 
Dr.  9usby,  **  that  he  was  the  best  scholar,  the  finest  gen* 
ttleman,  and  would  make  the  completest  bishop  that  ever 
was  educated  at  Westminster-school  ;*'  and  Dr.  Coney, 
who  knew  the  bishop  well,  has  proved  this  testimony  to 
have  been  just  in  every  respect.  Bishops  Burnet  and  At- 
terbury  are  the  only  writers  of  any  note  who  have  spoken/ 
evidently  from  prejudice,  against  him,  as  an  ambitious 
man,  a  charge  which  the  history  of  his  promotions  amply 
refutes. 

Besides  eight  sermons,  he  published  several  books  in 
his  life-time,  and  left  several  MSS.  behind  him,  some  of 
which  he  permitted  to  be  printed.  The  following  is  a  ca- 
talogue of  both:  1.  "The  Church  of  England  free  from 
the  imputation  of  Popery,'*  1682.  2.  "A  fair  and  me- 
thodical Discussion  of  the  first  and  great  Controversy  be- 
tween the  Church  of  England  and  the  Church  of  Rome, 
conceruing  the  Infallible  Guide:  in  three  Discourses.*' 
The  first  two  of  these  were  licensed  by  Dr.  Morrice,  in 
1687,  but  the  last  was  never  printed.  3.  "  The  Parson's  case 
under  the  present  Land-Tax,  recommended  in  a  Letter  to 
a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons,*'  1689.  4.  **  A 
Discourse  concerning  Lent,  in  two  Parts.  *  The  first,  an 
historical  account  of  its  observation  :  the  second,  an  essay 
coiicerning  its  original.  This  subdivided  into  two  repar- 
titions, whereof  the  first  is  preparatory,  and  shews  that 
most  of  our  Christian  ordinances  are  derived  from  the 
Jews ;  and  the  second  conjectures,  that  Lent  is  of  the  same 
original,"  1694.  5.  A  paper  in  the  **  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions^* for  Oct.  1699,  entitled  ^^  A  Calculation  of  the 
Credibility  of  Human  Testimony.'*"  6.  "  New  Danger  of 
Presbytery,"  1737.  7.  "  Marks  of  a  defenceless  Cause.'* 
8.  **  A  Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  lower  House 
pf  Convocation  from  Feb.  10,  1700,  to  June  25,  1701,  vin- 
dicated.** 9.  ^^  De  Valentinianorum  Haeresi  conjectural 
quibus  illius  origo  ex  ^gyptiaca  theologia  deducitur,*' 
1711..  10.  *^  An  Inquiry  into  the  state  of  the  ancient  Mea- 
sures, the  Attic,  the  Roman,  and  especially  the  Jewish. 
With  an  Appendix  concerning  our  old  English  money  and 
measures  of  content,**  1721.  11.  ^<De  Patriarchae  Jacobi 
Benedictione  Gen.  49,  conjecturae,*'  published  by  the  rev. 
l)r..  Hunt,  afterwards  the  Hebrew  professor,  with  a  pre- 
£tce  and  notes^  according  to  the  bishop's  directions  to  the  > 
editor,  a  little  before  his  death.    The  MSS.  before  men<« 


H  O  O  P  E  "R.  151 

r 

fioned  are  Ibe  two  foiiowing:  1.  *^  A  Latin  Sermoii, 
preached  in  1672,  when  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  D. ;  and, 
5.  "  A  Latin  Tract  on  Divorce."  A  beautiful  edition  of 
his  whole  works  was  printed  at  Oxford,  1757,  foHo,  by  the 
above  Ihr.  Hunt.^ 

HOOPER,  or  HOPER  (John)^  an  eminent  prelate  and 
foaityr,  was  born  in  Somersetshire,  in  1495 ^  and  entered 
of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  in  1514,  under  the  toition  of 
his  uncle  John  Hooper,  i^  fellow  of  that  house.  In  l5iS 
he  was  admitted  B.  A. ;  the  only  degree  he  took  in  this 
university.  It  is  supposed  that  be  afterwards  became  one 
of  the  number  of  Cistercians,  or  white  monks,  and  conti- 
nued some  years,  until,  becoming  averse  to  a  monastic^  life, 
be  returned  to  Oxford,  where,  by  the  writings  of  some  of 
the  reformers  which  had  reached  that  place,  he  was  in'- 
duced  to  embrace  the  principles  of  prptestantisni.  In 
1539,  when  the  statute  of  the  six  articles  was  put  in  exe- 
cution, he  left  Oxford,  and  got  into  the  service  of  sir  Tho^ 
-mas  Arundel,  a  Devonshire,  gentleman,  to  whom  he  be^ 
•came  chaplain,  and  steward  of  bis  estate ;  but  this  gentle>- 
man  discovering  his  principles,  withdrew  his  protectiotf^ 
and  he  was  then  obliged  to  go  to  France,  where  he  conti- 
nued for  some  time  among  the  reformed,  until  his  dislikb 
of  some  of  their  proceedings  made  him.  return  to  En^ldndn 
but,  being  again  in  danger  here,  he  in  thor  disguise  of  a 
sailor -escaped  to  Ireland,  and  thence  to  Holland  and  Swis- 
«erland.  At  Zurich  he  met  with  BuUingef,  himself  a  re«. 
fttgeefrom  bis  country  for  the  sake  of  religion,  ami  v^boi, 
therefore,  gave  Hooper  a  friendly  reception.  During  bte 
residence  Im^o,  Hooper  married  a  Burgundian  lady. 

On  the  accession  of  king  Edward  in  1547,  Hooper  was 
enabled  to  return  to  England,  and  settled  in  London,  wb^r^ 
he  frequently  preached  the  doctrines  of  the  reformation; 
but  bad  imbibed  abroad  such  notions  on  the  ^subject  6( 
church  government,  and  the  habits,  as  rendered  bispriti- 
xiples  somewhat  suspected  by  archbishop  Cranmer,  and 
.Ridley,  a.nd  prevented  his  co-operating  with  them  so  ton- 
diaUy  as  .could  Imve  been  wished  in  that  critical  time.  Id 
4lQC^rin9ll  malters,  however,  he  was  an  able  asiiistant,  being 
Aman!of  leat^iog,  anda  good  philosopher  and  critic;  When 
Bonner  was  to  be  deprived  of  bis  bishopric,  he  wasiuie  of 

-  }  Tod<H».Li<reh  of  Fthe.Oeatii -of  Canterbacy^»«^«ii.  lMct.-^ciit;  Msf.  vol. 
XVII.  and  LXIL^Bamet's  Own  Timef.^-Nicluils'ii  AtMiH)W^P*Atli»  Oxr  toV. 
Ji«--Niebols'i  Bowyen 


4l«e  H  O  O  P  E  «. 

.bis  »ocuaen ;  iiAieh,  no  doobt,  would  mcooiiDeiid  hiflD  as 
.an  aqceptable  saqrifice  in  the  following  bloody  reign.  By 
the  interest  of  the  earl  of  Warwick,  be  was  noouaated  and 
dectecl  bishop  of  Gloucester ;  but,  when  he  came  to  be 
consecrated  or  invested  by  archbishop  Cranmer  and  bishop 
Ridley,  he  refused  to  wear  a  canonical  habit ;  aiid  it  was 
not;  until  these  ceremonies  were  dispensed  with  by  tbe 
king's  authority,  that  he  was  consecrated  bishop,  in  1550; 
and  about  two  years  after,  he  had  the  btshopcic  of  W6r- 
*  ^ce^ter  given  to  him,  tp  keep  in  commendam  with  the  fof- 
men  He  now  preached  often,  visited  his  dioceses,  kept 
^eat  hospitality  for  the  poor,  and  was  beloved  by  maoj. 
But  in  the  persecution  under  Mary,,  being  then  near  sixly 

J  ears  of  age,  and>refusing  to  recant  bis  opinions^  be  was 
ucned  in  the  city  of  Gloucester,  Feb.  9,  1554,  and  su^ 
iier^d  death  with  .admirable  constancy. 

He  published  many  writings,  some  of  which  are  to  be 
found  in  Fox's  book  of  the  **  Acts  and  Monuments  of  the 
Church."  The  others  are^  1.  '<  Answer  to  the  Lord  Win- 
chester's book,  entitled  A  detection  of  the  Devil's  Serbia* 
try,  &c."  Zurich,  1 547,  4to.  2.  <'  A  Declaration  of  Christ 
and  his  office,"  ibid.  1547,  8vo,  and  afterwards  12mo.  S* 
^<  Lesson  of  the  Incarnation  of  Christ,"  Lond.  1549,  Svo. 
.4.  *' Sermons  on  Jonas,"  ibid.  1550,  8vo.  5.  ^  A  godly 
confession  and  protestation  of  the  Christian  Faith,"  ibid, 
1550.  6.  ^<  Homily  to  be  read  in  the  time  of  pestilence,^' 
Worcester,  1553.  7.  ^  Certain  sentences  written  in  pri- 
son^" Lond.  1 5S9^  8vo.  8.  '^  An  Apology  -against  the  un^- 
true  and  slanderous  report,  that  he  should  be  a  maintainor 
and  encourager  of  such  that  cursed  the  queen's  highness," 
ibid.  1562.  9.  **  Comfortable  Expositions  on  the  23d, 
62d,  73d,  and  77th  Psalms,"  ibid.  1580,  4to.  10.  <«  Anv 
notations  on  the  13th  Chapter  to  the  Romans,"  ibid.  1683. 
11.  <<  Twelve  Lectures  on  the  Creed,"  ibid»  1581,  8vo. 
12.. '<  Confession  of  the  Christian  Faith,  containing  100 
articles,"  ibid.  1581,  8vo,  1584,  4to.  13.  ^*  Deelaration 
of  the  ten  holy  Commandments,"  ibid.  1550,  1588,  8vo. 
There  are  also  som^  pieces  of  Hooper^s  in  Burnet's  ^*  His« 
tory  of  the  Reformation,"  to  which,  as  well  aa  to  Fox,  the 
reader  may.  be  referred  for  many  particulars  o£  his  life  and 
deaith.* 

*  B«tt«taii<F4ttoUiB|im.«-5tryjtt'tCraDiiier,ptti]m.«^Ailk<^        f.«» 


H  O  O  R  N  B  E  B  C  K.  15ft 

iiOOftNBEECK  (JofiN),  an  iHuatrioiis  prt>fes8or  of  dl^ 
Tinity  in  the  universities  of  Utrecht  and  Leyden,  was  bortk 
at  Haeriem  in  1617,  and  studied  there  till  he  was  sixteen, 
when  he  was  sent  to  Ley  den,  and  afterwards  in  i6S5y  went 
lo  study  at  Utrecht.  In  1632,  he  was  admitted  a  minister^ 
went  to  perform  the  functions  of  his  office  secretly  at  Co* 
logne,  and  was  never  discouraged  by  the  dangers  to  which 
he  was  exposed,  in  a  city  where  most  of  the  inhalMtants  were 
sealous  papists.  He  returned  to  Holland  in  1643,  and  that 
year  was  made  D.  D.  The  proofs  he  gave  of  his  great 
learning  were  such,  that  he  was  chosen  in  1644  to  fill  the 
chair  of  divinity  professor  at  Utrecht ;  and  the  next  year 
waa  OMide  minister  in  ordinary  of  the  ehurch  in  that  city. 
Ilowever  difficult  the  functions  of  these  two  eniiployments 
were,  yet  he  acquitted  himself  in  them  with  great  diligence 
almost  ten  years.  As  a  pastor,  be  often  visited  the  mem* 
bera  of  his  church :  he  encouraged  the  pious,  instructed 
the  ignorant,  reproved  the  wicked,  refuted  the  hereticti, 
comforted  the  afflicted,  refreshed  the  sick,  strengthened 
the  weak,  eheenod  the  drooping,  assisted  the  poor.  As  a 
professor,  he  took  as  much  care  of  the  students  in  divinity, 
as  if  they  had  been  his  own  children :  he  used  to  read  not 
only  public  lectures,  but  even  priv^e  ones,  for  them  ;  and 
to  hold  ordinary  and  extraordinary  disputations.  He  was 
chosen  to  exereise  the  same  employments  at  Leyden 
which  be  had  at  Utrecht,  and  accepted  them  in  1654.  He 
died  in  1666;  and  though  he  was  but  forty-nine  years  of 
i^e,  yet  considering  bis  labours,  it  is  rather  a  matter  of 
wonder  that  he  lived  so  long,  than  that  he  died  so  soon. 
He  published  a  great  number  of  works,  didactical,  pole* 
mical,  practical,  historical,  aiid  oratorical.  The  principal 
are^  *' A  Refutation  of  Socinianism,^  from  1650  to  1664^, 
3  vok.  4to ;  a  treatise  for  the  <*  Conviction  of  the  Jews,** 
165«,  8vo,  and/<  of  the  Gentiles,'*  1669,  4to;  <<  A  Systeoi 
of  Practical  Divinity/'  4to ;  <<  Theological  Institutions,'* 
&c. ;  aU  in  Latin.  He  understood  many  languages,  both 
ancient  and  modern ;  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  Chaldaic, 
Syjriac,  Rabbinical,  Dutch,  German,  English,  French,  Ita« 
lian,  and  aome  little  of  Arabic  and  Spanish.  He  never 
depasled  one  inch  from  the  most  strict  orthodoxy ;  and 
was  not  leas  commendable  for  bis  integrity,  than  for  his 
parts  and  learning.  Bayle,  who  had  little  in  common  with 
io  s^und  a  divine/  e^hibiil;js  him  as  th^  complete  model  of 


U4  H  O  O  R  K  £. 

a' good  pastor  and    divinity-pcofessor.      He  married  at 
Utrecht  in  1650  ;  and  left  two  $on«.^ 

HOORNE  (John  Van),  a  distinguished  anatomist  and 
physician,  was  born  at  Anisterdatn  in  1621,  and  educated 
at  the  university  of  Utrecht,  where  he  went  through  bis 
medioal  studies  with  honour.  With  a  view  to  farther  im* 
provement  he  visited  Italy ;  biit  on  his  arrival  in  that  coun- 
try he  entered  the  Venetian  army,  in  which  he  served  for 
some  time.  Subsequently,  however,  his  taste  for  science 
returned;  and  having  studied  under  the  most  eminent 
prpfessors  of  Italy,  ^be  went  to  the  universities  of  Basil, 
Moutpellier,  and  Orleans,  in  thcf  first  of  which  he  received 
the  d^ree  of  M.  D.  On  his  return  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  surgery  at  Amsterdam  ;  and  in  1653 
he  wa9  made  professor  of  the  same  sciences  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Leyden,  where  he  died  January  1670. 

Van  Hoonie  was  a  man  of  considerable  literary  attain- 
jnents,  being  master  of  eight  languages.  His  reputation 
with  posterity,  however,  rests  principally  on  his  anatomical 
knowledge.  He  seems  to  have  first  described  the  thoracic 
diict  in  the  human  body,  which  Pecquet  bad  already  de- 
monstrated in  other  animals  ;  and  the  intimate  structure  of 
the  testes.  He  drew  a  great  number  of  anatomical  figures, 
with  great  elegance;  and  besides  editing  the  works  of 
Botallus,  in  1660,  and  the  book  of  Galen  ^^  De  Ossibus,** 
with  the  commentaries  of  Vesalius,  Sylvius,  ^g.  in  1665, 
be  wrote,  1.  ^  Ei^rcitationes  Anatomicse  I  &  II  ad  Obser- 
vationes  Fallopii  anatomtcas,^'  &c.  Liege,  1.649,  4to.  2. 
«  Novus  ductus  cbyliferus,  nunc  primilm  delineatus,  de- 
scriptus,  et  eruditorum  examini  propositus,"  ibid.  1652. 
3.  ^^  Microcosmus,  seu  brevis  manuductio  ad  historiam 
corporia  humani,  in  gratiam  discipuloium,"  ibid.  1660,' and 
several  subsequent  editions.  4.  '^Microtechne,  id  est,  bre- 
Tissima  Chirurgise  Methodus,"  ibid.  1663,  1668,  Lipsis^, 
1675.  5.  ^^  Prodromus  Observatioiium  suarum  circa  partes 
genitalesin  utroque  sexu,"  Leyden,  1668.  This  work  was 
afterwards  published  by  Swammerdam,  who  had  made  the 
greater  part  of  the  experiments  there  recorded,  of  which 
Van  Hoorne  only  paid  the  expences,  under  the  title  -^'Mi- 
raculum  Naturae,"  1612^  4to.  6.  ^*  Observationes  Anato- 
mico- Medics,"  &c.  Amst.  1674,  12mo.    7.  A  posthumous 

^Gen.  Diet. — ^Nioeron,   vol.  XXXIII.— BarmaD  Traject*  Erud.— «Freheri 


H  O  O  R  N  E.  135 

t 
t 

eollectiof^  under  the  titU  of  ^*  Opuscula  Anatomico-Cbi* 
rargica/*  was  published  by  professor  Pauli,  at  Leipsic,  iti 
1707,  8vo,  with  aiuiotaiions.^ 

HOPE  (John),  an  eminent  professor  of  botany  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Robert  Hope, 
surgeon,  and  grandson  of  lord  Rankeilar,  one  of  the  sena- 
tors of  the  college  of  justice  in  Scotland.  He  was  bora 
May  10,  1725,  and  educated  at  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  his  attention  was  first  directed  to  the  niedi« 
cal  art.  He  afterwards  visited  other  medical  schools,  par- 
ticularly Paris,  where  he  studied  his  favourite  science, 
botany,  under  the  celeWated  Bernard  Jussieu.  On  his 
return  to  Scotland,  he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
the  university  of  Glasgow  in  1750,  and  being  a  few  months 
after  admitted  a  member  of  the  royal  college  of  physicians, 
Edinburgh,  entered  upon  the  practice  of  medicine  in  that 
city.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Alston,  in  1761,  he  was  ap- 
pointed king's  botanist  in  Scotland,  superintendant  of  the 
royal  garden,  and  professor  of  botany  and  materia  medica« 
The  latter,  the  professorship  of  materia  medica,  he  resigned 
in  1768,  and  by  a  new  commission  from  bis  majesty,  was 
nominated  regius  professor  of  medicine  and  botany  in  the 
university,  and  had  the  offices  of  king's  botanist  and  super* 
intendant  of  the  royal  gardens  conferred  upon  him  for  life, 
which  till  that  time  had  been  always  granted  during  plea- 
sure only.  While  he  thus  enjoyed  his  honours  at  home, 
be  received  the  most  flattering  marks  of  esteem  from  the 
learned  of  other  countries,  having  been  elected  a  member 
not  only  of  the  royal  society  of  London,  but  also  of  several 
celebrated  foreign  societies,  and  having  been  enrolled  in 
the  first  class  of  botanists  even  by  Linnaeus,  who  denomi- 
nated a  beauuful  shrub  by  the  name  of  Hopea  ;  and  at  a 
time  when  he  might  be  justly  considered  as  at  the  very 
head  of  his  profession  in  Edinburgh,  holding  the  distin- 
guished office  of  president  of  the  royal  college  of  )phy- 
sicians,  he  was  seized  with  an  alarming  illness,  which,  in 
the  space  of  a  few  days,  put  a  period  to  his  life,  Nov.  10, 
1786*  This  gentleman  richly  deserves  to  be  remembered 
as  one  of  the  earliest  lecturers  on  the  vegetable  physiology, 
as  well  as  an  experienced  practical  botanist.  Edinburgh 
is  indebted  to  his  spirit  and  perseverance,  in  establishing 
and  providing  suitable  funds  for  its  botanic  garden,  one  of 
the  first  in  the  kingdom. 

}  Moreri.-— Reet'i  Cyclop«dia» 


150  HOPE. 

Besides  some  useful  manuals  for  facilitating  the  ac<)a»l- 
tion  of  botany  by  his  students^  Dr.  Hope  was  long  engaged 
ID  the  composition  of  an  extensive  work^  on  which  be  be« 
stowed  much  study  and  reflection ;  the  object  of  which 
was^  to  iBcrease  the  advantages  which  result  from  the  highly 
ingenious  artificial  system  of  Linnseus^  by  conjoining  with 
it  a  sysleoni  of  vegetables  distributed  according  to  Ibeir 
great  natural  orders.  He  had  made  v.ery  considerable  pro- 
gress in  this  valuable  work ;  and  it  is  much  to  be  regretted 
by  every  lover  of  botany,  that  it  was  left  imperfect  at  his 
death.  Two  valuable  dissertations  were  published  by  him 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  one  on  the  Rheum  pal" 
matump  and  the  other  on  the  Ferula  ^ssqfcsttda^  in  which 
he  demonstrates  the  practicability  of  cultivating  these  twa 
officinal  plants  in  our  own  country.  The  true  rhubarb  has 
been  since  extensively  and  successfully  cultivated ;  but  thai 
of  the  assafcetida  plant  has  not  been  equally  attended  to.* 

HOPE  (Sir  Thomas),  a  Scotch  lawyer,  was  the  son  of 
Henry  Hope,  a  merchant  of  Edinburgh,  who  had  many 
commercial  transactions  with  Holland,  where  he  afterwards 
resided,  and  where  he  married  Jacque  or  Jacqueline  de 
Tott.  His  son  Thomas  soon  distinguished  himself  at  Ihe 
bar  ;  and  was  made  king's  advocate  in  1627,  when  he  was 
also  created  a  baronet  by  Charles  I.  .He  however  attached 
himself  to  the  covenanters,  and  was  consulted  by  them  in 
all  difficult  points.  The  king  nevertheless,  perhaps  either 
to  render  him  suspected  to  that  party,  or  with  a  view  to 
win  him  over,  appointed  sir  Thomas  commissioner  to  the 
general  assembly  in  August  1643. 

Sir  Thomas  Hope,  died  in  1646,  leaving  large  states  to 
three  sons ;  the  youngest,  sir  'James,  being  ancestor  of 
the  Hopetoun  family,  which  arose  to  great  wealth  from 
bis  marriage  with  Anne,  heiress  of  John  Foulis  of  Leadw 
hills  in  Lanarkshire,  these  mines  being  an  unfailing  source 
of  opulence.  The  works  of  sir  Thomas  Hope  on  the  Scot^ 
tish  law  continue  to  be  valued:  they  are  his  ^' Minor 
Practics,''  and  his  ^^  Decisions.'*  He  also  wrote  some 
Latin  poems,  and  an  account  of  the  earls  of  Mar.  There 
are  several  of  bis  MSS.  in  the  Advocates'  library,  Edin* 
burgh.* 

HOPKINS  {Ez^KiEL)y  a  learned  and  worthy  prelate, 
who  experienced  a  hxe  extremely  singular,  was  born  in 

1  Life  by  Dr.  Duncan,  Medical  CommenUrieSi  Dec.  ii.  vol.  III. 
<  Pinkerton's  Scottish  G»Uery4 


H  O  P  K  I  N  S.  151 

16^3,  at  dandfbrd  in  Devonshire,  where  his  father  Wat 
curate ;  became  chorister  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  in 
1649;  at  the  age  of  about  sixteen,  he  was  usher  of  the 
school  adjoining,  being  already  B.A. ;  he  was  chaplain  of 
the  college  when  M.  A. ;  and  would  have  been  fellow,  had 
his  county  qualified  him.  AH  this  time  be  lived  aud  wiui 
educated  under  presbyterian  and  independent  discipline ; 
and  about  the  time  of  the  restoration  became  assistant  to 
I^.  Spurstow  of  Hackney.  He  was  afterwards  elected 
preacher  at  one  of  the  city  churches ;  the  bishop  of  Lon* 
don,  however,  refused  to  admit  him,  as  he  was  a  papular 
preacher  among  the  fanatics ;  but  after  some  time  be  wail 
settled  in  the  parish  church  of  St.  Mary  Wolnoth.  Having 
retired  to  Exeter  on  account  of  the  plague,  he  obtained 
the  living  of  St.  Mary's  church  at  Exeter,  was  counte* 
Banced  by  bishop  Ward,  and  much  admired  for  the  come^ 
liness  of  his  person  and  elegance  of  preaching.  The  lord 
Robartes  in  particular  (afterwards  earl  of  Truro)  was  so 
fyleased  with  htm,  that  he  gave  him  his  daughter  Araminta 
in  marriage,  took  him  as  his  chaplain  to  Ireland  in  16^69^ 
gave  him  the  deanery  of  Raphoe,  and  recommended  hitn 
so  effectually  to  his  successor  lord  Berkeley,  that  he  was 
oonsecrated  bishop  of  Raphoe,  Oct  27,  1671,  and  trans- 
lated to  Londonderry  in  I6i8l.  Driven  thence  by  the 
forces  Under  the  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  in  1688,  he  retired 
into  England,  and  was  elected  minister  of  Aldermanbxiry 
in  Sept.  1689,  where  he  died,  June  22,  1690.  He  pub- 
lished five  single  sermons,  afterwards  incorporated  in  two 
volumes ;  **  An  Exposition  of  the  Ten  Commandments,** 
1692,  4to,  with  bis  portrait ;  and  an  <*  Exposttioa  of  the 
Lord's  Prayer,**  1691,  alt  printed  in  one  volume,  1710, 
folio.  An  edition  of  his  works  has  very  recently  appeared 
in  4  vols.  8vo.  * 

HOPKINS  (Charles),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom 
at  Exeter,  ih  1 664  ;  but  his  father  being  taken  chaplain  to 
Ii^land,  he  received  the  early  part  of  his  education  at  Tri« 
nity  college,  Dublin;  and  afterwards  was  a  student  at 
Queen*s  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
B.  A.  in  1688.  The  rebellion  breaking  out  in  Ireland  in 
that  year,  he  returned  thither,  and  exerted  his  early  valour 
in  the  cause  of  his  country^  religion,  and  liberty.  Whea 
public  trtinquiUity  was  restored,  he  came  again  into  Eng-* 

»  Atii.  Ox.  Tol.  ll.^Prioct's  Wortlii^s  of  Devon.— Nicbal«?6  Poem*. 


158  HOPKINS- 

land,  and  formed  an  acquaintance  with  gentlemen  of  mtf 
whose  age  and  genius  were  most  agreeable  to  his  own.  In 
1694  he  published  some  ^^  Epistolary  Poems  and  Transla-* 
tions,"  which  may  be  seen  in  Nichols's  <^  Select  CoUec* 
lion ;"  and  in  1695  he  shewed  his  genius  as  a  dramatic 
writer,  by  "  Pyrrhus -king  of  Egypt,"  a  tragedy,  to  which 
Congreve  wrote  the  epilogue.  He  published  also  in  that 
year,  "The  History  of  Love,''  a  connection  of  select  fables 
from  "  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,"  1 695 ;  which,  by  the 
sweetness  of  his  numbers  and  easiness  of  his  thoughts,  pro- 
cured him  considerable  reputation.  With  Dryden  in  par- 
ticular he  became  a  great  favourite.  He  afterwards  pub- 
lished the  *^  Art  of  Love,"  which,  Jacob  says,  *^  added  to 
bis  fame,  and  happily  brought  him  acquainted  with  the 
earl  of  Dorset,  and  other  persons  of  distinction,  who  were 
fond  of  his  company,  through  the  agreeableness  of  his 
temper,  and  the  pleasantry  of  his  conversation.  It  was  in 
his  power  to  have  made  his  fortune  in  any  scene  of  life ; 
but  he  was  always  more  ready  to  serve  others  than  mindful 
of  his  own  affairs ;  and  by  the  excesses  of  hard  drinking, 
and  too  passionate  an  addiction  to  women,  he  died  a  martjrr 
to  the  cause  in  the  thirty-sixth  year  of  ^is  age."  Mr. 
Nichols  has  preserved  in  bis  collection  an  admirable  hymn, 
'^  written  about  an  hour  before  his  death,  wheti  in  great 
pain."  His  "  Court-Prospect,"  in  which  many  of  the  prin- 
cipal nobility  are  very  handsomely  complimented,  is  called 
by  JaQob  "  an  excellent  piece ;"  and  of  his  other  poemd  he 
adds,  **  that  they  are  all  remarkable  for  the  purity  of  their 
diction,  and  the  harmony  of  their  numbers."  Mr.  Hopkins 
was  also  the  author  of  two  other  tragedies;  'fBoadicea 
Queen  of  Britain,"  1697;  and  '*  Friendship  improved,  or 
the  Female  Warrior,"  with  a  humourous  prologue,  com* 
paring  a  poet  to  a  merchant,  a  comparison  which  will  bold 
in  most  particulars  except  that  of  accumulating  wealth. 
The  anthor,  who  was  at  Londonderry  when  this  tragedy 
came  out,  inscribed  it  to  Edward  Coke  of  Norfolk,  esq.  in 
a  dedication  remarkably  modest  and  pathetic.  It  is  dated 
Nov.  1,  1699,  and  concludes,  <^  I  now  begin  to  experience 
bow  much  the  mind  may  be  influenced  by  the  body.  My 
Muse  is  confined,  at  present,  to  a  weak  and  sickly  tene- 
ment ;  and  the  winter  season  will  go  near  to  overbear  ker» 
together  with  her  household.  There,  are  storms  and  tem- 
pests to  beat  her  down,  or  frosts  to  bind  her  up  and  kill 
ber ;  and  she  has  no  friend  on  her  side  but  youtb  to  bear 


HOPKINS.  159 

ber  throdgh;  If  that  can  sustain  the  attack,  and  bold  out 
^11  spring  comes  to  relieve  me,  one  use  I  shall  make  of 
farther  life  shall  be  to  shew  how  much  I  ^m,  sir,  your  most 
4eTOted  humble  servant,  C.  HopKiiii^.*' 

•  His  feelings  were  but  too  accurate ;  be  died  in  the  course 
of  that  winter,  1700.' 

.  HOPKINS  (John),  another  son  of  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
donderry, who  deviated  likewise  fron^  his  fathers  cbarac- 
ler^  was  born  January  1;  1675.  Like  bis  elder  brother, 
bis  poetry  turned  principally  on  subjects  of  love;  like  bim 
too,  bis  prospects  in  life  appear  to  have  terminated  unfor- 
tunately. He  published,  in  1698,  ''The  Triumphs  of 
Peace,  or  the  Glories  of  Nassau ;  a  Pindaric  poem  occa- 
sioned by  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  between  the  Con- 
federacy and  France ;  written  at  the  time  of  bis  grace  the 
duke  of  Ormondes  entrance  into  Dublin.^'  **  The  design 
itf  Ibis  poem^''  the  author  says  in  his  preface,  ^begini^ 
after  the  method  of  Pindar,  to  one  great  man,  and  rises  to 
another  ;  first  touches  the  duke,  then  celebrates  the  ac- 
tions of  the  king,  and  so  returns  to  the  praises  of  tb^  duke 
ligain.."  In  the  same  year  be  published  *^  The  Victory  of 
Peath ;  or  the  Fall  of  Beauty  ;  a  visionary  Pindaric  poem, 
occasioned  by  the  ever-to*l^«depiored  death  of  the  r^bt 
booourable  the  lady  Cults,''  8vo.  But  tbe  principal  per- 
formance of  J.  Hopkins  was  ^  Amasia,  (mt  the  woiiu  tji  tbe 
Muses^  a  collection  of  Pbems,''  170O,  in  S  reds.  Eacb  of 
these  little  volumes  is  divided  into  three  bocd»^  and  each 
book  is  inscribed  to  some  beautiful  patroness,  among 
inrbom.  tbe  duchess  $>f  Grafton  stands  foremost.  Tbe  last 
book  is  inscribed  ^^  To  the  memory  of  Amasia,"  whom  he 
addresses  throughout  these  volumes  in  tbe  character  of 
Sytvlu9.  There  is  a  vein  of  seriousness,  if  not  of  poetry^ 
runs  throogh  the  whole  performance.  Many  of  Ovid's  atd- 
riep  are  very  decently  imitated ;  '^  most  of  tbem,"  he  says, 
;«  have  been  very  well  pei'formed.by-my  brother,  and  pub- 
lished some  years  since ;  mine  were  written  in  another 
JkJiD^om  before  X  knew  of  bis."  la  one  of  bis  dedications 
be  tells  the  lady  Qlympia  Robartes,  *^Yoor  ladyship's 
lather,  the  late  earl  of  Radnor,  when  goverBor-<>f  Ireland, 
was  the  kind  patron  to  mine :  be  raised  him  to  the  first 
steps.by  which  be  afterwards  ascende4  to  tbe  dignities  he 
b^re; .  to  tbo^e^  which  rendered  bis  labours  more  coospica- 
op^  m^  s^t  in.  a  xooxe  advaiHageous  light  those  hfiag 

*  JmoVs  Uresv*-)tbf^J>r«m.-!-*Ntcliob'»  Poems;. 


160  HOPKINS; 

merits,  which  now  make  his  memory  beloved. .  These,  wci 
yet  greater  temporal  hooours,  your  family  heaped  on  bim^ 
fay  making  even  me  in  some  sort  related  and  allied  to  yott, 
by  his  inter- marriage  with  your  sister  the  lady  Araminta^ 
How  imprudent  a  yanity  is  it  in  me  to  boaat  a  father  so 
meritorious!  how  may  1  be  ashamed  to  prove  myself  his  soi^ 
by  po^ry,  the  only  qualification  be  so  much  excelled  in, 
but  yet  esteemed  no  excellence^  1  bring  but  a  bad  proof 
of  birth,  laying  my  claim  in.  that  only  thing  he  would  not 
own.  These  are^  however,  madam,  but  the  products  ef 
immature  years ;  and  riper  age,  may,  I  hope,  bring  foitb 
moreiolid  works.'*  We  have  never  seen  any  other  of  his 
writings:  nor  have  been  able  to  collect  any  farther  parti-« 
Cttlars  of  his  life :  but  there  is  a  portraut  of  him,  under  bia 
poetical  name  of  Sylvius.* 

HOPKINS,  John.     See  STERNHOLI>. 

HOPKINS  (WiLUAM),  a  learned  divine  of  the  churck 
of  England,  was  born  at  Evesham,  in  Worcestershire)  iff 
August  1^47,  and  was  the  son  of  the  rev.  George  Hopkinfl^ 
whom  Hickes  terms  a  pious  and  learned  divine,  aftd  who 
was  ejected  for  non-conformity.  At  school  his  son  was  so 
great  a  proficient,  that  at  twelve  years  of  age  he  translated 
an  EngHsh  poem  into  Latin  verse,  which  was  printed  sowm 
time  before  the  restoration.  At- thirteen  he  was  admitted 
commoner  of  Trinity-college,  Oxford,  under  the  learned 
Mr.  Stratford,  afterwards  bishop  of  Chester.  He  proceeded 
M.  A.  in  1669,  sometime  before  which  he  removed  froai 
Trinity-college  to  St.  Mary-hall;  He  waa  much  noticed 
by  Dr.  Fell,  dean  of  Christ-church,  who,  it  is  supposed^ 
recommended  him  to  the  Hon.  Henry  Coventry,  as  hia 
chaplain  and  companion  in  his  embassy  to  Sweden;  6» 
which  he  set  out  in  Sept  1671.  While  in  Sweden,  Mri. 
Hopkins  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  northern  anticjui* 
ties,  having  previously  studied  the  Saxon.  After  hb  io« 
turn  in  1675,  by  Mr.  Coventry's  reeommeodation,  he  waft 
preferred  to  a  prebend  in  Worcester  cathedral ;  and  from 
bis  installation,  began  ^o  collect  materials  for  a  history  of 
this  church,  some  of  which  fell  afterwards  into  the  bands  of 
Wharton  and  other  antiquaries.  In  June  1678  he  Was  madd 
curate  of  Mortlak^  in  Surrey,  and  about  1680  was  chosen 
Sunday  lecturer  of  the  church  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  and 
kk  1686  was  preferred  to  the  vicarage  of  Lindridge  in 
Woroestersbire.    Ip  1691  he  wais  chosen  master  of  Sc  Ott** 

1  NitMft'i 


H  0  i^  K  r  N  »:  161 

wakJ^s  hospital  in  Worcester,  of  tlie  profit?  of  which  he 
made  a  fiind  for  the  use  of  the  hospital,  and  the  beneBt  of 
his  poor  brethren  there.  He  had  proceeded  D,  D.  at  Ox- 
ford in  1692.  He  died  of  a  violent  fever  May  18J  1700, 
and  was  interred  in  Worcester .  cathedral.  Hickes,  who 
{prefixed  his  Life  to  a  volume  of  his  Sermons,  published  in 
1708,  8vo,  gives  him  a  high  charajcter  for  piety,  learning,^ 
and  benevolence.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to  the  library, 
of  Worcester  cathedral.  Although  a  man  of  extensive 
reading  and  study,  he  published  only,  I.  "  Bertram  or  Ra- 
tram,  concerning  the  Body  and  Blood  of  the  JLbrd,  &c. 
wherein  M.  Boileau's  version  and  notes  upon  Bertram  are, 
considered,  and  his  unfair  dealings  in  both  detected.'*'  Ot 
this  a  second  edition  appeared  in  1688.  2.  "  Animadver- 
sions on  Mr.  Johnson^s  answer  to  Jovian,  in  three  letters 
to  a  country  friend  ;"  and  a  Latin  translation,  with  notes,  of 
a*smal(  tract,  written  in  the  Saxon  tongue,  on  the  burial* 
pilaces  of  the  Saxon  saints,  which  Dr.  Hickes  published  in 
his  <<  Septentrional  Grammar,**  Oxford,  1705.  Dr.  Sopi-, 
kins  also  assisted  Gibson  in  correcting  his  Latin  version  of 
the'  Saxon  Chronicle ;  and  made  a  new  translation,  with 
no_tes  and  addition?,  of  the  article  "  Worcestershire'*  in 
Camden's  Britannia,  published  by  Gibson.' 

HOPKINS  (William),  an  Arian  writer,  although  bcr, 
longing  to  the  Church  of  England,  was  born  at  Monmouth 
in  1706.     He  received  the  elements  of  a  learned  educa- 
tion at  his  native  town,  whence  be  was  sent  to  AIUSouls^ 
Oxford,  in  1724.     He  was  admitted  to  deacon's  orders  in 
1728,  and  in  the  followmg  year  undertook  the  curacy  of 
Waldron,  in  Sussex.     In  1731   he  was  presented  to  the 
vicarage  of  Bolney,  in  the  same  county.    .In  1753  he  pub- 
fished   anonymously,  **  An  Appeal  to  the  common  sensei^ 
of  all  Christian  peoplej  more  particularly  the  members  of^ 
the*Church  of  England,  wijth  regard  to  an  important  point, 
o{  faith  and  practice,  iniposed  upon  their  consciences.*!^ 
This  excfted  a  controversy  which   was  carried  on  many 
years.     In. 1756  he  was  elected  master  jof  the  grammar, 
school  of  Cuckfield  ;  and  in  17G6,  undertook  the  curacy  of 
Slaugham,  and  continued   to  officiate  there  many;  years, 
and  in  his  own  parish  of  Bolney,  makincr  what  alterations 
be  pleased  in  the  service,  at  which  the  churchwamens  were 
pleased  to  connive.     He  supported  the  famous  p^titioif  to 


•> 


'  Life  by  Dr.  Hickes.^Aih  Ox.  vol.  II. 

Vol.  XVIII.  M 


162  HOPKINS. 

parliaipent  for  relief,  in  the  m.aUer  of  subscription  to  the 
liturgy  and  thirty-nine  articles  of  the  church ;  and  wrote 
some  pamphlets  on  the  subject,  but  all  anonymously.  His 
last  work,  in  1784,  was  "  Exodus,  a  corrected  translation, 
with  notes  critical  and  explanatory,"  in  which  notes  there 
is  little  that  can  gratify  the  taste  of  curious  and  critical 
readers,  but  so  many  severe  reflections  on  the  articles  and 
liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England,  that  the  Monthly  Re- 
viewef  took  for  granted  he  bad  quitted  it,  although  in  the 
title  he  called  himself  the  vicar  of  Bolney.  Immediately 
after  this  publication,  his  health  began  to  decline;  and  his 
mental  faculties  were  greatly  impaired  before  his  decease, 
which  happened  in  1786,  when  he  had  attained  to  his 
eightieth  year.' 

HOPTON  (Arthur),  an  English  mathematician,  was 
son  of  sir  Arthur  Hopton,  and  born  in  Somersetshire.  He 
was  educated  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  and  after  taking 
bis  degree  of  B.  A.  removed  to  the  Temple,  where  he  lived 
in  habits  of  friendship  with  the  learned  Selden.  He  died 
in  1614,  a  very  young  man,  not  having  attained  to  more 
than  his  twenty-sixth  year.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  t^e 
"  Geodotical  Staff ;**  "  The  Topographical  Glass,  contain- 
ing the  uses  of  that  instrument,  the  theodolite,  plane  table, 
and  circumferentor;'*  "A  Concordance  of  Yearis,  con- 
taining a  new  and  a  most  exact  computation  of  time,  ac« 
cording  to  the  English  accompt  ;'*  "  Prognostications  for 
the  years  1667  and  1614."» 

HORAPOLLO,  or  HORUS  APOLLO,  was  a  gram- 
marian,  according  to  Suidas,  of  Panoplus  in  Egypt,  who 
taught  first  at  Alexandria,  and  then  at  Constantinople, 
tinder  the  reign  of  Theodosius,  about  the  year  380.  There 
are  extant  under  his  name  two  books  *<  concerning  the 
Hieroglyphics  of  the  Egyptians,**  which  Aldus  first  pub- 
lished in  Greek  in  1505,  folio.  They  have  often  been  re* 
published  since,  with  a  Latin  version  and  notes ;  but  the 
best  edition  is  thit  by  Cornelius  de  Pauw  at  Utrecht,  in 
1727,  4to.  Meanwhile  there  are  many  Horapollos  of  an* 
riqutty ;  and  it  is  not  certain,  that  the  grammarian  of 
Alexandria  was  the  author  of  these  books.  Suidas  does 
not  ascribe  them  to  him ;  and  Fabricius  is  of  opinion,  that 
they  belong  rather  to  another  Hdrus  Apollo  of  more  ancient 

1  Life  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  bit  '*  Appeal,"  printed  in  llST.^-^Reeg'e  Cy-. 
«elop«dia.— MonUtly  ReTtew,  voU  LXXJI.  *  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  1. 


H  O  R  A  P  O  L  L  O.  163 

standing,  who  flourisbed  about  150O  B.  C.  md  wrote  upoa 
Hieroglyphics  in  the  Egyptian  language,  and  from  whose 
work  an  extract  rather  than  a  version  has  been  made  of 
these  two  books  in  Greek.  * 

HORATIUS  (QuiMTUS  Flaccus),  an  ancient  Roman 
poet,  and  the  most  popular  of  vM  the  classical  writers, 
flourisbed  in  the  age  ot*  Augustus,  and  was  born  at  Venn- 
Slum,  a  town  of  Apulia,  or  of  Lucania,  Dec.  8,  U.  C.  689, 
i»  €•  6S  B.  C.  His  father,  the  son  of  a  freedman,  and  a 
tax-gatherer,  being  a  man  of  good  sense,  knew  the  ncces* 
sity  of  instructing  Ins  son  by  setting  before  him  the  exam-^ 
pies  of  all  sorts  of  persons,  and  shewing  him  whWt  beha- 
viour be  should  imitate,  and  what  he  should  avoid  :  spur- 
4ng  bi'm  on  all  the  while  to  this  imitation,  by  pointing  out 
the  good  eflfects  of  virtue,  and  the  ill  effects  of  vice.  With, 
this  view  he  removed  hin)  to  Rome  when  about  ten  years 
of  age,  where  he  had  the  advantage  of  an  education  under 
the  best  masters ;  and  when  he  was  about  eighteen,  was. 
sent  to  Athens,  where  he  acquired  all  the  accomplishments, 
that  polite  learning  and  education  could  bestow. 

.  Brutus  about  this  time  going  to  Macedonia,  as  he  passed 
through  Athens,  took  several  young  gentlemen  to  the  army 
with  him;  and  Horace,  now  grown  up,  and  quaMiied  to  set  ' 
out  into  the  world,,  among  the  rest.  Brutus  made  htm  a 
tribune,  but  he  did  not  distinguish  himself  for  courage,  as  ' 
at  the  battle  of  Philippi  he  left  the  field  and  fled,  after  he 
bad  shamefully  flung  away  his  shield.  This  memorable 
circumstance  of  his  life  he  mentions  himself,  in  an  Ode  to 
his  friehd  Pompeius  Varus,  who  was  with  him  in  the  same 
battle  of  Philippi,  and  accompanied  him  in  his  flight:  but 
though  running  away  might  possibly  save  his  life,  it  could 
not  secure  bis  fortune,  which  he  forfeited  ;  and  being  thus. 
reduced  to  want,  he  applied  himself  to  poetry,  in  which  he 
succeeded  so  well,  time  he  soon  made  himself  known  to 
some  of  .the  greatest  men  in  .Rome.  Virgil,  as  he  has  tokl' 
usj  was  the  first  that  recommended  him  to  Maecenas ;  and 
this  celebrated  patron  of  learning  and  learned  men  grew  so 
food  of  him,  that  he  became  a  suitor  for  him  to  Augustus^ 
and  succeeded  in  getting  his  estate  restored.  Augustus, 
highly  pleased  with  his  merit  and  address,  admitted  him 
to  a  close  familiarity  with  him  in  his  private  hours,  and 
afterwards  made  him   ho  small  I  offers  of  prefenhent,  aU 

1  Fabric  Bibl.  (Srac— Saxli  Onomast. 

M   2 


1;64^  H  O  R  A  T  I  <!J  a    ^ 

wjxiph  the  poet  bad  the  greatness  of  mind  totefu^;  and-* 
tbe  prin«e  generosity  enough  not  to  be  ofFenfJed  at  bis. 
freedom.  It  is  a  sufficient  proof  of  his  indiffierei)ce»to^th^/ 
pride  of  a  court,  that  he  refused  a  place  sq  booourable  ai^d: 
advantageous  as  tliat  of  secretary  to  AugQs^u«.  Qut  he  \\^d 
a  strong  partiality  to  retirement  and  study^  free  frqm.tbQ. 
noise  of  hurry  and  ambition,  although  bis  life  does  not  apn 
pear  tohave  beeii' untainted  by  the. follies  of  his  youth  and 
nation. 

When  Horace  was,  about  twrenty-sis  years^  of  age,  Ap« 
gustus  found  it  necessary  to  make  peace  wjih  Antony,  th^t. 
theyrmight  unite  against  Pompey,  their  common  enemy ;. 
and  for  this  end  persons  were  sent  to.Brundasium  asde-. 
puties,  to  conclude,  the  treaty  between  them.     Mflpceuas. 
going  on  Caesiar's  part,  Horace,  Virgil,  and  some  othery^ 
accompanied  him.  thither :  and  Horace  has  given  a  very 
entertaining  description  of  the  journey  in  the  fifth  Satire  of 
his  first  book.  This  happened  in  Puliio's  consulship,  who  wa^ 
about  that  time  writing  a  history  of  the  civil  wars  for  the 
last  twenty  years ;  which  occasioned  Horace  to  address  the 
first  Ode  of  the  second  book  to  him,  and  to  represeot  the 
many  inconveniences  to  which  such  a  work  must  necessa* 
rily  expose  him,  if  impartial  enoMgh  to  assign  tht;  true 
causes  of  the  civil  war  between  Caesar,  and  P^mpey^  and 
their  motives  for  beginning  it.     From  the  notes  of  Dacier 
and  Bentley,  wbo  have  successfully  fixed  the  time  of  bi^ 
writing  some  Odes  and  Epistles,  it  appears,  that  before  Ue 
was.  thirty  years  of  age,  he  had  introduced  himself,  tQ  the 
acquaintance  of  the  most  considerable  persons  in  Rooie ; 
o£  which  this  Ode  to  PoUio  may  furnish  a  proof;  fur  his. 
m/erit  must  have  been  well  known,  and  his  reputation  welU. 
established,  before  he  could  so  familiarl}'  address  one.  of. 
Ppllio's  high  character:  and  he  ivas  too  great  a, master  in 
the  science  of  men  and  manners,  to  have  taken  such  a  li* 
berty  if  it  had  been  inconsistent  with  propriety. 

His  love  for  retirement  seems  to  have  increased,  with.  hU 
age,  and  for  some  years  he  was  only  at  Rome  in  the  springs 
passing  the  sumcner  in  the  country,  and.  the  winter  at  Ta*<. 
rentum.     He  never  could  be  prevailed  on  to  undertake  any- 
great  work,  though  he  was  strongly  solicited  to  it ;  ye^  hia . 
gratitude  to  Augustus  called  upon  him  sometiooies  to  tmg 
bis  triumphs  over  Pompey  and  Aqtpny,  or  the  victorious. . 
exploits  oif  Tiberius  and  Drusu^.    His  **  Carmen  8a)culare^* 
be  composed  at  the  express  command  of  Augustus^  aod  tj) 


H  O  R  A  T  I  U  S.  165 

i^HKgie  Mri/>r6te  khb  the  fir^t  epistte  of  the  sTecofid  bddk. 
'That  priiice  b^l  ttndly  Reproached  bim  with  having 'said  ib 
'littk  of  hi^  in  his  writiirgs ;  and  a^ked  him  in  ^  lettcfr 
Writt&n  oh  thia  occasion,  **  whether  he  thought  it  would 
'diJrgrlic^e  hitii  -with  posterity,  if  he  should  seem  to  hav^ 
b^eh  intimate  with  him  ?^'  upon  which  he  addressed  th^ 
'^}st}e  just  mentioned  to  him, 

Horace,  ithhough  not  a  phitosof^herln  the  strictest  sensc^^ 
'^discovered  an  inclination  for  the  Epicurean  t>hilosopby  dur- 
$Rg  the  greatest  paVt  of  his  life ;  but  at  the  latter  end  of  it, 
iseems  to  have  ieiaiied  a  little  towards  the  Stofc.  He  Was  of 
a  cheerfikl  temper,  fond  of  ease  and  liberty,  and  went 
pretty  fat  into  the  gallantries  of  his  times],  until  he  ad* 
vahced  in  years.  Dacier  has  very  justly  siaid  that  he  Was  k 
poet  in  hh  philosophy,  and  a  philosopher  in  his  poetry. 
He  met  with  hfis  greatest  misfortune,  when '  his  beloved 
fViehd  and  patron  Miaecenas  died ;  and  this  event  is  sup* 
posed  td  have  touched  him  so  sensibly,  that  he  did  not 
survive  it  long  enough  to  lament  him  in  an  elegy.  He  died 
not  thahy  days  after,  iged  fifty-seven,  Nov.  1 7,  in  the  yeat 
bf  Rome  746j  slbout  eight  years  B.  C.  He  was  buried  tiear 
Milsbenas's  tohib,  and  declared  in  his  last  words  Augustus' 
his  heir;  the  violence  of  his  distemper  being  such,  that  b^ 
W21S  nbt  able  to  sign  his  will.  In  his  person  he  was  very 
short  and  bbrpulent,  as  we  learn  from  a  fragment  of  a  let* 
tei*  of  Au^dstds  to  him,  preserved  in  his  life  by  Suetonius ; 
vrhete  the  emperor  compares  him  to  the  book  he  sent  him, 
which  was  a  Httle  short  thick  volume.  He  was  grey-baired 
^bout  forty ;  subject  tb  sore  eyes,  which' made  him  use  but 
Hitle  exercise;  and  of  a  constitution  probably  not  the  best; 
lltf'ftd  being  unable  to  support  hhn  to  a  more  advanced  age, 
tfaotfgh  he  seems  to  have  managed  it  with  very  great  care. 
66nfiH0''t  of  )mmot*tal  fam^  from  his  works,  as  all  allow  he 
fe#y  justly  mr^t  be,  he  exprcfssed  his  irfdffference  to  any 
magtiifitr^tit  ft^beral  rites,  of  fruitless  sorrows  for  his  death. 

of  itf  aWhdr  so  well  kndwn,  Arid  whose  merits  have  been 
io  clHiH  iiid  so  mtnrtrtely  canvassed  by  classical  critics,  it 
would  ^e  unnecessary  to  say  much  in  this  place.  Yet  we 
klioi^  tlt»t  how  to  refrain  fioni  adding  the  sentiments  of  an 
Aninie?i)ft  living  scbofar,  which  cannot  easily  be  rivalled  for 
adoK^n^ss  and  elegante.  The  writings  of  Horace,  says  this 
W^efd  tritic,  are  famiKar  to  ni  from  dur  Earliest  boyhood. 
Th^  caFf^  with  them  attractions  which  are  felt  in  every 
^idtt  of  UfeV  aird'  ahn'ott  every  rank  of  society.    Tfaey 


i««  H  o  il  A  T  1 1;  s. 

cbann  alike  by  the  harmony  of  the  nooabers,  and  the  purity 
of  the  diction.  They  exhilarate  the  gay,  and  interest  the 
serious^  according  to  the  different  kinds  of  subjects  upon 
which  the  poet  is  employed.  Professing  neither  the  pre«» 
cision  of  analysis,  nor  the  copiousness  of  system,  they  have 
a(ivantages,  which,  among  the  ordinary  class  of  writers^ 
analysis  and  system  rarely  attain.  They  exhibit  bumao 
imperfections  as  they  really  are,,  and  human  excellency  as 
it  practically  ought. to  be.  They  develope  every  principle 
of  the  virtuous  in  morals,  and  describe  every  modification 
of  the  decorous  in  manners.  They  please  without  the  glare 
of  ornament,  and  they  instruct  without  the  formality  of 
precept*  They  are  the  produce  of  a  mind  enlightened  by 
study,  invigorated  by  observation  ;  comprehensive,  but  no^ 
visionary ;  delicate}  but  not  fastidious ;  too  sagacious  to  be 
carped  by  prejudice,  and  too  generous  to  be  cranoped  by 
suspicion.  They  are  distinguished  by  language  adapted  to 
the  sentiment^  and  by  effort  proportioned  to  the  occasion. 
They  cpntain  elegance  without  affectation,  grandeur  with- 
out bombast,  satire  without  buffoonery,  .and  philosophy 
without  jargon.  Hence  it  is  that  the  writings  of  Horaco 
are  more  extensively  read,  and  more  clearly  understood, 
than  those  of  almost  any  other  classical  author.  The  ex- ' 
planation  of  obscure  passages,  and  the  discussion  of  con- 
jectural readings,  form  a  part  of  the  education  which  is. 
given  in  our  public  schools.  The  merits  of  commentatorsif, 
SIS  well  as  of  the  poet  himself,  are  the  subjects  of  our  con* 
versation ;  and  Horace,  like  our  own  countrym^m  Shak* 
speare,  has  conferred  Celebrity  upon  ma|iy  a  scholar,  who, 
has  been  able  to  adjust  his  text,'  or  to  unfold  his  allusions. 
The  works  of  some  Roman  and  more  Greek  writers  are  in-« 
Yolved  in  such  obscurity,  that  no  literary  adventurer  should 
presume  to  publish  a  variorum  edition  of  themi  unless  he 
has  explored  the  deepest  recessed  of  criticism.  Qut*  in  rie- 
spect  to  Horace,  every  man  of,  letters  knows  where  infor- 
mation is  to  be  bad,  and  every  man  of  judgment  will  (iel 
little  difficulty  in  applying  it  to  useful  and  even  ornamen- 
tal purposes.  ^ 

The  editions  of  Horace  are  numerous  beyond  those  of 
any  other  poet.  jpr.  Douglas,  an  eminent  physician  in 
the  last  reign,  collected  four  Jiundred  and  fifty.  Among 
these  are  valuable  editions  by  Baxter,  Bentley,,  Bond,^ 
Cruquiusy  Dacier,  Desprez  (the  Delpfain)^  Gc|Soer,  Lam- 
binus,  Muretus,  Pulman,  Sat^don,  Zeunius,  jcc.  8kc.  t# 


H  O  R  B  E  R  Y.  167 

wfiich  may  be  aJded  the  more  recent  editions  of  Janus^ 
Combe,  WakcBeKI,  Hunter,  and  Mitscberlichius.^ 

HORBERY  (Matthew),  a  learned  English  divine,  wa$ 
bom  at  Haxay  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1707.     His  father  w^ 
vicar  of  Haxay,  but  both  he  and  his  wife  died  when  their 
son  was  very  young.     The  provision  made  for  him  wa4 
400/.  which  barely  defrayed  the  expence  of  his  education, 
first  at  Epworth,  and  then  at  Gainsborough.     He  was  then 
entered  of  Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a 
small  exhibition,  but  afterwards  was  elected  to  a  feilow'^ 
ship  of  Magdalen,  which  extricated  him  from  many  diflSi* 
culties,  his  poor  inheritance  having  been  long  before  eX" 
pended.     He  took  his  master's  degree  at  Lincoln  previous 
to  this,  in  1733,  and  when  admitted  into  orders  pres^faed 
before   the  university  with    great  approbation ;  and   be- 
coming   known  as  a  young  man  of  much  learning  and 
personal  merit.  Dr.  Smallbroke,  bishop  of  Lichfield,  who 
had  appointed  him  his  chaplain,  collated  him  successively 
to  the  vicarage  of  Eccleshall,  and  the^curacy  of  GnosaU, 
to  which  were  afterwards  added  a  canon ry  of  Lichfield  and 
the  vicarage  of  Hanbury,  on  which  last  promotion  he  re* 
sTgned  Gnosall.    The  whole,  however,  of  these  prefer- 
ments,  even   with  the  ..addition  of  his   fellowship,   were 
scarcely  equal  to  his  expences,  for  he  had  very  little  no- 
tion of  accounts,  or  care  about  worldly  things.     He  was 
afterwards  promoted  by  his  college  to  the  rectory  of  Stan« 
lake,    and  then   quitted   Eccleshall,    preferring  Stanlaka 
from  its  retired  situation,'  where  he  might  indulge  his  fa- 
vourite propensity  to  reading  and   meditation,   and  hare 
^asy  access  to  his  beloved  Oxford.     He  took  his  degree  of  > 
B.  D.  in  1743,  and  that  of  D.  D.  in   1745,  and  died  at 
Stanlakie,  Jan. '22,   1773. 

In  early  life  he  was  a  coadjutor  of  Dr.  Waterland  in  his 
celebrated  controversy  on  the  Trinity  ;  arfd  wrote,  in  1785, 
'^Animadversions  upon  a  late  Pamphlet,  entitled  *  Chris- 
tian Liberty  asserted,'  &c."  The  author  of  this  pamphlet 
,was  John  Jackson,  whom  he  charges  with  having  misre** 
presented  bishops  Pearson  and  Bull,  and  particularly  Dr. 
Waterland,  with  whom  he  had  then  no  personal  acquaint* 
ance.      About  this  time  bishop  Hoadly  made  some  ad* 

f  ahces  to  him,  to  which  he  paid  no  attention,  as  he  greatly 

^   .t   .  ' 

I  Honitii  Open* — Cn»ius>ft  Liret  of  the  Poets.— Life  prefeed  to  Bof^awea^f 
4feMlaiten.««'Brit.  Criticy  toU  ni.-r«SA3ui  Oaomatt. 


168  H  Q  R  B  E  R  v. 

disapproved  Jus  notions.  By  desire  he  published  three 
occasional  sermons,  but  bis  principal  work  was  his  treatise 
on  the  "  Eternity  of  Hell  Torments,'*  which  appeared  ia 
1744,  and  was  Written  at  the  solicitation  of  bishop  SmalU 
broke.  After  his  death  a  volume  of  his  "  Sermons'*  was 
published  by  his  wife's,  nephew. 

Dr.  Horbery  bore  the  character  of  ^n  amiable  and  ex- 
cellent man,  as  well  as  of  an  able  and  sound  divine,  who 
ii^alked,  as  his  biographer  says,  steadily  through  those 
profound  depths  of  theology^  in  whicji  men  of  inferior 
powers  and  attainments  are  Tost:  but  such  was  his  uncom-^ 
inon  modesty  and  invincible  diffidence,  that  nothing  could 
draw  him  out  into  public  life.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Jenner, 
president  of  Magdalen  college,  he  resisted  the  solicitation 
of  a^ajority  of  the  fellows  to  become  a  candidate,  and  Dr. 
|Iorne,  who  was  elected,  paid  him  the  compliment  to  say 
ih^t  he  would  never  have,  presented  himself  if  Dr.  Horbery 
would  have  come  forward.  His  library,  consisting  of  2000 
volume^,  in  the  best  preservation,  was  sold  for  the  small 
^um  of  120/.;  but  such  was  his  reputation  as  a  preacher, 
that  tsjfo  hundred  of  his  MS  sermons,  in  the  rough  state  in 
which  he  first,  composed  them,  were  disppsed  of  for  six 
hundred  guineas.*' 

'  HORNE,  John  Van.  See  HOORNE. 
'  tiORNE  (George),  the  late  amiable  and  exemplary 
bishop  of  Norwich,  was  born  Nov,  I,'  1730,  at  Otham,  near 
Maidstone,  in  Kent,  wher^  his  father,  the  rev.  Samuel 
ftorne,  was  rector.  Of  four  sons  and  three  daughters  he 
was  the  second  son  ;  and  his  education  was  commenced  at 
^ome  'under  the  instruction  of  his  father.  At  thirteen, 
'having  made  a  gopd  proficiency,  he  was  sent  to  school  at 
Maidstone,  under  the  rev.  Deodatus  Bye;,  a  mr.n  of  gocKl 
principles;  and  at  little  more  than  fifteen,  beipg  elected  to 
a  Maidstone  scht'arship  at  University  college,*  Oxford,  be 
Went  there  to  reiide«  He  Avas  ^  much  approved  at  his 
college,  that  about  the  time  when  he  took  his  bachelor's 
degree,  which  was  Oct.  27,  1 749,  in  consequence  of  a 
strong, recommendation  fropi  that  place,  he  was  elected  to 
a  kentish  feliowship  at  Magdalen.  Ou  June  1,  1752,  he 
took  his  master's  ^egre^e,  and  on  Trinity  Sunday,  in  the 
year  following,  he  was  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  Oxford, 
and  soon  after  preached  bis  iirst  sermon  for  bis  friend  andl 

»  Gent.  MaV.  vol.  IJilX.  anU  LXXVI. .  " 


9  O  R  N  E.  169 

:bi(igrapher«  Mr.  Jp^eSy  at  Finedon,  in  Nortbamptonsbire. 

A  $hort  time , alter  h^  preached  in  London  with  such  sue-* 
cess,  that  a  person,  eminent  himself  for  the  same  talent, 
pronounced  him,  without  exception,  the  be3t  preacher  in 
England. 

At  the  early  age  of  r^iueteeo,  Mr.  Home  bad  imbibed  a 
y^ery  favourable  opinion  of  the  sentiments  of  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son ^  which  he  aftervvards  adppted  and  disseminated  with- 
out disguise.  Supported  by  the  learning  $ind  zeal  of  his 
i'riendsj  Mr.  Watson  of  University,  college,  Dr.  Hodges, 
provost  of  Oriel,  and  Dr.  Patten,  of  Corpus,  he  ably  vin- 
dicated his  principles  against  th^  intemperate  invectives 
to  which  tl^eir  novelty  exposed  them.  That  part  inde^ 
pf  the  Hutcbinspnian  controversy  which  relateji  to  HebreM^ 
etyniology  was  discountenanced  by  Mr.  Horne  as,  in  a 
gr^at  me.asure,  fanciful  ^nd  arbitrary.  H^  con^dered  it 
of  ir^Qpitely  more  importance  to  be  employed  in  i^vesti- 

fating  fdcts  than  tp  be  disputing  about  verbal  criticisms, 
be  principle^  of  J^r.  Hutf^U'nison  beginning  to  extend 
jtbeir  influeoce  iji  t^e  university,  in  1756  a  boh)  attack  was 
ma^^  upon  them  in  an  $monymous  pamphlet,  entitled  '*  A 
Wpyd  to  tiie  Huti^binsi^i^i^ps.'?  Mr.  Home,  considering 
himself  more  particv^larly  called  upon  for  a  defence,  as 
being  personally  aimed  at  in  the  animadver^ions,  prodiiced 
an  Apology,  which  hais  been  universally  admired  for  its 
temper,  learning,  and  good  s^nse.  The  question  agitated 
seems  rather  to  involve  tbe  very  essense  of  religion,  than 
io  coucej^n  Mr.  Hutchinson  or  his.  principles.  The  pam-> 
jphle;t  was  attributed  by  the  public  in  general,  and  Mr.  Horne 
in  particular,  to  Mr.  Kennicott,  of  £xeter  college ;  a  man 
who  bad  distinguished  himself  by  an  accurate  aequaintande 
with  ll|e  Hebrew,  and  two  masterly  dissertations,  one  on 
Ihe  Tree  qf  Life,  t^e  other  on  the  Sacrifices  of  Cain  and 

Aft^  his  Apology,  Mr.  Horne  took  an  active  part  in  the 
contrpv^r^  with  Mr.  Kennicott  on  the  propriety  of  col- 
ja^ip4i;;j(h9  text  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  with  such  manuscripts 
^a  c^^^  ^hen  be  procured,  in  order  to  reform  tb^  te^i^t, 
and  prepare  it  for  a  ii^w  traQslatiqu.  into  the  English  Ian* 
gmig^.,  .  Mr,  llorfte  stropgly  plyjected  %o  tl^e  proposal,  from 
^  p,^ti|i^siGm,,^mQi;ig  other  serious  reasoiis,  that  the  wid^ 
&princip]|e  up9t^. which  it  vvas  to  be  con<juc;ted  vnigbt^en'^ 
^^nger  ^h^  intere^  of  genuir^e^Christianity.  He  oof^ 
seiy^th/^f,  tJby4,upsomKl  pri^cism  tq  which  M^  text  wqu14 


i^  H  O  B  If  & 

.tian  ;  and  i^i»  a  scholat^  a  tiiTifier,  and  a  pi^eachdr,  a  man  of 
jao  ordmary  quaiifibations.  The  cheerfulness  of  his  dispo-* 
^tion  is  often  marked,  by  tii«  vivacity  of  <his  writiO'gS)  and 
tbe  sioicerity  of  liis  heart  is  every  w^bere  idbnspicuous  in 
tl^em*  So  far  was  he  from  any  tincttire  of  oovetousnedsfi 
that  be  laid  up  jiotbing  from  bis  preferaient»iin  the  cb«ir^b. 
If  lie  was  no  loser  at  the  year's  ead  be  ^as:|il)erfe'Ctl5r  satis- 
fied. What  be  gave  away  w^%  bestowed  'ovitih  so  tDuch  se-> 
crecyt  that  it  was  supposed  by  soone  persons  to  be  iittl^  J 
but,  after  bis*deatfa,  when  tbe  pensioners,  towfaom  be  bad 
been  a  cotistaut  beodfactor,  rose  up  to  I^tftt  ab<^yt  tbein 
(qr  soQie  other  support,  it  began  to  be  knt)wn  who,  add 
bow  many  they  were. 

Tbe  works  of  bishop  Home  amount  to  a  good  tAM^ 
tuticles,  wbicfa  we  shall  notice  in  chronological  order:  I. 
"  Tbe  Theology  and  Philosophy  in  Cicero's  Somniutn 
Scipionis  explained ;  or  a  brief  attempt  to  demonstrate  that^ 
the  Newtonian  system  is  perfectly  agreeable  to  the  notions 
of  ibe  wisest  autients,  and  that  mathematical  principles  are 
the  only  sure  ones,"  Loud.  1751)  8vo.  2,*'  A  fair,  can- 
did, and  impartial  state  of  the  Case  between  sir  Isaac  New- 
U^a  and  Mr.  Hutchinson,"  &c.  Oxford,  1753^  8va.  3^ 
H  Spicilegium  Sbuckfordianum ;  or  a  nosegay  fdf  the  cri^ 
tic«V'  *tc.  Lond.  1754,  I2mo»  4.  '*  Christ  and  the  Holy 
Qbost  the  supporters  of  the  Spiritual  Life^"  Sec.  txvosef- 
mous preached  before  the  university  of  Oxford,  1755,  Svo, 

5,  '*  The  Almighty  jdstified  in  Judgment,"  a  serrnon,  1756. 

6.  "  An  Apology  for  certain  gentlemen  in  the  university  of 
0.2cfordt  aspersed  in  a  late  anonymous  Pampbl6t,"  1756, 
Svo.  7.  "  A  view  of  Mr.  Kennicott's  thethod  of  dorredtlhg 
tlie  Hebrew  Text,"  &c.  Oxford,  1760,  Svo.  «.  *^  Cbtisi- 
derations  on  the  Life  and  Death  of  St.  John  tbd' Baptist,** 
Oxford,  1772,  Svo.  This  '  pleasing  trac^t  contained  tb# 
fiubt^unce  of  several  senuons  preached  annually  at  Magdair 
fen^college^  in  Oxford,  tlie  course  of  which  bdd  commenced 
In  1755.  A  seeond,  edition  in  I2m05  v^ais  pubFislied  at 
Oxford  in  1777.  ^^  ^^  Considerations  ^n  the  projec<ted 
IS^eformaiaon  of  the  Church  of  England.  In  a  leltteir  ik>  thd 
right  boa  lord  North.  By  aclergymiin,"  Lottdtm^  1772, 
4tol  10.  <^  A  Commentary  on  ti^  Boob  of  PsIiiAvs,"  .&e. 
&e.  Oxford,,  1776^'  2  voki  4t6.  Reprinted  in  Svo,  in  1778, 
an4  three  tunes  sibee.  Witb  what  stMlsftietion  this  good 
man  composed  tbis  piooC'Worl,  may  best  b^  judged  fron^ 

Ahe  fcfttowtng  paamge  loiKs  prcfaeev    ^  CoVild  the  authofr. 


H  O  R  N  iX  17$ 

SfttU^c  hi/ns^if  that  any  one  would  bar«  batf  the  pleasure  in 
reading  the  following  exposition,  which  he  bath  had  in 
writing  it^  lie  would  not.fear  the  loss  of- his  labour.  Tho 
employniexit  detached  him  from  the  bustle  and  hurry  of 
life,  the  din  of  politics,  and  the  noise  of  folly;  Vanity 
and.  vexation  Sew  away  for  a'season,  care  and  disquietude 
Qame  not  near  his  dwelling.  He  arose  fre»h  as  the  nioi*ning 
tp  his  task;  the  silence  of  tlie  night  invited  him  to  pursue 
it.;  and  be  can  truly  say  that  food  and  rest  were  not  pre- 
ferred before  it.  Every  psalm  improved  infinitely  on  his' 
acquaintance  with  it,  and  no  one  g^fve  him  uneasiness  but 
tb^  iaat ;  for  then  be  grieved  that  his  work  was  done.  Hap- 
pier hours  than  thosewhich  have  been  spent  in  these  me- 
ditations on-  the  songs  of  Sion  he  never  expects  to  see  in. 
this  worl'J.  Very  pleasantly  did  they  pass,  and  move 
smoothly  and  swiftly  along ;  for  when  thus  engaged  he 
counted  no  timeu  They  are  gone^  but  have  left  a  relish 
and  a  fragrance  on  the  mind,  and  the  remembrance  of  them 
i^  sweet.'*  1 1.  **  A  Letter  to  Adam  Smith,  LL.  D.  on  the 
Life,  Death,  and  Philosophy  of  Dairid  Hume,  esq.  By 
one  of  the  people  called  Christians,'*  Oxford,  1777,  l!2mo, 
12.  ^^  Discourses  on  several  subjects  and  occasions,"  Ox«* 
ford,  1779,  2  vols.  8vo.  These  sermons  have  gone  through, 
five  editions.  13.  **  Letters  on  Infidelity,"  Oxford,  1784, 
12mo.  1 4  **  Tlie  Duty  of  contending  for  the  Faith,*"  Jude, 
ver.  3.  preached  at  the  primary  visitation  of  the  most  re- 
verend John  lord  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  July  i,  1786. 
To  which  is  subjoined,  a  *^  Discourse  on  the  Trinity  in 
Unity,  Mattb^  xxviii.  19."  1786,  4to.  These  sermons, 
with  fourteen  others  preached  on  particular  occasions,  and 
all  published  separately,  were  collected  into  one  volume, 
8vo,  at,  Oxford,  in  1795.  The  two  have  also  been  pub- 
lisjied  in  12mo,  by  the  society  for  promoting  Christian 
knowledge,  and  are  amoug  the  books  distributed  by  that 
SQciety.  15.  "  A  letter  to  the  rev.  Dr.  Priestley,  by  an 
Undergraduate,"  Oxford,  1787.  16.  *' Observations  on 
the  Case  of  the  Protestant  Dissenters,  with  reference  to 
the  Corporation  and  Test  Acts,"  Oxford,  1790,  8vo.  17. 
*'  Charge  intended  to  have  been  delivered  to  the  Clergy 
of  Norwich,  at  the  primary  visitation,"  1791,  4to.  18. 
^^  Discourses  on  several  subjects  and  occasions,"  Oxford, 
17114,  8vo,  vols.  3  and  4.;  a  posthumous  publication.  The 
four  volumes  have  since  been  reprinted  in  an  uniform  edi- 
tion ;  and  lately  an  uniform  edition  of  these  £fnd  his  other 
works,  with  his  life,  by  Mr.  Jones,  has  been  printed  in  6 


174  H  O  R  N  E: 

t 

Tols.  8vo;  Besides  these,  might  be  enninerited  several 
occasional  papers  in  different  periodical  publications,  but 
particularly  the  papers  signed  Z.  in  the  ^^  Olla  Podriday** 
a  periodical  work,  conducted  by  Mr.  T.  Monro,  then  ba- 
chelor t)f  arts,  and  a  demy  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford. ' 
HORNECK  (Dr.  Anthony),  an  English  divine,  was 
born  at  Baccbai*ack,  a  town  in  the  Lower  Palatinate,  in 
1641.  His  father  was  recorder  or  secretary  of  that  town, 
-a  strict  protestant ;  and  the  doctor  was  brought  up  in  the 
^ame  manner,  though  some,  we  find,  asserted  that  he  was 
originally  a  papist.  He  was  design<ed  for  the  sacred  mi-*' 
nistry  from  his  birth,  and  first  sent  to  Heidelberg,  where 
he  studied  divinity  under  Spanheiro,  afterwards  professor 
at  Leyden.  When  he  was  nineteen  he  came  over  ta 
England,  and  was  entered  of  Queen^s  college,  in  Oxford, 
Dec.  1663;  of  which,  by  the  interest  of  Barlow,  then  pro- 
vost of  that  college,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Lincoln,  he 
was  made  chaplain  soon  after  his  admission.  He  was  in- 
corporated M.  A.  from  the  university  of  Wittemberg,  Dec. 
1663 ;  and  not  long  after  made  vicar  of  All  Saints,  in  Ox* 
ford,  a  living  in  the  gift  of  Lincoln- col  lege.  Here  he  con- 
tinued two  years,  and  was  then  taken  into  the  family  of 
the  duke  of  Albemarle,  in  quality  of  tutor  to  his  son  lord 
Torrington.  The  duke  presented  him  to  the  rectory  of 
Doulton,  in  Devonshire,  aud  procured  him  also  a  prebend 
in  the  church  of  Exeter.  In  1669,  before  he  married,  he 
went  over  into  Germany  to  see  his  friends,  where  he  was, 
much  admired  as  a  preacher,  and  was  entertained  with 
great  respect  at  the  court  of  the  elector  Palatine.  At  his 
return  in  1671,  he  was  chosen  preacher  in  the  Savoy^ 
where  he  continued  to  officiate  till  he  died  *.    This,  how-  . 

*  He  bad  been  recommeiMled  for  tbe  Garden  to  Dr.  Horneck  iire  not  easy  t« 

livingofCovent-garden;  but  the  parish  be  aisigoed  at  this  distance  of  tine. 

was  so  averse  to  him,  ibat  Tillotson  But  their  dislike  to  him  was  the  mor^ 

said,  if  tbe  earl  of  Bedford  had  liked  extraordinary,  considering  his  prodi*  • 

him,  be  could  not  have  have  thought  g ions  popularity,  on  account  of  liin 

It  fit  to  bestow  the  living  on  him,  reputation  for  piety,  and  his  pathetic 

"  knowing  how  necessary  it  is  to  the  sermons,  bis  church  at  the  Savoy  beio|; 

good  effect  of  a  man's  ministry,  that  crowded  by  auditors  from  the  most 

he  do  not  lie  under  any  great  prejudice  remote  parts,  which  oocasioned  deaa: 

with  the  people."    Dr.  Birch  remarks  ?reeman  to  say  that  Dr.  H.*s  parisk  " 

en  this,  that  the  grounds  of  the  great  was  much  the  lai:gest  in  (own,  since  it  * 

averseness   in  the  parish  of  Covent  reached  fromWbiteball  to  Whitechapel.  , 

1  Life  by  the  Rev.  W.  Jones. — See  some  valuable  remarks  on  his  cha« 
raeter  in  Dr.  Gieig's  Supplement  to  the  Ency clop.  Britannica.— Gent.  Ma£^»  ' 

LXII,  LXIII,   and    LXVI ^Boswell's    Life   of  Johnson.— Forbes's    Life    or' 

Beattie,  &c.  &c.    To  his  works  may  be  added^  «  Considerations  on  the  Life  and  «K 
Death  of  Abel,  Enoch  and  Noah,"  Mvao,  1819,  a  work  which  we  happieoed 
ioBte  io  time  to  intcft  ia  tlM  texK 


H  O  R  N  E  C  K.  175 

ever,  was  but  poor  maintenance,  the  salary  being  small  as 
well  as  precarious,  and  he   continued   in  mean   circuro* 
stances  for  some  years  after  the  revolution ;  till,  as  his 
biographer,  bishop  Kidder,  says,  it  pleased  God  to  raise  up 
a  friend  who  concerned   himself  on  his  behalf,  namely, 
the  lord  admiral  Russel,  afterwards  earl  of  Orford.    Before 
he  went  to  sea,  lord  Kussel  waited  on  the  queen  to  take 
leave ;  and  when  he  was  with  her,  begged  of  her  that  she 
**  would  be  pleased  to  bestow  some  preferment  on  Dr. 
Horneck.'*     The  queen  told  him,  that  she  "  could  not  at 
present  think  of  any  way  of  preferring  the  doctor ;"  and 
with  this  answer  the  admiral  was  disinissed.     Some  time 
after,  the  queen  related  what  had  passed  to  archbishop 
Tillotson ;  and  added,  that  she  ^*  was  anxious  lest  the  ad« 
miral  should  think  her  too  unconcerned  on  the  doctor's 
behalf.*'     Consulting  with  him  therefore  what  was  to  be. 
done,  Tillotson  advised  her  to  promise  him  the  next  pre* 
bend  of  Westminster  that  should  happen  to  become  void. 
This  the  queen  did,  and  lived  to  make  good  her  word  in  , 
1693.     In  1681  he  had  commenced  D.  D«  at  Cambridge* 
and  was  afterwards  made  chaplain  to  king  William  and 
queen  Mary.     His  prebend  at  Exeter  lying  at  a  great  dis- 
tance from  him,  he  resigned  it;  and  in  Sept   1694  was 
admitted  to  a  prebend  in  the  church  of  Weils,  to  which 
he  was  presented  by  his  friend  Dr.  Kidder,  bishop  of  Bath 
arid  Wells.     It   was   no  very  profitable  thing ;  and  if  it 
hiad  been,  he  would  have  enjoyed  but  little  of  it,  since  he 
died   so  soon  after  as  Jan.  1696,  in  his  fifty-sixth  year. 
His  body  being  opened,  it  appeared  that  both  bis  ureters 
were  stopped  ;  the  one  by  a  scone  that  entered  the  top  of 
the  ureter  with  a  sharp  end  ;  the  upper  part  of  which  was 
thick,  and  much  too  large  to  enter  any  farther ;  the  other 
by  stones  of  much  less  firmness  and  consistence.     He  was 
interred  hi  Westminster- abbey,  where  a  monument,  with 
an  handsome  inscription  upon  it,  was  erected  to  his  memory. 
•  He  was,  says  Kidder,  a  man  of  very  good  learning,  and 
liad  good  skill  in  the  languages.     He  had  applied  himself 
to  the  Arabic  from  his  youth,  and  retained  it  to  his  death* 
Jle  had  great  skill  in  the  Hebrew  likewise:  nor  was  his 
skill  limited  to  the  Biblical  Hebrew  only,  but  he  was  also 
a  great  master  in  the  Rabbinical.     He  was  a  most  diligent; 
and  indefatigable  reader  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  original 
languages :  **  Sacras  literas  tractavit  indefesso  studio,**  says 
Aits  tutor  Spanheim  of  him :  and  adds,  ^hat  he  was  then 


176'  BORNE  C  K. 

I 

of  ait  elevated  wit^  of  which  he  gave  a  specrimen  in  1659, 
by  publicly  defending  "A  Dissertation  upon  the  Vow  of 
Jephthah  concerning,  the  sacriBce  of  bis  daughter."     He 
had  great  skill  in  ecclesiastical  history,  in  controversikl  and. 
casuistical  divinity ;  and  it  is  said,  that  few  men  were  so^ 
frequently  consulted  in  cases  of  conscience  as  Dr.  liorueck. 
As  to  his  pastoral  cai^e  in  ail  its  hranches,  he  is  set  forth 
as  on^  of  the  greatest  exaunples  that  ever  lived.     ^^  He  had 
the  zeal,  the  spirit,  the  courage,  of  John   the  Baptist,'* 
says  Kidder,  "  and  durst  reprove  a  great  man ;  and  pier- 
haps  that  man  lived  not,  that  was  more  conscientious  in' 
this  matter.      I  very  well  knew  a  great  man,''  say^  the 
bishop,  *^  and  peer  of  the  realm,  from  whom  he  had  just 
expectations  of  preferment ;  but  this  was*  so  far  from  stop- 
ping his  mouth,  that  he  reproved  him  to  his  face,  upon  a- 
very  critical  affair.     He  missed  of  Ills  preferment,  indeed, 
but  saved  his  own  soul.     This  freedom,"  continues   the 
bishop,  ^'  made  hi^  acquaintance  aud  friendship  very  de- 
sirable* by  every  good  man,  that  would  be  better.     He 
would  ip  him  be  very  sure  of  a  friend,  that  would  not  suf- 
fer sin  upon  him.     I  may  say  of  him  what  Pliny  says  of 
Corellius  Rufus,  whose  death  he  laments,  *  amisi  meise  vit® 
testem,'  &c*     *  I  have  lost  a  faithful  witness  of  my  life  ;V 
and  may  add  what  he  said  upon  that  occasion  to  his  friend 
Calvisius,  *  vereor  ne  negligentius  vivam,'  ^  I  am  afraid  lest 
for  the  time  to  come  I  should  live  more  carelessly.' "    His 
original  works  are,  1.  ^*  The  great  Law  of  Consideration : 
or,  a  discourse  wherein  the  nature,  usefulness,  and  abso- 
lute necessity  of  consideration,  in  order  to  a  truly  serious 
and   religious  life,  are  laid  open,"   London,   1676,  8vo, 
which  h^s  been  several  times  reprinted  with  additions  and  . 
corrections.   2.  ^*  A  letter  to  a  lady  revolted  to  the  Uomish 
church,"   London,  J 678,  12mo.     3.  "The  happy  Asce- 
tick:  or  the  best  Exercise,"  London,   1681,  8vo.    To  this 
is  subjoined,  "  A  letter  to  a  person  of  quality  concerning 
the  holy  Uvea  of  the  primitive  Christians."     4.  "  Delight 
and  Judgment :  or  a  prospect  of  the  great  day  of  Judg« 
ment,  and  its  power  to  damp  and  inibitter  sensual  delights,^ 
aports,  and  recreations,"  London,  1683,  12mo.    5.  "The 
Fire  of  the  Altar :  or  certain  directions  how  to  raise  the 
soul  into  holy  flames,  before,  at,   and  after  the  receiv- 
ing of  the  blessed  Sacrament  of  the  Lord*s  Supper :  with 
suitable  prayers  and  devotions,"  London,  1683,  12mo.  To  ^ 
this  is  prefixed,  "  A  Dialogue  between  a  Christian  and  hia 


•       H  O  R  N  E  C  K.  iti 

own  Conscience,  touching  the  true  nature  of  the  Cbristiaa 
Beligion."  6.  "  The  Exercise  of  Prayer ;  or  a  help  to  de-^ 
votion ;  being  a  supplement  to  the  Happy  Ascetick,  or 
best  exercise,  containing  prayers  and  devotions  suit-^- 
able  to  the  respective  exercises,  with  additional  prayers 
for  several  occasions,"  London,  1685,  8vo.  7.^' The  first 
fruits  of  Reason  :  or,  a  discouse  shewing  the  necessity  of 
applying  ourselves  betimes  to  the  serious  practice  of  Re-^ 
ligion,"  London,  1685,  Svo.  8.  **The  Crucified  Jesus: 
or  a  full  account  of  the  nature,  end,  design,  and  benefit  of 
the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  with  necessary  di^^ 
rections,  prayers,  praises,  and  meditations,  to  he  used  by 
persons  who  come  to  the  holy  communion,"  London,  1686, 
8vo.  9*  ^'  Questions  and  Answers  concerning  the  ^ two 
Religions ;  viz.  that  of  the  Church  of  England  and  of  the 
Church  of  Rome."  10.  "  An  Answer  to  the  Soldier's  Ques- 
tion :  What  shall  we  do  ?"  11.  Several  single  Sermons* 
12.  ^<  Fifteen  Sermons  upon  the  fifth  chapter  of  St.  Mat^* 
thew,"  London,   1698,  8 vo.  ; 

Besides  these  he  translated  out  of  German  into  English^ 
**  A  wonderful  story  or  narrative  of  certain  Swedish  wri- 
ters," printed  in  GlanviPs  ^^  Sadduci&mus  Triumphatus ;" 
in  the  second  edition  of  which  l)ook  is  a  *^  Preface  to  the 
wonderful  story,''  with  an  addition  of  a  ^^  new  relation  from 
Sweden,"  translated  by  him  out  of  German.     He  trans* 
iated  likewise  from  French  into  English,  <^  An  Antidote 
against  a  careless  indi£Ferency  in  matters  of  Religion ;  in 
opposition  to  those  who  believe  that  all  religions  are  alike, 
and  that  it  imports  not  what  men  profess,"  London,  1693^ 
with  an  introduction  written  by  himself.    He  collected  and 
published  ^^  Some  discourses,    sermons,    and  remains  of 
Mr.  Joseph  Glanvil>"  /in  1681.  He  wrote  likewise,  in  con-* 
junction  with  Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  ^'  The  last  Confession^ 
Prayers,  and  Meditations,  of  Lieutenant  John  Stern,  de-« 
livered  by  him  on  the  cart,  immediately  before  his  execu** , 
tioD,  to  Dr.  Burnet:  together  with  the  last  Confession  of 
George  Borosky,  signed  by  him  in  the  prison,  and  sealed 
up  in  the  lieutenant's  pacquet.     With  which  an  aiccoutit  is 
giv^,n  of  their  deportment,  both  in  the  prison,  and  at  the 
place  of  their  execution,  which  was  in  the  PalUmall,  on 
the  lOth  pf  March,  in  the  same  place  in  which  they  had 
murdered  Thomas  Tbynne,  esq.  on  the  12th  of  February  be- 
fore, in  1 68 1."  This  was  published  at  London,  infolio,  1682.* 

•  AtB.  Ox.  Tol.  H.— Life  by  Bp.  Kidder,  Svo.  1693.— Birch's  Life  of  TilloUon, 

\0L.  XVIII.  N 


17S  H  O  R  N  I  U  & 

HORNIUS  (Georqe),  an  historian  in  the  t7tb  cen- 
tury, was  bora  Ui  the  Psaiatinate.  He  visited  most  of  the 
catuitries  in  £urp{ie ;  was  tutor  to  Tliomas  Morgan,  a  young 
English  gentleman  who  lived  at  the  Hague ;  and  appointed 
professor  of  history,  politics,  and  geography,  at  Harder- 
wick  ;  afterwards  professor  of  history  at  Leyden,  where, 
having  sustained  a  great  loss  by  coniiding  in  an  alchemical 
iiapostor,  he  became  deranged,  and  died  in  1670.  Hia 
principal  works  are,  ^*  An  Ecclesia3tical  History,"  with  an 
introduction  to  the  universal  political  history ;  a  curious 
and  instructive  work,  which  has  been  translated  into  French, 
^nd  continued  to  1704.  ^*The  History  of  England,  dur-« 
ing  the  year  1645,  and  1646,'^  Leyden,  1648, 8vo.  ^<  History 
of  the  Origin  of  the  Americans,**  Hague,  1652,  8vo.  <^  His* 
tory  of  Philosophy,'*  in  seven  books,  1655,  4to.  An  edi<^ 
tion  of  *^  Sulpitius  Severus,**  with  notes,  8vo.  ^^  Noah*s 
Ark,**  or,  A  History  of  Monarchies.  This  work  is  full  of 
curious  inquiries  into  the  origin  of  each  monarchy,  &c.  The 
above  are  all  in  Latin. ' 

HORREBOW  (Peter),  a  celebrated  Danish  astPono-r 
fner,  and  professor  of  that  science  at  Copenhagen,  was 
born  at  Laegsted,  in  Jutland,  in  1679.  He  studied  at  AaU 
burg  under  very  unfavourable  circumstances,  beingobliged, 
at  the  same  period,  to  submit  to  various  kinds  of  labour. 
In  1 7 1 4,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  at  Co* 
peuh«^en,  and  in  17.25  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Danish  academy  of  sciences.  He  died  in  1 764.  He  was 
author  of  many  works  connected  with  his  favourite  pur?- 
suits,  among  which  were  ^*  Copernicus  Triumphans,  sive 
de  Parallaxi  Orbis  Annui;*'  ii|  which  he  shews  himself  an  en-> 
thusiast  fdr  the  system  of  Copernicus ;  the  **  Elements  of  As^ 
tronomy;*'  and  ^<  the  Elements  of  Mathematics  ;**  but  he  is 
best  known  in  this  country  by  his  *^  Natural  History  of  Ice«- 
land,*'  fol.  1758.  His  mathematical  works  were  published 
in  four  vols,  4to,  Copenhagen,  1735,  &c.' 

HORROX  (Jeremiah),  an  English  astronomer,  and 
memorable  for  being  the  first  who  had  observed  the  pas- 
sage of  Venus  over  the  sun*s  di^k,  was  born  at  Toxteth  in 
Lancashire,  about  1619.  From  a  school  in  the  country^ 
where  he  acquired  grammanr-leai*ning,  he  was  sent  to 
£manael^ollege  in  Cambridge,  and  there  spent  some  time 

.  1  Morerh«-^Freher|  TliMtrttm.~Fop||en  BibU  Belf  .•■^Saxii  Oaomait 
•  Diet,  HiiU 


H  O  R  R  O  X.  17» 

io  academical  studies.  About  1633,  he  began  with  real 
earnestness  to  study  astronomy :  but  liring  at  chat  tima 
lirith  his  father  at  Toxtetb^  in  very  moderate  circumstance*, 
and  being  destitute  of  books  and  other  assistances  for  the^ 
prosecution  of  this  study,  he  could  not  make  any  coniider<i< 
able  progress.  He  spent  some  of  his  first  years  in  study-^ 
ing  the  writirrgs  of  LansbergiuSi  of  which  be  repented  and 
complained  afterwards ;  neglecting  in  the  mean  time  the 
more  vtduable  and  profitable  works  of  Tycbo  Brabe,  Kep* 
ler,  and  other  excellent  astronomers.  In  1636,  he  coti-» 
tracted  an  acquaintance  with  Mr.  William  Crabtree  of 
Broughton  near  Manchester,  and  was  engaged  in  the  satne^ 
studies ;  but  -liYing  at  a  considerable  distance  from  each 
other,  they  could  have  little  correspondence  except  by 
letteril  These,  however,  they  frequently  exchanged,  com* 
municating  their  obserrations  to  one  another^  and  they 
sometimes  consulted  Mr.  Samuel  Foster,  professor  of  as* 
trqnomy  at  Gresham-college  in  London.  Horrox  having 
now  obtained  a  companion  in  his  studies,  assumed  ne^ 
spirits.  Procuring  astronomical  instruments  and  books,  he 
applied  himself  to  make  observations ;  and  by  Crabtree*s 
advice,  laid  aside  Lansbergius,  whose^  tables  be  found  er- 
roneous, and  his  hypotheses  inconsistent  He  was  pursuing 
his  studies  with  great  vigour  and  success,  when  he  was  ctit 
o£Fby  a  sadden  death,  Jan.  3,  1640«). 

What  we  have  of  his  writings  b  sufficient  to  shew,  that 
his  death  was  a  loss  to  science.  A  little  before  that  time 
he  had  finished  his  ^^  Venus  in  Sole  visa.'*  He  made  his 
observations  upon  this  new  and  extraordinary  phenomenon 
1^  Hool  near  Liverpool ;  but  they  did  not  appear  till  166^, 
.when  Hevdius  published  tbem  at  Dantzick,  with  some 
works  of  his  own,  under  this  title,  ^*Mercurius  in  Sole 
^siis  Gedanianno  1661,  Maij  3,  cum  aliis  quibusdam  re« 
rum  ccelestium  observationibua  rarisque  phsenomenis.  Cox 
s^nexa  est  Venus  in  Sole  pariter  visa  anno  1639,  Nov.  24^ 
4ic/*  Besides  this  work  be  bad  begun  another,  in  which 
he  propoiied,  first,  to  refute  Lansbergius*  s  hypotheses,  and 
to  shew,  how  inconsistent  they  were  with  each  other  and 
the  heavens ;  and,  secondly,  to  diuw  up  a  new  system  of 
astronomy,  agreeably  to  the  heavens,  firbm  his  own  ob^ 
servations  and  those  of  others ;  retaining  for  the  most  part 
ibit  Kepleiian  hypotheses,  but  changing  the  numbers  aa 
observations  required*     Wallis,  from  whose   **  Epistola 

N  2 


180  H  O  R  R  O  X. 

NuQcUpatoria^'  we  have  extracted  these  memoirs  of  Hor" 
rox,  published  some  of  his  papers  in  1673,  under  the  title 
of  ^^  Opera  Posthuma :''  others  were  carried  into  Ireland 
by  his  brother  Jonas  Horrox,  who  had  pursued  the  same 
studies,  and  died  there,  by  which  means  they  were  lost  r 
and  others  came  into  the  bands  of  Mr.  Jeremiah  Shakerly, 
who,  by  the  assistance  of  them,  formed  his  **  British  Ta- 
bles," published  at  London  in  1643  :  which  last  papers, 
after  Shakerly's  voyage  to  the  East-Indies,  where  he  died, 
are  said  to  have  remained  in  the  possession  of  a  book- 
seller, till  they  were  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  at  London 
in  1666.^ 

HORSLEY  (John),  author  of  a  very  learned  and  excel- 
lent work,  entitled,  ^^  Britannia  Romana,"  by  which  only 
he  is  known,  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  native  of  North- 
umberland, where,  at  a  village  called  Long-Horsley,  near 
Morpeth,  the  family,  in  all  probability,  originated.  This 
parent  stock,  if  such  it  was,  is  now  lost  in  the  Withering- 
tons,  by  the  marriage  of  the  heiress  of  Long-Horsley,  about 
the  middle  of  this  century,  with  a  person  of  that  name.- 
We  know  only  of  two  other  branches  j  one  settled  in  York- 
shire, the  other  in  the  West,  from  which  latter,  we  under- 
stand the  late  learned  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  to  have  sprung ; 
but  the  branches  have,  been  so  long  separated,  that  they 
cannot  trace  their  relationship  to  each  other.  John  Hors- 
ley  was  educated  in  the  public  grammar-school  at  Newcas- 
tle, and  afterwards  in  Scotland,  where  he  took  a  degree  ; 
he  was  finally  settled  at  Morpeth,  and  is  said,  in  Hutchin- 
son^ s  View  of  Northumberland,  to  have  been  pastor  to  ai 
dissenting  congregation  in  that  place.  The  same  author 
adds,  from  Ra-ndali's  manuscripts,  that  he  died  in  1732, 
which  was  the  same  year  in  which  his  great  work  appeared ; 
but  the  truth  is,  as  we  learn  from  the  journals  of  the  time, 
that  he  died  Dec.  12,  1731,  a  short  time  before  the  pub- 
lication of  his  book.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society. 
A  few  letters  from  him  to  Roger  Gale,  esq.  on  antiquarian 
subjects,  are  inserted  in  Hutchinson's  book ;  they  are  all 
dated  in  1729.  His  *^  Britannia  Romana^'  gives  a  full  and 
learned  account  of  the  remains  and  vestiges  of  the  Romans 
in  Britain.     It  iis  divided  into  three  books ;  the  first  con- 

1  Oen.  Dicti^Martin's  Biog.  PbiIo8.-^Httttoii'8  Diet.— Birctff  Hist  of  the 
Heyal  Society.  > 


B  O  R  S  L  E>  Y,  181 

laining  '^  the  History  of  all  the  Roman  Transactions  in 
Britain,  with  an  account  of  their  legionary  and  auxiliary 
forces  employed  here,  and  a  determination  of  the  stations 
per  lineam  valli ;  also  a  large  description  of  the  Roman 
walls,  with  maps  of  the  same,  laid  down  from  a  geometri- 
cal survey."  The  second  book  contains,  "  a  complete 
collection  of  the  Roman  inscriptions  and  sculptures,  which 
have  hitherto  been  discovered  in  Britain,  with  the  letters 
engraved  in  their  proper  shape,  and  proportionate  size, 
and  the  reading  placed  under  each  ;  as  also  an  historical 
account  of  them,  with  explanatory  and  critical  observa- 
tions." The  third  book  contains,  ^^  the  Roman  Geography 
of  Britain,  in  which  are  given  the  originals  of  Ptolemy, 
Antonini  Itinerarium,  the  Notitia,  the  anonymous  Raven- 
nas,  and  Peutinger's  Table,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  this 
island,  with  particular  essays  on  each  of  those  ancient  au- 
thors, and  the  several  places  in  Britain  mentioned  by 
them,"  with  tables,  indexes,  &c.  Such  is  the  author's 
own  account  in  his  title-page ;  and  the  learned  of  all  coun«- 
tries  have  testified  that  the  accuracy  of  the  execution  has 
equalled  the  excellence  of  the  plan.  The  plates  of  this 
work  were  purchased  of  one  of  his  descendants  for  twenty 
guineas  by  Dr.  Gifford,  for  the  British  Museum,  where  is 
a  copy  of  the  work,  with  considerable  additions  by  Dr. 
Ward.V 

HORSLEY  (Samuel),  a  very  learned  and  highly  dis- 
tinguished prelate,  was  the  son  of  the  rev.  John  Horsley, 
M,  A.  who  was  many  years  clerk  in  orders  at  St.  Martin's  in 
the  Fields.  His  grandfather  is  said  to  have  been  at  first 
a  dissenter,  but  afterwards  conformed,  and  had  the  living 
of  St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields.  This  last  circumstance,  how- 
ever, must  be  erroneous,  as  no  such  name  occurs  in  the 
list  of  the  vicars  of  that  church.  His  father  was  in  1745 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  Thorley  in  Hertfordshire,  where 
he  resided  constantly,  and  was  a  considerable  benefactor 
to  the  parsionage.  He  also  held  the  rectory  of  Newington 
Butts,  in  Surrey,  a  peculiar  belonging  to  the  bishop  of 
Worcester.  By  his  first  wife,  Anpe,  daughter  of  Dr.  Ha- 
milton, principal  of  the  college  of  Edinburgh,  he  had  only 
one  son,  the  subject  of  the  present  article,  who  was  bora 
in  his  father's  residence  in  St.  Martin's  church-yard,  in 
Oct.  1733.    By  bis  second  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  George 

}  NicboU'g  Bpwycr* 


nt  R  o  R  s  L  E  t: 

l/eilte,  esq.  of  Kimragie  in  Scotland,  he  had  three  sons  and 
four  daughters,  who  were  all  born  at  Thorley.  He  died 
in  1777,  aged  seventy-eight;  and  his  widow  io  1787,  at 
Masing  in  Essex. 

Samuel  was  educated  in  his  early  years  chiefly  by  his 
lather,  and  we  are  assured,  never  was  at  Westminster 
school,  as  has  been  asserted ;  but  of  this  and  the  other 
transactions  of  his  youth,  his  studies,  and  early  character, 
we  have  very  few  particulars  that  can  be  depended  on,  and 
have  failed  in  obtaining  information  on  these  subjects  from 
the  only  quarter  whence  it  could  have  been  expected.  It 
if  certain,  however,  that  be  was  entered  of  Trinity  "hall, 
Cambridge^  where  it  is  easy  to  conceive  that  be  was  .an 
industrious  student,  applying  himself  much  to  the  study  of 
matheoiatics,  and  storing  his  mind  wilh  the  writings  of  the 
anoient  and  modern  divines  and  logicians.  Why  "with 
aneh  qualifications  he  took  no  degree  in  arts,  cannot  now 
he  ascertained.  We  find  only  that  he  took  that  of  LL.  B* 
in  1758,  and  became  bis  father^s  curate  at  Newmgton,  to 
which  living  he  succeeded,  on  the  resignation  of  his  fether, 
in  the  following  year,  and  held  it  till  bis  translation  to  the 
see  of  Rochester  in  1793. 

In  April  1767,  be  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal  so«« 
ciety,  of  which  he  continued  for  .many  years  an  active 
member ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  published  a  pamphlet, 
entitled  ^*  The  power  of  God,  deduced  from  the  compu- 
table instantaneous  productions  of  it  in  the  Solar  Sj^tena,** 
8vo.  This  he  allows  to  be  a  *^  very  singular,  and  perhaps 
a  whimsical  speculation,''  and  says,  in  language  not  un« 
characteristic  of  his  future  style,  that  in  all  probability  Ibis 
production  would  ^*  roll  down  the  gutter  of  titn^,  for^ten 
and  neglected.''  His  object  was  undoubtedly  to  ^play 
the  wonderful  power  of  God ;  but  it  was  thought  that  he 
magnified  omnipotent  power  at  the  expence  of  omniscient 
wisdom,  and  instead  of  supposing  that  the  planets  continue 
for  ever  to  perform  their  courses,  in  consequence  of  the 
almighty ^/!a/,  and  original  impulse  impressed  upon  them^ 
when  first  they  were  drawn  out  of  chaos,  he  maintains  the 
necessity  of  a  new  force  every  instant  to  preserve  the  sys- 
tem in  motion. 

In  1768  be  went  to  Christ  church,  Oxford,  as  private 
tutor  to  Heneage  earl  o^  A}4esbury,  then  lord  Guernsey. 
To  this  university  he  appears  ta  hay^  become  attached  ; 
and  bis  first  mathematical  publication  was  elegantly  printed 


H  O  R  S  L  S  ¥.  .1^ 

at  the  Onfeaidoii  presi^  ^'  Apollonii  Pergaei  iBclinSktioniiai 
Ubfiiluo.  Restiiuebftt  S*  Horsley/'  1770.  This  work  was 
criticised  ^  with  some  severity  at  the  time,  bat  does  not 
appear  to  have  mjiirred  his  rising  reputatioi^^  especially 
with  the  oiettbers  of  the  royal  society,  who  chose  hirq  ^to 
the  aSkce  of  secretary  ia  November  1773.  In  1774  be 
was  ificorporated  B.  C.  L.  at  Oxford,  and  idamediately  pro«* 
ceeded  to  the  degree  of  D.  C  L.  and  was  presented  by  hii 
patron,  the  earl  of  Aylesbury,  to  the  rectory  of  Aldbury  in 
jSiirrey^  with  which  be  obtained  a  dispensation  to  bold  the 
rectory  of  Newhigton.  In  tfa^  sai»e  .year  be  pnbiisbed 
^^  Eeinadrks  on  the  Observations  made  in  the  late  Voyagie 
towards  the  North  Pole,  for  determining  the  acceleration 
of  the  Pendulum,  in  latitude  79*^  5i\  In  a  letter  to  the 
faon.  Constantine  John  Phtpps,"  4to.  His  intention  in  this 
pamphlet,  which  oug^evei*  to  be  bound  up  with  ^^  Pbipps's 
Voya^,'*  is  to  correct  two  or  three  important  errors  and 
inaccuracies  that  bod  been  introduced,  by  Israel  Lyons^ 
the  mathematician  aiaployed  oa  the  voyage,  in  the  nume- 
roits  matfaei»atical  calcuktioad  which  appear  in  that  valua- 
ble work ;  and  this  it  was  acknowledged,  was  performed  by 
imr  learned  aiAbor  with  equal  skill,  delicacy,  and  candour. 
Dr.  Horsley  bad  long  medita/ted  a  complete  edition  of 
the  woriss  of  sir  I«aac  Newton,  and  in  1776  issued  proposiaki 
for  printing  it^  by  sttbscription,  in  5  vols.  4to,  having  ob-^ 
tained  the  royal  permtssioa  lo  dedicate  it  to  bis  miyesty ; 
but  the  commencenefit  of  it  was  for  a  considerable  timo 
delayed  by  severe  domestic  affliction,  arising  from  the  ill-' 
neas  of  his  wife,  for  f^iom  he  had  the  tenderest  regard. 
She  died  in  the  fotiowing  year,  and  some  time  after,  the 
works  of.  Newton  were  put  to  press,  bat  were  not  finally 
completed  until  1785.  In  the  mean  time  his  great  dili« 
genee  and  proficiency  in  various  sciences  attracted  the  no- 
tice of  an  excellent  judge  of  literary  merit,  the  late  Dr« 
Lowfh^  bishop  of  London,  who  on  his  promotion  to  that 
see?  i»  1777,  i^^ointed^  Dr.  Horsley  his  domestic  chaplain  ; 
and  eoUai^d  him  to  a  prebend  in  St.  PauVs  cathedral.  He 
abo^  by  the  same  interest^  s  acceeded  his  father  as  clerk  in 
ordera  aft  St  Maif tin's  in  the  Fields, 

.  In  1 77 ^i  dttHng the  controversy  between  Piiestley,- Price, 
aod  others,'  fesped^ing  materialism,  and  philosophical  ne^ 
cesaily,^.  Dn  Honiley  preached  a  sermon,  on  Good  Friday^ 
Ajffiik  17)  entitled  *^  Providience  and  free  Agei»cy/'  4to,.  ia- 
wbiofar  be  chnsw  a  very  aimte  distinction^  between  the  phikn 


\ 


184  B  0  R  S  L  E  Y. 

sophical  necessity  of  our  subtle  moderns,  and  the  predets-* 
tination  of  their  ancestors.  It  was  evident  he  had  an  eye 
to  the  writings  of  Dr.  Priestley  in  this  discourse,  but  that 
polemic  did  not  take  any  immediate  notice  of  it.  In  1779, 
Dr.  Horsley  resigned  Aldbury,  and  in  17309  bishop  Lowth 
presented  him  to  the  living  of  Thorley,  which  he  held,  by 
dispensation,  with  Newington,  but  resigned  the  former  on 
being  appointed  archdeacon  of  Essex,  and,  in  1782,  vicar 
of  South  Weald/ in  that  county,  both  which  he  owed  to 
the  same  patron.  In  1783,  we  find  him  deeply  involved 
in  a  dispute  with  some  of  the  members  of  the  royal  society, 
not  worth  reviving  in  a  regular  narrative ;  it  is  only  to  be 
regretted  that  it  ended  in  his  withdrawing  himself  from 
the  society. 

Dr.  Horsley  was  now  about  to  enter  on  that  controversy 
with  Dr.  Priestley,  in  which  he  displayed  his  greatest  learn- 
ing and  abilities,  and  on  which  his  fame  is  irremoveably 
founded.  In  the  year  1782  (we  use  Dr.  Horsley's  words), 
an  open  and  vehement  attack  was  made  by  Dr.  Priestley 
upon  the  creeds  and  established  discipline  of  every  church 
in  Christendom,  in  a  work  in  2  vols.  8vo,  entitled  a  '<  His- 
tory of  the  Corruptions  of  Christianity."  At  the  head  of 
these  Dr.  Priestley  placed  both  the  catholic  doctrine  of 
our  Lord's  divinity,  and  the  Arian  notion  of  his  pre-extst- 
ence  in  a  nature  far  superior  to  the  human^  representing 
the  Socinian  doctrine  of  his  mere  humanity,  as  the  unani*- 
inous  faith  of  the  first  Christians.  It  seemed  to  Dr.  Hors- 
ley that  the  most  effectual  preservative  against  the  in- 
tended mischief  would  be  to  destroy  the  writer's  credit, 
and  the  authority  of  his  name,  which  the  fame  of  certain 
lucky  discoveries  in  the  prosecution  of  physical  experi- 
ments had  set  high  in  popular  esteem,  by  a  proof  of  his 
incompetency  in  every  branch  of  literature  connected  with 
his  present  subject,  of  which  <the  work  itself  afforded  evi- 
dent specimens  in  great  abundance.  For  this  declared 
purpose,  a  review  of  the  imperfections  of  his  work  in  the 
first  part,  relating  to  our  Lord's  divinity,  was  made  the 
subject  of  Dr.  Horsley^s  Charge,  delivered  to  the  clergy  of 
the  archdeaconry  of  St.  Alban -s  at  a  visitation  held  May  22, 
1783,  the  spring  next  following  Dr.  Priestley's  publication. 
The  specimens  alledged  by  Dr.  Horsley  of  the  imperfec- 
tions of  the  work,  and  the  incompetency  of  the  author, 
may  be  reduced  to  six  general  classes.  I.  Instances  of 
yeasouing  in  a  circle#    2.  Instances  of  quotations  mi^ap^* 


H  O  R  S  L  E  Y.  18& 

plied  through  ignorance  of  the  writer\<i  subject..  3.  Iu« 
Glances  of  testimonies  perverted  by  artful  and  forced  con- 
structions. 4.  Instances  of  passages  in  the  Greek  Fathers 
misinterpreted  through  ignorance  of  the  Greek  language. 
5.  Instances  of  passages  misinterpreted  through  the  same 
ignorance,  driven  further  out  of  the  way  by  an  ignorance 
of  the  Platonic  philosophy ;  and  6.  Instances  of  ignorance 
of  the  phraseology  of  the  earliest  ecclesiastical,  writers. 
Dr.  Horsley  concludes  this  masterly  and  argumentative 
Charge,  by  saying,  '^  I  feel  no  satisfaction  in  detecting  the 
weaknesses  of  this  learned  writer's  argument,  but  what 
arises  from  a  consciousness,  that  it  is  the  discharge  of  some 
part  of  the  duty  which  I  owe  to  th^  church  of  Ged."-  The 
whole  of  this  charge  affords  a  characteristic  specimen  of 
Dr.  Horsley' s  conti%)versial  style,  with  a  mixture  of  tem- 
per leading  him,  perhaps,  somewhat  nearer  the  bounds  of 
irony  than  became  the  solemnity  of  an  address  of  this  kind. 
After  speaking  of  many  things  that  may  be  perfectly  ob- 
vious to  the  peaetralion  of  such  a. mind  as  Dr.  Priestley's, 
how  absurd  and  contradictory  and,  improbable  soever  they 
may  appear  to  persons  of  plain  sense  and  common  under- 
standings, unsubtilized  by  sophistry  and  metaphysics,  and 
not  stimulated  by. the  love  of  paradox,  he  observes,  that,  to 
those  who  want  the  doctor's  sagacity,  the  ^^  true  meaning 
of  an  inspired  writer"  will  not  very  readily  be  deemed  "  to 
be  the  reverse  of  the  natural  and  obvious  sense  of  the  ex- 
pressions which  he  employs." 

Dr.  Prie^ey,  however,  felt. none,  of  the  darm^  with 
which  his  admirers  were  affected.  He  promised  an  early 
and  satisfactory,  answer.  He  predicted  that  be  should  rise 
more  illustrious  from  his  supposed  defeat ;  he  promised  to 
strengthen  the  evidence  of  bis  favourite  opinion  by  the 
very  objections  that  bad  been; raised  against  it ;  he  setaied 
to  flatter  himself  that  he  should  fiad  a  new  convert  in  his 
antagonist  himseli^  and  even  hinted  in  print  somewhat 
concerning  the  shame  and  remorse  with  which  he  was  con- 
fident his  adversary  must  be.  penetrated.  From  all  this  it 
soon  became-  evident  that  Dr.  Priestley,,  who  could  not 
but  feel  personally  what  every  unprejudiced  man  felt  ar- 
gumentaiively,  that  Dr.  Horsley  was  an  antagonist  of  no 
mean  stamp,  did  not  ^profit  by  this  conviction  so  far  as  to 
take  sufficient  leisure  to  reviise  his  own  Writings,  but  im- 
medjateiy  repeated  bis  fqrmer  assertions  respecting  the 
dofitrioe  of  the  Xxioity  noi  having  beea  maintained  by  the 


IM  H  O  R  8  L  £  Y. 

Gfaristiaa  church  in  the  hrtu  three  centarie%  in  a  pubikak 

tion  entitled  **  Letters  to  Dr.  Horsley,  in  answer  to  hb 

ammadversions   on   the  '  Histoiry  of  the   Corrnpttons  irf 

Christianity  ^  with  an  a<klitionaI  evidence  tbbi  the  primi^ 

live  Christian  church  w9ls  Unitarian^"  1783,  Sto.     In  tbii 

there  are  nnore  of  the  weaknesses  of  argument,  and  the 

errors  of  haste,  than  could  have  been  expected  front  one 

who  had  so  much  at  stake,  and  it  was  therefore  no  very 

difficult  task  for  Dr.  Horslev  to  continue  the  contest,  ill 

the  same  epistolary  form  which  his  antagonist  had  aciopted^ 

by  ^^  Letters  from  the  arofadeacon  of  St*  Alban's  in  Reply 

to  Dr.  Priestley,  with  an  Appendix,  containing  short  strio* 

turas  dn  Dr.  Priestley's  Lecters,  by  an  unknown  band," 

1784,  8vo«    These  letters  are  seventeen  in  nomber^  and 

their  cbject  is  to  pmve  that  if  Dr.  Priestley's  nsistakes 

which  be  pointed  out,  are  few  in  number^  they  are  too 

coosiderafaAe  in  size  to  be  incident  tp  a  well-informed  wriw 

ter;  that  they  betray  a  want  of  such  a  general  comprehea-i' 

aiOn  of  the  subject  aswiighc  have  enaUed  Dr.P.  to  draw 

the  srae  conelu^ons  from  the  passages  he  cit^d  'y  thofe  they 

prove  him  incompetent  in  the  very  language  of  the  writevs' 

Ibom  whom  his  proofs  should  be  di^aivn,  and  uni^illed  in 

Vke  plulosopby  whose  doctrines  he  pn^nded  to  conrpara' 

with  the  opinions  of  the  church.  TIhm  wre  serious  charges^ 

but  our  anothor  did  not  confine  himself  mevely  to  substanM 

tiate  them,  but  folioweit  up  bis  numerous  proofs  b^  odie«s 

in  behalf  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  drawn  from  like 

earty  fathers  of  the  chuneh,  and  the  best  ecclestasttcal:  Ms^ 

toriaas*    The  display  of  readiiig  and  raseasek  m  these 

letters  is  wonderftiL     The  style  aha  is  adnsrabie,»  and 

while  it  assumes  the  lolly  and  somewhat  dictatorial  manner 

pecuKar  to  Dr.  Horsley,  and  which  indeed  tbe^high  ground 

on  which  he  stood  i<i  this^  ease^  seemed  to  yntifyf  the 

Header  of  tasto  finds  himself  often  cbavmed  with  the  ele^ 

ganee  of  the  language,  and  atways  with-  die  closeness  of 

the  reasoning. 

Dr.  Friesttey,  in  his  tellers,  &ad  eocpfesscd  a  great  de«- 
sire  to  draw  Dr.  Horsley  into  a  tedious  controversy  on  the 
main  questiwn,  the  artielie  of  our  Lord's  divinity,  but  oi«r 
lurihor,  knowing  that  question  to  have  been  long  sisuse  ex^ 
baustedy  and  that  nothing  new  wa^  te^  be  said  on  either 
side,  chose,  in  his  <^' Lexers  in  Reply,"  to^adheve  doaely 
to  Ais (fwn main  qnestion.  Re^  therefore^  as  wehMfemmm* 
tinned^  defended!  bis^  owtt  argamc^ti  auik  ^oMeiPtad.  new 


H  O  R  8  L  E  r.  187 

speciflMSMi  from  Dr.  Priestley's  newpublicatioD^  of  his 
letter  inability  to  throw  light  upon  the  subject.  Tb«s  a 
useless  and  endless  contention  on  the  main  question  was 
avoided ;  but  many  discussions  necessarily  arose  upon  se- 
condary points,  which  perhaps  the  learned  reader  will  es-» 
teem  the  most  interesting  parts  of  the  controversy,  such  as» 
the  authority  of  the  writings  that  go  under  the  Bame  of  tb« 
apostolical  Fetthers ;  the  rise  of  the  two.  sects  of  the  Naza^ 
vepes  and  £bionites ;  the  difference  between  tbe  two  v  and 
the  difference  of  both  from  the  orthodox  {lebrew  Cbris-* 
tians;  and  particularly  an  arti(^  on  the  accusation  of 
Tritbeism>>  which  Drw  Priestley  had  brought  against  the 
Trinitarians  of  tbe  seveivteemh  century.  The  *^  Sbort 
Strictufes  on  Dr.  Priestley*'  in  the  appendix  to  these  Let- 
ters, it  is  now  known,  were  written  by  Dr.  Townson. 

Dr.  Priestley  (we  still  use  bis  antagonist's  words),  mor- 
tified to  find  that  bis  letters  had  failed  of  the  exjpected 
success ;  that  Dr.  Horsley,  touched  with  no  shame,  witb 
nosemorse,  remained  unshaken  in  his  opinion;  and  that 
tiie  authority  of  bis  own  opinion  was  still  set  at  nought,  hia 
learning  disallowed,  his  ingenuity  in  argument  impeached; 
1^  wba4  was  least  to  be  borne*— fiiiding  that  a  haughty 
<4wrohqiaii  vemored  ijicidentally  to  avow  his  sentiments  of 
tbe  ^me  commission  of  the  epiai^opal  ministry,  and  pre* 
'sttmed  tQ  i|ueatioft  the  authority  of  those  teachers  who  osurp 
the  preaebec's  offiee  withmit  any  better  warrant  than  their 
own  opinion  of  their  own  suffimency,  lost  all  teokper.  A 
seeond  set  of  ^^  Letters  to  the  archdeacon  of  St.  Alban's'* 
apffteaiwd  in  tbe.  autiama  o£  1784,  in.  which  all  profession 
ol  persQi^  regaiid  and  civili^  was  laid  aside.  Tbe  cbang^ 
of  waufficiency  in  the  subject  was  warmly  retorted,  and 
^^  tbe  ioeorrigiUe  dtgniiary"  was  taxed  with  manifest  nm- 
cepeesentatioA  q£  his  advensary'a  argument ;  with  injustice 
to  the  cfaavaetef  of  Origen,  whose  veracity  be  had  called 
in  question ;  and  with,  the  grossest  falsification  of  ancient 
history.  He  wa3  st^matiaed  in  short  as  a  ^  falMfier  of 
history,  and  a  defrner  cyf  the  character  of  the  dead" 

Begardiess  of  this  reproach.  Dr.  Horsley  remained 
silent  fov  eigbteea  months.  A  sermon  ^^  Oe  the  Incarna- 
tion^** pveacfaed  in  bin  parish  church  of  St.  Mary  Newing- 
ton,  ispon  the  feast  of  the  Nativity  in  1785^  was  the  pre* 
liMie  to  a  senewai  of  the  contest  on  his  side,  and  was  fol- 
lowed casly  in  the  eoauing  sffringy  by  his  **  Remarks  ew 
Ik».£riaitlcy*a  second  Lettem.  to  the  arabdeacon  of  Saint 


188  H  O  R  S  L  E  Y. 

4 

Alban^s,  with  proofs  of  certain  facts  asserted  by  the  arch* 
deacoo."     This  tract  consists  of  two  parts ;  the  first  is  a 
collection  of  new  specimens  of  Dr.  Priestley's  temerity  in 
assertion  ;  the  second  defends  the  attack  upon  the  character 
of  Origen^  and  proves  the  existence  of  a  body  of  Hebrew 
Christians  at  iElia  after  the  time  of  Adrian  —  jthe  fact  upon 
which  the  author's  good  faith  had  been  so  loudly  arraigned 
by  Dr.  Priestley.     With  this  publication  Dr.  Horsley  pro- 
mised himself  that  the  controversy  on  his  part  would  be 
closed.     But  at  last  he  yielded,  as  he  says,  with  some 
reluctance,  to  collect  and  republish  what  he  had  written  in 
an  octavo  volume  (printed  in  1789)  and  took  that  oppor- 
tunity t6  give  Dr.  Priestley's  Letters  a  second  perusal^ 
which  produced  not  only  many  important  notes,  but  some 
disquisitions  of  considerable  length ;  and  the  remarks  on 
Dr.  Priestley's  second  letters  having  produced  a  third  set 
of  *^  Letters"  from  him,  upon  the  two  questions  of  Origen''s 
Teracity,    and  the  orthodox  Hebrews  of  the  church  of 
M\\2i :  these  two  are  partly  answered  in  notes,  and  partly* 
in  two  of  the  disquisitions.     Towards  the  conclusion  of 
Dr.  Horsley's  ^^  Remarks,"  after  exhibiting  specimens  of 
Dr.  Priestley's  incompetency  to  write  on  i^uch  subjects  as 
fell  within  their  controversy,  he  says,  ^^  These'  and  many 
other  glaring  instances  of  unfinished  criticism,  weak  ar- 
gument, and  unjustifiable  art,  to  cover  the  weakness  and 
supply  the  want  of  argument,  which  must  strike  every  one 
who  takes  the  trouble,  to  look  through  those  second  letters, 
put  me  quite  at  ease  with  respect  to  the  judgment iwhicii 
the  public  would  be  apt  to  form  between  my  antagonist 
and  me,  and  confirmed  me  in  the  resolution  of  making  no 
reply  to  him,  and  of  troubling  the  public  no  more  upon  the 
subject,  except  so  far  as  might  be  necessary  to  establish ' 
«ome  facts,  which  he  hath  somewhat  too  peremptorily  de- 
nied, and  to  vindicate  my  character  from  aspersions  which 
he  hath  too  inconsiderately  thrown  out."     It  ought  not  to 
be  forgot,  that  in  this  controversy  Dr.  H(»rsley  derived  • 
not  a  little  support  from  the  Rev.  Mr.  Badcock,  whose  cri**- 
ticisms  on  Dr.  Priestley's  works  in  the  Monthly  Review  left 
scarcely  any  thing  unfinished  that  was  necessary  to  prove 
his  errors  as  a  divine,  and  his  incompetency  as  a  historian.    * 
The  reputation  Dr.  Horsley  had  now  acquir(dd^.  recom- 
mended him  to  the  patronage  of  the  lord  cbancelk>r  Thar- 
low,  who.presented  him  to  a  prebendal  stall  in  the^church  of 
Gloucester ;  and  in  i7a8|  by  the  same  interest^  h|^  waa  made 


H  O  R  S  L  E  Y.  rsjp 

bishop  of  9t  David'S)  and  in  this  character  answered  thid 
kigh  expectations  of  eminent  usefalness  which  his  elevation 
to  the  mitre  so  generally  excited.  As  a  bishop  his  conduct 
was  exemplary  and  rery  praiseworthy. '  In  this  diocese^ 
which  was  said  to  exhibit  more  of  ignorance  and  poverty 
than  that  of  any  other  in  the  kitigdom,  he  carried  through 
a  regular  system  of  reform.  He  regulated  the  condition 
of  the  clergy,  and  proceeded  to  a  stricter'  course  with 
respect  to  the  candidates  for  holy  orders,  admitting  none 
without  personally  examining  them  himself,  and  looking 
very  narrowly  into  the  titles  which  they  produced.  With 
all  this  vigilance,  his  lordship  acted  to  tbem  as  a  tender 
father,  encouraging  them  to  visit  him  during  his  stay  in 
the  country,  which  was  usually  for  several  months  in  the 
year,  assisting  them  with  advice,  and  ministering  to  their 
temporal  necessities  with  a  liberal  hand.  In  his  progress 
through  the  diocese,  he  frequently  preached  in  the  parish 
churches,  and  bestowed  considerable  largesses  on  the  poon 
He  was,  in  short,  a  blessing  to  his  people,  and  they  fol* 
lowed  him  with  grateful  hearts,  and  parted  from  him  with 
infinite  reluctance  ;  and  this  diocese  may  be  congratiilated 
in  being  again  placed  under  a  prelate  whose  zeal  for  the 
promotion  of  its  best  interests  has  seldom  beep  equalled, 
and  cannot  easily  be  exceeded.  Bishop  Horsley's  first 
Charge  to  the  clergy  of  St.  David's,  delivered  in  1790,  was 
deservedly  admired,  as  was  his  animated  speech  in  the 
house  of  lords  on  the  Catholic  bill,  May  31,  1791.  These 
occasioned  his  subsequent  promotion  to  the  see  of  Ro* 
<;hester  in  1793,  and  to  the  deanery  of  Westminster,  on 
which  he  resigned  the  living  of  Newington.  As  dean  of 
Westminster  he  effected  some  salutary  changes.  *  Finding 
the  salaries  of  the  minor-canons  and  officers  extremely 
low,  he  liberally  obtained  an  advance,  and  at  the  same 
tiuie  introduced  sooie  regulations  in  the  discharge  of  their 
office,  which  were  readily  adopted. 

During  the  turbulent  period  of  1793-4-5,  &c.  when  the 
religion,  government,  and  morals  of  the  country  were  in 
imminent  danger  from  the  prevalence  of  democratic  prin- 
ciples, the  warmth  and  zeal  of  his  endeavours  in  parlia- 
ment to  oppose  the  enemies  of  the  constitution,  procured- 
him  a  considerable  share  of  illiberal  censure,  which,  how- 
ever, was  more  than  balanced  by  the  general  applause  which 
followed  the  steady  uniformity,  consistency,  and  manly 
decision  of  bis  conduct.    As  a  senator  be  was  deservedly. 


190  H  a  R  S  L  K  Y. 

considered  in  tbe  first  class }  and'  there  were  feir  important 
discussions^  not  only  on  ecelesissticid  topics,  but  oi^ 
those  which  concerned  the  civil  interests  of  tbe  country, 
in  which  he  did  not  take  an  active  part.  He  was  not, 
however,  an  every-day  speaker/  nor  desirous  of  adding  tx» 
the  debates  unless  he  had.  something  original  to  produce, 
and  he  was  on  that  account  listened  to  with  eagerness  even 
by  those  with  whom  he  could  not  act,  and  who  found  it 
easier  to  arraign  his  manner  than  bis  matter.  In  1S02  he 
was  translated  to  tbe  bishopric  of  St.  Asaph,  and  resigned 
the  deanery  of  Westminster*  During  all  this  period  fats 
publications  were  frequent,  as  we  shall  notice  in  a  lisl^' 
of  them,  and  his  vigour  of  body  and  mind  was  happily 
preserved  until  the  year  1806,  which  proved  bis  last,  li^ 
July  of  that  year  he  went  to  bis  diocese,  a  part  of  whictt 
he  bad  visited  and  confirmed,  and  after  two  months  resi^ 
dence  intended  to  visit  his  patron  lord  Tburlow  at  Brighton^' 
where  he  arrived  Sept.  20,  after  hearing  on  the  road  that 
bis  noble  friend  was  dead.  On  tbe  30th,  a  slight  complaint 
in  bis  bowels  affected  him,  and  very  soon  brought  on  sb 
mortification,  which  proved  fatal  Oct.  4,  in  bis  73d  year. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  tbe  parish  chureh  of  St.  Mary 
Newington,  where  a  monument  baa  since  been  erected  to 
bis  memory,  with  an  inscription  written  by  himself. 

He  was  twice  married :  first  to  Mary,  one  of  tbe  dangh* 
tera  of  the  Rev.  John  Bothan,  his  predecessor  at  Aldbory, 
by  whom  he  had  one  daughter,  who  died  young,  and  a^ 
son,  now  the  rev.  Heneage  Horidey,  rector  of  Gresford  iia 
Etenbighshire,  prebendary  of  St.  Asaph,  and  chaplain  to 
the  Scotch  episcopalian  church'  at  Dundee.  By  his  second 
wife,  who  died  the  year  before  him,  be  had  no  children. 
She  is  commemorated  in  tbe  above  inscription  by  the  namo 
of  Sarah  only. 
.  Bbhop  Horsley^s  works  not  yet  mentioned,  were,  besiden 
various  occasional  Sermons  and  Charges,  1.  *^  On  the  pro- 
perties of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,**  1796,  Svo, 
without  his  name.  2.  <*  On  the  acronycbal  rising  of  tho 
Pleiades,'^  a  dissertation  appended  to  his  friend  Dr.  Vin- 
cent's "  Voyage  of  Nearchus,"  1797.  3.  "  A  circular  Let- 
ter to  the  diocese  of  Rochester,  on  the  Scarcity  of  Com,** 
1796.  4.  Another  circular  Letter  to  that  diocese,  od^ 
<«  the  Defence  of  tbe  Kingdom,"  179B.  5.  <<  Critical  Dis* 
quisitions  on  the  18th  chapter  of  Isaiah:  in  a  letter  to 
Sdwaord  King,  esq.  F.  R.  S.  &c«*'  1799^  4ta    Towards  tilo 


H  O  R  S  L  S  Y.  191 

^lofe  of  tbts  di^ussion,  in  which  he  applies  the  ivof ds  ^ 
Ufiiab  to  the  aspect  of  the  times,  he  says,  with  almost  a 
prophetic  spirit,  "  I  see  nothing  in  the  progress  of  the 
French  arms  which  any  nation  fearing  God,  and  worship** 
ping  the  Son,  should  fear  to  resist :  I  see  every  thing  that 
should  rouse  all  Christendom  to  a  vigorous  confederate 
resistance,  I  see  every  thing  that  should  excite  tJm  country 
in  particular  to  resist,  and  to  take  the  lead  in  a  confederacy 
of  resistance,  by  all  measures  which  poHcy  can  suggest, 
and  the  valour  and  opulence  of  a  great  nation  can  supply/* 
6.  <<  Hosea,  translated  from  the  Hebrew ;  with  notes  ex- 
planatory and  critical,*'  1801,  4to.    Archbishop  Newcome, 
in  bis  ^^  Improved  Version  of  the  Minor  Prophets,'*  had 
preceded  bishop  Horsley  in  translating  Hosea ;    but  our 
prelal:e  has  thought  proper  in  so  many  instances  to  reject 
bis  emendations,  that  bishop  Horsley^s  labours  will  probably 
be  thought  indispensable  to  a  just  illustration  of  the  sacred 
le^t.     This  )vas  reprinted  with  large  additions  in   i8(>4« 
Z.  .'^  Elementary  treatises  on  the  fundamental  principles  ol 
practical  Matbeqiatics ;   for  the  use  of  students,''   1801^ 
^yo»     These,  tracts  were  at  first  composed,  without  any 
design  of  pt^bj^cation,  for  the  use  of  his  son,  then  a  student  of 
Cbrist-'Church  ;  and  the  work  was  to  be  considered,  although 
ihen  first  published,  as  the  third  and  last  in  the  order  of  the 
subject,  of  three  volumes  of  elementary  geometry,  to  be 
i$$ued  one  after  another  from  the  university  press  of  Ox* 
(ord*     The  first  accordingly  appeared  in  1 802,  under  the 
^  Utie  of  *^  Eviclidis  Elementorum  Libri  priorcs  XII.  ex  Com- 
V^ndioi  et  Gregorii  versionibus  Latinis,"  Oxon,  8vo ;   and 
the  sfi^ond  in  1804,  ^^Euclidis  datorum  liber,  cum  addita-- 
.  9i^9ta,  necnon  tractatus  alii  ad  geomelriam  pertinentes,'^ 
ibid.  8va. 

Since  his  death  have  appeared,  <*  Sermons,'*  1810  and 
).8lJ2,  3  vols-  8vo ;  ^^  Tracts  in  controversy  with  Dr. 
Pfiesileyi  upon  the  historical  question  of  the  belief  of  the 
fy%%  ages  in  our  Lord's  Divinity,  originally  pul^shed  in  tha 
je?!^^  1733»  17^4,  and  1786  :  afterwards  revised  and  aug- 
B;iet)ted,  with  a  large  addition  of  notes  and  supplemental 
disquisitions ;  by  the  author.  The  third  edition.  To  which 
is  added,  an  Appendix  by  the  rev.  Heneage  Horsley^'* 
V819,  Svo.;  ^'The  Speeches  in  Parliament  of  Samuet 
Horsley,  &c."  1813,  8vo ;  and  lastly,  «  The  Chargea 
deliver^  at  his  several  visitations  of  the  dioceses  of  S«. 
Pavid'f^  Rochester^  and  St.Asapb,">  1811S,  ^vo.    in  thb 


1S2  H  O  R  S  L  E  Y, 

enumeration  of  bis  printed  works,  a  few  temporary  tracts 
of  lessee  importance  may  probably  have  escaped  us,  to 
being  published  without  his  name ;  but  a  complete  edition 
of  his  works,  for  which  there  is  likely  to  be  a  demand^ 
will  supply  this  deGciency.  His  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  would  form  a  very  necessary  part  of  such  a 
collection.  It  may  also  be  noticed  here,  that  he  occasionally 
wrote  some  very  elaborate  criticisms  in  the  ^'  British  Critic,'* 
the  plan  and  principles  of  which  Review  he  cordially  ap*- 
proved. 

Dr.  Horsley.was  throughout  life  an  indefatigable  stu^ 
dent ;  he  indulged  no  indolence  in  youth,  and  amidst  aiK 
accumulation  of  preferments,  contemplated  no  time  whea 
he  might  rest  from  his  labours.     His  mind  was  constantly- 
intent  on  some  literary  pursuit  or  discovery,  and  setting  a 
high  value  on  the  fame  he  had  acquired,  his  ambition  was 
to  justify  the  esteem  of  the  public,  and  the  liberality  of 
his  patrons.     Knowing  likewise,  how  much  his  fame  was 
indebted  to  his  theological  contest,  he  endeavoured  by  la« 
borious  researches,    to   acquire  that  degree  of  accuracy 
which  renders  a  controversialist  invulnerable.     It  is  evi- 
dent that  in  the  study  of  ecclesiastical  history,  particulariy 
that  of  the  early  ages,   on  which   his  controversy  with 
Priestley  hinged,  his  range  was  most  extensive^  and  it  is 
no  breach  of  charity  to  suppose  that  he  vexed  as  well  as 
surprized  his  antagonist,  by  proving  himself  more  intimate 
with  the  minutiae  of  remote^  antiquity  than  himself,  who^ 
from  a  wish  to  become  the  re-founder  of  a  sect,  had  made 
the  subject  the  study  of  bis  whole  life.     Dr.  Horsley,  on 
the  contrary,  appears  to  have  prepared  himself  as  the  exi* 
gencies  of  the  times  in  which  be  lived  demanded,  and 
whether  the  subject  was  theological  or  political,  he  quickly 
accumulated  a  mass  of  knowledge  which  his  genius  enabled 
bim  to  illustrate  with  all  the  charms  of  novelty.     While 
the  ablest  champion  of  orthodoxy  which  the  church  has 
seen  for  many  years,  he  was  so  much  of  an  original  thinker, 
and  so  independent  of  his  predecessors  or  contemporaries, 
that  his  mode  of  defence  was  entirely  his  own,  and  his  style 
and  authoritative  manner,  like  Warburton's  and  Johnson's, 
however  dangerous  to  imitate,  were  yet,  perhaps,  the  best 
that  could  be  devised  in  the  conflict  of  opinions  with  which 
be  was  surrounded.     His  writings  possessed  some  of  the 
most  prominent  features  of  his  personal  character,  in  which 
ihere  was  nothing  lukewarm,  nothing  compromising.    He 


H  OR  S  L  E  Y.  .    W4 

disfiatfied  li()erality  itself,  if  it  preiscribed  courtesy  to  men! 
whose  arrogance  in;  matters  or  faith  l^d  by  easy  steps  to 
more  violent  measures/  and  wno,  while  they  affected  only 
>ji  cal^i  and  impartial  inquiry  into  the  doctrines  of  the 
chordi,  bad  nothing  less  in  view  than  the  destruction  of 
her  whole  fabrick.  Such  men  might  expect  to  encounter 
with  a  roughness  of  temper  which  was.  natural  to  him  on 
more  common  occasions,  although  in  the  latter  qualified 
by.  much  kindness  of  heart,  benevolence^  and  charity. 
When  he  bad  onc^  detected  the  ignorance  of  his  oppo- 
nentS)  and  their  misrepresentation  of  the  ancient  record^ 
tQ  which  they  Appealed,  when  he  found  that  they  had  no 
iM^rupte  to  bend  aiuhorities  to  pre^-conceived  theory,  and^ 
th^t  their  only  way  of  prolooffing  a  contest  was  by  re-, 
peating  the  same  assertions  wit;nout  additional  proofs,  he 
fr^ueptly  assumed  that  high  tone  of  contempt  or  irony 
which  would  have  be^n  one  of  place  with  opponents  who 
bad  UQ  other  object  in  view  than  the  establishment  of 
truth.  ; 

As  a  preacher,  or  rather  as  a  writer  of  sermons^  Dr. 
Hprsley  ipigbt  be  sallowed  to  stand  in  the  first  class,  if  'we 
kneW  wttb.whom  of  that  class  we  can  compare  him.  Some 
coniparisons  we  have  seen,  the  justice  of  which  we  do  not 
think  quite  obvious.  In  force,  profundity,  and  erudition^ 
in  pret:ision  and  distinctness  of  ideas,  in  aptitude  and  fe- 
licity of  expression,  and  above  all,  in  selection  of  subjects 
and  original  powers  of  thinking,  Dr.  Horsley's  .Sermons 
have  been  very  justly  tenpaed  "  compositions  suigeneris^^ 
Upon  most  of  these  accounts,  or  rather  upon  all  in  the 
aggregate,  ^they;  remove  him  from  a  comparison  with  those 
who  may  haveacqijired  very  just  fame  as  popular.preach- 
ers.  Bishop  Horsley  everywhere  addresses  himself  to 
scholars,  pb^iiosbphers,  and  biblical  j^ritics.  By  these  he 
was  heard  with  deliglit;  and  by  these  his  works  will  con-' 
tiniie  to  be  appreciated  as  the  component  parts  of  every 
theologii^l  library,  although  they  tnay  not  assent  to  all  his 
doctfines.^ 

'  JEiOR^TlUS  (James),  an  eminent  physician,  was  born 
at  Torgau  in  1 537  ;  and  took  thei  degfee  of  M.  D.  in  the 

1  Proi»  teaterisls  collected  in  Mr,  Kichols't  Bowyer.  — -Biihop  Qorslcgr'f 
printeil  M^yifit  and  the,  Reriews  ainl  MagazhBies  pf  the  period.  A  minute  life 
of  bira  would  be  desirable^  but  so  little  seems  to  be  known  of  his  early  life  an4 
Ubqurs,  (hut  if  now  attempted,  it  would  consist  principally  of  an  analysis  of  )yi\ 
later  literary  prof  resi,  which  is  still  known,  and  ariUlong  b^  remembfred. 

Vou  XVIII.  O 


19*  H  O  R  S  T  I  U  S. 

university  of  Francfort  on  the  Oder,  in  15$2*  He  W9f 
9Sered  the  place  of  public  physician  in  iseveral  places;  and 
be  practiced  successively  at  S,agan  and  S.uidnitz  in  Silesia,- 
and  at  Iglaw  in  Moravia,  till  1580,  when,  he  was  made, 
physician  in  ordinary  to  the  atchduke  of  Austria ;  and.  four 
years  after, ,  quitting  that  plape,  was  promoted  to  the  me* 
xlical  professorship  in  the  university  of  Helmstadt.  T^e 
oration  he  delivered  at  his  installation,  *^  Of  the  Difficul- 
ties which  attend  the  Study  of  Physic,  and  the  means  to, 
remove  them,^  a  .very  good  one,  is  printed  with  his 
*^  Cpistblas  Philosophical  &  Medici nales,^*  Lips.  1596,  8vou 
ypon  entering  on  this«post,  he  distinguished  himself  by 
vfhait  was  thought  a  great  singularity ;  he  joined,  devotioa 
to  the.  practice  of  physic.  H^  always  prayed  to  God  to 
bless  his  prescriptions ;  and  he  published  a  form  of  prayer 
upon  this  subject,  which  he  presented  to  the  university. 
He  acquitted  himself  worthily  in  his  functions,  and  pub- 
lished some  books  which  kept  up  the  reputation  he  had 
already  acquired,  but  among  them  was  one  which  pro<« 
duced  a  contrary,  effect,  his  ^^  Dbsertation  upon  the  Golden 
Tooth  of  a  child  in  Silesia  ;^'  concerning  which  he  suf-^ 
fered  himself  to  be  egregiously  imposed  upon.  Vau  Dale 
has  related  in  what  manner  this  imposture  was  discovered. 
Norstius,  in  the  mean  time,  took  it  for  a  great  prodigy, 
i^hich  ought  to  be  a  comfort  to  those  Christians  who  were 
oppressed  by  the  Turks  ;  as  certainly  foreboding  the  down-- 
fall  of  the  Ottoman  empire.     Horsticis^s  dissertation  vras 

Eublished  at  Leipsic,  in  1595,  Svo,  with  another  piece  of 
is  writing,  *^  De  Noctambulis,"  or  ^^  Concerning  thote 
who  walk  m  their  sleep.*'     He  died  about  1600.' 

HORSTIUS  (Gregory),  also  a  learned  physician,  ne- 

S>bew  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Torgau,  where  bis 
ather  was  one  of  the  chief  magistrates  in  1578.  After 
being  educated  in  the  schools  of  Torgau  and  Halberstadt^ 
*  he  went  to  the  university  of  Wittemberg,  and  coinmenced 
the  study  of  medicine ; .  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  March  1606,  iatt  Basil.  On  his  return  in  £e  same  year» 
to  his  native  place,  he  was  immediately  appointed  to  a 
medical  professorship  in  the  university  of  Wittemburg,  by 
the  elector  of  Saxony.  Two  years  afterwards  he  was  prp* 
^)oted  by  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  to  a  medical  chair  in 
the  college  at  Giessen,  and  in  1609  was  honoured  with 

1  Geo.  Diet.— Moreri.-^Saxii  Onomast. 


H  O  R  S  T  I  U  S.  195 

th^  title  o(  Archiater  of  Hasse.  At  this  time  his  profes* 
sional  character  bad  risen  in  the  public  estimation,  and  h^ 
numbered  among  bis  patients  the  principal  nobility  of  the 
district.  In  1622,  he  received  a  public  invitation  fronk 
the  Tmagistracy  of  Ulm  to  settle  there  as  physician  to  that 
city,  and  as  president  of  the  college.  He  fulfilled  his  du- 
ties in  both  these  offices  with  great  reputation ;  and  his 
integrity  and  humanity,  not  less  than  his  extensive  eru- 
dition, and  bis  successful  practice,  endeared  him  to  his  feU 
low-citizens,  and  claimed  the  respect  and  admiration  of 
the  surrounding  states.  He  died  in  August  1636,  aged 
fifty -eight  years.  He  left  a  considerable  number  of  works, 
which  were  collected,  and  published  under  the  title  of 
''  Opera  Medica,'*  in  1660,  3  vols,  folio,  at  Nuremberg, 
by  his  youngest  son,  OregOCiv,  who,  as  well  as  his  bro-^ 
their  John  Daniel,  acquired  eminence  as  physicians.  They 
were  also  both  professors  of  medicine  ;  Gregory  died  at  the 
age  of  thirty-five ;  but  John  Daniel  lived  to  his  sixty-fifth 
year,  and  was  the  author  of  several  works,  chiefly  anato* 
micai,  and  of  little  value  at  present.  He  was  concerned 
with  bis  brother  Gregory  in  editing  the  collection  of  his 
father's  works,  and  likewise  published  an  edition  of  the 
*^  Questk>nes  Medico-legales^'  of  Paul  Zacchias,  Francfbrt, 
1666,  in  folio;  and  an  edition  of  the  *^  Opera  .Medico"  of 
RfVerius,  at  the  same  place,  in  1674,  folio.^  't 

HORT  or  HORTE  (Josiah),  archbishop  of  Tuam^  ap- 
pears to  have  been  of  a  dissenting  family,  as  he  was  edu- 
cated in  a  dissenting  school,  between  1690  and  169.5,  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  rev.  Thomas  Rowe,  and  was  a 
fellow-student  with  the  celebrated  Dr.  Watts,  who  said  of 
him,  that   he  was  '<  the  first  genius  in  that  seminary.'* 
After  his  academical  studies  were  finished,  he  resided  some 
time  as  chaplain  with  John  Hampden,  esq.  M.  P.  for  Bucks, 
and  afterwards  settled  as  a  dissenting  minister  at  Marshfield, 
in  Gloucestershire,     The  time  of  his  conformity  is  not  as- 
certained, though  it  is  evident  that  he  was  a  clergyman  of 
thexburcb  of  England  so  early  as  1708,  for  in  that  year  he 
published  a  sermon  preaqhed  at  the  archdeacon's  visitation  at 
Aylesbury.     In  the  preceding  year  he  had  printed  a  Thanks^ 
giving  Sermon  on  our  national  Successes,  from  Ps.  cxiix. 
6^8.  There  is  a  tradition^in  the  family,  that  he  had  so  greatly 
reGoannended  himself  to  the  court  by  his  zeal  and  services 

}  Geo.  Drct.— M«wri.--Fopp#n  Bibl.  Bclg.— It«fs'«  Cy«lopi»ai^ - 

0.  2 


;        I 


196  HO  R  T. 

in  support  of  the  Hanover  succession,  that,  aa  he  s$:nip)ed 
re-ordination,  it  was  dispensed  with,  and  the  first  prefer* 
ment  bestowed  on  him,  was  that  of  a  bishopric  in  Ireland. 
It  is.  certain  that  he  went  into  that  kingdom  as  chaplain  to 
the  lord  lieutenant.     He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Ferns 
and  Leighiin,  February  10,  17i^l,  was  translated  to  Kil- 
more  and  Ardagb,  July  27,  1727,  and  preferred  to  the 
archiepiscopal  see  of  Tuam,  January  27,   1742,  with  the 
united  bishopric  of  Enaghdoen,  in  the  room  of  Dr.  Synge^ 
deceased,  and  likewise  with  liberty  to  retain  bis  other  bv- 
shopric  of  Ardagh.     He  died  December  14»  1751,  in  a 
yery  advanced  age.     His  publications  were,  1.  in  1738,  at 
Dublin,  a  volume  of  Sermons,  sixteen  in  number,  in.  8vo  ; 
they  are  judicioqs  and  impressive  discourses.    These  \^ere 
reprinted  in  London,  in  1757^  with  the  addition  of  the 
Visitation  Sermon  mentioned  before.    In  this  volume  is  A 
Sermon  preached  Jn  the  castle  of  Dublin,  before  the  duke 
of  Bolton  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,    after  the  supr 
fMresston  of  the  Preston  rebellion*     2.  A  Charge  .entitled 
*^  Instructions  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Diocese  of  Tu^m,  at 
the  primary  visitation^  Jiily  8,' 1742."     This,   after. the 
death  of  the  author,,  was  reprinted  in  Lpqdon,  with  the 
approbation  and  consent  of  the  rev.  Dr.  Hort,  canon  of 
lVindsor<-*-it  is  an  excellent  address*     In  the  preface  to 
the  volume  of  sermona  we.  learn,  that  for  .many  years  pre- 
vious to  its  appearance  from  the  press,  the  worthy  author 
had  been  disabled  from  preaching  by  an  over-strain  of  the 
voic^  in  the  pulpit,  at  a  time  when  he  had  a  cold  with,  a 
hoarseness  upon  him.     The.  providence  of  God,  he  says, 
having  taken  from  him  the  power  of  diitchargifig  that  part 
of  his .  episcopal  ofhc^  which  consisted  in  preachings  he 
thought  it  incumbent  on  him  to  convey  his  thoughts  and 
instructions  from  the  press,  that  he  might  not  be.  useless. 
The  solemn  promise  that  he  made  at  his  consecration;,  ^'  to 
exercise  himself  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  so  as  to  be  able 
hy  them  to  teach  and  exhort  with  wholesome  doctrine^M 
was)<ie^small  motive  to  that  undertaking,  as  being  the  only 
means  left  him  for  making  good  that  promise*     Itappears^. 
that  he  kept  up  an  epistolary   correspondence  with  his 
<^oid  friend,^*  as  he  called. him,  and  fellow-student.  Dr. 
Watt^  to  the  dosing  period  of  the  life  of  each.    laSwifi^'s 
works  we  find  a  humorous  paper  of  Dr.  Hort\  entitled 
<^  A  New  Proposal  for  the  better  regulation  and  impi^ve* 
ment  df  Quadrille,'*  and  some  letters  respecting  it.^ 

!  From  Memoinby  Dr.  Toulmin.— Swtfl't  Worki^ 


H  O  R  T  E  N  S  I  U  S.  IW 

HORTENSIU9  (Lambert),  was  a  philologer,  a  writer 
of  verses,  and  a  historian.     His  real  name  is  unknown ;  he 
took  that  of  Hortensius,  either  because  his  father  was  a 
glaVdener,  or  because  his  family  name  signified  gardener. 
He  was  born  at  Montfort,  in  the  territory  of  Utrecht,  in 
1501,  and  studied  at  Louvain.     Hortensius  was  for  several* 
year^  rector  of  the  School  at  Naarden,  and  when  that  city 
was  taken  in  1572,  he  would  have  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  the 
military  fury,  had  he  not  been  preserved  by  the  gratitude 
of  one  who  had  been  his  pupil.     His  death  happened  at 
Naarden,  in  1577.     There  are  extant  by  him,  besides  sa- 
tires^ epithalamia^  and  other  Latiii  poems,  the  following 
works :   1.  Seven  books,  "  De  Bello  Germanico,'*  under 
Charles  V.  8vo.     2.  "  De  Tumultu  Anabaptistarum,^'  fol. 
3.  "  De  Secessionibus  Ultrajectinis,"  fol.     4.  Commen- 
taries on  the  six  first  books  of  the  ^netd,  and  on  Lucan. 
5.  Notes  on  four  Comedies  of  Aristophanes. ' 

HORTENSIUS  (Quintus),  a  Roman  orator,  was  the  con- 
temporary and  rival  of  Cicero,  and  so  far  his  senior,  that  he 
was  an  established  pleader  some  time  before  the  appear- 
ance of  the  latter.  He  pleaded  his  first  eaose  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  in  the  consulship  of  L.  Licinius  Crassus,  an,d  Q. 
Mutius  Scevola,  ninety*-four  years  before  the  Christian' 
sera,  Cicero  being  then  in'  his  twelfth  year.  This  early 
eiForl  was  cfowoed  with  great  success,  and  he  continued 
throughout  his  life  a  very  favourite  orator.  His  enemies, 
however,  represented  his  action  as  extravagant^  and  gave 
him  the  name  of  Hortensia,  from  a  celebrated  daiicer  of 
that  time.  He  proceeded  also  in  the  line  of  public  ho- 
nours, was  military  tribune,  prsetor,  and  in  the  year  68 
B.  C.  consul,  together  with  Q.  Qeecilius  JVIetellus.  He 
was  an  eminent  member  of  the  college  of  augurs,  and  was 
the  person  who  elected  Cicero  into  that  body,  being  sworn 
to  present  a  man  of  proper  dignity.  By- him  also  Cicero 
was  there  inaugurated,  for  which  reason,  says  that  author, 
'^  it  was  my  duty  to  regard  him  as  a-  parent"  He  died  in 
the  year  49  B.  C.;  and  Ctcero,  to  whom  the  news  of  that 
event  was  h^rought  when  he  was  at  Rhodes,  in  his  return 
from  Cilicia^  has  left  a  most  eloquent  eulogy  and  lamenta-  • 
tion  upon  him,  in  the  opening  of  his  celebrated  treatise 
on  ofiators  entitled  Briitus.    .'*  I  considered  him,"  says  that 

1  GcD.  Diet — Morerk— >Fo|^B  Bibl.  Belgi— Bnnnan  Traject.  Eradit. — Saxii 
OnoBiait. 


»S  H  O  R  T  E  N  S  I  U  S. 

writer,  <^  not,  as  many  supposed,  in  the  light  of  an  act« 
irersary,  or  one  who  robbed  me  of  any  praise,  but  ad  a 
companion  and  sharer  in  my  glorious  labour.     It  was  much 
more  honourable  to  have  such  an  opponent,  than  to  stand 
unrivalled  ;  more  especially  as  neither  his  career  was  im- 
peded by  me,  nor  mine  by  him,  but  each,  on  the  contrary, 
was  always  ready  to  assist  the  other  by  communication, 
advice,  and  kindness/'     If,  however,  Cicero  was  sincere 
in  his  attachment,  it  was  surmised  that  Hortensius  was  not, 
and  this  is  even  insinuated  in  one  of  the  epistles  of  Cicero^ 
Hortensius  amassed  great  wealth,  but  lived  at  the  same- 
time  in  a  splendid  and  liberal  manner;  and  it  is  said  that' 
at  his  death  his  cellars  were  found  stocked  with    10,000 
hogsheads  of  wine.     His  orations  have  all  perished;  but 
it  was  the  opinion  of  Quintillian,  that  they  did  not  in  pe- 
rusal answer  to  the  fame  he  obtained  by  speaking  them. ' 
Hortensius  must  have  been  sixty t-four  at  the  time  of  hia 
death.' 

HORTON' (Thomas),  a  learned  and  pious  English  di- 
vine, the  son  of  Laurence  Horton,  a  merchant  of  London, 
was  bom  in  that  city.  In  July  1623  he  was  admitted  a 
pensioner  of  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1626,  and  that  of  master  in  1630. 
He  was  also  a  fellow  of  his  college.  In  1637  be  took  the 
degree  of  B.  D.  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  twelve  uni'* 
versity  preachers.  The  following  year  he  was  chosen 
master  of  Q.ueen*s-coIlege,  in  that  university,  after  the 
death  of  Mr.  Herbert  Palmer,  and  in  July  of  the  same  year 
minister  of  St.  Mary  Colechurch,  in  London,  a  donative 
of  the  Mercers'  company,  of  which  bis  £sither  was  a 
member. 

In  Oct.  1641,  be  was  elected  professor  of  divinity  at 
Gresham -college,  and  in  May  1647,  was  elected  preacher 
to  the  honourable  society  of  GrayVinn,  of  which  be  was 
also  a  member.  In  1649  be  was  created  D.  D.  and  the  en- 
suing year  was  chosen  vice-ohancellor  of  Cambridge.  In 
1651  he  appears  to  have  resigned  the  office  of  preacher  of 
Gray's-inn ;  and  marrying  about  the  same  time,  he  pro- 
cured an  order  from  parliament  that  he  should  not  be 
obliged  by  that  step  to  vacate  his  professorship  at  Gresham 
college.  The  Gresham  committee,  however,  referring  to 
^he  founder^s  will,  came  to  a  resolution  that  the  place  w^ 

• 

*  Gtnh  Di^— Cieero*8  Orations 


H  O  R  TON.  19? 

•  •  ■  ' 

Vacant,  but  did  not  at  this  time  proceed  to  an  electloiit^ 
In  August  1652,  Dr.  Horton  was  incorporated  D.  D.  in  the  . 
university  of  Oxford,  and  the  year  following  was  nominated 
one  of  the  triers  or  commissioiiers  for  the  approbation  of^ 
young  ministers.     In  1656,  the  Gresham  committee  re- 
sumed the  affair  of  his  professorship,  and  proceeded  to  a  new 
election,  but  Dr.  Horton  obtained  a  fresh  dbpensation  from 
Cromwell  by  means  of  secretary  Thurloe,  and  continued. 
in  quiet  possession,  holding  with  it  his  headship  of  Queen^s 
college,  Cambridge.     On  the  restoration  he  was  obliged 
to  resign  the  headship  to  Dr.  Martin,  who  had  been  ejected, 
by  the  parliamentary  visitors ;  and  although  he  had  interest 
enough  at  court  to  retain  his  professorship  for  a  little  time, 
he  was  obliged  in   1661   to  resign  it.     When  the  Savoy 
conference  was  appointed,  he  was  non^inated  as  an  assis-. 
tant  on  the  side  of  the  presbyterians,  but,  according  to. 
Baxter,  never  sat  among  them ;  and  although  one  of  th^ 
number  of  the  divines  ejected  by  the  Bartholomew  act,  he 
conformed  afterwards,  and  in  June  1666,  was  admitted  to 
the  vicarage  of  Great  St  Helen,  in  Bishopsgate-street,, 
London,  which  he  held  till  his  death,  in  March  1673. 

Dr.  Wallis,  who  had  been  under  his  tuition  at  Cam- 
bridge,  aqd  after  his  decease  published  a  volume  of  his 
sermons,  with  some  account  of  his  life,  says  he  was  *^  s^ 
pious  and  learned  man,  an  hard  student,  a  sound  divine, 
a  good  textuary,  very  well  skilled  in  the  oriental  languages, 
very  well  accomplished  for  the  work  of  the  ministry,  and 
very  conscientious  in  the  discharge  of  it"  Nor  did  the 
close  application  to  his  province  as  a  divine,  occasion  him 
wholly  to  neglect  his  juvenile  studies.  In  the  Cambridge 
verses,  entitled  "  2«(^7f^^,'*  written  upon  the  restoration  of 
Charles  11.  there  is  a  poem  composed  by  Dr.  Horton,  while 
master  of  Queen^s.  He  printed  hut  three  sermons  him- 
self, but  left  many  oUiers  prepared  for  the  press ;  and 
after  his  death  were  published,  1.  '^  Forty-six  Sermons 
upon  the  whole  eighth  chapter  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Ro- 
mans," Lond.  1674,  foL  2.  "  A  choice  and  practical 
Exposition,  upon  the  4,  47,  51,  and  63  Psalms,"  ibid. 
1675,  fol.  3.  *<  One  hundred  select  Sermons  upon  several 
texts,"  with  the  author's  life  by  Dr.  Wallis,  ibid.  1679> 
fol.  He  left  also  some  sacramental,  funera),  and  other 
sermons,  prepared  for  the  press,  but  which  have  not  been 
printed.' 

t  jkth.  Oz«  Tol.  U*— Ward's  Lives  of  tlM  Grosham  Professom 


too  H  O  S  1  U  s. 

HOSlUS  (Stanislaus),  cardiaaVwas  bom  at  Cracow^ 
in  Poland,  in  1503,  of  low  parents,  hnt  being  well  edu- 
cated,- bore  such  a  character  after  taking  Bis  degrees,  as. 
to  be  admitted  into  the  Polish  senate.     He  was  here  dis- 
tinguished by  the  acuteness  of  his  genius,  the  retentive- 
ness  of  his  memory,  and  other  accomplishments  mental 
and  personal ;  and' was  advanced  successively  to  the  places  *• 
of  secretary  to  the  king,  canon  of  Cracow,  bishop  of  Culm> 
and  bishop  of  Warmia.     He  was  sent  by  the  pope  Pius 
IV    to  engage  the  emperor  Ferdinand    to  continue  the 
council  of  Trent ;  and   the  eniperor  was  so  charmed  with, 
his  eloquence  and  address,  that  he  granted  whatever  he 
askud.     Pius  then  made  him  a  cardinal,  and  employed  him, 
as  his  legate,  to  open  and  preside  at  the  council.     Hosius 
was  a  zealous  advocate  for  the  Romish  church,  and  de«. 
fended  it  ably,  both  in  speeches  and  writings ;  the  latter 
of  which  amounted  to  two  folio  volumes,  atid  wereoften 
printed  during  his  life.     He  died  in  1579,  at  the  age  of, 
seventy -six,  and  was  burieB  in  the  church  of  St.  Lawrence, 
from  which  he  took  his  title  as  cardinal.  By  his  will  he  left  bis 
library  to  the  university  of  Cracow,  with  an  annual  sum  to 
provide  for  its  support  and  increase.     Among  his  works, 
the   chief  are,   1.  "  Confessio  Catholics  Fidei,**  said  to 
have  been  reprinted  in  various  languages,  thirty- four  times. . 
2.  "  De  Communione  sub  utraque  specie.'*     3.  '*  De  sa- 
cerdotum  conjugio.'*     4.  "  De  Missa  vulgari  lingua  cele-^' 
brands,''  &c.     His  works  were  first  collectively  published 
at  Cologne,  in  1584.* 

HOSKINS  (John),  an  English  lawyer  and  poet,  was 
born  in  1566,  at  Mownton,  in  the  parish  of  Lanwarne,  in 
Herefordshire,  and  was  at  first  intended  by  his  father  for 
a  trade,  but  his  surprizing  memory  and  capacity  induced 
him  to  send  him  to  Westminster,  and  afterwards  to  Win- 
chester school,  at  both  which  he  made  great  proficiency* 
From  Winchester  he  w^as  in  1584  elected  probationer- fel- 
low of  New- col  lege,  Oxford,  and  two  years  afterwards 
admitted  actual  fellow.  In  1591  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree ;  but  being  terra  jiliuiiy  in  the  act  following,  he  was, 
says  Wood,  **  so  bitterly  satirical,"  as  to  be  refused  to 
co^iplete  his  degree  as  regent  master,  and  was  also  ex- 
pf  her  the  university.  He  then,  for  his  maintenance, 
taught  school  for  some  time  at  lichester,  in  Somersetshire^  . 

1  Gent  Dict^-^Frebcri  TheairiUB.«— Mor«ri.«>->DupiiK 


H  O  S  K  I  N  S.  SOI 

where  he^compUed  a  Greek  lexicon  as  far  as 'the  letter  M* 
^^Tying  afterwards  a  lady  of  praperty,  be.ent/ered  him* 
4elf  as.  sjtudent  in  the  Middle -temple,  and  at  .the  usual 
time  was  cal.ied  to  the  bar.*  In  1614  he  had  aseat  in  par* 
ll^caent,.  where  some  rash  speeches  occasioned  his  being; 
imprisoned  tot,  a  year.  He.v^as  afterwards  elected  .Lent- 
reader  of  the  IVIiddle-temple,  and  fogr  years  after ,  waa 
made  a  se^rjeant  at  law,  a  justice  itinerant,  for  Wales,  ,and' 
ope  of.  the  council  of  the  Marches.  He  died  at  his  Jsouse^ 
at  Mprehampton^  iu  Herefordshire,  Aug.  27,  1638.:      .;      ! 

He  was  much  admired  for  his  talent  in  Latin  and  £ng« 
lish  poetry,  and  highly  respect^  by  the  most  eminent 
men  of  his  time,  Camden,  Selden,  Daniel,    Dr«.  Donne, 
sir-  Heqry  Wottor^  sir  Walter  Raleigh,  whose,  ^'  History^'* 
he  revised  before  it  was  sent  to  press.;  and  others,  par^ 
tieujlarly  Ben.  Jonson,  who  used  to.  say,  *^  'twas  he.  that 
polished  me,  I  do  acknowledge  it.*'     Wood  sp,eaks  of  him 
as  the  .author  of  the  Greek  (exicon  already  meutioned,  left^ 
in  MS.  and  imperf^t;  of  several  epigrams  .-aod.ep'taphs, 
in  Latin  and  l^nglish,  interspersed  in  various  .collections  ;* 
'^  The  Art  of  Memory/'  in  which  he  himself  excelled ;  and* 
of  some  ]aw  treatises,  in  MS.  which  becarnq  the  property  t 
of  his  graqdsoo,    sir  John  Hoskins,  knt.    and  bart.  mas*' 
t^r  ip  ehancery,  but  better  known  to  the  world  as  a  philo- 
sopher, and  ope  of  the  first,  members  of  the  royal  society,, 
of  which  he  was  president  in  1682.* 

HOSPINIAN    (Rauph),  a  learned   Swiss  writer,,  who* 
rendered. important  service  to  the  Protestant  cause,  was- 
born  at  Altdprf  near  Zurich,  where  his  father,  was  minister,: 
iu  1547,     He  b^gan  his  studies  with  great  diligence  and. 
success  at   Zurich,  under  the   direction   of  Woliius,  his* 
unqle  l^  his  mother's  side ;  and  lotting  his  father  in  1563, 
foujid  an  a&ctionate.  patron  in  his  godfather  Uodolpbus* 
Gualterus.  ,  He  left  Zurich  in  1565,  in  order  to  visit. the 
other  universities;,  and  spent  some  time  in  Marpurg  and 
Heidelberg.     H^  ivas,  aft;ei*wards  recalled,  and   received; 
into  the  ministry  in  1«568 ;  the  year  following  he  obtainect 
the  freedpm,  of  the  city ;  and^  was  made  provisor  of  tl>e 
.abbey  school  in  1371.     Though  bis  scUooLand  his  cuve 
engr4^sised.nui^h  of  his  time,  he  bad  the  courage  taauider*. 
take  a.nobi^  wprj^  of  vast  extent,  ,*•  An  History  of  t^e  firw. 
rors  of  Popery."'     He  considered,  that  the  Papists,  when 

. '  4^tli.  Ox.  Tol^  I. — Gr«of  er. 


*0i  H  O  S  P  I  N  I  A  N. 

defeated  by  the  Holy  Scripturesy  had  recoursis  to  traditioTi  ; 
were  for  ever  boasting  of  their  antiquity,  and  despised  ther 
protestants  for  being  modern.     To  deprive  them  of  thi» 
plea,  he  determined  to  search  into  the  rise  and  progress  of 
the  Popish  rites  and  ceremonies ;  and  to  examine  by  what 
gradations  the  truth,  taught  by  Christ  and  his  apostles^^ 
had  been  corrupted  by  innovations.     He  oould  not,  how-' 
ever,  complete  his  work,  agreeably  to  the  plan  be  had 
drawn  out ;  but  he  published  some  considerable  parts  of 
it,  aji,  1.  "DeTemplis:  hoc  est,  de  origine,  progressu, 
U8u,  &  abusu  Tempiorum,  ac  omnino  rerum  omnium  ad 
Templapertinentium,''  1587,  folio.     2.  <' Die  Monachis  t 
seu  de   origine    &    progressu    monachatus    &    ordinum 
monasticorunj,"   1588,  folio.     3.  <^  De  Festis  Judaeorum, 
ct  Ethnicorum  :  hoc  est,  de  origine,  progressu,  ceremo* 
nib,  et    ritibus    festorum  dierum  Judseorum,   Graecorunr, 
Romanorum,  Turcarum,  &  Indianorum,'*  1592,  folio.    4. 
^*Festa  Christianorum,''   &c.    1593,  folio.     5.  "  Histoiria; 
Sacramentaria :  hoc  est,  libri  quinque  de  Coen»  Domimc» 
prima  institutione^  ej usque  vero  usu  &  abusu,  in  primaBva 
ecclesia ;  necnon  de  origine,  progressu,  ceremaniis,^  &  ri- 
tibus MissdB,  Transubstantiationis,  &  aliorum  penie  infini- 
torum  errorum,  quibus  Coense  prima  institutio  borrilnHter 
inpapatu  polluta  &  profanata  est,*'  1598,  folio.     6.  ^  Para 
altera:  de  origine  et  progressu  controversis&  sacramentaria»^ 
de  Coena  Domini  inter  Lutheranos,  Ubiquistas,  &  Ortho* 
doxos,  quos  Zuinglianos  seu  Calvinistas  vocant,  exortsei  ab 
anno  1517  usque  ad  1602  deducta,  J  602,**  folio.    These  ^ 
are  all  of  them  parts  of  his  great  work,  which  he  enlarged 
in  succeeding  editions,  and  added  confutations  of  the  ar- 
gumentis  of  Bel^armin,  Baronius,  and  Gretser.     What  he 
published  on  the  Eucharist,  and  another  work  entitled' 
'^  Concordia  Discors,*'  &c.  printed  in  1607,  exasperated 
die  Lutherans  in  a  high  degree ;  and  they  wrote  against 
him  with  great  animosity.     He  did  not  publish  any  answer, 
though  he  had  almost  finished  one,  but  turned  his  arms 
against  the  Jesuits;  and  published  ^<  Historia  Jesuitica : 
hoc   est,  de  origine,  regulis,  constitutionibus,  privilegiis, 
incremehtis,  progressu,  &  propagatione  ordinis  Jesuitarum.  ' 
Item,  de  eorum  dolis,  fraudibus,  imposturis,  nefariis  faci- 
Qoribus,  cruentis  consiliis,  falsa  quoque^  seditiosa^  &  san* 
guinolenta  doctrina,**  1619,  folio. 

These  works  justly  gained  him  high  reputation,  and 
considerable  preferment    He  wias  appointed  archdeacott 


H  b  S  P  1  N  I  A  N.  20S  ^ 

^f  Caroline  church  in  1588;  and,  in  1594,  minister  of  the 
abbey-church.     He  was  depjived  of  his  sight  for  near  a 
year  by  a  cataract,  yet  Continued  to  preach  as  usual,  and 
was  happily  couched  in  1613.     In  1623,  being  76  years  of 
age,  his  faculties  became  impaired,  and  so  continued  tiH 
his  death  in  1626.    The  public  entertained  so  high  an' 
opinion  of  his  learning  from  his  writings,  that  he  was  ex-' 
horted  from  all  quarters  to  refute  Baronius^s  ''*  Annals  ;*^ 
and  no  one  was  thought  to  have  greater  abilities  for  the' 
task.     A  new  edition  of  his  works  was  published  at  Geneva/ 
1681y  in  seven  thin  volumes,  folio.  * 

HOSPITAL  (Michel  de  l'),  chancellor  of  France,  and 
one  of -the  most  liberal-minded  men  of  his  time,  was  the 
son  of  a  physician,  and  born  at  Aigneperse  in  Auvergne^ 
in  1505.     His  father  sent  him  to  study  in  the  most  cele** 
brated  universities  of  France  and  Italy,  where  he  distin* 

Jruished  himself  at  once  by  his  genius  for  literature,  and 
or  business.  Having  diligently  studied  jurisprudence,  be 
was  quickly  advanced  to  very  honourable  posts ;  being  sue* 
eessively  auditor  of  the  congregation  called  the  congregation' 
of  Rota  at  Rome,  and  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of  Paris^ 
which  he  held  during  twelve  years.  He  has  described  in  one 
of  his  poems  his  habits  of  life  during  this  time.  He  rose  at  a 
very  early  hour,  and  in  the  autumnal,  winter,  and  spriag' 
sessions,  was  often  in  the  court  of  justice  before  day-break,' 
and  reluctantly  rose  from  his  seat,  when  the  beadle,  at  teifi 
o^clock  (the  hour  of  dinner)  announced  the  breaking  up  of 
tbe  court.  He  says,  that  he  made  it  a  rule  to  listen  to  all 
with  patience,  to  interrupt  no  one,  to  express  himself  ail 
concisely  as  possible,  and  to  oppose  unnecessary  delays. 
He  mentions,  with  evident  satisfaction,  the  joy  which  he 
felt  when  the  vacations  allowed  him  to  quit  Paris,  and 
breathe  in  tbe  country.  The  cares  of  magistracy  he  then 
banished  wholly  from  his  thoughts,  and  endeavoured,  by 
harmless  relaxation,  to  enable  himself,  on  his  return  to  the 
discharge  of  bis  functions,  to  resume  them  with  fresh  vi«' 
gdur.  *'  But,*'  says  he,  ^^  there  is  nothing  frivolous  in 
my  amusements ;  sometimes  Xenophon  is  tbe  companion 
*  of  mv  walks ;  sometimes  the  divine  Plato  regales  me  with 
the  discourses  of  Socrates.  History  and  poetry  have  their 
turns  ;  but  my  chief  delight  is  in  the  sacred  writings  :  what 
comfort,  what  holy  calm,  does  the  meditation  of  them 
confer !" 

I  Geiu  Dict.*.Nieeroo,  toU  XXXVIIL— Saxii  Onomaif* 


,  ^0*  HOSPITAL. 

4 

L^HospiUl  was  then  appointed  by  Henry  IL  to  be  bis 
embassador  at  the  council  of  Trent,  wbi^b  was  fitting  at 
Bologna.     By  his  own  desire,  he  was  soon  re<iaUed  from 
that  honourable  employment,  jand  on  his  return  expeneor 
qed,  at  firsts  aome  coldness  from  the  court,  but  was  soon 
Tijcstored  to  the  royal  favour,  and  appointed  master  of  tfa^ 
requests*    In  .the  beginning  of  1554  he  was  made  super* 
intendant  of.  the  royal  finances  .in  France.     His  merits  in 
thi^  post  were  of  the  most  singular  and  exalted  kind.    By 
a  ^vere  oe^cpnomy,  he  laboured  to  restore  the  royal  trea- 
sure, exhausted  by  the  prodigality  of  the  king,  Henry  II» 
amd  the  dishonest  avarice  of  bis  favourites ;  be  defied  the 
enmity  of  those  whose,  profits  he  destroyed,  and 'was  hini« 
self  so  rigicjly  disinterested,  that  after  five  or  six.  years'  con* 
tinpance  in  this  place,  he  was  unable  to  give  a  portion  to 
his:daughter,  and  the  deficiency  was  supplied  by  the  libe* 
rality^of  the  sovereign.    On  the  death  of  Henry,  in  151^9, 
th$  cardinal  of  Lorraine^  then  at  the  head  of  affairs,  intro*; 
duced  r  Hospital  into  the  council  of  state.     Hence  he  was 
Ir/snioved  by  Margaret  of  Valpis,  who  took  him  into  Siavoy^ 
as  her  chancellor.    Butthe  confusions  of  France  soon  made 
it  necesisary  :ta  recal  a  inap  of  such  firmness  and  undaunted, 
integrity.     In  the  midst  of  faction- and  fury,  be  was  ad- 
vapced:  to  the  high  office  of  rchancellor  of  that  kingdom, 
%here,  hemaintained  his  post,  like  a  philosopher  who  was. 
superior  to.  fear,  oi^  any  species  of  weakness.     At  the  breakf* 
ing  out  of  the  ceaspiracy  of  Amboise,  in  1560,  and  on  all* 
other  :oecasions,  he.  was  the  advocate  fpr  mercy  and  recon<» 
ciliation^  9nd  by  the  edict  of  Romorantio,  prevented  the 
eiitablishment  of  the  inquisition  in  France.     It  was  perhaps* 
for  reasons  of  this  kind,  and  his  general  ia^ersion  to  perse- 
ciition  for  religion's  sake,  that  the  violent  Romanists^  at:-' 
cijsed  him  of  being  a  concealed  Protestant:;  forgetting  that 
by  such  suspicions  they  paid  the  highest  compliment  to: 
the  spirit:  of  .Protestantism*    The.  queen,    Catherine  of;. 
Medicis, .  who  had  contributed  to  the  elevation  of  THospi- . 
tal^  being  too  .violent  to  approve  bis  pacific  measures,  •ex-* . 
eluded  him  from  the  council  of  war;  on  which  be  retired 
to  his  country-house  at  Vignay  near  £stampe8.     Some  days . 
after,  when  the  seals  were  demanded  of  him,  he  resigned  • 
tbemwithotit  regret,  saying,  that  **  the  affairs  of  the  world  ; 
were  too. corrupt  for  him  to  meddle,  with  them."     In  Itft- 
tered  ease,  amusing  himself  with  Latin  poetry,  and  a  se- » 
lect  society  of  friends,  be  truly  enjoyed  bis  rietreat,  till  his 


happiness  was  interrupted  by  tlte  atroieidas  day  ef  St.  B^r^ 
tholottiew,  in  1572.  Of  this  disgra^^al -inassacrey  li^ 
thongbt'as  posterity  has  thought';  but,  thdugh  hisfnendi 
Conceived  it  probable '  that  he  might  be  included  in  the 
proscriptian,  h«  disdained  tiy  seek  hiii'safety  by  flight.  So 
fifth  was  he,  that  when  &  party  of  boiisemen  actually  ad^ 
Tanced  to  his  house,  though  without  ordei>s,  for'  the  horrid 
purpose  of  murdering  him,' lie  refused'  to  dose'  his  gates : 
^  If  the  small  one,''  said  he,  <*  will  not  admit  them,  thro^ 
open  the  large ;''  and  he  was  preserved  Qoly^by  thei  arrival 
of  another  party,  with  expiiess  orders  from  the  king  to  de* 
clare  that  he  was  not  among  the  pr<)scHbed.  The  [i^ons 
who  made  th^  lists^,  if  Was  alided;  pai^oned  bim  the  dppo^ 
sition  he  had  always  nfiade  to  their  projects. .  '**I  did  not 
know,**  said  fa^  coldly,  without  any  change  of*  donnte-^ 
nance,  ^*  that  I  had  done  any  thing  to  deserve  eithet  death 
or  pardon."     His  motto- is  said  to  have  been. 

Si  fractus  illabatur  orbU— 
Impavidum  ferient  ruinae^ 

aiid  certaiply  no  person  ever  had  a. better  right  to  asisume 
that  subliqae  device.  This  e^xcellent  magistrate,  and  truly 
great  man, , died  March  13,  1573,  at  the  age  6(  68  yearsJ 
**  L' Hospital,"  says  Brantome,  "was  the  greatest,  wor* 
thiest,  and  most,  learned  chancellor,  that  was  ever  known 
in  France.  His  large  white  beard,  pale  cbiintenancey 
austere  manner,  ihade  all  who  saw  him  think  they  beheld 
a  true  portrait  of  St.  Jerome,  and  he  was  called  St.  Jerome 
\ff  the  courtiers.  All  orders  of  men  feared  him.;  particu- 
larly the  members  of  the  courts  of  justice ;  and,  when  he 
examined  them  on  their  lives,  their  discha/ge  of  their 
duties,  their  capacities,  or  their  knowledge,  and  particularly 
when  he  examined  candidates  for  offices,  and  found  ih^in 
deficient,  he  made  them  feel  it.  He  was  profoundly  versed 
in  polite  learning,  very  eloquent,  and  an  excellent  po^l 
His  severity  was  never  ill-natured  j  he  made  due  allowance 
for  the  imperfections  of  human  nature ;  was  always  equal 
antd  always  firm.  After  his  death  his  very  enemies  acknpw- 
[edged  that  he  was  the  greatest  magistrate  whom  France 
*Kad  known,  and  that  they  did  not  expect  to  see  such  aiio-; 
ther.'*  There  are  exunt  by  him^  1.  "  Latiui  Poems." 
Their  unpretending  simplicity  is  their  greatest  merit;'  hut 
they  shew  such  real  dignity  of  character,  they  breathe  so 
pure  a  spmi  of  virtue,  and  are  full  of  such  e&cellent  sea« 
timents  of  public  and  private  wortbi  that  they  will  always 


ao^  B  O  a  ?  I  T  A.  U 

he  ir^ied  with  pkasure^  2.  <<  Speftcbc^  delivered  in-  tbd 
meetiDg  of  the  States  at  Orleans."  As  an  orator  he  sbioes 
much  less  than  as  a  poet.  3.  **  Memoirs^  containing 
Treaties  of  Peat^e,'*  &c.  &c.  Tt  is  said  that  be  had  also 
projected  a  history  of  his  own  time  in  Latin,  hut  this  he 
did  not  execute.  The  best  edition  of  his  poems  is  that  of 
Amsterdam)  1732,  8vo.  He  left  only  one  child)  a  daugh- 
ter^  married  to  Robert  Hurault,  whose  children  added  the 
fiame.  of  T Hospital  to  that  of  their  father;  biit  the  male 
line  of  this  family  also  was  extinct  in  1706.  .  Nevertheless, 
the  memory  of  the  chancellor  ha^  received  the  highest 
honours  widiin  a  few  years  of  the  present  time.  In  .1777, 
Louis  Xy I.  erected  a  statue 'p^;whit§  marble,  to  him,  and 
in  the  same  year  be  was  proposed  by  tb^  French  academy 
for  the  subject  of  an  eloge.  M.  Guibert  and  the  abb6 
Remi  contended  for  the  prize.  It  was  adjudged  to  the 
latter,  who  did  not,  however,  print  his  work ;  M.  Guibert 
was  less  prudent,  but  his  eloge  gave  little  satisfaction^ 
The  celebrated  Condorcet  afterwards  entered  the  lists,  but 
with  equal  want  of  success.  Such  fastidiousness  of  public 
opinion  showed  the  high  veneration  entertained  for  the 
character  of  L'Hospital.  In  1807,  M;  Bernard!  published 
bis  ''  Essai  sur  la  Vie,  les  Ecrits,  et  les  Loix  de  Michel  de 
L^ Hospital,''  in  one  vol.  8vo,  a  work  written  with  taste  and 
judgment ;  from  these  and  other  documents,  Charles  But- 
ler, esq.  has  lately  published  an  elegant  '*  Essay  on^  the 
Life''  of  L'Hospital,  principally  with  a  view  to  exhibit 
bim  as  a  friend  to  toleration.' 

HOSPITAL  (William-Francis-Antony,  marquis  im 
l'),  a  great  mathematician  of  France,  was  born  of  a  branch 
of  the  preceding  family,  in  1661.  He  was  a  geometrician 
almost  from  his  infancy ;  for  one  day  being  at  the  duke  de 
Kohan's,  where  some  able  mathematicians  were  speaking 
of  a  problem  of  Paschal's,  which  appeared  to  tbeifn  ex* 
tremely  difficult,  he  ventured  to  say,  thatt  he  believed  he 
^oujd  solve  it.  They  were  amazed  at  what  appeared  such 
unpardonable  presumption  in  a  boy  of  fifteen,  for  be  was 
then  no  more,  yet  in  a  few  days  he  sent  them  the  solution. 
He  entered  early  into  the  army,  but  always  preserved  his 
love  for  the  mathematics,  and  studied  them  even  in  his 
^ent;  whither  be  used  to  retire,  it  is  said,  not  only  to 
study,  but  also  to  conceal  his  application  to  study :  for  in 


HOSPITAL;  iHf 

•  •  • 

tbosediip^  labeknow^g  in  the  sciences,  wm  Iboiight  to 
derogate  from  nobility;  «ind  a  soldier  of  quality,  to  pre- 
serve bis  dignity,  was  in  some  measure  obliged  to  bide  bis 
literary  attaiQments.  Del'Hospital  was  a  captain  of  borne; 
but,  being  extr^ely  sbort«sigbted,  and  exposed  on  that 
accbpnt  to  perpt^tual  inconveniences  and  errors,  be  at 
length  quittei^  the  ariny,  and  applied  himself  entirely 
to  bis  favourite  amusement  He  contracted  a  friend* 
ship  with  Malbranche,  judging  by  bis  ^^  Recherche  de  la 
VeritS,^'  that  be  nm^t  be  an  excellent  guide  in  the  sciences; 
itnd  be  took  his  opinion  upon  all  occasions.  His  abilitieif 
^x\d  knowledge  were  no  longer  a  secret :  and  at  the  age  of 
thirty-two. be  gave. a  public  solution  of  problems,  drawn 
from  the  deepest  geome.try,  which  had  been  proposed  to 
mathematicians  in  the  acts  of  Leipsic.  In  1693  be  was  re- 
ceived an  honorary  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Pari^.;  and  published  a  work  upon  sir  IsiBUic  Newton^s  caU 
eulations,  entitled  ^^  L^ Analyse  des  iafinimens  petits."  He 
was  the  first  in  France  who  wrote  on  this  subject;  and  on 
this  account  was  regarded  almost  as  a  prodigy.  He  en- 
gaged afterwards  in  another  work  of  the  mathematical  kind# 
in  which  he  included  **  Les  Sectiones  coniques,  lea  Lieux 
geometriques,  la  Construction  des  Equations,"  and  '*  Une 
Theorie  des  Cburbes  mechaniques ;''  but  a  little  before  be 
bad  finished  it,  he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  of  which  he 
died  Feb.  2,  1704,  aged  49.  It  was  published  after  his 
death,  viz.  in  1707.  There  are  also  six  of  his  pieces  in- 
serted in  different  volumes  of  the  memoirs  of  the  academy 
;(|f  sciences.' 

HOSTE,  or  L'HOSTE  (John),  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian of  Nancy,  towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
taught  law  and  mathematics  with  uncoounon  reputation .  ^t 
Pont-ii-Mousson,  and  was  appointed  superintendant  of  for- 
tiBcations,  and  counsellor  of  war  by  Henry  duke  of  Lo9- 
rain.  His  genius  was  extensive,  penetrating,  and  formed 
for  the  sciences.  He  died  in  16SI,  leaving  several  valu- 
able works:  the  principal  ones  are,  ^^Le  sommaire  et 
Tusage  de  la  Sphere  Artificielle,*'  4to;  <<  La  Pratique  de 
G^om^trie,"  4to ;  '*  Description  et  usage  des  prinoipaux 
instrumem  de  G6om£trie,"  4to  ;  ^<  Du  Quadran  et  quarrf ; 
lIRayon  astronomique ;  B&ton  de  Jacob ;  interpretatipn  dm 
grand  art  de  Raymond  LuUe,*^  &c.* 


1  Qtm.  Dict«-ilf  orari.«»Martia*f  Bi#s<  PliUog^         ■  Momk-^Okit.  Bi^ 


i(A  ft  O  S  T  k*  >• 

HOftTE  XPkvh),  born  May  19^^  1652,  :atin)tit:.3^iV^l«|^^ 
cntenei  among'  the  Jesuits  ih  16iSd;  smd^  ibqujred  great 
ikill  in  mathematics  ;  accompariied  ^be  ti)arechaf$'(f*F!str^e;i 
and  db'Tourville,  during  twelve  years;  in  tiVtHhiir  navai 
expeditions,  and  gained  their  esteieqpii' '  He  Was  appbintec 
king's  profeissor  of  mathematics  afTouWii-'anid  *<fiea''iher^ 
February  23,  17t30,  leaving,  "  Rfetiieirdes  JTrait^s  d^'Ma- 
tll^matiques  les  plus  necessaires  a*  tjn'  bfficier,'".    5  Vols! 
l^mo;  "  L'Art  des  armies  naralesj  oii  Traits  dies  ^vbTu- 
tibns  navales,'*  Lyons,  11597,  and  tiroyef  ctbrhpletely  in  1727. 
folio.    This  work  is  not  less  historicariban  scientific,  ana  . 
contain^  an  accodnt  of  the  most  cohsiderable  n&varbVents 
of  the  fifty  preceding  years.     He  p'fefented  it' to  Loui$ 
XIV.  who  received  it  graciously,  and  rewarded  the  author 
with  100  pistoles;  and  a  pension  of  '600  livres;  a  treatise 
o6  the  construction  of  ships,  which  he  wrote  in  conse- 
quence of  some  conversation  with  marechal  de  Tourville^ 
is- printed  at  the  end  of  the  preceding.  '  In  1762,  lieute- 
nant O'Bryen  published  in  4t03j  '**^  Naval  Evolutions,  or  a  . 
System  of  JSea-disclpfine,'*  extracted  froln  fether  L'Hoste's 
"L^'A'ft  des  armies  uavales."  * 

ftQTMA]>T  (FaANCis),  in  Latin  Hbtqmanus,  a  learned 
t^rench  civilian,  was  borii  in  '1524,  at  Paris/  where  his  fa- 
mily,  originally  "of  fireslau  in  Silesia,  had  Nourished  For  . 
some  time.     He.  made  so  rapid  ^  progress  in  the  belles 
lettres,  that  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he  was.  sent  to  Orleans 
to  study  the  civil  l^w,  and  in  three  years  was  received  doc- 
tor to  that  faculty.     His  fether,  a  counsellor  in  parliameii^ 
had  already  designed  hirp  for  that  employment ;  andther^ 
foi'e'iiertt  for  hini  home,  and  placed  him  at  the  bar.     But 
Hotman  wa^  soon  displeased  with  the  chicanery  of  the 
court,  and  applied  himself  vigorously  to  the  study  of  th^ 
Rbrpan  law  and  polite  literature.     At  the  age  of  twenty- 
thre)?,  be  was  chosen  to  read  public  lectures  in  the  schools  / 
of  Paris :  but,  relishing  the  opinions  of  Luther,  on  ac^ 
count  of  which  many  persons  were  put  to  death  in  France,  - 
and  finding  that  he  Co^^d  not  profess  tliem  at  Paris;  h(e 
went  to  Lyons  in*1^548.     Having  npw  nothit^g  to  expect 
from' his  father.  Who  was  greatly  irritated,  at  the  change  o^  • 
his  religion,  he  left  tVance,  and  retired  to  Geneva  j  where /^ 
he  lived  some  tin)e  in  jCalviii's  house.     From  hence  he  went 
to  Lausanne,  where  the  magistrates  ;of  Bern  gave'  him  tbn  ^ 

•  Moreri.— Diet*  Hist 


H  O  T  M  A  N.  »W 

place  of  professor  of  polite  literature.  He  publisbed  there 
sdme  books,  which,  however,  young  as  he  was,  were  not 
his  first  publications ;  and  married  a  French  gentlewoman, 
who  had  also  retired  thither  on  account  of  religion.  His 
Daerit  was  so  universally  known,  that  the  magistrates  of 
Strasburg  oflPered  him  a  professorship  of  civil  law ;  whi^h 
he  accepted,  and  held  till  1561,  and  during  this  period^ 
received  invitations  from  the  duke  of  Prussia,  the  land- 
grave of  Hesse,  the  dukes  of  Saxony,  and  even  from  queea 
Elizabeth  of  England ;  but  did  not  accept  them.  He  did 
not  refuse,  however,  to  go  to  the  court  of  the  king  of  Na* 
vsirrey  at  the  begining  of  the  troubles ;  and  he  went  twice 
into  Germany,  to  desire  assistance  of  Ferdinand,  in  the 
name  of  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and  even  in  the  name  of  the 
queen-mother.  The  speech  he  made  at  the  diet  of  Franc«> 
fort  is  published.  Upon  his  return  to  Strasburg,  he  was 
prevailed  upon  to  teach  civil  law  at  Valence ;  which  he  did 
with  such  success,  that  be  raised  the  reputation  of  that 
university.  Three  years  after,  he  w^nt  to  be  professor  at 
Bourges,  by  the  invitation  of  Margaret  of  Fra,nce,  sister  of 
Henry  II.  but  left  that  city  in  about  five  months,  and  re- 
tired to  Orleans  to  the  heads  of  the  party,  who  made  great 
use  of  his  advice.  The  peace  which  was  made  a  month 
after,  did  not  prevent  him  from  apprehending  the  return 
of  the  storm  :  upon  which  account  he  retired  to  Sancerre, 
aiid  there  wrote  an  excellent  book,  <^  De  Consolatione,^' 
which  his  son  published  after  his  death.  He  returned  after- 
wards to  his  professorship  at  Bourges,  where  he  very 
natrrowly  escaped  the  massacre  of  1572:  which  induced 
him  to  leave  France,  with  a  full  resolution  never  to  return. 
He  then  went  to  Geneva,  where  he  read  lectures  upon  the 
civil  law.  Some  time  after,  he  went  to  Basil,  and  taught 
civil  law,  and  was  so  pleased  with  this  situation,  that  he 
refused  great,  offers  from  the  prince  of  Orange  and  the 
States*general,  who  would  have  drawn  him  to  Leyden. 
The  plague  having  obliged  him  to  leave  Basil,  be  retired  to 
Montbeliard,  where  he  lost  his  wife ;  and  went  afterwards 
lo  live  with  her  sisters  at  Geneva.  He  returned  once  more 
to  Basil,  and  there  died  in  1590,  of  a  dropsy,  which  had 
kept  him  constantly  in  a  state  of  indisposition  for  six  years 
before.  During  this,  he  revised  and  digested  his  works 
for  a  new  edition,  which  appeared  at  Geneva  in  1599,  in 
3  vols,  folio,  with  his  life  prefixed  by  Neveletus  DoschiuSw^ 

vouxvm.  p 


«io  ti6t  a  Ait. 

The  first  two  eoutaia  treadats  upon  the  ci?H  bw;  t^ 
third,  pieces  relating  to  tho  governvient  of  France^  and  tb€ 
fight  of  succession ;  five  books  of  flomaa  aatiquities ;  com-<^ 
inentaries  upon  TuUy's  <<  Orations  and  Epistles;"  ntdtea 
tipoii  Caesar's.''  CommeJitaries;" &c.  His  *<  Franoo-Galli^^ 
or,  *^  Account  of  the  free  state  of  France/'  has  been  trans* 
lated  into  English  by  lord  tholes  worth,  ambor  of  ^The 
Account  of  Denmark."  He  pubikbted  also  several  othef 
articles  without  his  nsune ;  but,  being'  of  the .  controversial 
kind,  they  wer^  probably  not  thought  of  consequence 
enough  to  be  revived  in  the  coUeetion  of  his  works. 

He  was  one  of  those  who  would  never  consent  to  bef 
painted  ;  but  we  are  tdd,  that  his  picture  was  uken  while 
he  was  in  his  last  agony.  '  His  integrity,  firmness,  and 
|)iety, ,  are  highly  extolled  by  the  author  of  his  life  $  yet,  it 
Baudouin  may  be  believed  (whom,  however,  it  is  more  rea* 
S(n>abie  not  to  believe,  as  he  was  bis  antagonist  in  religious 
opinions),  he  was  suspected  of  being  avaricious :  but  it 
must  be  remembered,  that  be  lost  his  all  when  be  changed 
his  religion,  and  had  no  supplies  bat  what  afx)se  from  read* 
ing  lectures ;  for  it  does  not  appear  that  his  wife  brought 
him  a  fortune.  It  is  very  probable,  however,  that  his  lee-* 
tures  Would  have  been  sufficient  for  iiis  sul^istence ;  h<td 
he  not  been  deluded  by  schemes  of  finding  out  the  philo- 
sopher's stone ;  and  we  find  him  lamenting  to  a  friend  in 
hi$  last  illness,  that  he  had  sqitatidered  away  his  substaacef 
upon  this  hopeful  project.  With  all  these  weaknesses,  he 
was  est€f€!med  one  of  the  greatest  civilians  France  ever  pro« 
duced.* 

HOTTINGER  (JoHN-HENaY),  a  very  learned  writor^ 
and  famous  fot  his  skill  in  the  oriental  languages,  was  born 
at  Zurich  in  Switzerland,  in  1620.  He  had  a  particular 
talent  for  learning  languages ;  and  the  progress  he  made  iti 
his  first  studies  gave  such  promising  hopes,  ttuu  it  was  ine<» 
solved  be  should  be  sent  to  study  in  foveign  coantrits,  at 
the  public  expence.  He  began  bifi  travels  in  1638,  and 
went  to  Geneva,  where  he  studied  two  months  under  FV« 
Spanheim.  Then  be  went  into  France,  and  thenfce  into 
Holland  f  and  fixed  at  Oroningen,  where  he  studied  divi«> 
nity  under  Gomarus  and  Aiting,  and  Arabic  under  P^^sor^ 
Here  be  intended  to  have  remained  ;  but  being  very  d;&si«^ 

'  Cen.  Diet.— Nioeroo,  vol.  XI.  and  XX.— Moreiri.— Freberi  Thtairnitt.— ^ 
Saxli  Ouomast. 


HOTTlNO^ll,  ill 

rems  of  iinproving  himsyf  in  tb6  oHental  Ift^gUiEigeii,  hi& 
^ent  in  1639  to  Leyden,  to  be  tutof  lb  the  dhlldfeh  of  Go- 
lius,  who  was  the  best  fikiUed  in  those  languages  of  kn  j  taih 
of  that  age.  Bythe  instructions  of  Golius»  h^  improired 
greatly  in  the  knowledge  of  Arabic,  and  feilso  by.  \ht  assist* 
anceofaTurk,  who  happisned  tb  be  at  Lieyden.  Besfdek 
these  advantages^  Grolius  had  a  fine  cbltettioh  of  Arabic 
books  an4  MS84  from  which  Hotttngef  W^  snfl^r^d  td  t'd^^f 
what  he  pleased,  during  the  foori^i§h  months  he  st^id  at 
Leyden.  Jn  1641,  he  was  offiE^red,  at  the  iretod^oiendattbii 
of  Golios,  the  place  of  chaplain  to  the  artiba^sltdor  of  tb^ 
Staies-gekierai  to  Constantinople;  And  be  vroold  gladljr 
have  attended  hitn^  a»  such  a  jouk-ney  #biild  hate  co-ope<' 
rated  wonderfully  with  his  grand  design  of  p^rfb^tihg;  hitti^ 
s^if  \h  the  eastern  languages  t  but  the  ma^istrtttes  of  Zii-^ 
rich  did  not  Consent  to  it :  tlu§y  ehode  rathtei*  to  veeAX  hiM; 
in  order  to  ibmploy  him  fof  t\vt  advantage  o^  theiic  public 
schools.  Th^y  permitted  hiin  fir^t,  hc^et^r^  to  visit  Ehg« 
laiid  ;  and  the  instant  he  returned  ffoin  that  cbtfhtry,  ihef 
appdintdd  him  prbfesitof  of  etdcfsiAstietll  hi^tofy;  and  A 
year  after,  tn  1648^  gd^e  him  tWb  pmf^sbfshtps^  thki  6i 
catecbeticat  dttiiiity^  and  that  of  kh^  oHl^iltii)  tongues. 

He  married  at  twenty^-two,  and  b^^rl  td  publish  bobki 
at  t^entjr.fomr.  New  |^ofe^6orshipd  WdH?  b^stbWt^jd  upott 
bim  ill  1653^  and  b^  was  admitted  iHIb  tb^  college  of 
candtis.  In  I655|  the  eiectot  t^aktini^,  d^^trous  to  fi^^- 
store  the  l^redft  Of  hht  aniTtet-slty  of  H^i^berg,  ebtaih^d 
leiiv^  c^  the  seriate  of  Zurich  fot  Hoitirig^V  t<s  go  fher^,  on 
condition  that  be  shotald  return  M  th^  eiid  of  thr^e  years  : 
but  befsre  he  set  out  fbijr  thdt  t&Wy^  he  w^'nt  to  Basil,  and 
took  the  degree  «f  D.  D.  Ji^  arrived  ^t  iteidelberg  the 
sasse  year^  atid  #ak  graebctely  feci^ived  iri  that  city.  Be« 
aMes  tbeprofessorshijbrof  Aivfnrty  at)d  th^  ori^Utaf  tongues, 
he  was  appoiiHed  pr'wvtX^X  of  th^  Coll^gfdhi  Sapiential. 
He  waa  rector  of  the  tiniver^ity  the  yedr  fbilo^Eing,  Hnd 
wrote  a  \sfa^  eDM^min^  the  te-'tifaion  of  th&  Lutherans 
8nd  Cailririisfs  r  which  he  d^rd  t^  pl^s^  tb^  elector,  wht) 
wt»^  Maloift  in  that  MTaiiy  t  blit  ^^rty-ai^iibositles  readied 
biir  pe^fofteitoc^  iweffeetir^K  Hottln^cfr  si^companted  this 
prinde  to  the  &)eetoral  diet  df  ¥tfii\t9M  itl  165^^  and  there 
twd  a;  6^x\htwi&t&  mth  Job  Lt^lf.  Ludolf  had  Acquired  d 
vasH  knowledge  of  Ethiopia;  and^  itif  cotijirn<^ti5h  i^ith  Hot-* 
tiiigar^  concerted  meas^ates  foif  setidifig  into  Africa  some 
peraoM  siftilled  in  the  orvAital  iongHei^^  #h^  Migifl  linake 

P  2 


i^lB  HOTTIKGER. 

t 

exact  inquiries  concerning  the  state  of  the  Christian  re1t-« 
gion  in  that  part  of  the  world.  Hottinger  was  not  recalled 
to  Zurich  till  1661,  his  superiors,  at  the  elector's  earnest 
request,  having  prolonged  the  term  of  years  for  which  they 
lent  him  :  and  he  then  returned,  honoured  by  the  elector 
with  the  title  of  Ecclesiastical-counsellor. 

Many  employments  were  immediately  conferred  on  him  i 
among  the  rest,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  comtnis-' 
sioners  who  were  to  revise  the  German  translation  of  the 
Bible.     A  civil  war  breaking  out  in  Switzerland  in  1664, 
he  was  sent  into  Holland  on  state  affairs.     Many  universi- 
ties would  willingly  have  drawn  Hottinger  to  them,  but* 
yrere  not  able.     That  of  Leyden  offered  him  a  professor- 
ship  of  divinity  in  1667;  but,  not  obtaining  leave  of  bis 
superiors,  he  refused  it,  until  the  magistrates  of  Zurich, 
consented,  in  complaisance  to  the  States  of  Holland,  who 
had  interested  themselves  in  this  affair.     As  he  was  pre-' 
paring  for  this  journey,  he  unfortunately  lost  his  life,  June 
5,  1667,  in  the  river  which  passes  through  Zurich.     He^ 
went  into  a  boat,  with  his  wife,  three  children,  his  brother-^' 
in-law,  a  friend,  and  a  maid-servant,  in  order  to  go  and 
let  out  upon  lease  an  estate  which  he  had  two  leagues  from 
Zurich.    The  boat  striking  against  a  pier,  which  lay  under 
water,  overset :  upon  which  Hottinger,  his  brother-«in-laWy 
and  friend,  escaped  by  swimming.     But  when  they  looked 
upon  the  women  and  children,  and  saw  the  danger  they 
were  in,  they  jumped  back  into  the  water :   the  conse- 
quence of  which  was,  that  Hottinger,  his  friend,  and  three 
children,  lost  their  lives,  while  his  wife,  his  brother-in-law, 
and  servant-maid,  were  saved.     His  wife  was  the  only 
daughter  of  Huldric,  minister  of  Zurich,  a  man  of  very? 
great  learning,  and  brought  him  several  children :  for  be- 
sides the  three  who  were  drowned  with  him,  and  those  who 
died  before,  he  left  four  sons  and  two  daughters. 

As  an  author,  he  was  very  prolific,  and  it  is  surprising/' 
that  a  man,  who  had  possessed  so  many  academical  em- 
ployments, was  interrupted  with  so  many  visits  (for  every 
body  came  to  see  him,  and  consulted  him  as  an  or^^), 
and  was  engaged  in  a  correspondence  with  all  the  Uteratr 
of  Europe,  should  have  found  time  to  write  more  than: 
forty  volumes,  especially  when  it  is  considered,  that  he 
did  not  reach  fifty  years  of  age.     The  most  considerable, 
of  his  works  are :   1.  *<  Exerdtationes  Anti-Morinianse,  d^ 
^entateucho  Samaritanos  4c.*'  1644^  quarto*    Moria  had 


H  O  T  TINGE  R.  213 

asserted,  in  the  strongest  manner,  the  authenticity  of  the 
Samaritan  Pentateuch  ;  which  he  preferred  to  the  Hebrevr 
tipxt,  upon  a  pretence  that  this  bad  been  corrupted  by  the 
Jews  ;  and  it  was  to  combat  this  opinion,  that  Hottinger 
wrote  these  Exercitations.  This  work,  though  the  first, 
is,  in  the  judgment  of  father  Simon,  one  of  the  best  he 
wrote ;  and  if  he  had  never  written  any  thing  more^  it  is 
probable  that  he  would  have  left  higher  notions  of  his  abi* 
lities :  for  certainly  it  was  no  small  enterprise  for  him,  so 
early  in  life,  to  attack,  on  a  very  delicate  and  knotty  sub- 
ject, and  with  supposed  success  too,  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  in  Europe  at  that  time.  2.  '^  Thesaurus  Thi- 
lologicus,  seu  clavis  scripturae,"  1649,  4to.  There  was  a 
second  edition  in  1649,  in  4to,  with  additions.  3.  **  His- 
toria  Orientalis,  ex  variis  Orientalium  monumentis  col* 
lecta,"'  1651,  4to.  No  man  vras  better  qualified  to  write 
on  oriental  affairs  than  Hottinger,  as  he  was  skilled  in  most 
of  the  languages  which  were  anciently,  as  well  as  at  pre-* 
sent,  spoken  in  the  East:  namely,  the  Hebrew,  Syriac,' 
Cbaldee,  Arabic,  Turkish,  Persiau,  and  Coptic.  4.  ^^Promp-* 
tuarium,  siy^  Bibliotheca  Orientalis,  exhibens  catalogum 
sive  centurias  aliquot  tarn  auctorum,  quam  librorum  He^-^ 
braicorum,  Syriacorum,  Arabicorum,  ^gyptiacorum  :  ad« 
dita  maijtissa  Bibliotheearum  aliquot  EuropsBarnm,"  1658, 
4to.  Baillet  does  not  speak  very  advantageously  of  this 
work  of  Hottinger,  whom  he  accuses  of  not  being  very 
accurate  in  any  of  bis  compositions :  and  indeed  his  want 
of  accuracy  is  a, point  agreed  on  by  both  papists  and  pro-, 
testants.  5.  **  Etymologicon  Orientale,  sive  Lexicon  Har- 
monicum  Heptaglotton,"  &c.  1661,  4to.  The  seven  lan- 
guages contained  in  this  Lexicon  are,  the  Hebrew,  Cbaldee, 
Syriac,  Arabic,  Samaritan,  Ethiopic,  and  Rabbinical. 
.  These  works  are  valuable  for  containing  materials  of  a 
curious  nature,  and  which  were  before  only  accessible  to 
persons  skilled  in  oriental  languages.  A  catalogue  of  his 
other  works  may  be  seen  in,  th.e  *^  Bibliotheca  Tigurina ;" 
or  the  Latin  life  of  Hottinger,  published  by  Heidegger  at 
Zurich,  1667 :  in  either  of  which  they  are  all  drawn  up 
and  digested  into  regular  order. — John  James  Hottinger 
his  son,  was  also  a  learned  protestant  divine,  succeeded 
Beidegger  ip  the  divinity  chair  at  Zurich,  and  died  Dec; 
18,  1735,leaving  a  great  number  of  works,  chiefiy  ^'  Theo* 
logical  Dissertations,"  on  important  subjects.^^ 

^^en.  iDct,— Morcri,-^iceroD,  vol.  VIII.—* Saxii  Onoma8ticoa.-i-F^ehert 


^1*  H  Q  y  9  I  a  A  N  T« 

^QUBIGANT'(CHARit£)S^  Francis),  a  pious  aod  learaed 
^aqslatpr  of  the  l^ehr^w  Scriptures,  and  comineiuator  on 
^em,  was  b^prn  at  Paris  ia  1^86.  |n  1702  he  became  a^ 
priest  of  the  con^reg^UQn  pa^ed  the  Oratory  i  and  being, 
by  deafness,  deprived  of  tb^  chief  comforts  of  society,  a4- 
dioted  biioself  the  more  earnestly  to  I^ooks,  iii  which  he 
fqund  his  constant  consolation.  Of  a  d^sppsition  naturally 
benevolent,  with  great  firn^n^s  of  soul,  goodness  oi  tem- 
per, and  politeness,  of  i^anners,  he  w$^s  held  in  very  gei^- 
ral  e^tioi^tipn,  and  received  honours  and  rewards  from  th& 
pope.  (Benecl-  XIV.)  and  froin  h|s  couutryipei^  wbich  b^ 
had  pever  thou.gbt  of  soliciting.  Though  his  income  waa. 
but  small,  he  dedicated  a  part  of  it  to  found  a  school  near 
Chantillyi;  and  the  purity  of  bisi  judgment,  joined  tqt^e 
strei^gth  of  his  memory,  ens^bled  hi(m  ta  cajrpy  on  tiis  lite- 
rary labours  to  a  very  ^()v^p^d  s^gQ,  Ev^q  when,  his  fa* 
culti^§  h9.d  declin^,  $^n4  ^^^  further  injured  by  the  acci- 
'  dent  of  ^  fall,  the  v§ry  sight  pf  a  bppH,  that  well-known 
CQQsoler  of  aU  bis  c^re^^  raii^^d  him  to  p^apeand  rationa- 
lity, f}^  di^d  Oct  31,  17^,  a^  the  ^vanced  age  of  ninety- 
dig^t*  Hi^  works,  ibr  wl^cM  be  waf  po  less  esteemed  in 
tpr^ign  ppuntrien  tb^n  b^^  j)ia  own^  w?re  chiefly  tb^§  •  )  * 
An  edv^QQ  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,^  witl^a  Latin  version  s^pd 
^^^^  pi^blished  i^t  Paris  io  11  ys,  19  4  vols,  folio.  This  is 
th^  fnost  valiu^ble  and  iippprtant  work  of  t^e  aatbpCy  and 
copt^itis  tln^  ^ebr^w  teixt  corrected,  by  the  spm\de^t  ruies 
of  cr4t|pi|5ip»  1^  X«atin  ver«^n,  and  p^eful  notes :  find  pr^ . 
ii'^ed  tf>  f  ^t^  ^ook  b  a  v^ry  l^arnifd  preface,  ^pedicl 
XIViiM^t^o  justly  ^ppr^iat^d  %^.  value  and  difficulty  of  the 
W^:  Mgppujf^d  th^  authcyr  with,  a  n^^dc^l,  ^ad  ^^m  ^^^er 
m^rk^  of  approl^fitipp  ;  apd  t}^^  clergy  qf  bis  pwi^  poMPtry^ 
unsoliciti^df  QPnferif€^;  a  p^psipn  oc^  him,  9;  A  L^)n  trans- 
Ijitippftf  tl^$  P«^ltifr,  from  tije  yebraw^  i;46,  12^0,  3. 
Apotb^r  of  t()e  Old  Test^m^ntf  a|:  l^rge,  ip  1754,  ip  B  vojf. 
^Yp.  4.  "  ks^Qifips  IJebr»i<ii^,'*  \7S'i,  ^vp,  ^aji^st  tU<i 
poipta.  5.  "  Eic^w^ii  du  Psftutiqr  d^  C^pupUips,''  lHg\(V. 
the  mod^  of  injfirpr^t^tiop  used  ii)  YiV^ch.  hf  tti.QcigbJti  top 
^ri^itr^ry.  Q.  A  French  trapslatipnr  pf  ap  £^ngli»h  wprk  by 
ForbeSj  enticed  ^-  Thoughts  on  N^qfal  H^ligipQ-^'  7. 
Most  of  tt^p  works  of  Ctiaries  Lesljp  trajii^atpd,^  Paris,. i 770^ 
8vo.  Father  Qoubig^nt  i^  ^9t\d  £Ofio/t^p  har^  (eft  several 
works  ia  i^anus5:ciptf  whic^s  frqp^  tb^  e^cell^pc^  of  tbo.^t 
he  published,  ijiAy  be  copje.ctur^d  to  bte  well  d^sctryipg  of 
the  press.    Among^,  thiese  are  a  ^^  Trait£  des  Etudes;^'  a 


H  Q  U  BJ  O  A  N  T.  Sl$ 

^ranslalion  of  **Origen  against  Celsus;**  a  •*  Life  of  Carr 
dinal  Berulte  ;**  and  a  complete  translation  of  the  Bible, 
Eccor^iAg  to  his  own  corrections.  The  first  of  these  watt 
to  have  been  published  bj  father  Dottevi]Ie,  and  the  rest 
bj  Lalahde,  but  we  do  not  find  that  any  of  them  have  apV 
peared.* 

HOUBRAKEN  (Jacob),  an  eminent  engraver,  ^a^ 
the  son  of  Arnojd  Houbraken,  a  native  of  Holland,  and  a 
painter,  but  of  no  very  superior  merit.  He  is  known,  how^ 
ever,  to  the  Uterary  world,  as  the  author  of  a  work  in  Dutch, 
entitled  **  The  Gre^t  Theatre  of  the  Dutch  and  Flemish^ 
painters,*'  in  $  vols,  folio,  with  their  portraits.  He  came* 
AVer  into  England,  to  make  drawings  of  the  pictures  of 
Vandyke,  which  were  afterwards  engraved  by  Peter  Va^ 
Gunst.  He  died  at  Anis^erdam  in  the  fifty-niot^  jear  of 
^is  age,  1719. 

Hi^  son  Jacol^  was  born  December  S5,  1998.  By  wha^ 
mt^Vef  he  was  instructed  in  the  art  of  engraving,  we  are 
Hot  informed,  but  he  was  probably  initiated  in  the  art  by 
his  fetfaar ;  and  Mr.  Btrutt  supposes  that  he  studied  the; 
»eatest  portraits  of  EdMinJ^  very  attentively,  especially  that' 
Qf  Le  Brun^  which  is  usually  prefixed  to  the  engravings  of 
Gtrard  Audran,  from  his  battles  of  Alexander.  He  work-  . 
ed,  however,  for  some  time  with  little  profit,  and  with  less 
celebrity  V  atid  he  had  arrive<J  at  the  meridiap  of  life  be- 
fore he  engaged  in  that  work  by  which  he  is  best  known ;' 
/^•work,  which,  notwithstanding  some  well-founded  objec- 
tions, will  reflect  honour  on  the  several  persons  engaged 
in  it.  It  seetos  to  have  been  a  plan  of  the  accurate  and 
industriotis-  Gdorge  Vertue,  who  propose^  to  give  sets  or 
classes  of  eminent  men;  but  his  design  was  adbpted  by 
others,  a^d  at  letigth  taken  out  of  hi»  hands,  who,  as  lord 
Orford  observes,  was  best  furnished  with  material  for.stfel^' 
a  Vf&fk. 

The  person*  who  undertook  apd  brought  to  conelusi^m 
this'  great  national  wOrkj  were  the  two  Knaf^ton^r,  bo<^^* 
selfewr,  encouraged  by  Ae  vast  success  of  Rapin's  History- 
of  England:  They  employed  both  Vertu^  and  Hotibraftdtti  • 
buvcbiefl^  the  fetter^  and  the  puWication  b^gan  in  tiurti-; 
bers  in'  t^44.  The  first?  volume  wn^  conipleted  f«  I7*4T,' 
antt  the' second  in  1752:  It  was  accompamed  %vith  short 
Iives'  of  AfCf  pers6nages,  written  by  Dr.  Birch;    Lord  CSrfcrd 


i\e  H  O  U  B  R  A  K  E  N. 

ol^serves,    that  some  of  Houbraken^s  headsr  were  csre« 

lessly  done,  especially  those  of  the  moderns ;  and  the  eft*» 

graver  Hying  in  Holland,  ignorant  of  our  history,  uninqiii* 

sitive  into  tbe  authenticity  of  what  was  transmitted  to  him, 

engraved  whatever  was  sent.     His  lordship  mentions  two 

instances,  the  heads  of  Carr  earl  of  Somerset,  and  secre* 

tary  Thurlow,  which  are  not  only  not  genuine,  but  bav« 

not  the  least  resemblance  to  the  persons  they  pretend  to 

'  represent.      Mr.  Gilpin,    in   his  Essay  on  Prints,    says^ 

**  Houbraken  is  a  genius,  and  has  given  us  in  his  collection 

of  English  portraits,  some  pieces  of  engraving  at  least 

equal  to  any  thing  of  the  kind.     Such  are  tb^e  heads  of 

Hampden,  Schomberg,  the  earl  of  Bedford,  and  tlie  duke 

of  Richmond  particularly,  and  some  others.     At  the  same*' 

time,  we  must  own  that  he  has  intermixed  among  his  works 

a  great  number  of  bad  prints.     In  his  best,  there  is  a  won-: 

derful  union  of  softness  and  freedom.     A  more  elegant  and 

flowing  line  no  artist  ever  employed.^*     Mr.  Strutt  esti<« 

mates  his  general  merits  more  minutely.     Houbraken'» 

great  excellence,  says  that  ingenious  writer,  consisted  ia 

the  portrait  line  of  engraving.     We  admire  the  softness 

and  delicacy  of  execution,  which  appear  in  his  works, 

joined  with  good  drawing,  and  a  fine  taste.    If  his  I^st  per- 

fornaances  have  ever  been  surpassed,  it  is  in.  the  masterly 

determination  of  the  features  which  we  find  in  the  works 

of  Nanteuil,  Edelink,  and  Drevet ;  this  gives  an  animation 

to  the  countenance,  moire  easily  to  be  felt  than  described. 

From  his  solicitude  to  avoid  the  appearance  of  an  outline, 

he  seems  frequently  to  have  neglected  the  little  sharpnesses 

of  light  and  shadow,  which  not  only  appear  in  nature,  but, 

like  the  accidental  senoitones  in  music,  raise  a  pleasing. 

senspitipn  in  the  mind,  iq  proportion  as  the  variation  is  judi* 

cioa^y  nianaged.    for  want  of  attention  to  this  essential' 

beauty,  many  of  bis  celebrated  productk>ns  have  a  misty 

aiJ|yearancQ,  and  d^  iiot  strike  the  eye  with^  the  force  we 

might  expect,  when  we  consider  the  excellence  of  the  en*- 

graving^     The  Sacrifice  of  Manoab,  from  Rembrandt,  for 

the  collection  of  prints  from  the  pictures  in  the  Dresden 

gallery,  is  the  only  attempt  he  made  in  historical  engrav- 

ii}g ;  but  in  it  he  by  no  means  succeeded  so  well.-— Of  his* 

private  life,  family,  or  character,  nothing  is  known.     He- 

liy^  ta  a  good  old  age,  and  died  at  Am^terdam^  ta  1780.^/ 

^  Strutt's  Oiciipimry.^— Buropemn  M>;c  1803^ 


HOUDRY.  21T 

.  HOUDRY  (Vuicent),  a  Jesuit,  istraa  born  Jan,  22, 1631, 9^% 
T?ours,  and  taught  ethics,  rhetoric,  atvd  philosophy  among 
the  Jesuits,  and  devoted  himself  afterwards  to  -  preaching 
tweoty«four  years;  the  rest  of  his  life  was.spept  Jn  com* 
posing  useful  books.  He  died  at  Paris,  in  the  college  of 
l^uis  le  Grand,  March  29,  1729.  His  works  are,  ''?La 
Bibliotheque  des  Predicateurs,**  Lyons,  1733,  22  voU;.4tiO. 
*f  Morality,"  8  vojs.  the  supplement  2  vols.  "  Panegyrics,** 
4  vols,  and  the  supplement  1  yol.  The  '^  Mysteries,"  ^ 
vols,  and  the  supplement  1  ^ol.  ^' The  Tables,"  1  voL 
V  The  Ceremonies  of  the  Church,"  1  vol.  "  Cbris>tiaa 
Eloquence,"  IvoL  ^^  Trait^  de  la  maniere  d*imiter,l£{s» 
bohs  Predicateurs,"  12mo.  *^  Ars  Typographica,  carmen/' 
4to }  and  twenty  volumes  of  <'  Sermons,"  all  which  shejnr 
more  industry  than  genius,  but  some  of  them  are  consulted 
as  repositories  of  facts  and  opinions.' 

BOUGH  (John),  an  English  prelate,  memorable,  for  the 
firm  and  patriotic  stand  which  be  made  against  the  tyraooyi 
aad  bigotry  of  James  11.  was  the  son  of  John  Hough,  a- 
citizen  of  London,  descended  from  the  Hoiighs  of  I^eightoa. 
in  Cheshire,  and  of  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  fi{pb» 
Byrche  of  Leacroft  in  the  county  of  Stafford,  esq.  He  wa9) 
born  in  Middlesex,  April  12,  1651  ;  and,  after  having  re.^i 
chived  his  education  either  at  Birmingham  or  Walsall  in 
Staffordshire,  was  entered  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,* 
Nov.  12,  lfi69f  and  in  a  few  years  was  elected  a  fellow. 
Qe  took  >i>rdei:s  in  J  675,  and  in  1678  was  appointed  do-- 
mes^tic  9haplain  to  the  duke  of  Ormond,  at  that  time  lord: 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  went  over  with  him  to. that; 
country;  but  ,bo  returned  soon  after,  and  in  1685  was^ 
made  a  pre^beajc^ary  of  Worcester.  He  was  also  presented^ 
to  the  rectory  of  Tempsford  in  Bedfordshire,  in  the  gilt  of 
the  crown.  From  these  circumstances,  it  should  seem  that, 
bf  must  have,  been  considered  as  a  man  of  talents  and. 
merits  before  he  acted  the  conspicuous  part  be  did  im 
October  1687.,       . 

in  Marph  of  (hat  year,  the  presidentship  of  Magdalen 
college  being  vacant  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Henry  Clai^ke, 
t5e,  .usual  notice  was  given  that  the  election  of  a  president 
wouldtakepljice  on  the  1 3  th  of  April;  but  the  fellows 
be^ng  afterwards  informed,  that  his  majesty  James  IL  bad 
i;raiited  letters  maadatory,  requiring  them  tp .  elecl  Mr.; 

*  Moreri.— Diet,  jyiist, 


«l»  HOUGH. 

Antbony  Farmer,  who  kid  not  been  feffow  either  of  tfaif, 
or  New  college,  as  indispensably  required  by  the  statu tes, 
Irho  bad  also  given  strong  proofs  of  hidtfflerence  to  all 
reiigions,  and  whom  they  tboaght  unfit  ki  other  respects  to 
he  tbeif  president,  petitioned  the  king,  either  to  leaye  tbem 
to  the  discharge  of  their  doty  and  conscience,  and'  to  theif 
£emiider's  statutes,  or  to  recommend  such  a  person  as  might 
be  more  serviceable  to  bis  majesty  and  to  the  college. 
No  answer  being  given  to  this  petition,  they  met  on  the 
ISth  of  April,  but  adjourned  first  to  the  14th,  and  then  to 
lile  15th,  the  last  day  limited  by  the  statutes  for  the  election 
of  a  president,  and  having  still  received  no  answer  (except 
a  i^rbal  one  by  the  rev.  Thomas  Smith,  one  of  the  fellows, 
fttmi  lord  Sunderland,  president  of  the  council,  which  was^^ 
•that  his  majesty  expected  to  be  obeyed**)  they  proceeded 
to  the  election,   according  to   the  usual  forms,    and  the' 
Mev.  Mr.  Hough  was  chosen,  who  is  stated  in  the  college 
register  to  be  ^'a  gentleman  of  liberality  and  firmness, 
phoj  by  the  simplicity  and  purity  of  his  moral  character, 
by  the  mildness  of  his  disposition,  and  the  happy  teiiipe- 
mmeiit  of  his  virtues,  and  many  good  qualities,  had  given 
everyone  ijeason  to  expect  that  he  would  be  a  distinguished 
omaioent  to  the  college,  and  to  the  whole  university." 
'  He  was  accordingly  presented  next  day,  April  16,  to  the 
mitor,'  Dr.  Mews,  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  was  the  same 
day  sworti  in  president  of  the  college.     He  returned  next 
day,  and  was  solemnly  installecT  in  the  chapel.     Many  ap- 
plieations  were  made  to  the  king  during  this  and  the  foi- 
Iftwihg  month  in  behalf  of  the  fellows,  both  by  themselves, 
llie  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  by  the  d like  of  Ormond, 
phaftcellor  of  the  university  :  notwithstanding  which,  they 
were  ^ired'to  appear  at  Whitehall,  in  June  following,  before 
Iria  majesty's  commissioners  for  ecclesiastici^l  causes,  who 
decreed  that  the  election  of  Mr.  Hough,  who  had  novi^ 
taken  his  doctor's  degree,  was  void,  and  that  be  be  amoved 
firom  his  office  of  president.     Still  as  Farmer's  iporal  cha-» 
racter  was  too  strong  to  get  over,  another  mandate  was  sent 
to  the  fellows  on  August  27,  to  admit  Dr.  Samuel  Parker 
president,  who  was  at  that  time  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  a 
Roman  Catholic.     But  this  was  declined,  9n  the  ground 
of' the  office  being  full,   and' being  directly  contrary  to 
their  statutes  and  the  oath  they  had  taketi,  although  tho^ 
king  went  to  Oxford  in  Septe_mber  Jn  order  to  enforce  hi» 
mandate,  attended  by  lord  Sunderland  and  others.    Among 


^66e  was  ^1^  c^l»br9kt(Ki  WUliUpi'  Paon  the  qiiaker,  wiuKW 
influence  with  his  brethc^Hi  w^  the  dissenters  in  general, 
Jfames  II.  inade^  u^e  of  tQ  pnoQi^e  bU  own  designs  in  favour 
Qf  popery,  qoider  tbe  cg^QUc  qf  a.  general  toieratioa  and 
suspeusiqn  ol'  the  p^nal  lavfs  against  all  sectavies,  as  wel| 
as  against  th^  R^pipan  cattbolic^*  Peno^s  interference  in  the 
present  business,  bQWever9-4o.es  n^  appear  to  bai«rbeen 
improper.  He  even  allowed,  after  making  hinuelf  ap^ 
quainted  with  the  circu.n^Btanqes  of  the  case,  that  the 
'^  fellows  could  not  yield  obedience  without  a  hreacb  of 
their  oaths,  and  that  such  rasM^dates  wete  a  force  on  con^ 
science,  and  not  figroeablei  tP  the  king's  other  gsacious 
^nduigencii^s.*' 

The  kingj  however,  witb  wboni  no  good  advice  bad  aajp 
weight,  as  soq9  as  be  arrived  at  Oxford,  sent  for  the  fel* 
lows,  Sept.  4,  to  attend  bim  in  person,  at  thrqe  ui  tbw 
afternoon,  at  Christ  Cborgb,  of  which  the  bishop  of  Ox- 
^ford  was  de^n,  Th/^  fellows  accordingly  attended,  and 
presented  a  petijti9Q|  recapitinjiating  their  obligations  to 
obey  tbe  st^tutf^,  ^q*  which  the  king  refused  to  accept, 
ai^d  tbreate^ed  tbeiP>  in  9  very  gross  n^anner,.  wi|h  the 
vifhql^  weight  of  bis  diAple^s.i|re,  if  they  did  not  ^dmit  the  , 
bishop  of  Oxford,  wl)ich  tbey  intimated  w^  pot  in  their 
fower;  add  hjsving  returned  tp  their  chapel,  and  bein^ 
^ked  by  the  sepior  fellow  whether  tbey  would  elect  the 
Jt^ishopo?  Oxford  their  president,  they  all  answered  in  theip 
turn,  tl^  it  beipg  contrary  to  their  statutes,  and  to  the 
po^itiv;e  o^tU  which  they  bad  taken,  they  did  not  apprehend 
it  wa^  in  tbf^ir  power.  Their  refusal  was  foikkwod  by  the 
appointment  of  certain  (ords  comptiissioners.  to  visit  the 
college.  These  were,^  Cactj^right^  bishop  of  Chester,  sir 
llobert  Wright^  chief  justice  of  the  king's  h^ncb,  and  sip 
Thomas  J^inqeri  J^suron  of  the  exchequer,  whq  cited  th^ 
pretended  president^  as  be  wa^  called,  and  the  fellows,  to 
appear  befpre  tUoiU  fit  ]V(|igdAlen  college  on  Oct.  21,  the 
day  before  which  the  commissioners  had  arrived  at  Oxford, 
witb  the  parade  of  three  troops,  of  horse.  Having  assem- 
bled on  the  day  .appointed  in  the  bnll,  and  their  conunis* 
lion  read,  the  na^ues  pf  the,  president  and  fellows  were 
called  over,  and  Dr.  Hough  was  mentioned  first.  It 
was  upon  this*  occ^istrtn  that  he  behaved  with  tliat  cou-, 
rage  and  iiitrepidity,.  prude"^^  and  temper,  which  will- 
endear  his  nitjmory  to  the*  latest  posterity.  The  commis-' 
sioners,  towevqf,  struck  bis.n^me  out  of  the  bool^s  of  tb^ 


iM  HO  u  o  h: 

new  buildihg  %t  that  piece  of  his  edncatidti.  He  Iik6wis€ 
contributed  1000/.  tovnird9  building  All  Saints  church  .  in 
Worcester.  In  1715  the  metropolitan  chair  was  offered  Id 
him,  on  the  death  of.  archbishop  Tenison,  whi^h  lie  de« 
clined,  from  the  too  modest  and  hambk  ftentiments  which 
he  entertained  of  himself  j  but  afterwards^  in  1717,  he 
succeeded  brshop  Lloyd  in  the  see  of  Worcester.  As  his 
pabti{i  betoefactibns  baT«  been  just'tnentibned^  it  is  neces- 
sary to  add  that  bis  private  acts  of  charily  were  very  exten-* 
sive.  Hisusirai  itiaunerof  Itvingwasajgreeable  to hisftinction, 
hospiuble  i^ithout  proftis^ness,  and  his  conversation  with 
ail  was  full  of  humanity  and  candour,  as  well  as  prudeftt 
atid  instruetive. 

His  earliest  biographer  says,  that  ^^  his  heavenly  templef 
of  mind,  his  contempt  of  the  world,  and  his  indifference 
to  life,  were  most  visible  in  the  latj:er  period  of  his  own ;  bin 
firm  faith  in  the  promises  of  the  goipel  exerted  itself  most 
remarkably  in  his  declining  years,  as  well  in  conversatibn 
with  some  of  his  friends  about  bis  hopes  of  a  better  state, 
and  even  in  his  own  private  thoughts  on  the  nature  of  that 
state,  as  in  several  letters  to  others  about  the  gradual  decay 
of  his  body,    the  just  sense  he  had  of  bis  approaching 
dissolution,  and  his  entire  resignation  to  the  will  of  Goo. 
As  he  had  on  many  occasions  expressed  his  Weil-grounded 
hopes  of  immortality,  so  they  gradu£llly  grew  stronger  oft 
him,  aud  seemed  to  be  more  vigorous  in  proportion  to  the' 
decays  of  bis  body.    Indeed,  even  the  temper  of  histtiind 
bore  so  just  a  proportion  to  bis  well-tempered  constitution 
of  body,  as  by  an  happy  result  of  both,  to  extend,  his  age 
to  thie  beginning  of  his  ninety-third  year,  and  almost  to 
the  completion  of  the  fiity-tbird  year  of  his  episcdpate* 
But  he  cast  only  a  cursory  eye  upon  (he  minute  distine-'' 
tioAs  of  human  life,  as  the  whole  is  at  best  of  a  short' 
duration.     Bishop  Hougb^s  lamp  of'  life  burnt  clear,  if  not 
bright,  to  the  Istst;  and  though  his  body  was  iVeak,  he  had' 
no  pain  or  sickness,  as  he  himself  acknowledged  on  several 
occai»ons,  not  only  at  a  censiderable  distance  from  hn 
death,  but  even  a  few  minutes  before  he  expired.^   A  little 
before  his  death,   he  wrote  a  letter  to  his  friend    lord 
Digby,  where  we  find  the  following  remarkable  words: 
f^  I  am  weak  and  forgetful-— ^ in  other  res|)ect8r  i  have  ease 
to  a  degree  beyond  what  I  dtirst  have  thoilght  on,  when 
years  began  to  multiply  upon  me^     I  wait  contentedly  for 
a  deliverance  out  of  this  life  into  ^  belter,  in  humbis 


'^ 


H  O  U  O  fl.  fit 

lonfid^nc^  that  bj  the  mercy  of  God,  through  tbe  m^rita 
of  his  Son,  I  shall  stand  at  the  Resurrection  otl  his  right 
hand*'  And  when  you,  my  lord,  have  ended  those  days 
which  are  to  come,  which  I  pray  may  be  many  and'  com-* 
fortable,  as  ioopceatly  and  bs  exemplary  as  those  which  are 
passed,  I  doubt  not  of  our  meeting  in  that  state  where  the 
joys  are  unspeakable,  and  will  always  endure."  He  died 
March  8,  1743^  and  was  hnried  in  Worcester  cathedral 
sear  bis  wife,  where  his  memory  is  preserred  by  aa  elegant 
aioDument  ,  . 

It  does  not  appear  that  Dr.  Hough  ever  prepared-  any 
thing  for  the  press,  except  eight  occasional  sermons,  and 
he  gave  a  strict  charge  that  none  should  be  published  from 
his  manuscripts  after  his  death.  Many  of  his  letters,  how« 
ever,  with  various  important  docuilients  to  illustrate  bis 
character  and  public  services,  have  lately  been  given  to 
the  world  in  a  splendid  publication,  entitled  <VThe  Life  of 
the  rev.  John  Hough,  D.  D.  &c.'^  by  John  Wilmot,  esq« 
F.  R.  S.  and  S.  A.  To  this  we  are  indebted  for  the  pre^ 
^ceding  sketch;  and  Mn  Wilmot  has  accumulated  so  much 
inforniation  respecting  Dr.  Hough,  that  it  is  now  uoneces*. 
sary  to  refer  to  any  other  authority.  ^ 

HOULIERES(Antoniettadela  Gari>e  Dps),  a  French 
poetess^  was  born  at  Paris  in  163S,  and.  possessed  all  the 
charms  of  her  sex,  and  wit  enough  to  shine  in  the  age  of 
Louis  XIV.  Her  taste  for  poetry  was  cultivated  by  the 
celebrated  poet  Henault,  who  is  said  to  have  instructed  her 
in  all  he  knew,  or  imagined  he  knew.;  but  she  not  only 
imitated  him  fn  his  poetry,  but  also  in  his  irreligion ;  for. 
her  verses  savour  strongly  of  Epicureanism.  She  com*, 
posefl  epigrams,  odes,  eclogues,  tragedies;  but  succeed* 
ed  best  in  the  idyllium  or  pastoral,  which  some  affirm 
she  carried  to  perfection.  She  died  at  ParLs  in  1694, 
and  left  a  da^ighter  of  her  own  name,  who  had  some  talent 
for  poetry,  but  inferior  to  that  of  her  mother.  The  first 
verses,  however,  composed  by  this  lady,  bore  away  the 
prize  at  the  French  academy  ;  which  was  highly  to  her 
honour,  if  it  be  true,  as  is  reported,  that  Fontenelle  wrote 
at  the  sanae  ttme^  a/nd  upon  the  same  subject.  .  She  was  a 
menhber  of  the  academy  of  the  Ricovrati  of  Padua,  as  was 
ber  moither,  who  wfas  also  of  that  of  Ar}es.  She  died  at 
Paris  in  1718,     The  works  of  these  two  ladies  were  col- 

»  Life,  as  abore. 


tU  HOULIERES. 

fectivjsly  published  in  1747,  in  2  vols.  12ino.  Several 
maxims  of  the  elder  of  these  ladies  are  mncb  cited  by 
French  writers ;  as,  that  on  gaming,  *^  On  commende  par 
4tre  dupe^  on  finit  par  £tre  fripon.''  People  begin  dtipes, 
and  end  rogues.  And  that  on  self-love:  <^  Nui  n'est  con- 
tent de  sa  fortune,  ni  m^content  de  son  esprit.''  No  one 
is  satisfied  with  bis  fortune,  or  dissatisfied  with  his  talents. ' 

HOUSTON  (WiLUAM),  an  able  promoter  of  exotic 
botany  in  England,  went  first  to  the  West  Indies,  in  the 
character  of  a  surgeon,  and  upon  his  return,  after  two 
years'  residence  at  Leyden,  took  his  degrees  in  physic 
under  Boerhaave,  in  1728  and  1729.  At  Leyden  be  insti*' 
tuted  a  set  of  experiments  on  brutes ;  some  of  which  were 
made  in  concert  with  the  celebrated  Van  Swieten.  They 
were  afterwards  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
under  the  title  of  ^*  Experimenta  de  perforatione  thoracis, 
ejusque  in  respiratione  affectibus,"  the  result  of  which 
proved,  contrary  to  the  common  opinion,  that  animals 
could  Jive  and  breathe  for  some  time,  although  air  was 
freely  admitted  into  both  cavities  of  the  thorax.  Soon 
after  his  return  from  Holland,  he  was  in  1732  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and  went  immediately  to  the 
West  Indies,  where  he  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  heat  of  the 
climate,  July  14,  1733.  He  had  previously  sent  over  a 
description  and  figure,  of  the  dorsteria  contrayerva,  which 
were  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  voL 
XXXVII.  This  was  the  first  authentic  account  receiv€|d 
of  that  drug,  although  known  in  England  from  the  time  oF 
sir  Francis  Drake,  oV  earlier.  He  also  sent  to  his  friend 
Mr.  Miller,  of  Chelsea,  the  seeds  of  many  rare  and  new 
plants  collected  by  him  in  the  islands.  His  MS  Catalogue 
of  plants  also  came  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Miller,  and  after 
his  death  into  the  possession  of  sir  Joseph  Banks,  who, 
out  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  so  deserving  a  man,  gra- 
tified the  botanists  with  the  publication  of  them,  under  the 
title  of  ^^  Reliquise  Houstonianss,   1781,  4to.* 

HOUTEVILLE  (Claude  Francis),  a  native  of  Paris, 
was  eighteen  years  a  member  of  the  .congregation  called 
the  oratory,  and  afterwards  secretary  to  cardinal  Dubois, 
by  whom  be  was  much  esteemed.  He  was  appointed  in 
.1742  perpetual  secretary  to  the  French  academy,  but  did 

« 

1  Moreri. — Diet.  Hist. — ^Biog.  OalHca. 
•  Fttlteney't  Hist,  and  Bk>s.  Sketckei. 


H  O  O  T  E  V  I  L  L  E.  «« 

not  foog  eiipf' bit 'prdfeMiietit>  far  lie  dM  thd  bMie-year, 
litting  iiAMMit  filly- four  yean^  did.  iie  ptfblished  a  #ork 
efltMed  ^Lft  Verii)6  de  la  Religion  G^if^ienne  frouv^  par 
fas  ieoiti^^  riie  liiMer  €diiions  of  v^nch  are  for  9a^(>«rior  to 
dw  iirft.  Tbe  foedt  ledkUm  is  that  <ili  Paris,  1741,  3  voh, 
410.  TIms  4>ook  had  an  aatofiishitig  ^uctess  on  its  first  ap« 
pearance ;  but  sunk  afterwards  kito  a  state  cf  discredit  n^ 
kas  aBtDnbfaing :  it  jiad  been  extdiled  too  highly  at  6rst, 
and  ^ftarwards  %O0  ttinok  depreciated.  The  style  is  af« 
&ated|  and  tbe  aoiiior  lays  down  ^iseless  principles,  and, 
•ome  MflMi,  ey^ti  sooh  as  are  dangerous  and  hurtful  to  his 
oatne.  His  proofs  are  not  always  solid  or-well  ehosen ; 
bat  li»e  is tpaiilioalarly  Maitioafbie  for' having  separated  th^ 
difficukies  and  Q^ectififns^m'^be  proofs  brougbt  against 
diem.  By  thus  heaping  ob^eeVions  on  e^bjections  at  the 
end  df  his 'Wioi4t|  afid  gi'^ng  rery  short  and  concise  answer$ 
fortfear^df  repetitions,  be  gives  greater  force  to  the  former 
than  to  fiA»^  latter,  makes  us  ime  sight  of  his  proofs,  and 
seatns to  destroy  what  be'had  established.  ^ 

iiHi>Y£D£N  (Itoofift  de),  an  English  historian,  Who 
flourished  in  die  refijgn  of  Henry  H.  "wcts  bora  in  Yorkshire, 
must  probably  in  tbe  «€ywn  of  that  name,  was  of  a  good 
family,  and  Jmd  beyond  the  year  1204,  biH'the  exact  pe- 
Biads  of  his  birth  anddetoth  are  not  known;  He  is  said  to 
iMMre  'hsid  -some  situation  i<n  the  fatnily  of  Hehry  H.  and  to 
hatie  bean  employed  by  that' ^monarch  in  conmlentitll  ^r^ 
vioeB,*  such  as  visiting  ad^iasteries.  He  was  by  profession 
a  ibwyer,  <bm,  hke*  other  lawyers  of  efaat  time,  in  tbe 
^dMirch,  and  aliio  a  professor  of  theology  at  Oxfoi^d.  After 
the  death  of  Henry^  be  applied  himself  diligently  to  the 
•rviting  of  Msitory,  an^  composed  annals,  which  he  com- 
meaeed  at  cive'  year  731,  tlie  period  where  Bede  left  off, 
and  oontinuefd  to  the  third  year  of  king  John,  1 202.  Tli^se 
annals  were  first  published  by  Savile  ainong  the  Hbtorici 
Anglici,  in  1595,  and  reprinted  at  Francfort  in  1601,  folio, 
in  tiMo  books.  Leiandsays  of  him,  "  If  we  fconsider  his 
dihgence^  his  kfiowiedge  of  antiquity,  and  his  religious 
Sitriotn^ss  of  veracit}'^^  he  may  be^considered  as  having  sur- 
passed, HOtoiAy  the  rude  historiaMsof  the  preceding  ssi^s, 
biftteven^wlviteould  have  befen  expected  of  himself.  If  to 
that  fidelity,  which  is  the  fir^t  quality  of  a  historfanj  he  had 
joif»ed  a4ittie  moiie  elegance  of 'Latin  style,  he  might  have 

'«  Moteri.i— Diet  HItt, 

Vol.  XVIII.  Q 


fae  H  O  V  E  D  E  N. 

stoodthe  first  among  the  authprs of  that  class/*  Vossius 
says  that  he  wrote  also  a  history  of  the  Northumbrian  kings, 
and  a  life  of  Thoinasil  Becket.  Edward  the  Third  caused 
a  diligent  search  to  he  made  for  the  works  of  Hoveden 
when  he.  was  endeatouring  to  ascertain  his  title  to  the  crowq 
of  Scotland.  Savile  bears  the  same  testimony  to  his  fide- 
lity that  we  have  seen  given  by  Leland.' 

HOW  (William),  the  first  English  botanist  who  gave  a 
sketch  of  what  is  called  a  ''  Flora,^'  was  born  in  London  in 
1619y  and  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  school.  He 
became  a  commoner  of  St.  John's  college  in  1637,  took 
his  degree  of  B.  A*  in  1641|  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1645^ 
and  began  to  study  medicine,  but  we  do  not  find  that,  be 
graduated  in  that  faculty,  although  he  was  commonly 
called  Dr.  How.  ,  With  many  other  scholars  of  that.time^ 
he  entered  into  the  royal  army,  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  captain  in  a  troop  of  horse.  Upon  the  decline  of 
the  king's  aflTairs  he  prosecuted  his  studies  in  physic,  and 
began  to  practise*  His  residence .  was  first  in  Lawrence^ 
lane,  and  then  in  Milk> street.  He  died  about  the  begin- 
ning  of  Sept«  1656,  and  was  buried  by  the  grave  of  his 
mother  in  St.  Margaret's  churchy  Westminster ;  leaving 
behind  him,  as  Wood  says,  '*  a  choice  lib^ry  .of  books  of 
bis  faculty,  and  the  character  of  a  noted  hetbajist."  The 
work  which  he  published,  Cto  which  we  have  alluded,  was 
entitled  **  Phytolpgia  Britannica,  natales  exbibens  indige* 
narum  Stirpium  sponte  emergentium,"  Lond«  1650,  I2mo, 
This  list  contains  1220  plants,  which  (as  few  mosses  and 
«  fungi  are  enumerated)  is  a  copious  catalogue  for  that  time, 
tfven  admitting  the  varieties  which  the  present  state  of 
botany  would  reject,  but  there  are  many  articles  in  it  which . 
have  no  title  to  a  place  as  indigenous  plants  of  England. 

HOWARD  (Th6mas),  earl  of  Surrey*  and  duke  of 
Norfolk,  an  eminent  commander  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  was  born  in  1473,  and  brought  up  to  arms,  and  soon 
after  the  accession  of  Henry  was  decorated  with  the  knight*- 
hood  of  the  garter.  He  served  with  bis  brother  3ir  Edward, 
against  sir  Andrew  Barton,,  a  Scotch  free-booter,  or  pirate,: 
who  perished  in  the  action.  When  his  brother,  sir  Ed* 
ward,  was  killed  in  an  action  near  Brest,  in  1513,.  be  was 
appointed  to  the  office  in  his  stead,  and  in  the  capacity  of 
high  admiral  he  effectually  cleared  the  channel  of  Freuch 

I  Leiaod.— TaDoer.— >NicoUou^s  HiftQrical  Library. 


HOWARD.  227 

cruisers.     The  Tictory  of  Flodden-fidld,  in  which  the  king 
of  Scotland  was  slain^  was  chiefly  owing  to  his  valour  and 
good  conduct     For  this  his  father  was  restored  to  the  titi0 
of  duke  of  Norfolk,  and  the  title  of  eari  of  Surrey  was  con- 
ferred on^him.     In  1521  be  was  sent  to  Ireland  as  lord« 
lieutenatit,  chiefly  for  the  purpose,  it  was  thought,  of  hay- 
iiig  him  out  of  the  way  during  the  proceedings  against  his 
father-inJaw,  the  duke  of  Buckingham.     Here  he  was 
very  instrumental  in  suppressing  the  rebellion,  and  having 
served  there  two  years  be  returned,  and  had  the  Command 
of  the  fleet  against  France.     By  the  death  of  bis  father  he 
succeeded   to   the  title  and  estates  as  duke  of  Norfolk. 
Notwithstanding  his  great  services,  Heniy,  at  the  close  of 
his  tyrannical  life  and  reign,  caused  the  duke  to  be  sent 
to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  and  his  son  to 
be  beheaded  in  his  presence.    The  death  of  the  king  saved 
the  duke's  life.     He  was,  however,  detained  prisoner  du- 
ring the  whole  of  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  but  one  of  the 
first  aets  of  Mary,  after  her  accession  to  the  throne,  was 
to  liberate  him.     He  was,  after  this,  the  principal  instru- 
ment in  suppressing  the  rebellion  excited  by  sir  Thomas 
Wyatt.     He  died  in  August   1554,    having    passed   bis 
eightieth  year.     He  was  father  to  the  illustrious  subject 
of  our  neitt  article.  * 

HOWARD  (Henry),  Earl  of  Suhrey,  This  highly- 
accomplished  nobleman  has  been  peculiarly  unfortunate  in 
his  biographers^  nor  is  there  in  the  whole  range  of  the 
English  series,  a  life  written  with  less  attention  to  proba*^ 
bility.  Even  the  few  dates  on  which  we  can  depend  have, 
been  overlooked  with  a  neglect  that  is  wholly  unaccount- 
able in  men  so  professedly  attentive  to  these  matters,  a$ . 
Birch,  Walpole,  and  Wartoii.  The  story  usually  told  con- 
sists of  the  following  particulars  : 

Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Thomas,  the  third  duke  of  Norfolk,  lord  high  treasurer  of 
England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Edivard  Stailbrd,  duke  of  BuckiTiglHa.m.  He  was  born 
either  at  his  fatber-s  seat  at  Framlingham,  in  Suffolk,  or 
in  the  oity  of  Westminster,  and  being  a  child  of  great 
hopes,  all  imagitiahje  care  was  taken  of  his  education. 
When  he  wa^  very  young  he  was  companion,  at  Windsor 
castle,  with  Henry   Fitzroy,  duke  of  Richmond^  natural 

>  CqIHqi's  Pelage,  hf  Sir  S«  Brydges. 
Q   2 


$M  H  O  W  V*  R  D. 

•on  feo  Henfiy  VIII.  iMid  4iftetwavdft  ^l^deafc  in  C^Mrdinal 
coUog^  fioW  Ohri^l  Cbi»r4$b»  0«for4  Iq  15^2  be  yifm 
wiA  4be  diibe  f>f  KichiMOfid  «t  Piiri%  «ii4  coi^iim^  ifeere 
for  sooM  tme  in  ^e  ^d^aoMlion  of  bis  slttdW^  ^nd  )9£Hr^ 
ing  0he  Prencb  l^nguaf^ ;  fwd  ^oti  tb^deaib  0f  ^ai  i^ki^ 
m^tHily  iSB^y  4ivsw«Ued  4nie  <i!iesiiifiA5V  ^6tfe  be  resided 
«Mie  time  at  tbe  6«|)ef(9r*B  xeuit,  en^  *tbeni«e  n^^t  t0 
Fiorenoe,  wbere  -be  ^U  io  love  with  tbe  f^k  <7era(diin^ 
ibe  jgreat  -obj  eet  of  %%s  'poetktd  «bddf essed>.  and  hi  ibe  griMid 
dake*8  coiKt  publfsbeci  a  ob«Uei:i^&  agakiM  lell  W|o  ^b»iild 
dispute  her  beauty;  *wbiOh  diallesge  jbc^Qg  aco«!flled>  ka 
catne  4>ff  viotopieus^  ^r  this  applH^ved  ^alour^  ^be-ckabe 
^  Fldrende  wade  -bkb  large  effefa  te&^y  MHitb  bHiif  4)M 
he  refuised  ib^nb  beealirae  be  ifiteiided  lo  4efetKl  %be  boiiovut 
of  bis  Gersttdine  in  all  Dbe  obief  cities  lof  Itaibp.  But  tfajs 
design  of  his  i^^as  diverted  by  letters  sent  to  bim  by  kintg 
He^nry  \Uh  'reoalKog  him  to  Kngiandi  IS<e  left  Itaiy^  there- 
fore, where  be  had  oukiyated  bis  poeiieel ^genius  by  the 
treading  of  tbe  .^greatest  writers  of  tbat  ocmtAiy^  and  'Re- 
turned Ho  'bis  own  countryy  where  be  was  considered  as 
one  of  the  fiist  of  tbe  £ngUsb  nobility,  who  adoroed*bis 
i>tgh  birth  with  the 'advantages  of  a  polite  ttfste  utid  exten* 
sive  literatutve.  On  the  first  of  May,  1540,  he  was  one  o£ 
the  chief  of  those  who  justed  at  Westminster,  'as  a  defend- 
ant, against  i^ir  Joha  Dudley ,  sir  IHionili^s  S4ykii6m4%  atnd 
other  cballenlgers,  tvheiFe  be  bebaved  himself  with  ad« 
mirabie  •courage,  and  ^eat  skill  in  the  use  of  bis  arms, 
and,  in  1540,  served  in  the  army,  of  which  bis  father  was 
lieutenant-^general,  and  which,  in  October  thut  year,  en* 
tered  Scotland,  and  burnt  divers  ^iUs^ges.  In  February  ot 
March  foUowii^,  he  was  <:onfined  W  Windsor  castle. for 
eating  flesh  in  Lent,  contrary  to  the  king^s  proctatnation 
of  t|)e  9th  of  February  1542.  In  1544,  upon  the  expe* 
dition  to.  Boulogne,  in  France,  he  wiais  field^-inarshal  of  the 
English  army;  and  after  takirtg  that  town,  being  tben 
knight  of  tbe  garter,  be  y^as  iii  the  b^inning  of  September 
li545,  oonstitiited  the  kiiig^.s  lieutenant  and  ctiptain^general 
of  all  his  army  within  the  town  and  country  of  Boulogne. 
During  his  comomnd  there  in  1546,  bearing  that  a  convoy 
of  proi^isions  of  the  .enemy  was  coming  to  the  fort  at  Oul- 
treao,  be  resolved  to  intercept  it ;  but  the  Rbingrare,  with 
fdur  thousand  Laoskinets,  together  with  a  considejrable 
number  of  French  under  the  marshal  de  Biez,  making  a^ 
obstinate  defeijce,  the* English  were  routed,  and  sir  Ed- 


B  O  W  A  R  B.  M» 


I 


WBoA  MtyniogS)  wl4k  dkatft  oihm$  ^mtthmen^  %litidy  and 
tk%  m9itl  of  Surrej  hknsdlf  cibUgtd  to  fty  ^  though  it  afipoM^ 
by  a  lcrtt#f  of  bis  to  the  Icings,  i&ieA  Januai^  ft,  1 4f45«6,  that 
diitt  atfvsfitage  cost  the  €ii«iiiy  a  gveat  uunxbeF  of  nma* 
But  tbeliiiig  was  to  highly  displeased  with  thii  iU  saccofs^ 
tha^  from  that  tiMO  be  contracted  a  pfojadiee  against  thf 
#arl,  and,  soon  alt#r^  removed  faiai  from  bis  coiiMnatid, 
afipoifitiiig  the  oari  of  liertfbrd  to  so^eeed  hiin.     On  this 
firWilKaai  Paget  wrate  to  the  earl  of  Surrey  to  advise  hiai 
ie  procure  some  emittent  post  unAer  the  earl  of  Hertford, 
that  he  might  f>ot  he  impro^id^  m  the  town  amtJlM.    The 
earl  heivftg  desiirous^  in  the  meaa  time,  so  legaio  his  for* 
aser  trnf^mr  with  the  kifig^  shirmi^ed  agariist  the  Frendi^ 
and  routed  them;  but,  soon  after,  writing  o?er  to  th^ 
kin^s  council,  that  as  the  enemy  had  east  much  larger 
eannoR  ihw  had  been  yet  seef»,  with  whkb  they  imagined 
they  sbouM  soon  demcjish  Boulogne,  it  deserved  const* 
ders^on,  ¥i4ietber  the  lower  town  should  stand,  as  not 
h<diiig   defensible,  tht  eouneil  ordered  him  to  return   to 
England,  in  order  to  represent  Ms  sentiments  asore  folly 
apon  those  points,  and  the  earl  of  Hertford  was  imme* 
dioteiy  sent  oif^rJn  his  room.    This  ei?aspfef«tfng  the  earl 
of  8un^,  occasioned  htm  to  let  faU  some  expressions 
which  savoured  of  reveiige,  and  a  dislike  of  the  king,  and 
aU  hatred  of  his  dounsetlors  i  and  was,  probably,  one  great 
cause  of  bis  ruin  soon  after.     His  fittber,  the  duke  of  Nor- 
folk, had  endeavoured  to  ally  himself  to  the  earl  of  Hert^ 
ford,  and  to  his  brother,  sir  Thomas  8eymour>  perceiving 
how  much  they  were  in  the  king*s  ftlvojur,  and  how  great 
an  interest  they  were  likely  to  hate  under  the  succeeding 
prince ;  and  therefore  he  would  have   engaged  his  son, 
being  then  a  widower  (having  lost  hts  wife  Frances,  daughter 
of  John  earl  of  Oxford),  to  marry  the  earl  of  Hertford** 
daughter,  and  pressed  his  daughter,  the  duchess  of  Rich* 
mond,  widow  of  the  king's  natural  son,  to  marry  sir  Tho- 
mas Seymour.     But  though  the  earl  of  Surrey  advised  his 
sister  to  the  marriage  projected  for  her,  yet  he  would  not 
consent  to  that  designed  for  himself;  nor  did  the  propo- 
sition about  himself  take  effect.     The  Seymours  could  not 
but  perceive  the  enmity  which  the  earl  bore  them ;  and 
they  ihight  weH  be  jealous  of  the  greatness  of  the  Howard 
fSsimily,  which  was  not  only  too  considerable  for  subjects,  of 
itself,  but  was  raised  so  high  by  the  dependence  of  the 
whole  popish  party,  both  at  home  'and  abroad,  that  they 


2S0  HOWARD. 

were  likely  to  be  very  dangerous,  competitors  for  tte  chief 
government  of  aiEairs,  if  the  king  should  die,  whose  disease 
was  now  growing  so  fast  upon  him  that  he  could  not  live 
many  weeks.  Nor  is  it.  improbable,  that  they  persuaded 
the  king,  that,  if  the  earl  of  Surrey  should  marry  the 
princess  Mary,  it  might  embroil  his  son's  government,  and^ 
perhaps,  ruin  him.  And  it  was  suggested  that  he  had 
some  such  high  project  in  his  thoughts,  both  by  his  con* 
tinuing  unmarried,  and  by  his  using  the  arms  of  Edward 
the  Confessor,  which,  of  late,  he  had  given  in  his  coat 
without  a  diminution.  To  complete  the  duke  of  Norfolk's 
and  bis  son's  ruin,  his  duchess,  who  had  complained  of  his 
using  her  ill,  and  had  been  separated  from  him  about  four 
years,  turned  informer  against  him.  And  the  earl  and  his 
siscer,  the  duchess  dowager  of  Richmond,  being  upon  ill 
teru)s  together,  she  discovered  all  she  knew  against  him ; 
as  likewise  did  one  Mrs.  Holland,  for  whom  the  duke  was 
believed  to  have  had  an  unlawful  affection.  But  all  these 
discoveries  amounted  only  to  some  passionate  expressions 
of  the  son,  and  some  complaints  of  the  father,  who  thought 
he  was  not  beloved  by  the  king  and  his  counsellors,  and 
that  he  was  ill  used  in  not  being  trusted  with  the  secret 
of  affairs.  However,  all  persons  being  encouraged  to  bring 
informations  against  them,  sir  Richard  Southwel  chsMrged 
the  earl  of  Surrey  in  some  points  of  an  higher  nature ; 
which  the  earl  denied,  and  desired  to  be  admitted,  accord- 
ing to  the  martial  law,  to  fight,  in  his  shirt,  with  sir  Jli- 
chard. .  But,  that  not  being  granted,  he  and  his  father 
were  committed  prii^oers  to  the  Tower  on  the -12th  of 
December  1646  ;  and  the  earl,  being  a  commoner,  was 
brought  to  his  trial  in  Guildhall,  on  the  13th  of  January 
following,  before  the  lord  chancellor,  the  lord  mayor,  and 
other  commissioners;  where  he  defended  himself  with 
great  skill  and  address,  sometimes  denying  the  accusa- 
tions, and  weakening  the  credit  of  the  witnesses  against 
him,  and  sometimes  interpreting  the  words  objected  to  him 
in  a  far  different  sense  from  what  bad  been  represented. 
For  the  point  of  bearing  the  arnis  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
he  justified  himself  by  the  authority  of  the  heralds.  And 
when  a  witness  was  produced,  who  pretended  to  repeat 
some  high  words  of  his  lordship's,  by  way  of  discourse, 
which  concerned  him  nearly,  and  provoked  the  witness  to 
re  urn  him  a  braving  answer;  the  oarl  left  it  to  the  jury  to 
JLC^^e  whether  it  was  probable  that  this  man  should  speak 


HOWARD.  231 

thus  to  hitDf  and  be  not  strike  him  again.  In  oonclusion, 
he  insisted  upon  his  innocence,  but  was  found  guilty,  and 
had  sentence  of  death  passed  upon  him.  He  was  beheaded 
on  Tower-hill  on  the  19th  of  January  1546-7;  and  his 
body  interred  in  the  church  of  All  Hallows  Barking,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Framlingham,  in  Suffolk. 

Such  is  the  account  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Birch  for  the  *'  lU 
lustrious  Heads,"  from  Anthony  Wood,  Camden,  Herbert, 
Dugdale,  «id  Burnet's  History  of  the  Reformation.  The 
principal  errors,  (corrected  in  this  transcription,)  are  his 
making  the  earl  of  Surrey  sen  to  the  second  duke  of  Nor* 
folk  *,  and  the  duke  of  Richmond  natural  son  to  Henry  the 
Seventh. 

His  next>  biographer  to  whom  any  respect  is  due  was 
the  late  earl  of  Orford,  in  his  Catalogue  of  **  Royal  and 
Noble  Authors.** :  The  account  of  Surrey,  in  this  work,  de- 
rives its  chief  tnmt  from  lord  Orford*s  ingenious  expla* 
nation  of  the  sonnet  on  Geraldine,  which  amounts  to  this, 
that  Geraldine  was  Elizabeth  (second  daughter  of  Grerald 
Fitzgerald  earl  of  Kildare),  and  afterwards  third  wife  of 
Edward  Clinton  earl  of  Lincoln;  and  that  Surrey  proba^ 
biy  saw  her  first  at  Hunsdon-house  in  Hertfordshire,  where, 
as  she  was  second  cousin  to  the  princesses  Mary,  and 
Elizabeth,  who  were  educated  in  this  place,  she  might 
have  been  educated  with  them,  and  Surrey,  as  the  com-? 
panion  of  the  duke  of  Richmond,  the  king's  natural  son, 
might  have  had  interviews  with  her,  when  the  duke  went 
to  visit  his  sisters.— -Ail  this  is  ingenious;  but  no  light  is 
thrown  upon  the  personal  history  of  th^  earl,  and  none  of 
the  difficulties,  however  obvious,  in  his  courtship  of  Gerald- 
ine removed,  or  even  hinted  at;  nor  does  lord  Orford 
condescend  to  inquire  into  the  dates  of  any  event  in  hia 
life. 

Mr.  Warton  commences  his  account  of  Surrey  by  ob- 
serving,  that  ^*  Lord  Surrey's  life  throws  so  much  light  on 
the  character  and  subjects  of  his  poetry,  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  consider  the  one,  without  exhibiting  a  few 
anecdotes  of  the  other.''  He  then  gives  the  memoirs  of 
Surrey  almost  in  the  words  of  lord  Orford,  except  in  the 
following  instances : 

*  The  same  error  appears  on  the  second  son  Henry  earl  of  Northamp- 
llioniimeut  erected  to  the  earl's  me-  too.  Dugdale  admits  the  error  in  p. 
Biory  at  FrsailiDfbAiD  in  1612,  by  bis     268^  but  corrects  it  in  p.  274.  vol.  IL 


i«3!  ttOWARDL 

^Afrieitclsfaipofthe  elosesi  kind  ooBUil6tf€iiig  Itft^vMH^ 
thene  ,\rwo  illustrioas  yowthsr  [Smrtey  and  th^  defkid  dl 
Riehmond)^  abotit  the  year  15B<^  tbey  were  both  removed 
t9  ibardinal  'WdUdy's  coiiieg^  at  Oxtfo«d.--^Tm)  y6ar»  after^ 
Wards  (153^2)  for  the  purpose  of  ibcqoiiini^  every  dccocil-^' 
plishment  of  aiv  etegant  edocauoiiy  the  cavl  a(5co«ftptnii<ed^ 
his  noble  friend  and  fdlow-papil  mta  Fra«eie,  wbftr«  ttbey 
received  kiog  HeUry,  on  bi»  arHval  at  Calais  t&  i^h^ 
Francis  I.  with  a  most  magtiificentt  fBtitiM.  The  Mwd^ 
riiip  of  these  two  yoilng  noblemen  was  soon  £{rr«ng«ben^d{ 
by  a  new  tie ;  for  Riehmoiid  Ofarried  the  lady  Mal'y  flow^ 
srd,  Surr^y^s  sister.  Richmond,  However,  appears  to^  bsvre 
died  in  the  year  1 53^6,  about  the  age  of  seventeen^  haviit^ 
never  cohabited  with  his  wifev  it  wa»  bng  before  S^irfey 
forgot  thd  tmtimely  losffcf  this  aqftableyomh,  1^6*  flpi^fvdf 
and  associate  of  bis  childhood,  and  who  neariy  tt^sefivlrted 
himself  in  gettios,  refixietnetit  of  mitaii^Vf^/'  am  libiMtt  ac^ 
qnisitions^*' 

After  adiopting  brd  Qrf<ird*s  expktiammi  iif  the  soitftet 
dn  Oeraldine,  Mr.  Warton  pifoceedi&  to  Stivt«y^»  travels^ 
beginning  with  a  circtnofstance  on  wiiich  miicb  inore  zMHen^ 
tien  onght  to  hsv€  been  besto<wed% 

^^  It  is  net  precisely  known  a€  what  period  tke  isari  df 
Surrey  began  his  travels;  They  have  the  ^ir  of  aveiMi^Mi 
He  niadie  the  tpnr  of  Europe  in  the  trae  spirit  of  ebivtftty, 
a/nd  with  the  ideas  of  an  Amadis:  pmclafiming  the  ^nprnr-^ 
ralleled  charms  of  his  mistresa,  and  prepared  to^  defend  the 
cause  of  her  beauty  with  the  weapons  of  km'gbt-«rfimtry< 
Nor  was  this  adventaroos  journev  perfotmed  witltoUt  the 
if^terveiition  of  an  enebanter.  The  first  city  i^  Itaty  whUiH 
he  proposed  to  visit  was  Florence,  the  eapttal  of  l^scfa^y^ 
and  the  original  seat  of  the  ancestors  of  hi^  Geraldine.  M 
his  way  thither,  he  passed  a  few  days  at  the  emper^'^ 
court ;  where  he-became  aoqnainti^d  WithGdrnelins  Agrippa, 
8  celebrated  adept  in  natural  magie.  This  -  viatonai^ 
phil(»opfaer  fthewed  our  bero^  in  a  mirror  of  gVa^,  a  living 
im^age  of  Geraldiiie,  reclining  on  aceoch,  iiidt,  andread^^ 
ing  one  of  his  most  tender  sonnet*  by  a.WAxeti  taper. 
His  imagination,  which  Wanted  net  the  flattering  frepfis* 
sentations  and  artificial  incentives  of  iltusiofi,  was  heated 
anew  by  this  interesting  and  affecting  spectacle.  Inflamed 
with  every  enthiisiastn  of  the  most  romantic  pftssion,  he 
hastened  to  Florence  :  and  on  bis  arrival,  iminedisiiely,pttb-^ 
Ushed  a  defiance  against  any  person  who  could  handle  a 


H  O  W  A  R  Di-  f  St 

kade  tod  w«s  in  lave,  «tictlMr  Cbristnm^  Jeiv^  Tiit^,  8i^ 
racen,  or  Cteikat^  wbd  sbouM  f)resu«e  t^  dis)mte  tkt  so* 
fMviorkj  of  Geraldine^s  beaoty;  At  the  Iftdy  was  pt%^ 
lerrded  to  be  at  Tii9emn*03GtriK«io»>  tlie  pride. •£  the  ¥\o^ 
rdittineft  wa»  liattered  oft  cbis  occaikMi' :  and  the  grand  d^kt 
of  Toseslny  permkted  a  general  mid:  anoMlested  irrgresA 
into  his  domnioM  of  the  combatants  of  all  oooairies,  tSt 
ibis  impettaM%  trial  sbottld  be  decided.  Tbe  chatienge  waa 
aecapted,  and  the  ear)  victorioM,  The  skMd  wbicb  be 
ffPtaef^^A  to  tbe  dtibe  before  tbe  loamsfnent  began,  is 
esrbibked  in  Vertue^i  vakiaUe  plate  of  tbe  Arotidel  ftimily, 
and  was  actuaUy  in  the  possessioii  of  tbe  late  duke  of 
Worfotk. 

^  These  berofc  vanities  did  not,  bowever,  so  totaHy  en^ 
gross  the  time  wbfcb  Syrrey  spef»t  in  Italy,  as  to  alienate 
bis  mind  frbm  letters :  fa#  sto<iied  with  the  greatest  sttc« 
eess  a  eritieal  knowle^e  of  tbe  Italian  tongue ;  and,  that 
be  might  give  new  lustre  to  the  name  of  Geraldin^  attilineid 
a  jost  taste  for  tbe  pecnltar  graces  of  the  Italian  poetry. 

^  He  was  i^called  to  Eag^nd  for  some  idk  tems^n  by 
Hbe  king,  much  soooev  than  be  expaeted :  and  he  returnea 
koMe,  tbe  most  elegant  traveller,  tbe  tmmtfoike  lover j  th^ 
V^st  tearneid  noblesnan,  and  tbe  aiost  aecoinpltsbed  gefi« 
tteoifan,  of  his  age.  Dexterity  in  tthing,  and  gracefulness 
in  maitagtog  a  horse  nnder  arms,  were  excellencies  nofT 
viewed  with  a  critical  eye,  and  practised  with  a  high  degnee 
of  emubitiofs.  In  1340,  at  a  tournameivt  held  in  tiie  pre^ 
senee  of  ther  coort  at  Westminster,  aad  in  which  the  prin* 
cipal  of  the  nobility  were  engaged,  Surrey  was  distin- 
gaididd  above  tbe  rest  for  bis  address  in  tbe  use  and!  ex- 
ereise  of  arms;  But  bis  martial  skill  was  ftot  solely  dis- 
played ia  tbe  parade  and  ostentation  of  these  domestic 
oombats.  In  1542,  he  marched  into  Scotland,  as  a  chief 
coasmander  io  his  father's  army ;  and  was  conspicuous  for 
kis  coaduct  and  bravery  at  the  memorable  battle  of 
Flodden-field^  where  James  tbe  Fourth  of  Scotland  was 
killed.** 

Tbe  only  other  passage  in  which  Mr.  Warton  improves^ 
upon  bis  authorities  is  a  veiy  proper  addition  to  the  above 
j^ccount  of  lord  Surrey^s  travels. 

<^  Among  these  anecdotes  of  Surrey^ s  life,  I  had  almost 
forgot  to  mention  what  became  of  his  amour  with  the  fair 

*  It  is  perhaps  iinneeessary  topofnt     tkrs  story,  for  which  we  are  entirely 
•at  the  many  littJe  embeiltsbments  in     indebted  to  Mr.  Warton's  elegant  pen« 


234 


H  O  WAR  D. 


QeraMine.  We  lament  to  find  that  Surrey^s  devotion  to 
this  lady  did  not  end  in  a  wedding,  anSl  that  all  hi&  gal* 
lantries  and  rerses  availed  so  little.  No  memoirs^  of  that 
incurious  age  have  informed  us  whether  her  beauty  was 
equalled  by  her  cruelty;  or  whether  her  ambition  pre- 
yailed  so  far  over  her  gratitude,  as  to  tempt  her  to  prefer 
the  solid  glories  of  a  more  splendid  title  and  ample  fortune 
.to  the  challenges  and  the  compliments  of  so  magnanimous^ 
^o  faithful,  and  so  eloquent  a  lover.  She  appears,  how- 
.evei;,  to  have  been  afterwards  the  third  wife  of  Edward 
Clinton,  earl  of  Lincoln.  Such  also  is  the  power  of  time 
and  accident  over  amorous  vows,  that  even  Surrey  himself 
outlived  the  violence  of  bis  passion.  He  married  Frances, 
daughter  of  John  earl  of. Oxford,  by  whom  he  left  several 
children.  .  One  of  his  daughters,  Jane  countess  of  West- 
moreland, was  among  the  teamed  ladies  of  that  age,  and 
became,  famous  for  her  knowledge  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
I$tnguages." 

It  is  truly  wonderful  that  lord  Orford  and  Mr.  Warton^ 
delighted  as  they  were  with  the  ^*  romantic  air'*  of  lord 
Surrey's  travels, :  should  by  any  enchantment  have  been 
prevented  from  inquiring  whether  the  events  which  they 
have  placed  between  1536  and  1.546,  when  lorH  Surrey 
died,  were  at  all  consistent  with  probability.  Ua^^  they 
made  the  slightest  inquiry  into  the  age  of  lord  Surrey,  al- 
though the  precise  year  and  day  of  his  birth  might  not 
have  been  recoverable,  they  could  not  have  failed  to  ob« 
tain  such  information  as  would  have  thrown  a  suspicion  on 
the  whole  story  of  his  knight-errantry. 

The  birth  of  lord  Surrey  may  be  conjectured  to  have 
taken  place  some  time  between  1515  and  1520,  probably 
the  former,  or  at  least  earlier  than  1520*^  He  was,  it  is 
universally  agreed,  the  school  companion  of  the  duke  of 
Richmond,  who  died  in  1536,  in  his  seventeenth  year,  and 
if  we  allow  that  Surrey  was  two  or  three  years  older,  it  will 


*  Id  hift  letter  addressed  to  the 
I^rds  of  the  Coancil  when  be  vms  in 
the  Tower,  previous  to  his  trial  and 
execution,  we  find  him  more  than  once 
pleading  his  youth.  He  requests  their 
lordships  to  "  impute  his  error  to  the 
farie  of  rechelesse  youlh,** — "  Let  my 
ya»/h  unpractised  in  durance,  obtain 
pardop."— «•  Neither  am  I  the  first 
young  nmn  that,  foreroed   by  fury. 


hath  enterprised  such  things  as  be  bath 
afterwards  repented."  These  expres- 
sions give  some  countenaitce  to  ib« 
supposition  that*  the  date  on,  his  por* 
trait  in  the  picture-gallery  at  Oxford  is 
nearly  right.  See  the  above  letter  in 
the  Historical  Anecdotes  of  the  Howard 
Family  ;  or  in  Mr.  Park's  valuabi* 
edition  of  the  Royal  and  Noble  Au- 
thors. 


H  O  W  A  B  D-  M5 

fiot  much  affect  the  .bi^  probability  that  he  urits  a  very 
young  oian  at  the  time  irhen  bis  biographers  ix^ade  him  fall 
in  love  with  Geraldioet. and  maintain  her  beauty  at  Flo* 
rence.  None  of  tbe  portraits  of  Surrey,  as  far  as  the  pre- 
sent writer  has  beeu  able  toascertaioi  mention  his  age,  ex^ 
cept  that  in  the  picture  gallery,  at  Oxford,  on  which  ia 
inscribed,  that  he  was  beheaded  in  '^  1547,  sat  27.**  Thd 
inscription,  indeed,  is  in  a  hand  posterior  to  the  date  of 
the  picture  (supposed  to  be  by  Holbein),  but  it  may.  have 
been  the  hand  of  some  successful  inquirer.  None  of  the* 
books  of  peerage  notice  his  birth  or  age,  nor  are  these  cir- 
cumstances  inserted  on  his  monumet^t  at  Framlingham* 
Conjecture,  it  has  been  already  observed^  supposes  him  to 
have  been  born  some  time  between  1515  and  1520.  If 
we  take  the  earliest  of  these  dates,  it  will  still  remain  that 
his  biographers  have  either  crowded  more  events  into  his 
life  than  it  was  capable  of  holding,  or  tbat  they  have  de- 
layed his  principal  adventures  until  they  become  unde-^ 
serving  of  credit,  and  inconsistent  with  his  character. 

Mr.  Warton  observes,  that  '^  it  is  not  precisely  known 
at  what  period  tbe  earl  of  Surrey  began  his  travels;*'  but 
this  is  a  matter  of  little  consequence  io  refuting  the  ac- 
count usually  given  of  those  travels,  because  ail  bis  bio* 
graphers  are  agreed  that  he  did  not  set  out  before  1536, 
At  this  time  he  had  ten  years  only  of  life  before  him^  which 
have  been  filled  up  in  a  very  extraordinary  mauner.  -  First, 
he  travels  over  a  part  of  Europe,  vindicating  the  beauty 
of  Geraldine — in  1540  be  is  celebrated  at  the  justs  at 
Westminster — in  1542  be  goes  to  Scotland  with  his  father's 
army-^-in  1543  (probably)  be  is  imprisoned  for  eating 
flesh  in  lent — in  1544 — 5,  he  is  commander  at  Boulogne— 
and  lastlyj,  amidst  all  these  romantic  adventures,  or  serious 
events,  he  has  leisure  to  marry  tbe  daughter  of  tbe  earl  of 
Oxford,  and  beget  five  children,  which  we  may  suppose 
would  occupy  at  least  five  or' six  of  the  above  ten  years, 
and  those  not  the  last  five  or  six  years,  for  we  find  hioi  a 
widower  a  considerable  time  before  his  death.  Among 
f^her  accusations  whispered  in  the  ear  of  his  jealous  sove* 
teigUi  one  was  his  continuing  unnuirried  (an  expression 
which  usually  denotes  a  considerable  length  of  time)  after 
the  period  when  a  second  marriage  might  be  decent,  in 
order  that  he  might  marry  the  princess  Mary,  in  the  event 
of  the  king*s  death,  and.  so  disturb  the  succession  of  Kd- 
ward. 


f»  HOWAll'D. 

The  pheing  4f^  these  e^ts  m  thi^  series  w^uld  rMid^ 
the  stocy  of  iMs  kMg;bl*«i*mntry  tdrffifeiently  ittiproliabte^ 
wer6  ire  left  wkhcMit  any  iiiforiiiatipn  respectiiyg  tfae  date 
of  Sumy'a  mamage^  b«it  that  erent  neaders  the  whole  tm^ 
possible,  if  we  wii^  to  preserve  an j  yes^peet  fer  the  c<m* 
sistency  of  hi»  chaFactfer. '  S^trej  was  ae^ally  mametl 
before  the  corameiiGdnlent  ef  his  trai^  m  pwsuit  or  itt 
defence  of  Geraldine^a  bea«ly.  His  eldest  son,  Thoniasy 
tkird  dvfce  of  Norfolk)  was  eighteen  yeaH  old  when  m 
grandfiatfaer  died  in  1554.  He  was  eonsequently  born  in 
1536,  and  his  father,  it  is  surely  reasonable  to  svrppose^ 
W90  noanieid  in  1535*.  It  wot»tdy  therefore,  be  umreces* 
sary  to  examine  the  story  of  Snrrey's  roEBantic  travels  any 
&rther,  if  we  bad  not  soine  collateral  authorities  whieb^ 
nay  still  show  that  whatever  may  be  wrong  in  the  pre* 
sent  statement,  it  is  certain  that  there  is  nothing  right  in 
the  comnion  accounts,  which  ha^e  been  read  and  copied 
widiottt  any  suspicion. 

If  it  be  said  that  Surrey's  age  is  not  exactly  ki^own,  and 
therefore  allowing  1536,  thie  date  of  his  travels,  to  be  er- 
roneous, it  is  possible  that  he  might  have  been  enamouretl 
of  Geraldine  long  before  this,  and  it  is  possible  that  his 
travels  might  have  cooimenced  in  1 526,  or  atiy  other  pe- 
riod founded  on  this  new  conjecture.  This,  however,  is 
as  im^probable  as  all  the  rest  of  the  story,  for  it  can  be  de« 
cidedly  proved  that  there  was  no  time  for  Surrey's  gal«> 
lantries  towards  Geraldine,  except  riie  period  which  his 
biographers,  however  absnrdly,  have  assigned,  namely^ 
when  be  was  a  married  man.  The  fkther  of  lady  Eliza- 
beth the  supposed  Geraldine,  married  in  1519,  one  of 
the  daughters  6f  Thomas  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  and 
by  her  bad  6ve  children,  of  whom  Elizabeth  was  the 
fourth,  and  therefore  probably  not  born  before  152S  or 
1524.  If  Surrey's  courtship,  therefore,  must  be  carried 
farther  back,  it  must  be  carried  to  the  nursery  ;  for  even 
in  1536,  when  we  are  told  he  was  her  knight-errant,  she 
could  not  have  been  more  than  eleven  or  twelve  years  old. 
Let  us  add  to  this  a  few  particulars  respecting  Geraldine'^s 
husband.  She  married  Edward  lord  Clinton.  He  was 
born^in  1512,  was  educated  in  the  cxHirt,  and  passed  h'w 

>  If,  aooo^tqg  to    tbe   pteceHug  siipp«»itioii,  there  a r«  not  «t»ti|i£  iir? 

coojecUire,  he  was  born  ia  1515,  he  stances  of  as  early  marriages  in. past 

was  now  twenty  3rear8  of  age;  bat  had  times.    The  duke  of  ftichmond,   w^ 

he  been  bora  in  1520,  tbe  more  usual  find,  died  a  married  man  at  sevaileep. 


youth  in  th^^se  «fe|tgiu(uif»ntaiid  r^aatB^k  i^^ 
dilFtingiiiisbed  the  banning  of  ^Heni^  VUL'fi  jteJ^B^,  but 
did  not  9fipituc  ait;a^ub^4c  chariuatar  until  J|j»44>  «th0n  iie 
was  thirty-ttiKo  y ^rs  of  «m;e^  G^raldine  about  tweat^-loMiv 
and  SttKi^y  wilLin  'two  y^ac^  of  bpa  daatji,  ainl  mwt  pmr 
bftli^y  «  m^ow^.  This  earl  of,  Lkicoln  bad  tl^ee  Rvi?«is 
the  date  of  bis  marriage  with  any  of  them  is  tiot.^kaowii^ 
99^  bow  long  tbi^y  liv€4»  but  Geraldine  was  the  Abiv4>  'the 
oa]^  one  l^y  wbo«i  he  bad  no  dvldnen^  and  w^bo  ««im\it4 
his  death>  wbiich  took  /plaoe  in  13M^  thkty-ejgfat  jream 
a^fitec  the  4eath  of  Siuvrey.  M£*  Warto%  iti  hi»  earneat 
d»iiiBe'iia  oonneot  ber  with  Sorifey^  insinuates  that  abe  aright 
liaye  beeu  oHber  pruel,  or  that  ber  ^^afnb«tio(n  pveimlad 

r  so  trover  her  gratituide  as  to  teaipt  har  to  fprefer  ibhio 
9pUd  glories  of  a  more  ^endid  tiiie  <and  aaaple-  fartuna^ 
|o  tbe/Qballen^s^a»d  the  comprlidaaents  of  so  oiagnaninaoiis^ 
so  iaithfuJ,  alid  so  eloquent  a  loveri.^'  On  this  it  is  only 
ueceiKsaitjr  to  ifofnacHy  that  the.  lady^s  ambkion  might  ibame 
l^en  8(9  highly  gratified  by.  inarrying  theacootnpUisbad«and 
gallant.  Sufrey,  the  heir  of  the  dadke  of  Iiiorfolk^  as!byal« 
^ing  h^rsolf  to  a  JooUevaan  of  inforior  talent  and.xank^ 
Bat  df  his  two  oonjectufes^,  Mr.  Wmiqb  seems  mosjt  id 
adhere,  to. 'thai;  of  orH^lty»  forheadds^  that  ^^  Surrey  him** 
self  outUvod  bis  amorous  ^ows,  and  aoarvied  tbe  daughter 
of  the  earl,  of  OKford«"  This,  howievcar,  ia  as  Httle  de** 
serving  of  serious  examination^  as.t^  ridict^lous  story  ^of 
Cornelius  A^rippa  showing  Gecaldioe  in  ^aiglass,. wbicb 
Aiithony  Wood  found  in  Draytom'd  ^^'lleroical  £piatle/' 
OX  probably^  as  Mr»  Park  thinks,  took  it  fwnx  Nash's 
fenciAil  *^  'Life  of  Jack  Wilton^"  :publiBhed  in  l&94fy 
where,  under  the  character  of  his  hero,  be  professes  to 
have  tvavelied  to  the  emperor^s  cou^^t  as  page  to  the  earl  of 
l^ucrey.  But  it  is  unfortunate  for  this  snory,  wherosoevor 
borrowed)  that  Agrippa  was  no  moi^e  a  ooq^urer  than  any 
other  learned  man  of  his  time^  and  that  bae  died  at  Gre<- 
noble  the  y-ear  before  Surrey  is  said  to  have  set  out  on  his 
rpooantic  expedition.  Drayton  tias  made. a  similar  mistake 
in  giving  to  Surrey,  as  one  of  the  companiona  of  hi^ 
^•oyi^S^f  tbe.great  sir  Thomas  .More,  who  was  beh^ded  in 

^l^5Z5f  a  year  likewise  before  Surrey  sot  out  Poetioal 
authorities,  although  not  wholly  to  be  rejected,  are  of  all 
others  to  be  received  with  the  greatest-caution,  yet  it'ims 
probilbly  Drayton's  ^'  Heroical  .i£pistle  * "  which  led  IVIr^ 

V  aeeJ)r»yton»s  Wotks/lrol.  TV.  p.  ^,  et  seqq. 


«38  HOWARD. 

Walton  into  so  egregiotis  a  blunder  as  that  of  our  poet 
being  present  at  Flodden-field,  in  1513.  Dr.  Sewell,  in* 
deed,  in  the  short  memoirs  prefixed  to  bis  edition  of  Sur-* 
rey's  Poems,  asserts  the  same ;  but  little  credit  is  due  to 
the  assertion  of  a  writer  who  at  the  same  time  fixes  Sur- 
rey's birth  in  lif20,  seven  years  after  that  memorable 
battle  was  fought. 

It  i^  now  time  to  inquire  whether  the  accounts  hitherto, 
given  can*  be  confirmed  by  internal  evidence.  It  has  been 
so  common  to  consider  Geraldine  as  the  mistress  of  Surrey, 
that  all  his  love-poems  are  supposed  to  have  a  reference 
to  bis  attachment  to  that  lady.  Mr.  Ws^rton  begins  bis 
narrative  by  observidg,  that  ^'  Surrey's  life  throws  so  much 
light  on  the  character  and  subjects  of  his  poetry,  tbal  it  is 
ainiost  inipossibte  to  consider  the  one  without  exhibiting  a 
few  anecdotes  of  the  other."  Wcbave  already  seen  wbat 
those  anecdotes  are,  how  totally  irreconcileable*with  pro-^ 
bability,  and  how  Bmply  refuted  by  the  dates  which  hisi 
biographers,  unfortunately  for  their  story,  have  uniformlj 
furnished.  When  we  look  into  the  poems,  we  find  the 
celebrated  ioivnet  to  Geraldine,  the  only  specious  foun- 
dat](>n  for  his  romantic  attachment ;  but  as  that  attachment 
and  its  consequences  cannot  be  supported  without  a  con* 
tinual  violation  of  probability,  and  in  opposition  to  the 
very  dates  which-  are  brought  to  confirm  it,  it  seems  more 
9afe  to  conjecture  that  this  sonnet  was  one  of  our  authorV 
earliest  productions,  addressed  to  Geraldine,  a  mere  child,^ 
by  one  wbo  was  only  not  a  child,  as  an  effort  of  youthful, 
gallantry,  in  one  of  his  interviews  with  her  at  Hunsdoki. 
Whatever  credit  may  be  given  to  this  conjecture,  for 
which  the  present  writer  is  by  no  means  anxious,  it  is  cer- 
tain that  if  we  reject  it,  or  some  conjecture  of  the  same 
import,  and  adopt  the  accounts  given  by  his  biographers, 
we  cannot  proceed  a  single  step  without  being  opposed  by 
invincible  difficulties.  There  is  no  other  poem  in  Surrey's 
collection  that  can  be  proved  to  have  any  reference  to 
Geraldine,  but  there  are  two  with  the  same  title,  viz.  ^^  The 
Complaint  of  the  absence  of  heir  lover  being  upon  the  sea,'* 
which  are  evidently-written  in  the  character  of  a  wife,  la- 
menting the  absence  of  her  husband,  and  tenderly  alluding 
to  •*  his  faire  litle  Sonne,"  Mr.  Warton,  indeed,  finds 
Geraldine  in  the  beautiful  lines  beginning  ^<  Give  place, 
ye  lovers,  here  before,'^  land  from  the  lines  ^^  Spite  drave 
me  into  Boreas  reign/'  infers  that  her  anger  *^  drafVe  hin 


HOWARD.  29t 

into  a  colder  climate,**  with  what  truth  may  now  be  left  to 
the  reader.  But  another  of  bis  conjectures  cannot  hie 
passed  over.  "  In  1 544,"  he  says,  "  lord  Surrey  was  fields 
marshal  of  the  English  army  in  the  expedition  to  Boulogne^ 
which  he  toolc.  In  that  age,  love  and  arms  constantly 
went  together;  and  it  was  amid  the  fatigues  of  this  pro« 
tracted  campaign,  that  he  composed  his  last  sonnet,  called 
*  The  Fansie  of  a  Wearied  Lover.'*  Bat  this  is  a  mere 
supposition.  The  poem^  of  Surrey  are  without  dates,  and 
were  arranged  by  dieir  first  editor  without  any  attention 
to  a  matter  of  ^o  much  importance.  The  few  allusion^ 
made  to  his  personal  history  in  these  poems  are  very  dark| 
but  in  some  of  them  there  is  a  train  of  reflection  which 
seems  to  indicate  that  misfortunes  and  disappointments 
had  dissipated  his  Quixotism,  and  reduced  him  to  the  som- 
ber and  serious  tone  of  a  man  whose  days  bad  been^'few 
and  evil.'*  Although  he  names  his  productions  songs  and 
sonnets,  they  have  less  of  the  properties  of  either  than  of 
the  elegiac  strain.  His  scripture-translations  appear  to  be 
characteristic  of  his  mind  and  situation  in  his  latter  days*. 
What  unless  a  heart  almost  broken  by  the  unnatural  con- 
duct of  his  friends  and  family,  could  have  induced  the 
gay  and  gallant  Surrey,  the  accomplished  courtier  and 
soldier,  to  console  himself  by  translating  those  passages 
froai  Ecclesiastes  which  treat  of  the  shortness  and,  uncet'^ 
talnty  of  all  human  enjoyments,  or  those  Psalms,  which 
direct  the  penitent  and  the  forsaken  to  the  throne  of  aU 
mighty  power  and  grace  ?  Mr.  Wartoii  remarks  that  these 
translations  of  Scripture  *^  show  him  to  have  been  a  friend 
to.  the  ^reformation  ;"  and  this,  which  is  highly  probable, 
may  have  been  one  reason  why  his  sufferings  were  em- 
bittered by  the  neglect,  if  not  the  direct  hostility  of  his 
bigotted  father  and  sister.  The  translation  of  the  Scriptures 
into  prose  was  but  just  tolerated  in  his  time,  and  to  fami- 
liarize them  by  the  graces  of  poetry  must  have  appeared 
yet  more  obnoxious  to  the  enemies  of  the  reformation. 

Although  the  present  writer  has  taken  some  liberties  with 
the  Historian  of  English  poetry,  in  his  account  of  Surrey*a 
life,  he  has  not  the  presumption  to  omit  Mr.  Warton's  ele- 
gant and  just  criticism  ou  his  poems.  **  Surrey  for  just« 
ness  of  thought,  correctness  of  style,  and  purity  of  ex- 
pnession,  may  justly  be  pronounced  the«.first  English  clas- 
sical poet.  He  unquestionably  is  the  first  polite  writer  of 
love- versus  ia  ourlanguag;e,  although  it  must  be  allowed  thyx 


t$9  II  O  .W  :A  A  O. 

|d|6rv«!iii4t#li«ldiigjnAtim  boMtf  im  sbpae  of  our  faKw-rcneft 
writfeeD  mnaek  ewHer  Abaa  Swrroy 's.'*  It  itt  also  >«nitb j  icC 
iKi^0€^;  that  while  all  "hi^  hiagmpiieiia aen A  liiai  4o  Sfealy  9 
^i^ly  k»  poelry,  Mr.  Waitoo  finds  imibing  m  bu  unrks  «f 
^t  lamtapbjfiaical  cast  whipb  muk$  the  Ifcaliw  fK>ctts  iUk 
aii{if)0Md  TiuaatOfs,  ^spoeiaUy  PeJaoaroh.  -^^Sanfey^a  aemv- 
QMOli^  91^  ifar  thcoBost  pa«t  mdnisid  and  un«fiariKrfs  ^aoBinf 
fyum  his  <)vviri.fealiagSy  and  <filjictalail  by  the  present  ciccum- 
MaAcea*  Hia  >p€Mrjr  k  Ji4ike  iiiueaabanaaied  by  ksroad  (Bi»> 
toiiWiWj  .or  elabonate  conaeits*  If  etar  aatkor  copies  iie»> 
traisoh/ i t /is Petrarch'^  battermaauEier:;  wlieD  he  descemte 
jhomi  hia  Fialenie  ajbpateactiDns^  hi»  ittfiaeocsits  ^  tpaasiea^ 
h«i  eiKstggeiBted  oompllhiiaatsy  and  ifaas  ftkiy  upoia  tofapatte 
SMiioiealSi  into  a  tnack  of  tendemess^  ssoafkhcstfy,  ^Jan^  na^ 
tijiae^  J^oaaroh  would  b$gvfa  been  a  J)elter  ppet  bnd  iiefaNH 
e.  worse  adhohur.  Oih:  ambor'a  aniod  was  nuat  iboo  anoab 
ev«r-iaid  by  iearaiag.'^ 

Thia  traoslattmi  of  the  'two  fa}dks^ef  the  Aiieid  is  **  eae« 
culted  iPfiAh  (fickaiaty^  srithoiaE  a  ptoaeic  servility:;  tbe^ietaaa 
is  xtften  fo^tkal,  aod  ^e  ^enofiaaaion  varbsid  mtli  .paofmr 
pauaes/V.. lis  pianoipdl. merit,  ibom&ireBf  is  ahat  of  bmn^ 
ibe  6|rat  apeciaaeii  in  tlie  >£liigJishJa(Bguage»  of  blaqh  vtrse^ 
whach  iwas  At  tibat^iime  >gvowHig  fasdiioniLbde.iii  the  itaUam 
p!ael;ry»  It  is  rei^y  padbable  4&at  beintettded  to  hov^  tiiaiw*^ 
lated  t^e  ifabalei  .aad-  haa  lis  so  loousb  tmene  <elegaiit  and  iOCHu 
vedt  in  this  than  ^ia  bk  other  aianslationa,  stfaafcntbe  Eiieid 
af^earsiia  bajre.bceB,tifae!pitiduBaioB  jo£  hiBibappsa[*;4a3^ 

Tbe  (fidelkb^  whioh  Mi%  Weurton  aatribaies  to  abe  traiiaku> 
lioDsVfrom  Vargid^  our  auahor  bas'noa  fMneaenred  in  bis^rasia*^ 
lations  (from  Scriptuae,  which  sure  very  Ubenad,  fand*  by 
f^equeat  oinissions^atYd.  a  difi'imrent  arraiigeiiieot,  >li]ade  to 
auit  his  aituation.aiid  feelings  at  the  time  they  weve  iwrit^ 
tee,  'which -Hias probably  Kvbea.be  was  in  the  Toiaer. 

.  Surrey^s  jaoe^Bsajirere  in  bigh.repul»iion  among  bis  coti** 
lemporaiies  and  imooediate  isaocesaors,  who  xaied  with  eaob 
other  in  eoooapiinteiits  to^tatgenius,  gaUaotry,  and  .penotiirl 
WQVtb.  ^Xhey  imeseffiiatfwtnted  in  1657,  by  Tioaiel,  in<44;o, 
with  tbe  .titie  of  ^'  ^oages.and  aounettes  by  due  riglit  bo*- 
aoiable  .Henry  Havard,  jiafeejearl  of  'IBorrey^  land  otbev.'^ 
Senreral  edition^  of  6he  same  followed  nn  M&65j.  liSiG?,  '1  $69^ 
j.H'M'y  1^65,  and  iShl,  80  laanj;  editions  prorea  degree 
ofipoputarity  which  fell  to  <tfae  lot  of  very  few  poema>of 
that  agfo*  iBut  after  the  time  of  Eiiaabetb  they  became 
fradttaUyohsourey  and  we  find  no  modevn  edition  until 


HOWARD.  2«l 

p9p^M  iiieideutal  notice  of  tiim  (in  Windsor-Forest),  at^ 
Ibe  **  Oranville  of  a  former  age,''  induced  the  booksellers 
t»  employ  Dr.  Sewell  to  be  tbe  editor  of  Surrey 's^  Wjat's^ 
and  the  poems  of  uncertain  authors.  But  the  doctor  per** 
ibrtoed  his  laA  with  so  liule  knowledge  of  tbe  language^ 
th^  this  is  perhaps  tbe  most  incorrect  edition  extant  of 
any  ancient  poet  It  would  have  been  surprizing  had  it 
contributed  to  reviye  his  memory,  or  justify  Pope's  com^* 
parison  and  eulogium. 

The  translation  of  the  second  and  fourdi  book  of  the 
Soeid  was  pubKshed  in  i557,  but  it  seems  doubtful  whe« 
tber  together  or  separately.  The  translations  of  the  Psalms, 
Scclesiastes,  and  the  few  additional  original  poems,  were 
printed*,  but  not  published,  many  years  ago,  hy  Dr. 
Percy,  from  a  MS.f  now  in  the  possession  of  Thomas  Hill, 
esq.  A  more  correct  and  perfect  edition  of  Surrey  may 
soon  be  expected  from  Dr.  Nott.^ 

HOWARD  (Hbnry),  earl  of  Northampton,  second 
son  of  the  preceding,  but  unworthy  of  such  a  father,  was 
born  at  Sboltisham  in  Norfolk  about  1539.  He  was  edu* 
cated  at  King^s  college,  and  afterwards  at  Trinity-hall, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  A.  M.  to  which 
he  was  also  admitted  at  Oxford,  in  1568.  Bishop  Godwin 
says,  his  reputation  for  literature  was  so  great  in  the  uni« 
versity,  that  he  was  esteemed  ^*  the  learnedest  among  the 
nobility;  and  the  most  noble  among  the  learned.''  Ha 
^as  at  first,,  probably,  very  slenderly  provided  for,  being 
often  obliged,  as  Lloyd  records,  ^'  to  dine  with  the  cjiatr 
of  duke  Htimpbrey.'*  He  contrived,  however,  to  spend 
some  years  in  travel ;  but  on  his  return  could  obtain  na 
favour  at.  court,  at  least  till  tbe  latter  end  of  queen  Eliza* 
beth's  reign,  which  was  probably  owing  to  hi^  connections. 
In  1597,  it  seems  as  if  he  was  in  some  power  (perhaps^ 
)iowever,  only  through  the  influence  of  his  friend  lord  £s* 
sex}/  because  Rowland  White  applied  to  him  concerning^ 
sir  Robert  Sydney's  suits  at  court.  He  was  the  grossest  of 
flatterers,  as  appears  by  his  letters  to  his  patron  and  friend 

'  #  The  whole  imprettton  irtt  oon-  tioo  of  the  Nugv  Aatiqa«.    In  his 

filmed  iu  the  destractive  fire  which,  edition  of  the  Royal  tnd  Noble  Author*, 

look  place  in  Mr.  Nichols's  premisesy  are   some  interestint^  particaUrs   re- 

tth»  1808.  speeting  the  Tations  editions  of  Sur- 

;  f  This  MS,  descended  from  the  Har-  vey's  Poems. 
riB|tQii  family.    See  Mr.  Parkas  edi- 

*  Johnson  and  Qhalmers'e  BogUsh  Poets. 

VouXVIlI.  It 


M4  HOWARD. 

to  he  readly  on  any  emergency,  reposed  so  entrre  a  coviH^ 
deace  in  the  earl  of  Nottingham,  that  she  comtnitled  to 
btmtbe  chief  command.  But  these  forces  behig  again 
difbaiided  a  few  days -after,  he  had  no  opportunity  for  ac* 
lion  until  160^1,  when  he  suppressed  the  earl  of  Essex '9 
insorrectfon.  The  same  year  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  exercising  the  office  of  earl  marshal  of 
Sngiand;  and  in  the  beginning  of  1602-3,  during  tbd 
queen^a  last  illness,  he  was  deputed  by  the  council,  with 
the  l<9rd  kieep^r  Egvrton  and  secretary  Cecil,  to  know  bet 
maj/esty^s  pleasure  in  referenee  to  the  succession,  which 
Ae  dedlared  in  favour  of  Jaimes  king  of  Scotland.  - 

'  -Upon  the  accession  of  that  king  to  the  throne  of  Eng^ 
l«nd^  the  earl  was  continued  in  his  post  of  lord  admiral^ 
«nd  at  the  coronation  was  made  lord  high  steward  of  Eng« 
land  for  that  oecasioti ;  and  the  year  following,  upon  the 
leoewing  the  comaiission  to  seven  lords  for  exercising 
the  office  of  earl  marshal,  he  was  appointed  one  of  that 
Bdmbdr.  In  1604  he  was  one  of  the  commissionei^  to 
treat  of  an  union  between  England  and  Scotland;  and  in 
1605,  aent  ambassador  to  tbe  court  of  Spain,  attended  with 
a  splendid  retinue,  who  being,  as  Wilson  says,  **  persons 
of  qiiali^^  accoutred  with  all  ornament!!  suitable,  were  tbe 
wore  admired  by  tbe  Spaniards  for  beauty  and  excellency, 
%y  bow  nimch  tbe  Jesuits  had  made  impressions  in  tbe  ▼ul'* 
fjat  bpitfloii,  tbat  since  tbe  English  left  the  Roliian  reli'^ 
gioni  they  were  tnmaformed  into  airange  horrid  shapes, 
irink  heads  and  taib  like  beasts  and  monsters."  His  em- 
ployasent  tbeve  was  to  take  the  oath  of  tbe  king  of  Spairi 
lo  ike  trea^  of  peace  latcAy  made  with  hm ;  amd  he  bad  a 
jialiicabir  inatruction,  that  in  performing  that  ceremony, 
which  was  most  likely  to  be  in  the  royal  ehi^cll,  he  should 
f  hwf%  ^special  care,  tbat  it  might  be  done^  not  in  the  fcire* 
^tiooii  in  the  time  of  mass,  but  rather  in  the  afternoon,  At 
tirbich  time' tbe  Momtsh  sendee  is  most  free  from  supersti^ 
tion.  During  this  embassy,  the  king  of  Spain  did  mdrts 
iKmoor  to  tbe  earl  than  eter  be  huo  dond'to  any  person  in 
bis  employBlent  in  that  kingdom ;  and  (he  people  in  gen^ 
lal  shewed  all  possible  regard  for  b)m,  as  bis  lordship's  be^ 
jbaviour  there  justly  deserved  ;  and  at  bia  departure  from 
^eocde  in  June  tbe  same  year,  he  had  prese»ta  made  bim 
by  that  king  in  plate,  jewels,  and  horses,  to  tl^e  value  of 
$!0,000/.  besides  the  gold  chains  and  jiewela  given  to  bia 
'^tendants.    Upon  the  marriage  of  the  lady  Eibabetb.t^ 


HOWARD.  $41 

^  ileclor.  Palatine,  February  14,  1612-13,  tbc|  ^  of 
Nottingham  with  the  duke  of  Lenox  cofulucted  ber  ^%b* 
Dena  frofB  the  cbapel;  and  bad  the  honour  of  convoying 
her  with  a  royal  navy,  to  Flushing*  He  Goutmued  lord  >igh 
afdaiind  of  England  tilijebruary  6,  1618-19,  when  finding 
hinself  uoable  any  Icfiger  to  perform  the  necessaiy  .duties 
pf  that  great  eaploymeiit,  which  he  bfid  ei^oyed  abo«4 
thirty^tfaree  yours  with  the  highest  applause,  be  fvoluih' 
tarUy  resigned  it  to  his  nwyesty  \  who  bei^ig  sensible  ^of  ijbi^ 
insportamt  services:  which  be  bed  done  Jjina  nation,  remitted 
him. A  debt  owing  to  the  crown  of  18,000/.  seuled  mpeii 
hi»  ft  pension  of  1000/.  a  year  for  life,  atkl  granted  hioi 
the  place  and  pnecedenqy  of  John  lilowbray,  who  had  been 
eiwated  earl  of  Nottingham  by  kic^  Ricbard  II.  at  the  tliaMi 
of  his  coronation. 

, .  He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty*etgbt,.  leaviiig  /rafb^  at 
ev^erlasting  memcMrial  of  his  extraordiaa^ry  worth,  tb^n  an^ 
gseat  estate  to  his  family ;  although  be  had  ei^oyed  si^ 
long  the  poofitahle  post  of  lord  admiral.  He  live^  in  ^ 
jttost  splendid  an4  oaiagAiiicent  manner,  keeping  savjeii 
ataoding  houses  at.ibe  same  time;  and  was  always  fotiy 
snurd  to  pvoamte  any  design  servioaable  to  his  ,coQ(»t^ 
J9e  expended  in  severail  expeditions  gveat  sutns  out  ^: 'hip 
private  fortune ;  and  in  the  critical  year  15^  whieni  ^m 
la  aurmisey  that  the  Spaniarda  wese  unable  to  set  saUtba^ 
year,  secretary  Walsiogbam,  by  ocdejr  of  itbe  queen^  rWfote 
to  him  to  send  back  i»ttr  of  his.4angei|t  ships,,  ha.  desina^b 
that  nothing  might  be  arasbly  credited  in  S0  w^eigbty  a  mfl4h 
tJtr^  and  that  .he  might  Jieepr  those  ships  with  ihim,,  tbqugh 
it  ynae  jat.  his  own  cost ;.  tand  in  the  eicpecUtion  toflgdif^ 
)ie,  and.  the  earl^f  Easex^  the  two  <:ofninandidn?,.cofi|ri^ 
^buted  ^sery  <  largely  out  of  their  own  jestanes*  Sir  Bob^vt 
Naimtan  styles  him  ^  a  good,  honest,  land  brare  man  ;.  ImmI 
4W  £or  ins  person,  as  g^dly  a  gentleman  i^  any  of  tbf|t 
•ge^*'  and  Mr.  Osborne  tells  us,  that  hb  ^^fid^ily  wna 
jflspiregnafaie  in  aelataon  to  corruption.*'  fiy  his  first  wife^ 
^Catharine,  da'ugbter  to  Hensy  Cary  lord  Hunsdooyihieba^ 
tssovsooi  and  three  daubers;  and  by  his  second,  Macv 
^garet,  .danghter  to  James  Stuart  earl  of.  Murray  in  Scotf 
imody  twosoM.^  -) 

^  HO V(f  AKD  <JoBK),  ^ht  indefatigable  friend  of*  thia  poor 
smd  unfortunate,  was  born  at  Hackney,  in  i73€b 


'  1  Bi«r.  Brit.-*Birch'8  XItcs.— Lloyd's  Statj|  Wonbi«s»«->JittSie's  Qiit,  si 


US  HOWARD. 

Ikther^  who  kept  a  carpet-warehouse  in  Long-lafie,  Sinidi* 
field,  dying  while  he  was  very  yoong,  left  him  to  the  caito 
Vf  guardians,  by  whom  be  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Newii^ 
haoi,  grandfather  to  the  late  aldennan  Newnham,  a  wbote« 
iMtle  grocer  in  the  city  of  London.  His  constitution  ap* 
pearifig  too  weak  for  attention  to  trade,  and  his  father  hav^ 
Ittg  left  bio),  and  an  only  sister,  in  circumstances  which 
placed  them  above  the  necessity  of  pursuing  it,  he  bought 
'out  the  remainder  of  his  indentures  before  the  time,  and 
took  a  tour  in  France  and  Italy:  On  his  return,  he  lodged 
«t  the  house  of  a  Mrs.  Lardeau,  a  widow,  in  Stoke-Newing« 
ton,  where  be  was  so  carefully  attended  by  the  lady,  that 
though  she  was  many  years  older  than  himself,  he  formed 
ati  attachment  to  her,  and  in  1752  made  her  his  wife.  She 
was  possessed  of  a  small  fortune,  which  he  generously  pre- 
iented  to  her  sisten  She  lived,  however,  only  three  3rear» 
Hfter  their  union,  and  he  was  a  sincere  mourner  for  her 
)oss.  About  this  time  be  became  a  fellow  of  the  royal  ao- 
tiety,  and,  in  1756,  being  desirous  to  view  the  state  o( 
Lisbon  after  the  dreadful  earthquake,  he  embarked  for  that 
city.'  In  this  voyage,  the  Hanover  frigate,  in  which  he 
ftailed,  was  taken  by  a  French  privateer,  and  the  inconve- 
niences which  he  suffered  during  his  subsequent  conBue- 
tnent  in  France,  are  supposed  to  have  awakened  his  aym- 
)>athies  with  peculiar  strength  in  favour  of  prisoners,  and 
to  have  given  rise  to  his  plans  for  rendering  prisons  lesa 
pernicious  to  health.  It  is  supposed,  that  after  his  release^ 
he  made  the  tour  of  Italy.  On  his  return,  he  fixed  himself 
at  Brokenhurst,  a  retired  and  pleasant  villa  near  Lyming- 
ton,  in  the  New  Forest.  Mr.  Howahl  married  a  second 
time  in  1758  ;  but  this  lady,  a  daughter  of  a  Mr*  Leeda^ 
of  Croxton  in  Cambridgeshire,  died  in  chikl-bed  of  her 
only  child,  a  son,  in  1765.  Either  before  or  aooD  after 
the  death  of  his  second  wife,  he  left  Lyminvton,  and  pur- 
chased an  estate  at  Cardington,  near  Bedfonl,  adjoinhq^  to 
that  pf  his  relation  Mr.  Whitbread.  Here  he  laodi  conci- 
liated the  poor  by  giving  them  employment*  hoiMii^  them 
cottages,  and  other  acts  of  benevolence;  and  legniariy  «u 
tended  the  congregations  of  dissenters  at  Bedford,  being 
of  that  persuasion.  His  time  was  also  a  good  deal  ooc«* 
pied  by  the  education  of  his  only  son,  a  task  far  wldeh  he 
is  said  to  have  been  little  qualified.  Willi  all  kis  benevor 
lence  of  heart,  he  is  asserted  to  hare  beem  dBipoaed  to  i^ 
trigid  severiQr  of  discipUne,  arisii^  piebiJ%  Ifiram  a  teiy 


HOWARD.  2« 

Utict  teose  of  rectitude,  but  not  well  caicuUied  to  form  a 
lender  mind  to  advantage.     In  1773,  he  served  the  office 
of  sberifF,  wUch,  as  be  has  said  bimsdf,  '^  brought  the  dis* 
tress  of  prisoners  more  immediately  under  bis  notice,*'  and 
led  to.  his  benevolent  design  of  visiting  the  gaols  and  other 
places  of  confinement  throughout  England,  for  the  sal^e  of 
procuring  alleviation  to  the  miseries  of  the  sufferers.     In 
1774,  trusting  to  his  interest  among  the  sectaries  at  Bed« 
ford,  be  offered  himself  as  a  candidate  for  that  borough^ 
but  was  not  returned ;  and  endeavouring  to  gain  his  seat 
by  {>etition,  was  unsuccessful.     He  was,  however,  in  the 
same  year,  examined  before  the  House  of  Commons,  oq 
the  subject  of  the  prisons,  and  received  the  thanks  of  the 
house  for  his  attention  to  them.     Thus  encouraged,  he 
completed  his  inspection  of  the  British  prisons,  and  ex«*' 
tencled  bis  views  even  to  foreign  countries.     He  travelled 
with  this  design,  three  times  through  France,  four  through 
Germany,  five  through  Holland,  twice  through  Italy,  once 
an  Spain  and.Portugal,  and  once  also  through  the  northern 
states,  and  Turkey.  These  excursions  were  taken  betweea 
,1775  and  1787.     In  the  mean  time,  his  sister  died,  and 
left  him  a  coiisiderable  property,  which  be  regarded  as 
the  gift  of  Providence  to  promote  his  humane  designs,  and 
applied  accordingly.     He  published  also  in  1777,  ^^The. 
State  of  the  Prisons. in  England  and  Wales,  with  prelimi- 
nary Observations,  and  an  Account  of  some  Foreign  Pri- 
sons,^' dedicated  to  the  House  of  Commons,  in  4to.     In 
1780  he  published  an  Appendix  to  this  book,  with  the 
narrative  of  bjs  travels  in  Italy;  and  in  1784,  republished 
it,  extending  his  account  to  many  other  countries.     About 
this  time,  his  benevolence  had  so  much  attracted  the  pub- 
.  Uc  attention,  that  a  large  subscription  was  made  for  the 
jsttrpose  of  erecting  a  statue  to  his- honour;  but  he  was  too 
modest  and  sijicere  to  accept  of  such  a  tribpte,  and  wrotci 
kioiself  to  the  subscribers  to  put  a  stop  to  it.     **  H^tve  I 
notone  friend  in  EngUnci,"  he  said,  when  be  first  heard 
of  the  design,  *'  that  would  put  a  stoj^  to  such  a  proceed-, 
-ingP     In.  1789,  he  published  f^  An  Account  of  the  prin- 
ciple Lazarettos  in  Europe,  with  various  Papers  relative  to*. 
the  Plague,  together  with  further  Observations  on  some 
-foreign  Prisons,  and  Hospitals ;  and  additional  remarks  oiv 
the  present  state  of  tho^  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.'\ 
.  He  had  published  also,  iu  1780,  a  translation  qf  a  French 
, account  of  the  Bastille;  wd,  in  1789,  the  duke  of  Tua^* 
cany's  new  code  of  civil  law^  with  an  English  translation* 


2«^  ttOWARDJ 

>  In  hU  book  on  Lazarettot^  hebad  aDhooneed  histnten^f 
tion  of  revisiting  Kussiai  Turkey,  and  iDme  other  cOuiiv 
tries^  -aud  extending  bis  tour  in  the  Ea&t*.  ^^1  am  not  in** 
sensible,"  says  he,  **  of  the  dangers  tbat  must  attend  sucb 
a  jburney.  Trusting,  however,  in  the  protection  of  tha& 
kind  Providence  wbicb  bas  bitherto  preserved  me^  I  calmly 
and  cheerfully  ooiainit  myself  to  ^he  disposal  of  unerring 
wisdom.  Should  it  please  God  to  cut  off  my  life  in  the 
inrosecution  of  this  design^  let  not  my  conduct  be  oncan* 
didly  imputed  to  rashness  or  enthusiasm,  bet  to  a  serious^ 
deliberate  conviction,  tbat  I  am  pufssuing  the  path  of  duty  j^ 
^4nd  to  a  sincere  desire  of  being  made  an  iostrument  of., 
more  ea^tensive  usefulness  to  my  feUow-creatures,  than; 
could  be  expected  in  the  nari^wer  circle  of  a  retired  life.'* 
He  did  actually  fall  a  sacrifice  to  this  design ;  for  in  viattingi 
a  sick  patient  at  Cherson,  who  had  a  malignant  epidemnd 
fever^.  he  caught  the  distensper,  and  died,  Jan.  20,  i%90i 
An  honour  was  now  paid  to  him,  whieh  we  believe  is  with«^ 
out  a  precedent :  his  death  was  ansiouoced^  in  the  London 
Gazette. 

Mn  Howard  wad,  in  bis  own  habits  of  lif<^,  rigid^  tem** 
perate,  and  even  abstemious ;  subaistiiig  entirely,'  at  one 
time,  on  potatoes  ;  at  anotbecy  chiefly  on  tea  and  bread 
and  batter ;  of  course  not  mixing  in  convivial  society,  nee 
accepting  invitations  to  public  repasu.  His  labenni  ba^e 
certainly  .bad  the  adniirable  effect  of  drawing  th«»at|Bntion  of 
this  country  to. the  regnlation  of  public  prisons.  *  In  tommf 
places  his  improvements  have  been  adopted,  and  peitiapA^ 
in  all  our  gaols  some  advantage  has  been  d^ivted  from 
them.  We  may  hope  that  these  plnM  will  terminate  in 
such  general  regulations  as  will  make  judicial  confifiemenl^ 
instead  of  the  means  of  confirming  and  increasing  deppa« 
vity  (as  it  has  been  too  generally),  the  successful  inatmrneiit 
of  amendment  in  morality,  and  ficqniring  hahfts  of  industry* 
While  tlie  few  criminals,  and  probably  very  few^  itvbo  m»f 
be  too  depraved  for  amendment^  will  be  comfiriled  to  bii 
beneBcial  to  tbe  community  by  their  labour;  and^  being 
advantageously  situated  in  point  of  health,  may  snfler 
nothing  more  than  tbat  restraint  which  isneoessaiy  lor  dbe 
sake  of  society^  and  tbat  exertion  which  they  ongbt  never 
to  have  abandoned.  Oonndered  as  the  fimt  mover  of  itfaesA 
important  plans,  Howard  will  always  be  honoured  with  tte 
gratitude  of  his  conntry  ;  and  his  monument,  lately  erected 
in  St  Pjaml's  catb^drali  is  a  proof  tbat  this  gratitude  v^PM 


f 
/ 

iilert.  Tbe  ntottiiaie^t  k  at  tha  same  Ihb^  a  noble  pt^ot 
of  tbeskiUand  gooiusof  the  artist,  Mr.  Baoon^  and  re«^ 
presents  Mr.  Howard,  io  a  Roman  dressy  with  •  look  and^ 
attitiide  expressire  of  ben^oleoce  and  aotmty,  holding  in 
one  hand  a  scroll  of  plans  for  the  imptovemMt  of  prisons; 
hospsftals^  &c*  and  in  the  ochiOT  a  key ;  while  be  is  tramp-* 
ling  on  chains  and  fetters^  The  epitaph  oonttias  a  dietch  oS" 
Us  life,  and  conckides  in  words  which  we  alsoheartUy  adopt ; 
'^  He  trod  an  opeb  hot  unfrequented  path  to  imflsoKtatttyt*^- 
10  the  ardent  and  unremitted  exercise  of  Christian  cbsrity** 
May  this  tribute  to  his  fame  excite  an  emulation  of  his  tntfy 
j^iorions«ehteyements !"  To  this  may  be  added  the  eloqnentr' 
eulogiiim.  pronounced  upon  Mr.  Howard  by  Mr.  BurkeV  ia 
bis  '^  Speech  at  Bristol^  previous  to  the  election  in  1780*'! 
Having  oecasion  to  mention  him,  he  adds,  ^^  I  cannot  name 
this  gentleman  witbont  reBiariung,  that  his  labours  and 
writings  have  dcme  much  to  open  the  eyen  and  hearts  of 
mankind.  He  haa  visited  all  £orop^-*^ot  to  survey  the 
sumptttomaess  of  pidaoes»  or  the  statdiness  of  temples  | 
not  to  make  accurate  measunements  of  the  remains  of  an*4 
cient  gcaadeur,  nor  to  ibrai  a  scale  of  the  curiosity  of 
flsddem  art  $  not  to  collect  medal$^  or  collate  aoanusctiptsi 
^-irbot  to  dive  into  the  depthaof  dungeons ;  toplnnge  into 
the  iofeoaion  of  hospitals ;  to  sufvey  the  manaions  ,of  8or<^ 
iiear  and  pain ;  to  take  the  gage  arid  dimensions  of  misery^ 
depressioDi  and  conteoipt;  to  Iwmenibar  the  fotf^en^  to 
attend  to  the  neglected,  to  vMt  ^heforsakeiiy  and  to  com*-t 
pant  «nd  odlate  the  distresses  of  all  toen  in  all  cooutrieils* 
Hia  pfam  is  oftginal,  and  it  is  as  full  x>i  genilis  as  it  is  of 
faMnanity*  It  was  a  voyage  of  discOveiy ;  a  direumnav^^ 
tijon  <rf  chariiv.  <  Already  the  benefit  of  hia  kboutf  is  felt 
mere  or  less  «n  every  country ;  1  hope  he  wilt  anticipate 
hia  final  fewatd,  byaeeing  all  its  effects  fbllyTealised  ih 
hie  own*  He  ^ill  recseive,  not  by  retail,  but  id  gross,  the 
Inward  of  those  who  visit  the  prisoner ;  anid  he  has  so  foie4 
stalled  and  monopolized  this  branch  of  charity,  thAt  there 
wqll  bit,  I  trusty  little  room  to  merit  by  imcfa'ac^  of  beote* 
veMce  hereafter/' ' 

HOWARD  (Sir  RoamT}^  an  EngUsfa  Writer  of  isbme 
abilities  and  lisarning,  bom  Jan.  I«6i6^  wias  a  younger  son: 
of*  Thomas  earl  of  ficdEvhire,  and  educated  at  Magdaleit 


•• « 


1  Aikin's  Life  of  Howard,  8to.  •— Accoaot  of  hi»  death,  Clarke*!  Travela, 


wo  H  <>  W  A  R  D; 

college,  Cambridge.  DuriDg  the  civil  war  he  laffisred^ith 
his  family,  who  adhered  to  Charles  I.  but  at  the  Reatora-' 
tioQ  was  made  a  knight,  and  chosen  for  Stockbridge  in 
Hattipshire,  to  serve  in  the  parhament  which  began  in. 
May  1661.  He  was  afterwards  made  auditor  of  the  ex^ 
chequer,  and  was  reckoned  a  creature  of  Charles  II.  whom 
the  mooarcb  advanced  on  account  of  his  faithful  services, 
in  cajoling  the  parliament  for  money.  In  1679  he  was 
chosen  to sen^  in  parliament  for  Castle  Rising  in  Norfolk; 
and  re-elected  for  the  same  place  in  1688.  He  was  a 
strong  advocate  for  the  Revolution,  and  became  so  pas- 
sional^e  an  abhorrer  of  the  nonjurors,  that  be  disclaimed  all 
manner  of  conversatiqa  and  intercourse  with  pessons  of 
that  description.  His  obstinacy  and  pride  procured  hki^ 
many  enemies,  and  among  them  the  duke  of  Bockiogfaam^ 
who  intended  to  have  exposed  him  under  the  name  of 
Bilbea  in  the  ^*  Rehearsal,"  btt  afterwards  altered  hie 
resolution,  and.  levelled  bis  ridicule  at  a  much  greater 
Dame,  under  that  of  Bayes.  He  was  so  extremely  posi^ 
live,  and  so  sure  of  being  in  the  right  upon  every  snbject^ 
that  Sbadwell  the  poet,  though  a  man  of  the  same  prin* 
tiplies,  could  not  help  ridiculing  him  in  his  comedy  of  the 
**  Sullen  Lovers,"  tinder  the  character  of  Sir  Positt^  At^lk 
'  In  the  same  play  there  is  a  lady  Vaine,  a  courtesan;  which 
the  wits  then  Understood  t6  be  the  mistress  of  m  Robert^ 
whom  he  i^rwards  married.  He  died  Sept.  S,  169S.  .;He 
published,  1.  .<<  Poems  and  Plays."  2.  *^  The  History  of 
the  Reigns  of  Edward  and  Richard  II.  with  reflections  and 
characters  of  their  chief  ministers  and  ftivourites ;  also  a 
comparison  of  these  princes  with  Edward  L  ^nd  III."  16M^ 
Svo.  3*  ^^  A  letter  to  Mr.  Samuel  Johnson,  occasioned  by 
a- scurrileus  pamphlet,  entitled  Animadveisions.  on  Mr; 
Johnson^s  answer  to  Jovian,"-  1692,'8vo.  4.  **  The  History 
of  Religion,"  1694,  8vo.  5.  <<  The  fourth  book  of  VirgU 
ccanslated,"  1660,  ^vo.  6.  <<  Statius's  Acbilleis  translated^'^ 
:1660,  8vo. 

^  £j> WAao  HoWAaD,  esq.  likewise,  his  brother,  exposed  him- 
self to  the  severity  of  our  satirists,  by  writing  bad  plays; 
and  the  hon.  Jam^  Howard,  probably  a  relative,  wrote 
two  plays  about  the  same  time,  called  <<  All  Mistdcen,"  and 
5'  The  English  Monsieur,"  which  were  successful ;  but  Utdo 
else  is  recorded  of  him.' 


V  jOibb«r's  Liv«i.-i»Biog*  Dram.— Nichols's  Poems,** Bllii's  Sptcimftis.— » 
MtlOoe'8  0rydeii,  vol.  I.  398,  II.  34,  in»  145, 155.  . 


irOWARD.  251 

HOWAUD  (Sawuei),  Mus.  D.  was  bt^ught  up  in  the 
king's  chapel,  and  took  his  degree  of  doctor  of  music  at 
Cambridge  ac  the  timeof  the  Installation  of  theduke  of  Graf-^ 
ton  as  chancellor  of  that  university.  Dr.  Howard  had  studied 
tmich  under  Dr.  Pepusch  at  the  Charter-house,  and  was 
well  acquainted  with  the  mechanical  rules  of  counterpoint. 
His  overture  in  the  **  Amorous  Goddess,*^  a  happy  imita- 
tion of  Handel's  overture  in  "Alcina,"  particularly  the 
musette  and  minuet,  was  very  popular  in  the  theatres  and 
public  gardens.  But  his  ballads,  which  were  long  the  de- 
light of  natural  and  inexperienced  lovers  of  music,'  had 
the  merit  of  facility ;  for  this  hbnest  Englishman  preferred 
tiie  style  of  his  own  country  to  that  of  anjr  other  so  mucb^ 
that  be  never  staggered  in  his  belief  of  its  being  the  best 
in  the  world,  by  listening  to  foreign  artists  or  their  pro- 
ductions^ for  whom  and  for  which  he  had  an  invincible 
aversion. 

He  began  to  flourish  4^bout  l^e  year  1740,  and  from  that 
time  tifU  Arne's  Vauxhall  songs  were  published  under  the 
tide  of  *^  Lyric  Harmony,"  they  were  the  most  natural  and 
pleasing  which  oor  country  could  boast.  After  the  decease 
of  Michael  Christian  Pesting,  Dr.  Howard  took  the  lead 
in  managing  the  affairs  of  the  musical  fund-;  but  not  with 
oqual  address  and  intelligence.  He  was  a  dull,  vulgar^ 
amd  unpleasant  man  ;  and  by  over-rating  his  own  import^ 
ftnce^  and  reigning  paramount  over  his  equals,  he  rendered 
the  monthly  meetings  disagreeable,  and'  cooled  the  zeal 
of  many  well-wishers  to  the  society.  He  long  laboured 
under  a  dropsy^  yet  walked  about  with  legs  of  an  enormous 
aise,  during  aeveral  years.  But  it  was  not  this  disorder 
which  put  an  end  to  hi$  existence  at  last,  but  repeated 
paralytic  strokes.     He  died  about  the  year  1783.^ 

HOWE  (ChaALES),  the  author  of  a  very  popular  book 
of  ^^  Devout  Meditations,'^  was  the  third  son  of  John 
Grubham  Howe,  of  Langar  in  Nottioghamshire,  by  his 
wife  Annabelia,  third  natural  daughter  and  coheiress  of 
Emanuel  earl  of  Sunderland,  lord  Serope  of  Bolton.  He 
.was  born  in  Gloucestershire  in  1661,  and  during  the  latter 
end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  was  much  at  court.  About 
1686  he  went  abroad  with  a  near  relation,  who  was  sent  bf 
blames  IL  as  ambassador  to  a  foreign  court.  The  ambas'> 
fadordied;  and  our  author,  by  powers  given  to  him  t<i 

1  f^Mtnefs  Hist,  of  Music^^By  the  fiame^  ia  Kees^s  Cyclodfl|dU% 


iSt  B  O  W  E. 

♦ 

that  effect,  eoncloded  the  business  ^  the  emlwssy*  H^ 
bad  an  offer  of  being  appointed  successor  to  his  friend  ill 
his  public  charac^sr ;  but  disl&ing  the  measures  that  were 
then  carried  on  at  courts  he  declined  it,  and  returned  to 
England,  where  he  aoon  after  married  a  lady  of  rank  and 
fortune,  who,  dying  m  a  few  years^  left  behind  her  aa 
only  daughter,  manried  afterwards  to  Peter  Bathurst,  esq^ 
brother  to  tb^  first  earl  Batii^rst.  After  his  lady's  death/ 
Mr.  Howe  lived  for  the  most  part  in  the  country,  where 
be  spent  mliny  of  his  Utter  years  in  a  close  retirement^ 
eonseorated  to  religiotts  meditatioas  and  eseroises.  He 
was  a  man  of  good  understanding,  of  an  exeknplary  I^^ 
and  cheerful  coiiversatian.  He  died  in  i74&i  The  work 
by  wbich  be  is  still  remembered,  was  entitled  ^  Deveut 
Meditations;  or  a  collection  of  thougbts  upon  reltgioas 
and  pbilojsopbical  subjects/'  ;8vo,  and  waa  first,  pubiished 
anotiymously ;  but  the  second  edition,  at  the  instance  of 
Dr.  Young  and  others,  camie  out  ia  17^2  With  the  author's 
name.  It  baaoftsen  been. reprinted  sinee^  Dr.  Yonngasid 
of  this  book,  that  be  ^Ubould  never  lay  it  far  out  of  hit 
reaeh ;  for  a  greater  demonstration  of  a  aound  bead  and 

lincere  heart  he  never 'saw.V 
HOWE  (J^HK^  eaf(|.),  a  relation  of  the  preceding,  wni 

tbe  younger  brother  of  sir  Scroop  Howe,  of:  Nattingbam* 

shire.    In  the  cdnvention«pariiament,  wkicfa  met  at.Wesb^ 

ininsler  Jan^  22,  1^^849,  he  served  for  Gifeaoesterj  end 

was  constantly  chosen  for  that  borough,  or  as  a  knight  of 

Isbe  shire  for  the  county  of  Glonoesterj  in.  tbe  three  iast 

parliaments  of  Mng  William,  and  in  tbe  three  first  <^  queen 

Anne.     In  1696  he  was  a  strenuous  advocate  for  sir  JofaA 

Fenwick;  aiid  bis;  pleadings  in  behalf  of  that  unfortunate 

gentleman,  sfaews  his  extensive  knowledge >of  the  laws,  and 

aversion  to  unconstitutional  measures.    In  1699,  whence 

aro^'  vras  reduced,  it  was  principaHy  in  consideration  of 

Mr.  Howe's  remottstrances,  that  the  Home  of  Comnonir 

iBigreed  to  allow  half-pay  to  the. disbanded  officers 4  and 

when  the  partition^treaty  was  afterwards  und^  the  consi* 

deration  of  that  house,  he  e^presaed  bis  sentiments  of  itin 

auoh  terms^  that  king  William  declared,  that  if  it  were  not 

Isr  tbe  dispari^  of  tbeirrank^  be  would  demand  satisfaction 

with  the  si^ord.    At  the  accession  of  «qi»en  Aimey  he  wna 

«hvorn  of  her  privy •aouncil^pril  2I9  1702  ;  and,  on  Jnne 

7  following,   constituted  vice-admiral  of  the  county   of 

S  Gent.  Mag.  JUXTV.-^BaUer'i  Life  of  fiUdesIey^  p.  350,. 


HOWE.  i$$ 

Gloucester.  Before  the  «nd  of  that  ytor,  Jan.  4y  170^*3* 
he  was  constituced  paymaster^general  of  her  taiajesty's 
gfuards  and  garrisons;  Macky  says  of  bim,  ^*  be  seemed 
to  be  pleased  with  and  joined  in  the  Revolution^  and  was 
made  vice-chaoiberlaia  to  queen  Mary ;  but  harkig  asked 
a  grant,  which  was  refused  him,  and  given  to  lord  Port-* 
brtd/he  fell  from  the  court,  and  was  all  that  reign  the  most 
violent  and  open  antagonist  king  WiUiam  had  in  thehouse^f 
A  great  enemy  to  foreigners  settling  in  England  ;  most' 
clauses  inacts  against  them  being  brought  in  by  him.  He 
is  indefatigable  in  whatever  he  undertakes ;  witness  the  old 
East  India  company,  whose  cause  he  maintained  till  he 
fixed  it  upon  as  sure  a  foot  as  the  new,  even  wheq  they 
thought  themselves  past  recovery.  He  lives  up  to  what  bis 
visible  estate  can  afiord  ;  yet  purcjba^es,  instead  of  running 
in  debt.  He  is  endued  with  good  natural  parts,  attended 
With  an  unaccountable  boldness ;  daring  io  say  what  -he 
pleases,  and  will  be  heard  out ;  so  that  be  passeth  with 
some  for  the  shrew  of  the  bouse.  On  the  queen's  acces* 
aton  to  the  throne  he  was  made  a  privy-eoun^ellor,  and 
paymaster  of  the  guards  and  garrisons.  He  is  a  tall^  thii)^ 
pale-faced  man,  with  a  very  wild  look ;  brave  in  his  person^ 
hold  in  expressing  himself,  a  violent  enemy tv.a  sure  friend^ 
and  seems  to  be  always  in  a  huny.  Near  fifty  years  bid.'* 
Such  is  the  character  given  of  this  gentleman  in  170^* 
A  new  privy  council  being  settled  May  10, 1708,  aceording 
to  act  of  parliament,  relating  to  the  union  of  the  two 
kingdoms,  he  was,  among  the  other  great  officers,  sworn 
into  it.  He  continued  paymaster  of  the  guards  and  garri- 
sons tin  after  the  accession  of  George  I.  who  appointed 
Mr.  Walpole  to  succeed  him  on  Sept.  23,  1714 :  the  privy 
touncil  being  also  dissolved,  and  a  new  one  appointed  to 
meet  on  Oct.  1  following,  he  was  left  out  of  the  list.  Re- 
tiring to  his  seat  at  Stowell  in  Gloucestershire,  he  died 
Aere  in  1721,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  the  church 
of  Stowell. 

Mr.  Howe  was  author  of  *' A  panegyric  on  king  William/* 
and  of  several  songs  and  little  poems ;  and  is  introduced  ii| 
Swift's  celebrated  ballad  "  On  the  Game  of  Traffic.**  He 
married  Mary,  daughter  and  coheir  of  Humphrey  Basker^ 
Ville,  of  Pantryllos  in  Herefordshire,  esq.  widow  of  sir 
Edward  Morgan,  of  Laternam  in  Monmouthshire,  bart^  by 
whom  he  was  father  to  the  first  lord  Chedworth.^     , 


aS4  HOWE. 

HOW£  (John),  a  learued  fioa*cODfbraii$t  cfmoe  in  the . 
seventeenth  century,  was  a  minister's  son,  and  nephew  to 
Mr.  Obadiah  Howe,  vicar  of  Boston  in  Lincolnshire.  He 
was  born  May  17,  1630,  at  Loughborough  iii  Leicester* 
shire,  of  which  town  his  father  was  minister,  being  settled 
there  by  archbishop  Laud,  though  afterwards  ejected  by 
that  prelate  on  account  of  his  adherence  to  the  Puritans  ; 
upon  which  he  went  with  his  son  to  Ireland,  where  they 
continued  till  the  Irish  Rebellion  hroke  out,  when -they 
returned  to  England,  and  settled  in  Lancashire,  where  our 
author  was  educated  in  the  first  rudiments  of  learning  and 
the  knowledge  of  the  tongnes.  He  was  sent  pretty  early 
to  Christ  college  in  Cambridge,  where  he  continued  till  he 
had  taken  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  and  then  removed 
to  Oxford,  and  became  bible-clerk  of  Brazen-nose  college 
in  Michaelmas  term  1648,  and  took  the  degree  of  bachelor 
of  arts  Jan.  IS,  1649.  He  was  made  a  demy  of  Magdalen 
college  by  the  parliament  visitors,  and  afterwards  fellow ; 
and  July  9, 1652,  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts.  Soon 
after  this  he  became  a  preacher,  and  was  ordained  by  Mr« 
Charles  Herle  at  his  church  of  Winwick  in  Lancaishire» 
and  not  long  after  became  minister  of  Great  Torrington  in 
Devonshire.  His  labours  here  were  characteristic  of  the 
times.  He  inforiiied  Dr.  Catamy,  that  on  the  public  fasts 
it  was  his  common  way  to  begin  about  nine  in  the  morning 
with  a  prayer  for  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  in  which  he 
begged  a  blessing  on  the  work  of  the  day ;  and  afterwards 
read  and  expounded  a  chapter  or  psalm,  in  which  he  spent 
about  three  quarters  ;  then  prayed  for  about  an  hour^ 
preached  for  another  hour,  and  prayed  for  about  half  an 
hour.  After  this  he  retired,  and  took  some  little  refresh-* 
ment  for  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  or  more  (the  people 
singing  all  the  while),  and  then  came  again  into  the  pulpit^ 
and  prayed  for  another  hour,  and  gave  them  another  ser* 
mon  of  about  an  hour's  lengthy  and  so  concluded  the  ser- 
vice of  the  day,  about  four  o'clock  in  the  evening,  with, 
half  an  hour  or  more  in  prayer. 

In  March  1654  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Georg6 
Hughes,  minister  of  Plymouth.     Having  occasion  to  take 
a  journey  to  London,  be  went  as  a  hearer  to  the  chapel  at 
Whitehall.     Cromwell  was  present,  and,  struck  with  his 
/  demeanor  and  person,  sent  a  messenger  to  inform  hiin  that 

be  wished  to  speak  with  him  when  the  service  was  over, 

la  th^  couris^  of  the  int^rvi^w  be  desired  him  to  preach 


before  bim  the  following  Sunday:  he  requested  to  be  ex** 
cusedy  but  Cromwell  would  not  be  deoiedy  and  even  an* 
dertook  to  write  to  bis  eongrogation  a  sufficient  apology 
for  his  absence  from  them  longer  than  he  intended.  This 
led  to  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Howe  to  the  office  of  his 
domestic  cbaplaini  and  he  accordingly  removed  with  his 
family  to  Whitehall.  :  Dr.  Calamy  tells  us,  that  while  he 
was  in  this  station,  he  behaved  in  such  a  manner  that  he 
was  never  charged,  even  by  those  who  have  been  most  for- 
ward to  inveigh  against  a  number  of  his  contemporaries^ 
with  improving  his  ii^terest  in  those  who  then  b&d  the  ma- 
nagement of  affairs  in  their  hands,  either  to  the  enriching 
himself,  or  the  doing  ill  offices  to  others,  though  of  known 
differing  sentiments.  He  readily  embraced  every  occasion 
that  offered,  of  serving  the  interest  of  religion  and  learns, 
ing,  and  opposing  the  errors  and  designs  which  at  that  time 
threatened  both.  The  notion  of  a  particular  Jaiih  pre« 
yailed  much  at  Crom well's  court;  and  it  was  a  common 
opinion  among :tbem,  that  such  as  were  in  a  special  manner 
favoured  of  God,  when  they  offered  up  prayers  and  sup- 
plications to  bini  for  his  mercies,  either  for  themselves  or 
Qthe;rs,  often  had  such  impressions  made  upon  their  minds 
and  spirits  by  a  divine  hand,  as  signified  to  them,  not  only 
in  the  general  that  their  prayers  .would  be  heard  and  an- 
swered, but  that  the  particular  mercies  which  were  sought 
for  would  be  certainly  bestowed  ;  nay,  and  sometimes  also 
intimated  to  them  in  what  way  and  manner  they  would  be 
afforded,  and  pointed  out  to  them  future  events  befprehand, 
which  in  reality  is  the  same  with  inspiration.  Mr.  Howe 
told  Dr.  Calamy,  that  not  a  little  pains  was  taken  to  cni-' 
(ivate  and  support  this  notion  at  Whitehall ;  and  that  he 
once  heard  a  sermon  there  from  a  person  of  note,  the 
avowed  design  of  which  was  to  defend  it.  He  said,  that 
be  was  so  fully,  convinced  of  the  ill  tendency  of  such  a 
principle,  that  after  hearing  this  sermon,  he  thought  him^ 
^e\i  bound  in  conscience,  when.it  came  next  to  his  turn 
to  preach  before  Cromwell,  to  set  himself  industriously  to 
oppose  it,  and  to  beat  down  that  spiritual  pride  and  con- 
fidenpe,  which  such  fancied  impulses  and  impressions  were 
CLpt  to  produce  and  cherish.  He  observed,  while  he  was, 
in  the  pulpit,  that  Cromwell  heard  him  with  great  atten- 
tion, but  would  sometimes  knit  his  brows,  and  discover 
great  uneasiness.  When  the  sermon  was  over,  a  person 
Zs  distinction  came  to  him,  and  asked  him,  if  he  knew 


2^5^  11  O  W  EL 

what  be  had  done  ?  and  isignified  it  to  him  as  hi«  apptv*^ 
hension,  that  Cromwell  would  be  so  incensed  at  that  dis- 
cottftei  that  he  would  find  it  vety  diflBcult  ever  to  make  his 
peaee  with  him,  or  secure  his  favour  far  the  fotm^e.  Mr. 
Howe  replied,  that  he  had  but  discharged  his  conscience, 
and  could  leave  the  event  with  God.  He  afterwards  ob* 
served,  that  Cromwell  was  cooler  in  bis  carriage '  to  him 
itian  before;  and  sometimes  he  thought  he  would  ba^'e 
spoken  to  him  of  the  matter,  but  nevel*  did. 
«  Upon  the  death  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  his  non  Richard 
succeeding  him  as  protector,  Mr.  Howe  stood  in  the  same 
relation  to  him  of  chaplain  as  he  had  done  to  the  father ; 
and  was  in  his  judgment  very  mnch  averse  to  Richard's 
parting  with  his  parliament,  which  he  foresaw  would  prove 
his  ruin.  When  the  army  had  set  Richard  aride,  Mr.  Howe 
teturned  to  .his  people  at  Great  Torrington,  among  whom 
he  continued  till  the  act  of  uniformity  took  place  August 
24,  1662,  after  which  he  preached  for  some  time  in  private 
houses  in  Devonshire.  In  April  1671  he  went  to  Ireland, 
where  he  lived  as  chaplain  to  the  lord  Massarene  in  the 
parish  of  Antrim,  and  had  leave  from  the  bishop  of  tbe 
diocese  and  the  metropolitan  to  preach  in  the  public  church 
of  that  town  every  Sunday  in  the  afternoon,  without  sub* 
oiitting  to  any  terms  of  conformity.  la  1675,  upon  the 
death  of  Dr.  Lazarus  Seaman,  he  was  chosen  minister  of 
his  congregation,  upon  which  he  returned  to  England  and 
settled  at  London,  where  he  was  highly  respected,  not 
only  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  among  the  dissenters, 
but  also  by  several,  eminent  divines  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, as  Dr.  Whichcot,  Dr.  Kidder,  Dr.  Fowler,  Dr.  Lucas, 
and  others.  In  August  1685  he  travelled  beyond  sea  with 
tbe  lord  Wharton,  and  the  year  following  settled  at  Utrecht, 
and  took  his  turn  in  preadiing  at  the  English  church  in 
that  dty.  In  1687,  upon  king  James's  publishing  his 
<<  Declaration  for  Itbertv  of  coiiscience,*'  Mr.  Howe  returned 
to  London,  where  he  oied  April  2,  1 705,  and  was  interred 
in  the  parish  church  of  Allballows  Bread*street. 

Mr.  Howe,  abating  his  attachment  to  the  family  of  the 
0sufper,  was  a  man  of  more  moderation  than  most  of  hia 
brethren,  and  as  a  divine  laboured  zealously  to  promote  the 
interests  of  real  practical  religion,  and  to  diffuse  a  iipirit  of 
candpur,  charity,  and  mutual  forbearance,  among  his  dis* 
senting  brethren.  He  was' a  man  of  distingfuished  piety 
and  virtue^  of  eminent  inteUectual  esdowmeotSi  and  of 


HO  W  E-  2« 

•zt^mif 0  learning.  Granger  says,  **  He  was  one  of  tfie 
■lost  learned  and  polite  writers  among  the  dissenters.  His 
reading  in  divinity  was.  very  extensive :  he  was  a  good 
Orientalist,  and  undel^tood  several  of  the  modern  Ian- 
gu^es.'' 

Among  his  works  are,  1.  <*  A  Treatise  on  th^  blessedness 
of  the  righteous/*  1668,  8vo.  2.  **  A  Treatise  on  delight- 
ing ia  God,"'  1 674.  3.  <<  Of  tboughtfulness  for  the  mor« 
row  ;'*  and  many  sermons  and  discourses  on  several  sub^ 
jects.  His  whole  works  were  printed  in  1724^  2  vols,  folio, 
with  a  life  by  Dr.  Calamy.* 

HOWE  (Josiah),  an  accomplished  scholar  of  the  seven* 
teenth  century,  was  born  at  Crendon  in  BuckiiYghamshire, 
aad  elected  sdiolar  of  Trinity-college  in  1632,  of  which, 
when  B.  A  he  became  fellow  in  1637.  By  Hearne,  in  his 
preface  to  **  Robert  of  Gloucester,''  he  is  called  <^  a  very 
great  cavalier  and  loyalist,  and  a  most  ingenious  man.'* 
He  appears  to  have  been  a  general  scholar,  and  in  polite 
Ht&ature  was  esteemed  one  of  the  ornaments  of  the  uni- 
versity., In  1 644  he  preached  before  Charles  I.  at  Christ- 
cfaureh  cathedral,  Oxford ;  and  the  sermon  was  printed,  and 
in  red  letters  (but  only  thirty  copies),  of  whieh.perhaps  the 
only  one  extant  is  in  the  Bodleian  library.  In  1 646  he  was 
created  bachelor  of  divinity  by  decree  of  the  king,  among 
others  who  were  complkneuted  with  that  degree  for  having 
distiBguished  themselves  as  preachers  before  the  court  at 
Oxfofd-.  He  was  soon  afterwards  ejected  from  his  fellow- 
ship by. the  presbyterians,  but  not  in  the  general  expulsion 
in  1648,  according  to  Walker.  Being  one  of  the  bursars 
of  the  eoUege,  and  foreseeing  its  fate,  and  having  resolved 
at  the  same  time  never  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of 
CroBoiwelFs  visitors,  he  retired,  in  the  beginning  of  1648^ 
to  acoUegeestate  in  Buckinghamshire,  carrying  with  him 
many  rentals,  rolls,  papers,  and  other  authentic  documents 
belonging  to  his  ofiice.  These  be  was  soon  after  ipduced 
t<»  return  on  a  promise  of  being  allowed  to  retaiahis  fel- 
lowship ;  but  they  were  no  sooner  recovered  than  he  was 
expelled,  aqd  not  restored  until  1660> .  He  lived  forty-^wo 
years  after  this,  greatly  respected,  and  died  fellow  of  tbo 
coUege,  whfre  he  constantly  resided,  Aug.  28,  1701,  and 
was  interred  i«  die  college  chapel.     Hearne  says,  ^*  He 

^  life  by  Calamy.r*^o.  i>ict.«^?io|^'^it.  vol.  YlL^i^Bir^'t  Tillotsin,— 
WllMm's  Hist,  of  Piiaentios  ClM[^itlif9, 

voL.xvni.  s 


258  HOW  E. 

lived  sb  retiredly  in  the  latter  part  of  hjs  life,  that  he  rarefy 
came  abroad ;  so  that  I  could  never  see  him,  though  I  have 
often  much  desired  to  have  a  sight  of  him." 

Mr.  Howe  has  a  copy  of  recommendatory  English  verses 
prefixed  to  the  foiio  edition  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher^ 
printed  in  1647 ;  another  to  Randolph's  poems,  1640,  and 
another  to  Cartwright*s  comedies  and  poems,  1651.  These 
pieces,  says  Wartoo,  which  are  in  the  witty  epigrammatic 
$tyle  that  then  prevailed,  have  uncommon  acuteness,  and 
highly  deserve  to  be  revived.  Denham,  Waller,  Jonson, 
Corbet,  Brome,  Shirley,  &c.  appear  to  have  been  of  his 
intimate  acquaintance.  Wood  says  that  he  wrote  some 
English  verses,  which  were  much  applauded,  spoken  be- 
fore the  duke  and  duchess  of  York,  in  1683,  at  Trinity- 
college.* 

HOWE   (Richard),  fourth  viscount  Howe,    and  earl 
Howe,  and  first  baron  Howe  of  Langar,  a  gallant  English 
admiral^  was  the  third  son  of  sir  Emanuel  Scrope,  second 
lord  viscount    Howe,  and  Mary   Sophia  Charlotte,  eldest 
daughter  to  the  baron  Kilmansegge.     He  was  born  in  1725, 
was  educated  at  Eton,  entered  the  sea-service  at  the  age 
of  fourteen,  on  board   the   Severn,  hon.  captain   Legge, 
part  of  the  squadron  destined  for  the  South  Seas  under 
Anson.     He  next  served  on  board  the  Burford,.  1743,  under 
admiral  Knowles,  in  which  he  was  afterwards  appointed 
acting  lieutenant;  but  his  commission  not  being  confirmed, 
he  returned  to  admiral  Knowles  in  the  West-Indiesj  where, 
be  was  made  lieutenant  of  a  sloop  of  wai* ;  and  being  em* 
ployed  to  cut  an  English  merchantman,  which, had  been 
taken  by  a  French  privateer  under  the  guns  of.  the  Dutch 
settlement  of  St.  Eustatia,  and  with  the  connivance  of  the 
governor,  out  of  that  harbour,  he  executed  the  difficult 
and  dangerous  enterprise  in  such. a  manner,  as  to  produce 
the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  his  future  services.     In 
1745,  lieutenant  Howe  was  with  admiral  Vernon  in  the 
Downs,  but  wa4i  in  a  short  time  raised  to  the  rank  of  com- 
«  mander,  in  the  Baltimore  sloop  of  war,  which  joined  the 
squadron  then  grqizing  on  the  coast  of  Scotland,  under  the 
command  of  admiral  Smith.     During  this  cruize  an  action 
took  place,  in  which  captain  Howe  gave  a  fine  example  of 
persevering  intrepidity.    The  Baltimore,  in  company  with 

■■'■ 

t  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  n.-*Wairt<m'8  Life  of  sir  ThomM  IPope^  prelkce— ud  «f 
Batkarlt,  pp.  154,  tSll. 


HOWE.  259 

another  kriiied  vessel,  fell  id  with  two  French  frigates  of 
thirty  guns,  with  troops  and  ammunition  for  the  service  of 
the  pretender,,  which  she  instantly  attacked,  by  running 
between  them.  In  the  action  which  followed,  capt.  Howe 
received  a  wound  in  his  head,  which  at  first  appeared  to  be 
fatal.  He,  however,  soon  discovered  signs  of  life,  and 
when  the  necessary  operation  was  performed,  resuoied  all 
his  former  activity,  continued  the  action,  if  possible,  with 
redoubled  spirit,  and  obliged  the  French  ships,  with  their 
prodigious  superiority  in  men  and  metal,  to  sheer  oflF,  leav- 
ing the  Baltimore,  at  the  same  time,  in  such  a  shattered 
condition,  as  to  be  wholly  disqualified  to  pursue  them.  He 
was,  in  consequence  of  this  gallant  service,  immediately 
made  post-captain,  and  in  April  1746,  was  appointed  to 
the  Triton  frigate,  and  ordered  to  Lisbon,  where,  in  con- 
sequence of  captain  Holbourne's  bad  state  of  health,  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Rippon,  destined  for  the  Coast  pf 
Guinea.  But  he  soon  quitted  that  station  to  join  his  early 
patron  admiral  Knowles  in  Jamaica,  who  appointed  him 
first  captain  of  his  ship  of  80  guns;  and  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  in  1748,  he  returned  in  her  to  England.  In 
March  1750-51,  captain  Howe  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Guinea  station,  in  La  Gloire,  of  44  guns ; 
when,  with  bis  usual  spirit  and  activity,  he  checked  the 
injurious  proceedings  of  the  Dutch  governor-general  on  the 
coast,  and  adjusted  the  difference  between  the  English  and 
Dutch  settlements.  At  the  close  of  1751,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Mary  yacht,  which  was  soon  exchanged  for  the  Dol- 
phin frigate,  in  which  he  sailed  to  the  Streights,  where  he 
executed  many  difficult  and  important  services.  Here  he 
remained  about  three  years ;  and  soon  after,  on  his  return 
to  England,  he  obtained  the  command  of  the  Dunkirk  of 
60  guns,  which  was  among  the  ships  that  were  commis- 
sioned from  an  apprehension  of  a  rupture  with  France. 
This  ship  was  one  of  the  fleet  with  which  admiral  Boscawen 
sailed  to  obstruct  the  passage  of  the  French  fleet  into  the 
Gnlph  of  St.  Lawrence,  when  captain  Howe  took  the  Al- 
cide,  a  French  ship  of  64  guns,  off  the  coast  of  .Newfound- 
land. A  powerful  fleet  being  prepared,  in  1757,  under 
the  command  of  sir  Edward  Hawke,  to  make  an  attack 
upon  the  French  coast,  captain  Howe  was  appointed  to  the 
Magoanime,  in  which  ship  he  battered  the  fort  on  the 
island  of  Aix  till  it  surrendered.  In  1758  he  was  appointed 
commodore  of  a  small  squadron,  which  sailed  to  aiinoy  the 

S  2 


/ 


269  HOWE. 

tn^ttiy  on  their  totsts.    This  he  effected  with  his  tniml 
tuccess  at  St.  Malo,  where  an  hundred  sail  of  ships  and 
neveral  magaRsines  were  destroyed ;   and  the  heavy   gale 
blowing  into  shore,  which  rendered  it  impracticable  for 
the  troops  to  land^  alone  prevented  the  executing  a  similar 
mischief  in  the  town  and  harbour  of  Cherbourg.     On  the 
1st  of  July  he  returned  to  St.  Helen's.    This  expedition 
was  soon  followed  by  another,  when  prince  Edward,  after- 
wards duke  of  York,  was  entrusted  to  the  care  of  commo-» 
dore  Howe,  on  board  his  ship  the  Essex.    The  fleet  sailed 
on  the  1st  of  August  175a,  and  on  the  6th  came  to  an 
anchor  in  the  Bay  of  Cherbourg ;  the  town  was  taketi)  and 
the  bason  destroyed.    The  commodore,   with  his  royal 
midshipman  on  boards  next  sailed  to  St.  Malo;  and  as  his 
instructions  were  to  keep  the  coast  of  France  in  continual 
alarm,  he  very  effectually  obeyed  them.    The  unsuccess- 
ful affair  of  St.  Cas  followed.     But  never  was  courage, 
skill,  or  humanity,  more  powerfully  or  successfully  dis- 
played than  on  this  occasion.     He  went  in  person  in  his 
barge,  which  was  rowed  through  the  thickest  fire,  to  save 
the  retreating  soldiers ;  the  rest  of  the  fleet,  inspired  hy 
his  conduct,  followed  bis  example,  and  at  least  seven  hun- 
dred men  were  preserved,  by  his  exertions,  from  the  fire 
of  the  enemy  or  the  fury  of  the  waves.     In  July  in  the 
same  year  (1758),  his  elder  brother,  who  was  serving  his  . 
country  with  equal  ardour  and  heroism  in  America,  found 
an  early  grave.    That  brave  and,  admirable  officer  was  kil- 
led in  a  skirmish  between  the  advanced  guard  of  the  French, 
and  the  troops  commanded  by  general  Abercrombie,  in  the 
expedition  against  Ticonderago.     Commodore  Howe  then 
succeeded  to  the  titles  and  property  of  his  family.    In  the 
following  year  (1759).  lord  Howe  was  employed  in  the  Chan- 
nel, on  board  his  old  ship  the  Magnanime ;  but  no  oppor« 
tunity  offered  to  distinguish  himself  till  the  month  of  No- 
vember, when  the  French  fleet,  under  Conflans,  was  de- 
feated.   When  he  was  presented  to  the  king  by  sir  Edward 
Hawke  on  this  occasiOD^  bis  majesty  said,  *<  Your  lifie,  my   ^ 
lord,  has  been  one  continued  series  of  services  to  yonr 
country.^*    In  March  ITBO,  be  was  appointed  colonel  of  the 
Chatham  division  of  marines ;  and  in  September  fdlowiag, 
he  was  ordered  by  sir  Edward  Hawke  to  reduce  tlie  French 
fort  en  the  isle  of  Dumet,  in  order  to  save  the  expence  of 
the  transports  employed  to  carry  water  for  the  use  of  the 
fleet.    Lord  Howe  continued  to  serve,  as  occasion  reqttire4^ 


HOWE.  5l«l 

in  the  Channel )  ftnd  in  th^  gdaioief  of  1762,  he  f^ntoted 
to  the  Princess  Amelia,  of  SO  gunft,  having  accepted  thd 
command  as  captain  to  his  royal  highness  the  ddke  of  York^ 
Bo^  rear-admiral  of  the  blue^  serving  as  aeoond  in  com- 
mand under  sir  Edward  Hawke,  In  the  Channel.  On  the 
23d  of  August,  1763,  his  iordsbip  was  appointed  to  the 
board  of  admiralty,  where  he  remained  till  August  1765  i 
he  was  then  made  treasurer  of  the  navy ;  and  m  Octobef 
1770,  was  promoted  to  be  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
eommander  in  chief  in  the  Mediterranean.  In  Mlirch  1771^ 
he  was  appointed  r^ar-admiral  of  the  white ;  and  was  soon 
after  chosen  to  represent  the  borough  of  Dartmouth  in  paN 
liament.  In  the  month  of  December,  in  the  same  y^ar,  h^ 
was  made  vice-admiral  of  the  blue.  It  was  on  ohe  of  these 
promotions  that  lord  Hawke,  then  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty, rose  in  the  honse  of  peers,  and  said,  *^-l  adVi^^  bil 
Biaje^y  to  Btiatte  th6  promotion.  I  h&Ve  tried  my  loMd 
Howe  on  important  occasions  ;  he  never  asked  me  bow  h^ 
was  to  execute  any  service^  but  always  went  and  peVf6ymed 
it.*'  In  1778,  France  having  become  a  party  in  th*  war^ 
the'  I'rencb  admiral  D'Estaitig  appeared,-  on  the  flth  of 
July,  in  6ight  of  the  Aritish  fleet,  at  Sandy  Hopk,  v^^ith  d 
eonsKlerable  force  of  tin^  of  battle  ships,  in  complete  equlp*^ 
ment  and  condition.  Most  of  the  ships  und^r  lord  How6 
tnai  been  long  in  servicei  were  not  well  mtiinned,  and  weri 
liot  line  of  battle  ships  of  the  present  day.  The  Frendb 
admiral,  however,  remained  seven  days  without  making  an 
a^ttacky  aild  by  that  time  lord  Howe  nad  ^sposed  his  in'<> 
ferior  force  in  such  a  manner  as  to  set  him  at  defiance.  On 
D'Estaing's  leaving  the  Hook,  lord  Howe  heard  of  thd 
critical  situation  of  Rhode  Island,  and  made  every  possible 
exertion  to  preserve  it  He  afterwards  acted  chiefly  on  th^ 
defensive.  Such  a  conduct  appears  to  have  been  required, 
from  the  state  of  his  fleet,  and  the  particular  situation  of 
the  British  cause  in  America.  He,  however,  contrived  to 
baffle  all  the  designs  of  the  French  admiral ;  and  may  be 
said,  considering  the  disadvantages  with  which  he  was  sur- 
rounded, to  have  conducted  and  closed  the  campaign  with 
honour.  Lord  Howe  now  resigned  the  command  to  admi-> 
ml  Byron;  and$ on  his  return  to  England  in.Octoberj^  imi- 
inediately  struck  his  fl^g.  In  the  course  of  this  year,  he 
had  been  advanced  to  be  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  and 
rik)rtly  after,  to  the  same  rank  in  the  red  squadron.  On 
the  change  of  administration  in  1782,  lord  Howe  was  raised 


262  HOWE, 

to  the  dignity  of  .a  viscount  of  Great  Britain,  having  bi^en 
previously  advanced  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of  the  blue.  He 
viras  then  appointed  to  command  the  fleet  fitted  out  for  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar ;  and  he  fulfilled  the  important  objects 
of  this  expedition.  That  fortress  was  effectually  relieved, 
the  hostile  fleet  baffled,  and  dared  in  vain  to  battle ;  and 
different  squadrons  detached  to  their  important  destina- 
tions ;  while  the  ardent  hopes  of  his  country^s  foes  were 
disappointed.  Peace  was  concluded  shortly  after  lord 
Howe^s  return  froav  performing  this  important  service :  and 
in  January  17B3,  he  was  nominated  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty. That  office,  in  the  succeeding  April,  he  resigned 
to  lord  Keppel ;  but  was  re-appointed  on  the  30th  of  De- 
cember in  the  same  year.  On  the  24th  of  September  i787» 
he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of  the  white ;  and 
in  July  1788,  h^'finally  quitted  his  station  at  the  admiralty^ 
In  the  following  August  he  was  created  an  earl  of  Great 
Britain. 

.  But  the  greatest  glory  of  lord  Howe^s  life  was  reserved 
^Imost  to  its  close.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war  in  1793,  he  accepted  the  command  of  the 
lyestern  squadron.  Three  powerful  armaments  were  pre- 
pared for  the  campaign  of  1794 ;  one  under  lord  Hood 
commanded  the  Mediterranean,  reduced  the  island  of  Cor- 
sica, and  protected  the  coasts  of  Spain  and  Italy ;  a  second 
Yinder  sir  John  Jervis,  afterwards  lord  St  Vincent,  with  a 
military  force  headed  by  sir  Charles  Grey,  reduced  Marti- 
nico,  Guadaloupe,  St.  Lucia,  and  St  Domingo;  but  the 
most  illustrious  monument  of  British  naval  glory,  was  raised 
by  earl  Howe.  During  the  preceding  part  of  the  war^ 
France,  conscious  of  her  maritime  inferiority,  had  conr 
fined  her  exertions  to  cruizers  and  small  squadrons  for  ha- 
rassing our  trade ;  but  in  the  month  of  May,  the  French 
were  induced  to  depart  from  this  system,  and  being  very 
anxious  for  the^  safety  of  a  convoy  daily  expected  from 
America,  with  an  immense  supply  of  corn  and  flour,  naval 
stores,  &c.  the  Brest  fleet,  amoimting  to  twenty-seven  sail 
of  the  line,  ventured  to  sea  under  the  command  of  rear- 
admiral  Villaret  Lord  Howe  expecting  the  same  convoy, 
went  to  sea  with  twenty  ships  of  the  line,  and  on  the  28th 
of  May  descried  the  enemy  to  windward.  After  various 
previous  manoeuvres  which  had  been  interrupted  by  a  thick 
fog,  the  admiral  found  an  opportunity  of  bringing  the 
French  to  battle  on  the  ist  of  June.     Between  seven  and 


H  O  WE.  263 

eight  in  the  morning,  our  fleet  advanced  in  a  close  and 
compact  line;  anxl  the  enemy,  finding  an  engagement  un- 
avoidable, received  our  onset  with  their  accustomed  va- 
lour. A  close  and  desperate  engagement  ensued,  ih  the 
course  of  which,  the  Montague  of  130  guns,  the  French 
admiraPs  ship,  having  adventured  to  encounter  the  Queen 
Charlotte  of  100  guns,  earl  Howe^s  ship,  was,  in  less  than 
an  hour,  compelled  to  fly;. the  other  ships  of  the  same 
division,  seeing  all  efforts  ineffectual,  endeavoured  to  foU 
low  the  flying  admiral :  ten,  however,  were  so  crippled 
that  they  could  not  keep  pace  with  the  rest ;  but  many  of 
the  British  ships  being  also  greatly  damaged,  some  of  these 
disabled  French  ships  effected  their  escape.  Six  remained 
in  the  possession  of  the  British  admiral,  and  were  brought 
safe  into  Portsmouth,  viz.  two  of  80  and  four  of  74  guns ; 
and  the  Le  Vengeur,  of  74,  was  sunk,  making  the  whole 
loss  to  the  enemy  amount  to  seven  ships  of  the  line.  The 
victorious  ships  arrived  safe  in  harbour  with  their  prizes ; 
and  th€^  dlews,  officers,  and  admiral,  were  received  with 
*every  testimony  of  national  gratitude.  On  the  26th  of  the 
same  month,  their  majesties,  with  three  of  the  princesses, 
arrived  at  Portsmouth,  and  proceeded  the  next  morning  in 
barges  to  visit  lord  Howe's  ship,  the  Queen  Charlotte,  at 
Spitbead.  His  majesty  held  a  naval  levee  on  board,  and 
presented  the  victorious  admiral  with  a  sword^  enriched 
with  diamonds  and  a  gold  chain,  with  the  naval  medal  sus- 
pended from  it.  The  thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament, 
the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London,  and  the  universal  ac- 
clamations of  the  nation,  followed  the  acknowledgments  of 
the  sovereign.  In  the  course  of  the  following  year,  he 
was  appointed  general  of  marines,  on  the  death  of  admiral 
Forbes ;  and  finally  resigned  the  command  of  the  western 
squadron  in  April  1797.  On  the  2d  of  June  in  the  same 
year,  he  was  invested  with  the  insignia  of  the  garter.  The 
IjAst  public  act  of  a  life  employed  against  the  foreign  ene- 
mies of  his  country,  was  exerted  to  compose  its  internal 
dissentions.  It  was  the  lot  of  earl  Howe  to  contribute  to 
the  restoration  of  the  fleet,  which  he  had  conducted  to 
glory  on  the  sea,  to  loyalty  in  the  harbour.  His  experi- 
ence suggested  the  measures  to  be  pursued  by  government 
on  the  alarming  mutinies,  which  in  1797  distressed  and 
terrified  the  nation ;  whilci  his  personal  exertions  power- 
fully promoted  the  dispersion  of  that  spirit,  which  had,  for 
»  time,  changed  the  very  nature  of  British  seamen,  and 


364  HOWE. 

greatly  helped  to  recall  them  to  their  former  career  of  dotjr 
and  obedience.  This  gallant  of&cer,  who  gained  the  first 
of  the  four  great  naval  victories  which  have  raised  the  re- 
putation of  the  British  navy  beyond  all  precedent  and  all 
comparison,  died  at  his  house  in  Grafton-street,  London, 
of  the  gout  in  his  stomach,  August  5,  1199.  In  i75S  his 
lordship  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Chiverton  Hartop,  esq. 
of  Welby,  in  the  county  of  Leicester.  His  issue  by  this 
lady,  is  lady  Sophia  Cbarloite,  married  to  the  hon.  Pen 
Ashton  Curzon^  eldest  son  of  lord  Curzon,  who  died  in 
1797 ;  lady  Mary  Indiana,  alid  lady  Louisa  Catharine, 
married  to  earl  of  Altamont,  of  Ireland.  He  ^as  succ  ceded 
in  his  Irish  viscounty  by  iiis  brother,  general  sir  WtUiaoi 
Howe,  who  died  (1814)  while  this  sheet  was  passing  through 
the  press ;  and  in  the  English  barony  by  lady  CurzonJ 

HOWELL  (James),  a  voluminous-  English  writer,  the 
son  of  I'homas  Howell,  minister  of  Abernant  in  Caer* 
marthenshire,  was  born  about  1594,  and,  to  use  his  own 
words,  '<  his  ascendant  was  that  hot  constellation  of  cancer 
about  the  midst  of  the  dog-days.*'  He  was  sent  to  the  free- 
school  at  Hereford  -,  and  entered  of  Jesus-college,  Oxford, 
in  1610.  His  elder  brother  Thomas  Howell  was  already  a 
fellow  of  that  society,  afterwards  king's  chaplain,  and  was 
nominated  in  1644  to  the  see  of  Bristol.  James  Howell, 
having  taken,  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1613,  left  college,  and 
removed  to  London;  for  being,  says  Wood,  ^^u,  pure 
cadet,  a  true  cosmopolite,  not  bom  to  land,  lease,  house^ 
or  .office,  he  had  his  fortune  to  make;  and  being  withal  not 
$o  much  inclined  to  a  sedentary  as  an  active  life,  this  situ- 
ation pleased  him  best,  as  most  likely  to  answer  his  views.'* 
Xh^  first  employment  he  obtained  was  that  of  steward  to  a 
gliassohouse  in  Broad*street,  which  was  procured  for  hioi 
by  sir  Robert  Mansel,  who  was  principally  concerned  in  it. 
The  proprietors  of  this  work,  intent  upon  improving^  the 
manufactory,  came  to  a  resolution  to  send  an  agent  abroad^ 
who  should  procure  the  best  materials  and  workmea;  and 
they  made  choice  of  Howell  for  this  purpose,  who,  setting 
off  in  1619,  visited  several  of  the  principal  places  in  HoU 
land,  Flanders,  France,  Spain,  and  Italy*  In  Dec.  1621, 
he  returned  to  London ;  having  executed  the  purpose  of 
his  mission  very  well,  and  particularly  having  acquired  n 

^  CoUiDs's  Peenage  by  Sir  E.  lB|iydfe9»— rChaniock>  Bbg.  N»?iklM*-»NaTi4 


HOWELL.  265 

masterly  knowledge  io  the  modern  languages,  wbicb  af- 
forded bim  a  siagalar  cause  for  gralitude.  ^*  Thank  God/* 
be  says,  ^^  I  have  tbis  fmit  <if  my  ioreign  travels,  that  f 
can  pray  unto  bim  every  day  of  the  week  in  a  separate 
language,  and  upon  Sunday  m  seven.** 

800B  after  his  return,  be  quitted  his  stewardship  of  the 
glass-house ;  and  having  experimced  the  pleasuiea  of  tra^ 
veiling,  was  anxious  to  obtain  more  employments  of  the 
same  kind.     In  1632  he  was  sent  into  Spain,  to  recover  a 
rich  English  ship,  seized  by  the  viceroy  of  Sardinia  for  his 
master's  use,  on  pretence  of  its  having  prohibited  goods 
on  board.     In  1623,  during  bis  absence  abroad,  he  was 
chosen  fellow  of  Jesus  college  in  Oxford,  upon  the  new 
foundation  of  sir  Eubule  Tbelwal ;  for  be  had  tdcen  unte*- 
mitting  care  to  cultivate  his  interest  iu  tbat  society.  He  telb 
sir  Enbule,  in  his  letter  of  thanks  to  bim,  thdt  be  ^  will 
reserve  bis  fellowship,  and  lay  it  by  as  a  good  warm.  gar«» 
ment  against  rough  weather,  if  any  fall  on  bim  :**  in  which 
be  was  followed  by  Prior,  who  alleged  the  same  reason 
for  keeping  his  fellowship  at  St.  Jobn^s-eollege  in  Cam^ 
bridge.  ^  Howell  returned  to  England  in  1624;  and  was 
soon  after  appointed  secretary;  to  lord  Scrope,  afterwarda 
earl  of  Sunderland,  who  was  made  lord-president  of  the 
North.    This  office  carried  him  to  York ;  and  while  be ' 
resided  there,  the  corporation  of  Richmond,  without  any 
application  from  himself,  and  against  several  competitors, 
chose  him  one  of  their  representatives,  in  the  parliament 
which  began  in  1627..   In  1632,  he  went  as  secreiaiy  to 
Robert  earl  of  Leicester,  ambassador  extraordinary  from 
Charles  I.  to  the  court  of  Denmark,  on  occiision  t>f  the 
death  of  the  queen  dowager,  who  was  grandmother  to  that 
king:  and  there  gave  prdofii  of  his  oratorical  talents,  in 
several  Latin  speeches  before  the  king  of  Denmark,  and 
other  princes  of  Germany.    After  bis  return  to  England^ 
his  affairs  do  not  appear  so  prosperous;  for,  except  an 
inconsiderable  mission,  on  which  be  was  dispatched  to 
Orleans  in  Fmnce  by  secretary  Windebank  in  1635,  be  was 
for  some  years  destitute  of  any  employment.    At  last,.iu 
1639,  be  went  to  Ireland,  and  was  well  received  by  lord 
Straiford,  the  lord-lieutenant,  wl)o  had  before  made  hint 
very  warm  professions  of  kindness,'  and  employed  him  as 
an  assistant^derk  upon  some  business  to  Edinburgh,  and 
afterwards  to  London ;  but  his  rising  hopes  were  ruined  b^ 
the  unhappy  £i^te  i/^ioh  soon  oy^ook  X^X  nobleman.    In 


866  HOWELL. 

1640  he  was  dispatched  upon  some  business  to  France; 
and  the  same  year  was  made  clerk  of  the  council)  which 
post  was  the  most  fixed  in  point  of  residence^  and  the  most 
permanent  Jn  its  nature,  that  he  had  ever  enjoyed.  But 
his  royal  master,  having  departed  from  his  palace  at  White^ 
ball,  was  not  able  to  secure  his  continuance  long  in  it :  for, 
in  1643,  having  visited  London  upon  some  business  of  his 
own,  all  his  papers  were  seized  by  a  committee  of  the 
parliament,  his  person  secured,  and,  in  a  few  days  after, 
he  was  committed  close  prisoner  to  the  Fleet  This  at 
least  he  himself,  assigns  as  the  cause  of  his  imprisonment : 
hxLt  W^^ood  insinuates,  that  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  for 
debts  contracted  through  his  own  extravagance ;  and  in- 
deed some  of  his  own  letters  give  room  enough  to  suspect 
it.     But  whatever  was  the  cau^e^  he  bore  it  cheerfully. 

He  had  now  no  resource  except  his  pen :  and  applied 
hims/elf  therefore  wholly  to  write  and  translate  books. 
^'  Here,"  he  says,  '^  I  purchased  a  small  spot  of  ground 
upon  Parnassus,  which  I  have  in  fee  of  the  muses,  and  I 
have  endeavoured  to  manure  it  as  well  as  I  could,  though 
I  confess  it  hath  yielded  me  little,  fruit  hitherto.^'  This 
spot,  however,  brought  him  a  comfortable  subsistence, 
during  his  long  stay  in  prison,  where  he  was  confined  till 
some  time  after  the  king's  death ;  and  as  he  got  nothing^  « 
by  his  discharge  but  his  liberty,  he  was  obliged  to  continue 
the  same  employment  afterwards.  His  numerous  produc- 
tions,  written  rather  out  of  necessity  than  choice,  shew,* 
however,  readiness  of  wit,  and  exuberant  fancy.  Though 
always  a  firm  royalist,  he  does  not  seem  to  have  approved 
the  measures  pursued  by  Buckingham,  Laud,  and  Straf- 
ford ;  and  was  far  from  approving  the  imposition  of  ship*' 
money,  and  the  policy  of  creating  and  multiplying  mono* 
polies.  Yet  the  unbridled  insolence  and  outrages  of  the 
republican  governors  so  much  disgusted  him,  that  he  wasf 
not  displeased  when  Oliver  assumed  the  sovereign  power 
under  the  title  of  protector ;  and  in  this  light  he  addressed 
him  on  that  occasion  in  a  speech,  which  shall  be  mentioned 
presently*  His  behaviour  under  CromwelKs  tyraiTny  was 
prudential,  and  was  so  considered ;  for  Charles  H.  at  his 
restoration,  thought  him  worthy  of  his  notice  and  favour  : 
and  his  former  post  under  the  council  being  otherwise  dis* 
posed  of,  a  ,oew  place  was  created,  by  the  grant  of  wbicb 
be  became  the  fir^t  historiographer  royal  in  England.  He 
died  Nov.  16^)  and  was  interred  in  the  Temple-chorch^ 


•HOWE  L  L.  i6T 

London,  wher^  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory^ 
with  the  following  inscription,  which  was  taken  down  when 
the  church  was  repaired  in  1683,  and  has  not  since  been 
replaced :  ^<  Jacobus  Howell,  Cambro-Britannus,  Regiuti 
Historiographus  in  AngUa  primus,  qui  post  varies  pere^ 
grinationes  tandem  naturae  cursum  peregit,  satur  anno«^ 
rum  &  famsB ;  domi  forisque  hue  usque  erraticus,  hie  fixus 
1666." 

His  works  were  numerous.     1.  ^^  Dodona's  Grove,  or. 
The  Vocal  Forest,  164a"  2.  "The  Vote:"  a  poem,  pre- 
sented to  the  king  on  New-year's  day,  1641.     3.  "In- 
structions for  Forraine  Travel! ;  shewing  by  what  course,^ 
and  in  what  compass  of  time,  one  may  take  an  exact  sur^ 
vey  of  the  kingdomes  and  states  of  Christendome,  and  ar^ 
rive  to  the  practical  knowledge  of  the  languages  to  good 
purpose,  1642."    dedicated  to  prince  Charles.    Reprinted 
in  1650,  with  additions.  These  works  were  published  before 
be  was  thrpwn  into  prison.     4*  "  Casual  Discourses  and 
Interlojcutions  between  Patricius  and  Peregrin,  touching' 
,the  distractions  of  th#  times."    Written  soon  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Edgehill,  and  the  first  book  published  in  vindication 
of  the  kiiig.     5.  "  Mercurius  Hibernicus :  or,  a  discourse ' 
of  the  Irish  Massacre,  1644."     6.  "  Parables  reflecting  on 
the  Times,  1644."     7.  <^  England*^  Tears  for  the  present 
Wars,  &c*  1644."     ^. ^^  Preheminence  and  Pedigree  of 
Parliaments,  1644."     9*  *^  Vindication  of  some  passages 
reflecting  upon  him  in  Mr.  Prynne's  book  called  The  Po-^ 
pish  Royal  Favourite,   1644."     10.  ^^  Epistoiae  Ho^Elianse  : 
or.  Familiar  Letters,  domestic  and  foreign,  divided  into 
sundry  sections,  partly  historical,  partly  political,  partly 
philosophical,"  1645.     Another  collection  was  published 
in  1647  ;.  and  both  these,  with  the  addition  of  a  third,  came 
out  in  1650.     A  few,  additional  letters  appeared  in  some 
subsequent  editions :  of  which  the  eleventh  was  printed  in 
1754,  8vo.     It  is  not,  indeed,  to  be  wondered  at,  that  these 
letters  have  run  through  so  many  editions  ;  since  they  not 
only  contain  much  of  the  history  of  his  own  times,  but  are 
also  interspersed  with  many  plei^ant  stories  properly  intro- 
duced and  applied.    It  cannot  be  denied,  that  be  has  given 
way  frequently  to  very  low  witticisms,  the  most  unpardon- 
able instance  of  which  is,  his  remark  upon  Charles  the  First's 
death,  where  'he  says,  ^^  I  will  attend  with  patience  how 
England  will  thrive,  now  that  she  is  let  blood  in  the  Ba* 
siUcal  veiui  and  cured  as  they  say  of  the  king's  evil ;"  and 


f6i  H  o  w  E  L  l; 

I 

it  k  tio  great  czcute,  thai  he  wis  led  inte  diii  maatier  h^ 
tbe  bumoar  of  the  times.  Woed  relates,  it  does  not  ap- 
pear on  vrtiat  authoii^^  that  *'  many  of  these  lettteirs  were 
never  written  before  the  author  of  the«i  was  in  the  Fleet, 
as  he  pretends  they  were,  but  otfly  feigned  and  purposely 
published  to  gain  money  to  relieve  his  ne<:esMt)es  :^  be  .this 
as  it  willy  he  allows  that  they  **  give  a  tolerable  bistory  of 
those  times,"  which,  if  true,  is  sufficient  to  recommend 
tbem^.  There  are  also  some  of  his  letters  among  the 
Strafford  papers; 

These  letters  are  almost  the  only  work  of  Howell  that  is 
BOW  regarded ;  the  rest  are  very  obsoure.  1 1.  '^  A  Noe<^ 
turnal  Progress  :  or,  a  Perambulation  of  most  Countries  iil^ 
Christendom,  perfonned  in  one  night  by  strength  of  imal« 
^nation,"  1645.  13^  ^^  Lustra  Ludovici:  or  the  Life  of 
Lewis  XIII.  King  of  France,  &c.**  13.  <<  An  Aceoant  of 
the  deplorable  state  of  England  in  1647,  &c,'*  1647.  14. 
^'  Letter  to  Loi^d  Pembroke  concerning  the  Tiines,  and  the 
sad  condition  both  of  Prince  and  People,"  1647.  15. 
^<  Bella  Scot^Anglica:  A  Brief  of  all  die  Battles  betwixt' 
England  and  Scotland,  from  all  tinges  to  this  present," 
1646.  16.  *^  Corollary  declaring  the  Causes,  whereby  the 
Scot  is  come  of  late  years  to  be  so  beightened  in  his  Spi* 
riW  17.  <'  The  Instruments  of  a  King  :  or,  a  short  Dis- 
course of  the  Sword,  Crown,  and  Sceptre,  fcc.  1648.'*  18. 
"  Winter-Dream,"  1 649.  1 9.  **  A  Trance,  6r  News  from 
Hell^  brought  first  to  town  by  Mer^uiius  Acberonticus,*' 
1649.  20.  <<  Inquisition  after  Blood,  &c.''  1649.  31. 
'<  Vision,  or  Dialogae  between  Soul  and  Body,"  1651. 
S2.  «  Survey  of  the  Sigtiory  of  Venice,  &c."  1651.^  23. 
^'  Some  sober  Inspections  made  into  the  carriage  tad  con- 
sults of  the  late  Long  Parliaoient,  whereby  occasion  is 
taken  to  speadc  of  Parliaments  in  former  times,  and  of 
Magna  Charta :  with  some  Reflections  upon  Government 
in  general,.''  16li&.  Dedicated  to  Oliver  lord  protector^ 
whom  he  compares  to  Charies  Martel>  and  compliments  in 
language  much  beyond  tbe  truth  and  the  sentiments  of 
his  own  heart.    The  fourth  edition  of  this  book  came  out 

*  *  *'  I  believe  the  second  puhlitbed  friend  of  Jobsoq,  and  the  first  who  bom 

cdirespondeiice  of  this  hind  (after  As*  tbe  office  of  the  roy)iI  bistoHo^apher, 

^am),  and  in  o«r  own  lali^ini$e,  at  which  discowr  a  variety  of  literature* 

least  of  any  importatioe  after  (bishop)  and  abound  with  miM^  entertaiaiBg 

Hall,  wiH  be  found  in  the  «  Epistols  and  useful    informatfOA."     WartOn^a 

H«ieliai»;*'  or  th^.lmeili  of  Jtfmes  History  of  Poetry,  voT.  IV.  p.54. 
IfoweUy  a  great  traTeUer,  an  hiiiapate 


HOWELL.  fi6i 

JO  1660,  with  several  adflitiont.     24.  ^<  History  of  the 
Wars  of  Jerusalem  epitomised/'    25.  *^  Ah,  Ha;  Tumu*- 
las,  Thalamus :  two  Counter- Poems :  the  first  an  Elegy 
on  Edward  }ate  earl  of  Dorset :  the  second  an  Epithala- 
mium  to  the  Marquis  of  Dorohester,''  165$.     26.  **  The 
German  Diet:  or  Balance  of  Europe,  &c.**  1653,  folio^ 
with  the  author's  portrait,  at  whole  length.    27.  **  Parthe- 
nopeia:  or,  the  History  of  Naples^  jco."  1654.    28.  <^  Lon^ 
dinopolis,''  1657  :  a  short  discourse,  says  Wood,  mostly 
taken  from  Stowe's  *'  Survey  of  London,**  but  a  wow 
which  ia  our  time  bears  a  high  price,  and  is  worth  con* 
suiting,  as  containing  particulars  of  the  manners  of  Lou* 
don  ia  his  days.     29.  ^  Discourse  of  the  Empire,  and  of 
the  Election  of  the  King  of  the  Romans,^*  165S.     30. 
^  Lexicon  Tetraglotton :  an  English-French-Italian-8pa- 
nish  Dictionary,  &c."  1660.    31.  «  A  Cordial  for  the  Ca« 
valiers,*'  1661.     Answered  immediately  by  sir  Roger  L'Es** 
trange,  in  a  book  entitled  **  A  Caveat  for  the  Cavaliers  :** 
replied  to  by  Mr.  Howell,  in  the  next  article,  32.  ^<  Some 
sober  lospeerions  made  into  those  ingredients  that  went 
to  the  composition  of  a  late  Cordial  for  the  Cavaliers,** 
1661.     33.  '<  A  French  Grammar,  &c."     34.  <<  The  Par- 
ley of  Beasts,  &c.*'  1660.    35.  **  The  second  Plart  of  casual 
Discourses  and  Interlocutions  between  Patricius  and  Pe- 
regrin, &c.'*  1661.    36.  «<  Twelve  Treatises  of  the  late 
Rmolutions,'*  1661.    37.  ^<  New  English  Grammar  for 
Foreignees  to  learn  English  :  mth  a  Grammar  for  the  Spa^ 
nish  and  Castilian  Tongue,  with  special  Remarks  on  the 
Portuguese  Dialect,  for  the  service  of  her  Majesty,'*  1662. 
M.  **  Discourse  concerning  tile  Precedency  of  Kings,** 
1668%    3^.  *^  Bsems  :'*  coneoted  and  published  by  ser- 
jeaot-major  P.  F.  that  is,  Pig^ne  Fisiier>   who  had  been 
poet-launeat  to  CiomweH^    The  editor  telti  us,  that  his 
amthor  How«ll  ^'  may  be  called  the  pvodigy  of  tiie  ag^  for 
the  vairiety  of  his  volumes :  for  there  hath  passed  the  press 
above  feriy  of  bis  wovbs  on  various  subjects,  usefol  not 
oJity  to  the  praaent  times,  bat  to  all  posterity.    Audit  is 
«o  be  obserwd^"  say*  he,  ^  that  an  idl  his  wrinngs  tliere  is 
soBMthing  still  new,  either  in  thematter,  metiiod,  or  fcncy, 
and  IB  an  untrodden  tract.'*     Ik  is  quite  impouible,  how- 
ever, to  say  any  thing  infovour  of  his  poetry.     He  pub^ 
Ushed  next,  40.  <*  A  Treatise  concerning  Ambassadors,** 
1664.    41.  ^*  Concerning  the  surrender  of  Dunkisfc>  that  it 
was  done  upon  good  Grounds,**  1664. 


870  HOWELL. 

'  Besides  these  original  works,  he  translated  sevefstl  froni 
foreign  languages;  as,  1."  St.  PauPs  late  Progress  upon 
Earth  about  a  Divorce  betwixt  Christ  and  the  Church  of 
Rome,  by  reason  of  her  dissoluteness  and  excesses,  &c/' 
1644'.-  The  author  of  this  book  published  it  about  1642, 
and  was  forced  to  fly  from  Rome  on  that  account.  He 
withdrew  in.  the  company,  and  under  the  conduct  of  one^ 
wiio  pretended  friendship  for  him  ;  but  who  betrayed  him 
at  Avignon,  where  he  was  first  hanged  and  then  burnt. 
2.  "  A  Vedetian  Looking-glass  :  or,  a  Letter  written  very 
lately  from  London  to  Cardinal  Barberini  at  Rome,  by  a 
Venetian  Clariasimo,  touching  the  present  Distempers  in 
England,"  1648*  3.  "An  exact  History  of  the  late  Re* 
volutions  in  Naples,  &c."  1650.  4.  "  A  Letter  of  Advice 
from  the  prime  Statesman  of  Florence,  how  England  may 
come  to  herself  again,'*  1659.  All  these  were  translated 
from  the  Italian.  He  translated  also  from  the  French, 
<*  The  Nuptials  of  Peleus  and  Thetis,  &c."  1654 ;  and  from 
the  Spanish,  "  The  Process  and  Pleadings  in  the  Court  of 
Spain^  upon  the  death  of  Anthony  Ascham)^  resident  for 
the  Parliament  of  England,  &c.**  1651. 

Lastly,  he  published,  in  1649,  **  The  lat6  Kiog*s  Decla- 
ration in  Latin,  French,  and  English :"  and  in  1651,  "  Cot- 
ton! Posthuma,  or  divers  choice  Pieces  of  that  renowned 
antiquary  sir  Robert  Cotton,  knight  and  baronet,"  in  8vo. 
The  print  of  him  prefixed  to- some  of  his  works  was  taken 
from  a  painting  which  is  now. at  Landeilo  house,  in  Mon- 
mouthshire, the  seat  of  Richard  Lewis,  esq.^ 

HOWEL  (Laurence),  a  learned,  but  somewhat  unfor- 
tunate divine,  was  born  soon  after  the  restoration,  and  edu- 
cated at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  B.  A.  in  1684,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1688,  after 
which  it  is  not  improbable  that  he  left  the  university,  as  be 
not  only  scrupled  the  oaths  to  the  new  goTernment,  but; 
adhered  to  the  nonju ring  party  with  a  degree  of  firmness, 
zeal,  and. rashness,  which  no  considerations  of  personal  loss 
or  suffering  could  repress.  In  1712  he  was  ordained  and 
instituted  into  priest^s  orders  by  Dr.  Hickes,  the  celebrated 
nonjuror,  who  was  titled  Sui&agan  Bishop  of  Tbetford. 
Before  this,  in  1708,  he  published  ^^  Synopsis  Canonum 
JS.  S.  Apostolorum,  et  conciliorum  oecumenicorum  et  pro- 

1  Biog.  Brit. — Lloyd's  Memoirs,'  folio,  p.  529. — Atb.  Os«  vol.  11. — Censan 
Ltteraria,  toI.  III. 


H  O  W  E  L.  27t 

viQcUIiuaiy  ab  ecclesia  Graca  receptor  urn/'  17 10,  in  folio ; 
*^  Synopsis  canon um  ecclesi»  Latins/'  folio  ;  and  in  171 5, 
the  tliird  and  last  volume  was  announced  ^^  as  once,  more 
finisbed''  by  Mr.  Howely  the  manuscript  having  been  burnt 
at  the  fire  which  consumed  Mr.  Bowyer^s  printing-bouse. 
Soon  after  this  be  printed  a  pamphlet  entitled  ^^The  case 
of  Schism  in  the  Church  of  England  truly  stated/'  which 
was  intended  to  be  dispersed  or  sold  privately,  there  being 
no  name  of  any  author  or  printer.     Both,  however,  were 
soon  discovered^  andRedmayne,  the  printer,  was  sentenced 
to  pay  a  6ne  of  500/.  to  be  imprisoned  for  five  years,  and 
to  find  security  for  his  good  behaviour  for  life.     The  prin- 
ciples laid  ilown  in  Howel's  pamphlet  are  these:  1.  ^That 
the  subjects  of  England  could  not  transfer  their  allegiance 
from  king  James  II.  ;  and  thence  it  is  concluded,  that  all 
who  resisted  king  James,  or  have  since,  complied  with  such 
as  did,  are  excommunicated  by  the  second  canon  :  2.  That 
the  catholic  bishops  cannot  be  deprived  by  a  lay-power 
only ;  and  thence  it  is  inferred,  that  all  who  have  joined 
with  them  that  were  put  into  the  places  of  the  derived 
bishops,  are  schismatics.*'     As  such  assertions  seemed  to 
aim  at  the  vitals  of  .government,  both  civil  and  ecclesias- 
tical, it  was  thought  necessary  to  visit  Mr.  Howel's  crime 
with  a  more  severe  punishment  than  had  been  inflicted  on: 
the  prin^r.  Accordingly  he  was  indicted  at  the  Old  Bailey 
Feb.  18,  1717,  for  a  misdemeanour,  in  publishing  V  a  se- 
ditious libel,  wherein  are  cbntained  expressions  denying 
bis  majesty's  title  to  the  crown  of  this  realm,  and  asserting 
the*  pretender's  right  to  the  same ;  &c.  &c."  and  being 
found  guilty,  he  was  ordered  to  pay  a  fine  of  500/.  to  be 
imprisoned  for  three  years,  to  find  four  securities  of  500/. 
each,  himself  bound  in  1000/.  for  his  good  behaviour  during 
life,  and  tp  be  twice  whipped.     On  hearing  this  last  part  of 
the  sentence,  he  asked,  if  they  would  whip  a  clergyman  i 
and  was  answered  by  the  court^  that  they  paid  no  deference 
to  his  cloth,  because  he  was  a  disgrace  to  it,  add  had  no 
right  to  wear  it;  that  they  did  not  look  upon  him  as  a 
clergyman;  in  that  he  had  produced  no  proof  of  his  ordi- 
nation, but  from  Dr.  Hickes,  under  the  denomination  of 
the  bishop  of  Thetford,  which  was  illegal,  and  not  accord- 
ing to  the  constitution  of  this  kingdom,  which  knows  no 
such  bishop.     And  as  he  behaved  in  other  respects  haugh* 
tily,  on  receiving  his  sentence,  he  was  ordered  to  be  de- 
graded, and  stripped  of  the  gown  be  had  no  right  to  wear, 


274^  H  O  Z  I  E  R. 

of  the  French  nobility^  and  was  rewardea  M^itb  a  pensbir 
of  4000  iivres.  He  died  in  1732.  This  gentletodnV 
hepfaevf  succeeded  him  in  his  office,  and  dt^d  in  1767. 
He  compHed  the  "  L'Armoria},-  on  RegistFes  de  la  No-' 
blesse  de  France,'*  10  vols,  folio.  Such  works^  of  la^e 
years,  have  been  of  very  little  use  in  France.* 

HUARTE  (John),  a  native  of  French  Navarre*,  thougb 
he  is  usually  supposed  to  be  a  Spaniard,  lived  in  the  se- 
venteenth century.    He  gained  great  fame  by  a  work  whicb 
he  published  in  Spanish,  upon  a  very  curious  and  intiirest^ 
ing  subject.     The  title  of  it  runs  thus :  "  Examen  de  in- 
genios  para  las  Sciencias,  &c.  or,  sin  examination  of  such 
geniuses  as  are  fit  for  acquiring  the  sciences,  and  were? 
born  such :    wherein,  by  marvellous  and  useful  secrets, 
drawn  from  true  philosophy  both  natural  and  divine,  are 
shewn  the  gifts  and  different  abilities  found  in  men,  and 
for  what  kind  of  study  the  genius  of  every  man  is  ad^pted^ 
in  such  a  manner,  that  whoever  shall  read  this  book  atten- 
tively, will  .discover  the  properties  of  his  own  genius,  and 
be  able  to  make  choice  of  that  science  in  which  he  wilt 
make  the  greatest  improvement."     This  book  has  been' 
translated  into  several  languages,  and  gone  through  seve- 
ral impressions.     It  was  translated  into  Italian,   and  pub- 
lished at  Venice  in  1582;  at  least  the  dedication  of  that 
translation  bears  this  date.     It  was  translated  into  French 
by  Gabriel  Chappui«  in  1580;  but  there  is  a  better  French 
version  than  this,  by  Savinien  d'Alquie,  printed  at  Amster- 
dam in  1672.     He  has  taken  in  the  additions  inserted  by 
Huarte  in  the  last  edition  of  his  book,  which-  are  consider- 
able both  in  quality  and  quantity.     It  has  been  translatetl 
also  into  Latin,  and  lastly,  into  English,  by'Carew  and 
Bellamy.     This  very  admired  author  has  been  highly  ex- 
tolled for  acuteness  and  subtlety,  and  undoubtedly  had  a 
great  share  of  these  qualities  :  Bayle,  however,  thinks,  that 
"  it  would  not  be  prudent  for  any  person  to  rely  either  on 
his  maxims  or  authorities ;  for,"  says  he,  "he  is  not  to  be 
trusted  on  either  of  these  heads,  and  his  hypotheses  are 
frequently  chimerical,  especially  when  he  pretends  to  teach 
the  formalities  to  be  observed  by  those  who  would  beget 
children  of  a  virtuous  turn  of  mind.     'I'here  are,  in  this 
part  of  his  book,  a  great  many  particulars  repugnant  to 
modesty  (a  discovery  which  we  are  surprized  Bayle  should 

1  Moreri.-~Dict.  Hiit— Niceron,  rol.  XXXIL 


H  U  A  R  T  £  Q7^ 

ba^e  made) :  and  he  deserves  ^enimre  fi^^publishicigy  a^  Or 
genuine  aiKl  authentic  piece^  a.  pretended  lelter  of  Leon 
tutus  the  proconsul  from  Jeriisale(ii);1)0  ti^  Koinsin.&ei^itex 
wherein  a  portrait  is  giren  of  JeautriCbfi^t^  a  .di98(Gription  of 
his.  shape. afid  stature^  the  eototiirof  hts.ile^ry  the  q^alitie^ 
of  his  beard>  &c/'  The  work^  bQwe¥er^<  has:  now  akog^thl^i; 
lost  its  popularitjr, . afipd  de^^wediy.^       .,jo  !    .   >  v^.f 

HUBALD^  JivcjbAU>i  or  KyQ$ALi>,;a  mojok  of  S^t 
Amand,  in  Flanders^  who  pre^aeded  G^iiildo  idoretha^oiM^ 
bondred  years,  was  cofitetnporary  withr^Retwi,  and'  au^hoc 
of  Sk  treatise  on  music,  vrbicih  is  siijl  'Silbsistin^  in  the  kmg 
ot'  FraiKe^s  library,  unPder^  the. title  of  ^*  Eochiridion  Mti'^ 
siccBi/'^  No.  7202,  transcribed  in*  jQhe :deventh  o^nttiry.  la 
this  work  there  h  a  kind  of  gananiut^  or  expedient. for. d^-; 
lineatinig.  the  several  sounds  of  the  seale^  ^ni;a  way.  wholly 
different  from  his  predecessora;  but  tbef  nselhod  6f  Guido 
not  only  superseded  this,  but  by  deigrees  effaced  th^ 
knowledge  and  remembrance  of  eVery  other  that  had  been 
adopted-  in  the  diffieirent  courirtries  and  convents  of  £uriD|)e« 
However,  the  awkward  attempts  at  singiiig  in  consonance^ 
which  appear  in  this  tract,  are  cdrious,  and  clearly  prove 
that  Guido  neither  invented,  nor,  rude  asrit  wbs  before  Iris 
time,  much  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  this  art.  > 
•  Hmbald  was  not'  only  a  musician,  but  a  pGf6t ;  and  an 
idea  maybe  formed  of  his  patience  and  perseverance>  if 
not  of  his  genius,  from  a  circumstance  related  by  Sigebert, 
the  aoibor  of  ^  his  life,,  by  which  it  appears  tlmt  be  van* 
quisbied  a  moch  greater  difficulty  in  poetry  than  the  lippD^ 
grammists  of  antiquity  ever  attempted:  for  they  only  ex  «- 
cbmmtiiiicated'  a  single*  letter  of  the  alphabet  from  a  whole 
po^ensi;  btittbis  determiired  nionk  composed  three  hundred 
veyies  in  piuise  of  baldwess,  which  he  addressed  to  the  em* 
peror  Charles  the  Bald,  and  in  which  be  obliged  the  letter 
C  to  take  the  lead  in  every  word,,  as  the  initial  of  hiS'pa^" 
tron's- naiiie  and  infirmity,  as  thus:- 

■  ''  C^rmina  Qarisonse  Cakis  Cant^te  Camoefna." 
ffubald'died  in  the  year  930,  at  the  age  bf  ftinety.* 

,  QUBER  (Joi^N  JaM£s),  a  celebrated  anatomist,  was 
b6rn  at  Basle,,  in  1707.  He  was  a  pupif  of  Haller  at 
B^^rne,  iu  1.730,  after  which  be  studied^at  ptrasburgb,  and 
iq  1733  took  the  deg!^ee  of  M,  I),  at  bis  h?itive  place.  ^  He 
visited  Paris  in  i7i35,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 

*  Gen.  Diet.— Moreri.  *  Moreri.— tifees^s  CydopKciia,  by  Dr.  ^urney* 

T  ^ 


» 

physici)an  to  the  ?  court  of  Baden  Dourlach.  At  the  request 
of-Haller,  be  examined  the  Grauband  mountains^  in  Swit- 
zerland, and  transtnivted  to  hiili  his  collection  of  plants 
found  in  that  district^^^i^vious  to  the  publication  of  HaU 
ler's  work  on  the  botanjr'of  Switzerland.  Haller  then  in-. 
▼ited  biq[i  to  Gotting'eh  in  1738,  to  be  dissector,  where, 
having  acquired  considerable  reputation,  he  was  made  ex- 
traordinary professor  of  anatomy  in  that  city  in  1739  ;  pro- 
fessor in  the  Caroline'  college  at  Cassel,  with  the  rank  of 
court- physician,  in  1742  ;•  and  counsellor  of  state  and 
body-physician  to  the  prince  in  1748.  Hejdied  in  1779, 
His  principal  works  are  entitled,  **  Coromentatio  de  Me- 
dulla Spinali,  speciatim  de  Nervis  ab  ea  provenientibas,'* 
cum  icon.  Goett.  1741,  4to.  <^  Commentatio  de  Vaginas 
Uteri  structura  rugbsa,  necnon  de  Hymene,"  1742,  4to. 
He  published  a  letter  in  the  Philos.  Transactions,  toL 
XLVI,  ^^  De  cadavere  aperto  in  quo  non  existit  vesica 
fellea,  et  de  Sterno  gibboso.*'  * 

HUBER  (Mary)^  a  voluminous  female  author,  was  bora 
at  Geneva  in  1710,  and  died  at  Lyons  in  1753.  Her 
principal  works  are,  1.  *^  Le  monde  fou,  pr^fere  au  monde 
sage,"  1731 — 1744,  in  8vo.  2.  "  Le  Systfeme  des  Tbeo- 
logiens  anciens  et  modernes,  sur  Uetat  des  Ames  s6par6e8 
des  corps,"  1731 — 1739,  12nio.  3,  "  Suite  du  m^me 
ouvrage,  servant  de  r^pouse  a  M.  Kuchat^"  1731 — 1739, 
12mo.  4.  ^*  Reduction  do  Spectateur  Anglois."  This 
was  an  abridgment,  of  the  Spectator,  and  appeared  in 
1758,  in  six  parts,  duodecimo;  but  did  not  succeed.  {• 
'^  Lettres  sur  la  Religion  essentielle  t^  l^bomme,"  .1739 — 
1754.  Mary  Huber  was  a  protestaot,  and  this  latter  work, 
in  particular,  was  attacked  by  the  divines  of  the  Qomish 
communion.  She  bad  wit  and  knowledge,  but  was  some* 
times  obscure,  from  wanting  the  taU^nt  to  develope  her 
own  ideas.' 

HUBER  (Ulric),  a  native  of  Dockum,  in  the  Dutch 
territories,  famous  as  a  lawyer,  an  historian,  and  a  philo- 
loger,  was  born  ip  1635,  and  became^  professor  at  Franeker^ 
and  afterwards  ^t  Lewarde.  He  published,  1.  in  1662~, 
seVen  dissertaitions,  <<  De  genuina  aetate  Assyriorum,  et 
regno  Medoruip.***  Also,  2.  A  treatise  "  De  Jure  civi- 
tatis."  3,  "  Jafisprudentia  Frisiaca;"  4,  "  Specimen 
PhilosophiaB  civilis.''     5.  "  Institutiones  Historise  ciyilis  ;** 

V.ReeB'i  Gjrclop»dia.  t  Diet.  Hist 


H  U  B  E  Ri  i27t 

•and  several  other  works.  From  1668^  he  was  engaged  ii^ 
violent  controversy  with  Perizoniu^,  on  some  points  qf 
jnrispradence,  and  on  his  work  last-mentioned,  the  <<  In* 
stitutiones  historise  civilis."  He  died  in  1694.  The  dis- 
pute with  Perizonius  was  carried  On  with  safficient  scur- 
rility on  both  sides.' 

HUBER  (Zacharias),  son  of  the  former,  was  born  at 
Franeker  in  16^9 ;  and  afterwards  advanced  to  the  same 
professorships.  He  published  in  1690,  I.  *^  A  disserta- 
tion **  De  vero  sensu  atque  interpretatione,  legis  IX  D. 
de  lege  Pompeia,  de  Parricidis,"  Franeker,  4to*  2.  Also^ 
''* Dissertation um  Irbri  tres,  quibus  explicantur,  &c.  selects 
joris  publici,  sacri,  privatique  capita/'  Franeker>  1702. 
He. died  in  1732." 

HUBERT  (Matthew),  a  celebrated  French  preacher; 
was  born  in  1640,  and  was  contemporary  with  Bourdaloue, 
whom,  indeed,  he  could  not  rival,  but  was  skilful  enough 
to  please;  being  esteemed  by  him  one  of  the  first  preacher^ 
of  the  time.  He  was  a  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the 
Oratory,  and  no  less  remarkable  for  his  gentle  piety  and 
profound  humility,  than  for  his  eloquence.  He  excelled 
Consequently  rather  in  the  touching  style  of  the  sacred, 
than  the  vivid  manner  of  the  temporal  orator.  He  was 
used  to  say,  that  his  brother  Massillon  was  fit  to  preach  to 
the  inaster^  and  himself  to  the  servants.  He  dic^d  in 
1717,  after  displaying  his  powers  in  the  provinces,  in  the 
eapital,  and  at  court.  Eight  years  after  his  death,  in  1725, 
bis  sermons  were  published  at  Paris,  in  6  vols.  l2mo,  and 
were  much  approved  by  all  persons  of  piety  and  taste* 
'^  His  manner  of  reasoning,*^  says  his  editor,  father  Mon- 
teuil,  <^  had  not  that  dryness  which  frequently  destroys  the 
effect  of  a  discourse ;  nor  did  he  employ  that  studied  elo- 
cution which  frequently  enervates  the  style  by  an  excess 
of  polish/'  The  best  composition  in  these  volumes  is  the 
funeral  oration  on  Mary  of  Austria.  As  a  trait  of  his  hu- 
mility, it  is  related,  that  on  being  told  by  a  person  in  a 
krge  company,  that  they  had  been  fellow- students ;  he 
replied,  <<  I  cannot  easily  forget  it,  since  you  not  only 
lent  me  books,  but  gave  me  clothes."' 

HUBNER  (JaHN),  a  native  of  Lusatia,  or,  according 
to  some  authorities,  of  Torgau,  in  Saxony,  highly  cele^ 

f  Ct^ufepie.— Diet.  Hiit  *  Diet.  Hist^Saxii  Ooomast. 

^  A^oirerk— >Dict,  Hist.  • 


f  7?  H:  U  B  N  E  R. 

kxU^d  for  his  skilt  iifliUtQry,  geograpfay,  tod  genealogy^ 
^a$  born  in  1668.  fii&  works  ivere  chjefly  written  m  tfae 
fprm  of  qqestioD  and  answer,  and  so  popular  in  GermaDy, 
thu  bis  introduction  to  geography  went  through  a  vast 
n'l^mber  of  editions  in  that  country^  and  has  bei^n  traaa^ 
lated  into  English,  French,  and  other  languages.  His 
M^orks,  theinefpre,  are  calculated  I'atber  for  the  instruction 
pf  the  ignorant,  than  the  satisfaction  of  the  learned ;  but 
are  wel^  executed  in  their  way.  Hubner  was  professor  of 
geography  at  Leipsic,  Si,nd  rector  of  the  school  at  Ham-r 
}>urgh,  in  which  city  he  died  in  1731.  His  questions  on 
modern  and  ancient  geography  were  published  at  Leipstc 
in  169?,  in  8vo,  under  the  title  of  ^*  Kurtse  Fragen  was 
der  newen  und  alten  Geographie."  He  published,  2.  in 
)697,  and  several  subsequent  years,  in  10  volumes,  similar 
questions  on  political  history,  entitled  <^  Kurtze  Fragen 
aas  der  Politischen  Historie,  bis  zum  Ausgang  des  8ie*» 
benzenden  saiculi."  S.  His  next  work  was  Genealogical 
Tables,  with  genealogical  questions  subjoined,  1708,  &g« 
4.  ^^  Supplements  to  the  prtoeding  works.  5.  Lexicons, 
yesembling  our  Gazetteers,  for  the  aid  of  common  life, 
entitled  ^*  Staats,  Zeitungs,  und :  Conversationa-Lexico.'^ 
6.  A  Genealogical  Lexicon.  7*  •  ^^  Bibliotheca  Historica 
Hamburgensis,^'  Leipsic,  1715.  And,  8.  **'  Museum  Geo*< 
graphicum.*'  The  two  last  were  more  esteemed  by  the 
learned  than  any  of  his  other  works.' 

HUDSON  (Captain  Henry),  was  an  eminent  English* 
navigator,  who  flourished  in  high  fanie  in  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  centary.  Where  he  was  born  and  edu-i 
eated,  we  have  no  certain  account;  nor  have  we  of  any 
private  circumstances  of  his  life.  The  custom  of*  disco-' 
vering  foreign  countries  for  the  benefit  of  trade  not  dying 
with  queen  Elizabeth,  in  whose  reign  it  had  been  zealously) 
pursued,  Hudson,  among  others,  attempted  to  find  out  a 
passage  by  the  north  to  Japan  and  China.  His  first  voyag6 
was  in  1607,  at  the  charge  of  some  London  merchants ; 
and  his  first  attempt  was  for  the  nortfa-east  passage  to  the 
Ifidies.  He  departed  therefore  on  the  1st  of  May;  and 
after  various  adventures  through  icy  seas,  and  regions  in* 
tensely  ct>ld,  returned  to  England,  and  slrrived  in  the 
Thames  Sept.  15.  The  year  following  he  undertook  a  se*^* 
cond  voyage  for  discovering  the  same  passage,  and  ac-» 

1  Moreri«-^X>lcii  Hist — ^SiixU  Onomast. 


HUDSON.  279 

co^ingly  set  sail  with  fifteen  persons  only,  April  22  ;  but 
not  succetding,  returned  homewards,  and  arrived  at 
Gravesend  on  Aug.  26. 

Not  disheartened  by  his  former  unsuccessful  voyages^ 
he  andertook  ^ain,  in  1609|  a  third  voyage  to  the  same 
IMurts,  for  further  discoveries ;  and  was  fitted  out  by  the 
Dutch  East  India  company.  He  sailed  from  Amsterdam 
with  twenty  men  English  and  Dutch,  March  25;  and  on  April 
25,  doubled  the  North  Cape  of  Finmark,  in  Norway.  He 
kept  along  the  coasts  of  Lapland  towards  Nova  Zembia,  but 
found  the  sea  so  full  of  ice  that  he  could  not  proceed. 
Then  turoiog  about,  he  went  towards  America,  and  ar^ 
rived  at  the  coast  of  New  France  on  July  18.  He  sailed 
from  place  to  place,  without  any  hopes  of  succeeding  in 
their  grand  scheme ;  and  the  ship^s  crew  disagreeing,  and 
being  in  danger  of  mutinying,  /  he  pursued  his  way  home- 
wards, and  arrived  Nov.  7,  at  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire; 
of  which  he  gave  advice  to  his  directors  in  Holland,  send?-' 
ing  them  also  a  journal  of  bis  voyage.  In  1610,  he  waa 
again. fitted  out  by  some  gentlepien,  with  a  commission  to 
try,  if  through  ^oy  of  those  American  inlets  which  cap.*- 
tain  Davis  saw,  but  dqrst  not  enter,  on  the  western  side 
of  Davis's  Streights,  any  passage  might  be  found  to  the 
South  Sea.  They  sailed  from  St.  Catharine's  April  17, 
and  on  June  4,  came  within  sight  of  Greenland.  On  the 
9th  they  were  off  Forbisher's  Streigb.ts,  and  on  the  15th 
eame  in  sight  of  Cape  Desolation.  Thence  they  proceeded 
norih«>westward,  among  great  quantities  of  ice»  until  they 
came  to  the  mouth  of  the  streights  that  bear  Hudson's 
name.  They  advanced  in  those  st^^ights  westerly,  as  the 
land  and  ice  would  permit,  till  tuey  got  into  the  bay, 
which  has  ever  ^since  been  called  by  the  bold  discoverer's 
name»  ^^  Hudson's  Bay."  He  gave  names  to  places  as  he 
went  along ;  and  called  the  country  itself  ^'  Nova  Britan- 
nia," or  New  Britain.  He  sailed  above  100  leagues  south 
into  this  bay,  being  confident  that  he  had  found  the  de- 
sired passage ;  but  perceiving  at  last  that  it  was  only  a  bay, 
he  resolved  to  winter  in  the  most  southern  point  of  it,  with 
an  intention  of  pursuing  his  discoveries  the  following 
spring.  Upon  this  he  was  so  intent,  that  he  did  not  con* 
sider  how  unprovided  he  was  with  necessaries  to  support 
himself  during  a  severe  winter  in  that  desolate  place.  On 
Nov*  3,  however,  they  drew  tlieir  ship  into  a  small  creel^, 
where  they  would  ail  infallibly  have  perished,  if  they  had 


i280  H  U  D  S  O  I<^. 

not  been  unexpectedly  and  providentially  supplied  with 
tincomaion  flights  of  wild  fowl,  which  served  them  for  pro* 
vision.  In  the  spring,  when  the  ice  began  to  waste,  Hud- 
son, in  order  to  compliete  his  discovery,  made  several  ef- 
forts of  various  kinds ;  but  notwithstanding  all  his  endea* 
TOurs,  he  found  it  necessary  to  abandon  his  enterprise,  and 
to  make  the  best  of  his  way  home  ;  and  therefore  distri-^ 
buted  to  his  men,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  all  the  bread  be 
lad  left,  which  was  only  a  pound  to  each :  though  it  is 
said  other  provisions  were  afterwards  found  in  the  ship. 
In  bis  despair  and  uneasiness,  he  had  let  fall  some  threat- 
ening words,  of  setting  some  of  his  men  on  shore ;  upoa 
whicb,  a  few  of  the  sturdiest,  who  had  before  been  very 
mutinous,  entered  his  cabin  in  the  night,  tied  his  ariBS 
behind  him,  and  exposed  him  in  his  own  shallop  at  the 
west  end  of  the  streights,  with  his  son,  John  Hudson,  and 
seven  of  the  most  sick  and  inBrm  of  his  men.  There^  they 
turned  them  adrift,  and  it  is  supposed  that  they  all  perished, 
being  never  heard  of  more.  The  crew  proceeded  with  the 
ship  for  England ;  but  going  on  shore  near  the  streight's 
mouth,  four  of  them  were  killed  by  savages.  The  res^ 
after  enduring  the  greatest  hardships,  and  ready  to  die  for 
want,  arrived  at  Plymouth  Sept.  1611.* 

*  HUDSON  (Dr.  John),  a  learned  English  critic,  waa 
Tjorn  at  Widehope,  near  Cockerjmouth,  in  Cumberland, 
1662;  and,  after  having  been  educated  in  grammar  and 
classical  learning  by  Jerome  Hechstetter,  who  lived  in  that 
iieighbourhood,  was  entered  in  1676  of  Queen' s-coUege, 
Oxford.  Soon  after  he  had  taken  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in 
1684,  he  removed  to  University-college,  of  which  he  was 
unanimously  chosen  fellow  in  March  1686,  and  became  a 
most  considerable  and  esteemed  tutor.  Ip  April  1701,  on 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  Thomas  Hyde,  he  was  elected  prin- 
cipal keeper  of  the  Bodleian  library ;  and  in  June  fol- 
'lowing,  accumulated  the  degrees  of  B.  and  D.  D^     With 

^this  librarian's  place,  which  beheld  till  his  death,  he  kept 
his  fellowship  till  June  1711,  when,  according  to  the  sta- 
tutes of  the  college,  he  would  have  been  obliged  to  resign 
it;  but  he  had  just  before  disqualified  himself  for  holding 
it  at)y  longer,  by  marrying  Margaret,  daughter  of  sir  Ra- 

'  bert  Harrison,  knight,  an  alderman  of  Oxford,  and  a» 
mercer.     In  J7 12,  he  was  appointed  principal  of  St.  Mary-^. 

i^ali,   by  the   chancellor  of  the  university,    through  thj^ 

^.  *- . .  .  • 

\  Bio^.  Brit     • 


HUDSON.  281 

interest  of  Dr.  RadcIUFe ;  and  it  is  said,  t*iat  to  Hudson'^ 

interest  with  this  pbysiciaa,  the  university  of  Oxford  19 

obliged  for  the  very  ample  benefactions  she  afterwards  re«- 

xreived  from  him.     Hudson's  studious  and  sedentary  way  of 

life,  and  extreme  abstemiousness,  brought  him  at  lengtti 

into  a  bad  habit  of  body,  which  turning  to  a  dropsy,  kept 

iiim  about  a  year  in  a  very  languishing  condition.    He  died 

Nov,  27,  1719,  leaving  a  widow,  and  one  daughter, 

.    His   publicatiorvs   were,    1.  ^^  Introductio   ad    CbronOf> 

^raphiam ;   sive  ars  cbronologica  in  Epitomen  redacta>*' 

lg9i,  8vo.     Extracted  from  Beveridge's  treatise  on  that 

subject,  for  the  use  of  his  pupils.     2.  "  Velleius  Patercu- 

Jus,  cum  variis  lectionibus,    &  notis,    &   indice,'^   1693, 

8vo.     A  second  edition,  with  the  notes  enlarged,  in  1711. 

.3.  "  Thucydjdes,"    1696,  folio.      A  neat   and   beautiful 

edition,   but  somewhat  eclipsed  in  its  credit  by  that  of 

J^ttker  and  Wasse.     4.  "  Geographioe  Veteris  Scriptores 

Graeci  Minores:  cum  Dissertationibus   &  Annotationibus 

Henrici  Dodwelli,"  8vo.     The  first  published  in  1698,  the 

j^econd  in  1 703,  and  the  third  and  fourth  in  1 7 1 2.    5.  '^  Dio- 

nysii  Halicar.uassensis  opera  oipnia,^'   1704,  2  vols,  folio. 

A  beautiful  and  valuable  edition,  enriched  with  the  various 

readings  of  an  ancient  copy  in  the  Vatican  library,  and  of 

several  manuscripts  in  France.     The  learned  editor  hat 

subjoined  to  his  own  notes  several  of  Sylburgius,  Portu^^ 

Stephens,  Casaubon,  and  Valesius.     6.  ^^  Dionysius  Lon* 

ginus,"  1710,  4to,  and  1718,  8vo.     A  very  beautiful  edi*- 

tion,  and  the  notes,  like  all  the  rest  of  Hudson's,  very 

.short.     7.  "  Moeris   Atticista,  de  vpcibus  Atticis  &  Hel- 

lenicis.     Gregorius  Martinus  de  GrsBC^rani  llterarum  pro- 

j)Unciatione,''   1712,  8^.     8.  "Fabulse  iEsopicse,"  Greek 

and   Latin,   1718,  8vo.     9.  "  Flavii  Josephi  Opera,**   h^ 

bad  just  finished,  but  did  not  live  to  publish.     He  bad 

proceeded  as  far  as  the  third  index,  when,  finding  himself 

unable  to  go  quite  through,  he  recommended  the  work  tp 

his  intimate  friend  Mr.  Antony  Hall,  who  published  it  in 

1720,  in  2  vols,  folio.     Jt  is  a  correct  and  beautiful  editioq^ 

^nd  deserving  of  the  ample  commendation  bestowed  upoa 

it  by^Fabricius,  Harwood,   Jlarles,  and  Obertbur.     Th^ 

c^re  of  Mr.  Hall  extended  not  only  to  the  works  pf  bif 

deceased  friend,  but  to  his  family,  for  he  married  his  w\^ 

dow,  whom  he  also  left  a  widow. 

Dr.  Hudson  intended,  if  he  had  lived,  to  publish  a  ea^ 
tglogue  of  tUe  Bodleian  library,  wbicl^  be  had  cs^us>ed  Id 


Mi  HUDSON 

be  fairly  transcribed  in  6  vols,   folio.     He  wa9  an  sMe 
assi^ant  to  several  editors  in  Oxford,  particularly  to  Dn 
Gregory  in  bis  *<  Euclid/*  and  to  the  industrious  Mr.  Hearoe 
in  bis  *'  Livy/'  &c.     He  corresponded  with  many  learned 
men  in   foreign   countries ;    with  Muratori,  8alvini,  and 
Bianchini,  in  Italy ;  with  Bbivin,  Kuster,  and  Lequien,  in 
France ;  with  Olearius,  Menckenius,  Christopher  Wol&nfly 
and,  whom  he  chiefly  esteemed,  John  Albert  Fabricius,  ia 
Germany ;  Eric  Benzel,  in  Sweden ;  Frederic  Rostgard, 
in  Denmark ;  witb  Pezron,  Reland,  Le  Clerc,  in  Holland; 
he.     He  used  to  complain  of  the  vast  expence  of  foreign 
letters  ;  for  he  was  far  from  being  rich,  never  having  been 
possessed  of  any  ecclesiastical  preferment;  of  which  he 
used  also  to  make  frequent  and  not  unjust  complaints.    He 
met,  sometimes,  however,  with  generous  patronage.  When 
employed  on  his  edition  of  Josephus,  the  carl  of  Caernap- 
Ton  (afterwards  duke  of  Chandos)  hearing  of  his  merit  and 
the  expensive  nature  of  his  undertaking,  sent  him  a  pre*- 
sent  of  two  hundred  guineas,  which  Dr.   Hudson  hand- 
somely acknowledges  in  the  dedication  to  the  earl's  son^ 
lord  Wilton,  of  his  edition  of  Esop's  Fables.     On  his  de» 
cease,  several  sets  of  his  Josephus  were  disposed  of  by  his 
widow,   at  twelve  shillings  per  set,    a  work  which  now 
TSinks  in  the  very  first  class  of  Variorum  editions  in  folio. 
Dr.  Hudson  had  been  long  conversant  with  Josephus,  bad 
irevised  sir  Roger  UEstrange's  translation,  and  added  some 
critical  notes.     He  also  digested  and  finished  Dr.  Willises 
two  discourses  prefixed  to  that  work.     Hearne  was  a  kind 
of  pupil  to  Dr.  Hudson,  and  directed  by  him  in  his  critical 
studies.^ 

HUDSON  (Thomas),  a  portrait-painter  of  some  ce- 
lebrity, born  in  1701,  was  the  scholar  and  son-in-law  of 
Richardson,  and  enjoyed  for  many  years  the  chief  bu- 
siness of  portrait-painting  in  the  capital,  after  the  favourite 
artists,  his  master  and  Jervas^  were  gone  off  the  stage. 
Though  Vanloo  first,  and  Liotard  afterwards,  for  a  few 
years  divei^ted  the  torrent  of  fashion  from  the  established 
professor,  still  the  country  gentlemen  were  faithful  to  their 
compatriot,  and  were  content  witb  his  honest  similitudes, 
and  with  the  fair  tied  wigs,  blue  velvet  coats,  and  white 
satin  waistcoats,  which  he  bestowed  liberally^  on  his  cusr- 

'  .  ^  BJQg.  Brit.-^H9ll'3  preface  to  the  Jof ephus. — Atb,  Ox.  vol.  ll.-^Story  of 
^ie  daugbler's  marriage,  GeoU  Mag.  toI.  IV^.  p.  653. 


HUDSON.  88S 

laoieiSy  and  which  with  complacence  they  beheld  tuviti^ 
plied  in  Faber*s  n^ezzotintos.  I'he  better  taste  intrpdnced 
by  ^r  Joshua  Reynolds,  who  had  been  for  sonie  tifue  hia 
pupil,  put  an  end  to  Hudson's  reigo,  who  had  the  good 
sense  to  resign  the  throne  soon  after  finishing  his  capital 
work,  the  family-piece  of  Charles  duke  of  Marlborough^ 
about  17S6.  He  retired  to  a  small  villa  he  had  built  ac 
Twickenham,  on  a  most  beautiful  point  of  the  river,  aurd 
where  be  furnished  the  best  rooms  with  a  welUchosen  col»- 
}ection  of  cabinet»pictures  aod  drawings  by  great  masters ; 
having  purchased  many  of  the  latter  from  his  father-iu'- 
Jaw's  capital  collection.  Towards  the  end  of  his  life  he 
married  to  his  second  wife,  Mrs.  Fiennes,  a  gentlewoman 
with  fL  good  fortune,  to  whom  he  bequeathed  his  villa*  He 
died  Jan.  26,  1779.^ 

HUDSON  (WiLLUM),  one  of  the  earliest  Linnsan  bo* 
iapists  in  England,  was  boru  in  Westmoreland,  about  the 
year  1730.  H«  served  his  apprenticeship  to  an  apothecary 
in  Panton<-street,  Haymarket,  to  whose  business  he  suc«- 
ceeded,  and  with  whose  widow  and  daughters  he  continued 
lo  reside.  His  acquaintance  with  the  amiable  and  learned 
Mr.  Benjamin  Stillingileet  greatly  advanced  his  taste  and 
information  in  natural  history.  This  gentleman  directed 
his  attention  to  the  writings  of  Linnseus,  and  gave  his  mind 
that  correct  and  scientific  turn,  which  caused  him  to  take 
the  lead  as  a  classical  English  botanist,  and  induced  him  te 
become  the  author  of  the*  ^^  Flora  Anglica,"  published  in 
1762,  in  one  volume  octavo.  The  plan  of  this  book  was^ 
taking  Ray^s  ^'  Synopsis''  as  a  ground*work,  to  dispose  hit 
plants  in  order,  according  to  the  Linnaean  system  and  no^ 
menclatiire,  with  such  additions  of  new  species,  or  of  new 
places  of  growth,  as  the  author  or  his  friends  were  able  to 
furnish*  The  particular  places  of  growth  of  the  rarer  spe« 
cies  were  given  in  Ray's  manner,  in  English,  though  the 
rest  of  the  book  was  Latin.  *  The  elegant  preface  was  writ<^ 
ten  by  Mr.  Stillingileet,  and  probably  the  concise,  but  not 
less  elegant,  dedication  to  the  late  duke  of  Nortbumber* 
land,  ^^  artiuriiy  turn  uiilium^  turn  elegantiorum,  jtuUci  et 
patrono^ 

This  publication  gave  Mr.  Hudson  a  considerable  rank 
as  a  botanist,  not  only  in  his  own  country,  but  on  the  6on« 

1  Pi1ktDgton.---W4liioI«'8  ABecdotiw««i*MaIoQe'i  and  Nortlioote^ 
Sir  J.  Reynolds. 


SM  HUDSON. 

"ttnenty  and  derived  no  small  advantage  JTrom  a  coitipiarisoh 
rwhh  Dr.  Hill's  attempt  of  the  same  kind.  He  had  indeed 
^pi^eviously^  in  the  course  of  his  medical  practice,  formed 
:some  valuable  connexions,  which  were  cemented  by  bota^ 
mical  taste;  and  his  correspondence  with  LiniiaBus,  Hallef^ 
jand  others,  as  well  as  amongst  his  countrymen,  was  fre^ 
quent^  and  very  useful  to  him  in  the  course  of  his  sti)die9» 
,wfaich  were  extended,  not  only  to  botany  in  all  its  crypto- 
'gamic  minutiae,  but  with  great  ardour  also,  to  insects^ 
shells,  and  other  branches  of  British  zoology.  He  wa9 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society  Nov.  5th,  and  ad^ 
initted  Nov.  12th,  1761.  He  took  the  lead  very  much  in 
rthe  affairs  of  the  Apothecaries'  company,  and  was  their 
botariical  demonstrator  in  the  Cbelsea^garden  for  many 
years. 

Mr.  Hudson,  having  never  married,  continued  to  reside 
in  Pantonrstreet  with  the  last  surviving  daughter  of  bis 
friefid  and  master,  an  amiable  and  valuable  woman,  tnar* 
ried  to  Mr.  Hole.  His  "  Flora"  being  grown  very  scarce^ 
he  published,  in  1778,  a  new  edition,  in  two  volumes,  with 
many  additions,  and  various  alterations,  which,  on  th^ 
whole,  was  worthy  of  the  advanced  state  of  the  science. 

Mr.  Hudson's  tranquillity  received  a  dreadful  &hock  in 
the  winter  of  1783,  v^ben  his  house,  and  the  greater  part 
lof  his  literary  treasures,  were  destroyed  by  a  sudden  fire^ 
caused,  as  it  was  believed,  by  the  villany  of  a  confidential 
%,  servant,  who  knew  of  a  considerable  sum  in  money'which 
his  master  had  received  a  day. or  two  before;  and  the  in- 
aurance  having  been  neglected,  although  for  a  short  tim^ 
only,  the  loss  wa^  considerable,  in  a  peciiniary  point  of 
view,,  to  a  man  whose  resources  tvere  not  extensive.  He 
bore  the  whole  like  a  philosopher  and  a  Christian,  giving 
"Dp  his  practice,  and  retiring,  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hole,  to 
ft  more  economical  residence  in  Jermyn-street,  where  he 
died  May  23d,  1793,  and  was  buried  in  St.  James's 
church. 

.  The  accident  of  the  iSre  entirely  defeated  a  project  Mr. 
Hudson  had  for  many  years  kept  in  view,  of  publishing  a 
**  Fauna  Britannica,"  on  the  plan  of  bis  "  Flora,"  for. 
which  he  had  long  been  collecting  materials.  His  taste  for 
bis  favourite  pursuit  remained  to  the  last,  unimpaired  and^ 
unembittered  by  these  disappointments.  He  became  a 
lelipw  of  the  pnnse^n  Society  early  in  1791,  libeirailv  con^ 


H  0  E  R  T:  a.  tss 

tfribuCing  to  its  infant  funds,  and  attending  the  meetings  atf 
often-  as  his  no^  declining  health  would  allow.  ^ 

HUERTA  (Vincent  Garica  de  la),  a  Spanish  poet 
and  critic,  and  a  member  of  the  Spanish  academy,  was  bomu 
at  Zaira  in  Estremadura,  about  the  year  173Q;  Among^ 
his  countrymen  he  acquired  considerable  feme  by  the  ex^v 
erdse  of  his  poetical  and  critical  talents,  and  was  at  leaisfr 
successful  in  one  of  his  dramas,  ^^  L^  Raquel,^'  a  tragedj^^. 
which,  to  many  stronger  recommendations,  adds  thatiof 
being  exempt  from  the  anachronisms  and  irregularities  so^ 
often  objected  to  the  productions  of  the  Spanish  stage.; 
He  published  "A  Military  library  ;'*  and  "  Poems"  im 
2  vols,  printed  at  Madrid  in  1778  :  but  his  principal!  work 
Is  bis  "  Teatro  Hespanbl,"  Madrid,  1785,  17  vols.  %ta,  ai 
collection  of  what  he  reckoned  the  best  Spanish  plays^  with 
prefaces,  in  which  he  endeavours  to  vindicate  the  honour 
of  Spanish  literature  from  the  strictures  of  Voltaire,  Lin-- 
guet,  Signorelli,  and  others  of  its  adversaries  ;  but  on  the: 
whole,  in  the  opinion  of  lord  Holland,  who  appears  well 
acquainted  with  this  work,  so  far  from  retrieving  the  lost 
honours  of  the  Spanish  theatre,  he  has  only  exposeil  it  to 
the  insults  and  ridicule  of  its  antagonists.  La  Huerta  died, 
abotit  the  close  of  the  last  century.  *  * 

HUET  (Peter  Danieu),  bishop  of  Avranches  in  France,, 
a  very  eminent  scholar,  was  born  of  a  good  family  at  Caea: 
in  Ndrmandy,  Feb.  8,  1630.  His  parents  dying  when  hie. 
was  scarcely  out  of  his  infancy,  Huet  fell  into  the  bands  j^^ 
of  guardians,  who  neglected  hint :  bis  own  itivincible  lo^ 
of  letters,  however,  made  him  amends  for  all  disadvantages ;, 
and  be  finished  his  studies  in  the  belles  lettres  before  be  wa«^ 
thirteen  years  of  age.  In  the  prosecution  of  his  philoso^ 
phical  studies,  he  met  with  an  excelle«it  pr^ofessor,  father. 
Mambrun,  a  Jesuit ;  who,  after  Plato^s  example,  directed 
him  to  begin  by  learning  a  little  geometry,  and  Huet  con- 
tracted such  a- relish  for  it,  that  fee  went  through  every/ 
branch  of  mathematics,  and  maintained  public  these3  at 
Caen,  a  thing  never  before  done  in  that  city.  Having 
passed  through  his  classes,  it  was  his  business  to. study  the 
law,  and  to  take  his  degrees  in  it;  but  two  books  thea 
published,  seduced  him  from  this  pursuit.  These  were,  - 
^^  The  Principles  of  Des  Cartes,"  and  **  Bpcbart's  Sacred 

>  Rees'*.  Cyclop,  by  sir  E.  Smith.— PuUeney»s  Sketches  of  Botany.—Geat.* 
^Ag,  vol.  LXJH. 
»  4)i^  airt.-'Lord  iioIUnd'i  Life  of  Lopa  de  Y«f »,  p.  ^%5,  f%e. 


SS6i  H  U  E  T. 

Geograipby."  He  was  a  great  admirer  of  Des  Cartel,  and 
adhered  to  hfs.  philosophy  for  many  years ;  but  afterwards 
saw  reason  to  abandon  it  as  a  visionary  fabrictr^  and  wrote 
against  it.  Bochart's  geography  made  a  mofe  lasting  ha^ 
pression  upon  him,  as  well  on  account  of  the  immense 
erudition  with  which  it  abounds,  as  by  his  acquaintance 
with  its  author,  who  was  minister  of  the  Protestant  church 
at  Caen.  This  book,  being  full  of  Greek  and  Hebrew 
learning,  inspired  Huet  with  an  ardent  desire  of  being* 
▼ersed  in  those  languages,  and,  to  assist  his  progress  itn 
these  studies,  he  contracted  a  friendship  with  fiocharty  aad 
put  himself  under  his  directions. 

At  the  age  of  twenty  years  and  one  day,  he  was  delivered 
by  the  custom  of  Noifmandy  from  the  tuition  of  his  guar- 
dians :  BXkd  soon  after  took  a  journey  to  Paris,  not  so  m^i^ck 
from  t^riosity  to  see  the  place,  as  for  the  sake  of  purchas-' 
mg  books,  and  making  himself  acquainted  with  the  learned 
flien  of  the  times.  He  soon  became  known  to  Sirmotidy 
iPletavius,  Vavassor,  Cossart,  Rapin,  Naiid^,  and,  in  .shorty 
to  almost  ali  the  scholars  ia  France.  With  Petavitia 
in  particular  he  passed  much  of  his  time :  he  was  a 
great  admirer  of  the  splendour  of  his  diction,  and  the 
variety  of  his  erudition  ;  but  he  confesses,  that  in  wetgb*^ 
iag  the  argnments  which  he  offered  in  support  of  his  dog- 
mas, be  perceived  in  them  a  degree  of  weakness  and  am*' 
biguity,  which  obliged  bim  to  suspend  his  assent,  and  in*' 
'-  dined  bim  towards  scepticism.  Naturally  excelling  rather 
in  genius, than  judgment,  atid  the  vigour  of  his  under^ 
ftanding  having  been  rather  repressed  than  improved  by 
M  immense  variety  of  reading,  Huet  found  bis  mind  too 
feeMeto  mastertbedifficuhies  of  metaphysical  and  tbeolo-' 
glcal  studies,  and  concluded  that  his  want  ,of  success  in 
die  search  after  truth  was  owing,  not  to  any  peculiar  infe- 
Ueity  in  his  owti  case,  but  to  the  general  imbecility  of  the 
human  mind.  ^  « 

'  With  this  bias  towards  scepticism  Huet  entered  upon  his 
travels,'  and  Christina  of  Sweden  having  invited  Bochart  to 
hier  court,  Huet  accompanied  him,  in  April  1652*  He 
saw  Salmasius  at  Leyden,  and  Isaac  Vossius  at  Anasterdam* 
H^  often  visited  the  queen,  who  would  have  engaged  him 
ifn  her  service;  hot  Bochart  not  having  been  very  grar* 
ciously  received,  through  the  intrigues  of  Bpurdel,  another 
physician,  who  was  jealous  of  him,  and  the  queen's  fickle 
temper  being  well  k^nowm^  Huet  di^tdiiued  alL  offers^  ancf 


H  U  E  T. 


sa? 


after  a  stay  of  threie  mcmths  retnraed  to  Fnmce.  The  diief 
fnift  of  bis  journey  wa»  a  copy  of  a  inaniiscript<of  Origen's 
^^  Comtnentaries  upon  St  Matthew/*  whtcb  he  .transcribed 
at  Stoekbolm ;  and  the  acquaintance  he  contracted  with 
the  learned  men  in  Sweden  and  HoOand,  through  which  he 
fiassed.  Upon  bis  retorn  to  his  own  country,  Caen,  here^ 
sumed  bis  studies  with  more  vigour  than  ever,  in  order  to 
publish  bis  manuscript  of  Origen  *•  While  be  was  em- 
ployed in  translating  this  work,  he  was  led  to  consider  the 
rules  to  be  observed  in  translations,  as  well  as  the  different 
manners  of  the  most  celebrated  translators.  This  gave  oc-> 
^asion  to  his  first  performance,  which  came  out  at  Paris  in 
1661,  under  this  title,  ^^De  interpretatione  libri  duo:'* 
and  k  is  written  in  the  liorm  of  a  dialogue  between  Casau-* 
bon,  Fronto  Ducsbus,  and  Thuanus.  M.  de  Segrais  teib 
lis^  that  ^  nothing  can  be  added  to  this  treatise,  either 
wrch  respect  to  strength  of  critical  judgment,  variety  of 
learning,  or  elegance  of  style;"  "  which  last,"  saysabb601i« 
Vet,  ''  is  so  very  esttfaordinary,  that  it  might  have  done 
honour  to  the  age  of  Augustus."  This  book  was  first  pvinted 
in  a  thin  4to,  but  afterwards  in  12mo  and  8vo.  la  l&^% 
were  published*  at  Rouen,  in  2'  vols,  folio,  his  ''  Origenis 
Commentaria, '  &c.  em»  Latina  interpretatione^  Aotis  & 
observatioaibus  ^"  to  Winch  is  prefixed,  a  large  pretiniiuer|r 
diseourse,  iiv  which  is  collected  all  that  antiqui^  relates  o£ 
Origen;  The  internal  of  sixteen  years,  between  his  return 
from  Sweden  and  the  publication  of  this  work,  waa  spent 
entirely  in  study,  exeeptiiig  a  month  or  two  every  jreer, 
when  he  went  to  Paris ;  during  which  time  he  gaTe  the 
publie  a  speeimen  of  his  skill  in  polite  literatuce^  in  ae 
elegant  c^lectienef  poems,  entitled  ^^Carraina  Latina 4t 
Grasca;"  which  were  published  at  Utrecht  in  1664,  and 
afterwards  enlarged  in  several  successive  editions.  While 
he  was  employed  upon  his  *^  Commentaries  of  Origen,"  be 
had  the  misfortune  to  quarrel  with  his  friend  and  master 
Bochart ;  who  desiring  one  day  a  sight  of  his  manuscripti 


*  Here  be  also  instituted  a  society 
ibr  the  iraprovement  of  naluraljphilo- 
iopby  and  anatomy,  wbich^  through 
the  interest  of  Colbert^  was  liberally 
endowed  by  the  king,  for  the  purpose 
of  defraying  ttte  expences  of  philoso* 
phical  experiments  and  anatomtcal 
dissections.  About  this  time  Huet 
formed*  a  friendship  with*  Gormis»  pre-^ 
•ideatof  the  fenate  of  Aiz^  who  cams 


to  reside  at  Caen.  This  new  intimsKy- 
▼erymucb  contributed  to  cooarittHiMC 
in  his  propensity  towavdr  stq^eisiK 
For  Cormisaus,  who  waa.  well  nsad  m 
aiitient  philosophy,  was-  »  gneat  siib> 
mii^r  of  tfafe  Pyntiooic  sent,  and  eanw 
estly  i^oorameBded  to  bis  friend  the 
study  of  Pyrrhonism  in  the  instiWHea 
of  Sextos  Bmpiricos. 


sst  HUE  t; 

for  theBakeof  consuitiiig  some  passages  about  the  Eucharist^ 
which  bad  been,  greatly. coiitroverited  between  Papisu  and 
Protestants,  discovered. an  hiatus  gr defect,  which  seemed 
.  to  determine .  the  sense  in  favour  of  the  Papists,  and  rer. 
proached  fiuet  Orith  being  the  contriver  of  it.  Huet  at  fira^ 
thoaght  that  it  was  a  defect  in  the  original  MS.  but  upoa 
consulting  another  very  autient  MS.  in  the  king's  library.at 
>  Paris,  he  found  that  be  had.  omitted « some  words  in  th^ 
hurry  of  transcribing,  as  be  says,  and  that  the  mistake  waa 
bis  pwn.  fiocbat-t,  still  supposing  that  this  was  a  kind  of 
pious  fraud  in  Huet,  to  support  the  doctrine  of  the  eburqb 
of  Rome  in  regard  to  the  Eucharist,  warned  the  Protestants 
against  Huet's  edition  of  Origen's  "  Cpmmentari^,'*  an4 
dissolved  the  friendship  which  had  so  long  subsistted  be- 
tween Huet  and  himseU*. 

In  1659  Huet  was  invited  to  Rome  by  .Christina,  who 
bad  abdicated  her  crown,  and  retired  thither;  but,. re- 
membering the  cool  reception  which  Bochart  bad  expe-t 
rienced  from  her  majesty  after  as  warnt  an  invitation,  ho 
refused  to  go.  His  literary  reputation,  however^  when 
Bossuet  was' appointed  by  the  king  preceptor  to  the  Dau- 
phin, procured  him  to  be  chosen  for  bis  colleague^  with 
the  tide  of  sub-preceptor,  which  bonour  had  some  t^iine 
been  designed  him  by  the  duke  de.  Montausier^  goveijnojc: 
to  the.  Dauphin.  He  went  to  court  in  1670,  and  stayed 
tbere  till  16i30,  wben  the  Da^iphin  was  married.  Ybough 
his  employment  must  of  necessity  occupy  a  considerable 
part  of  his  time,  be  found  enough  to  complete  his  ^'  D^; 
monstratio  Evangelica,''  which,  though  a  great  and  labo^ 
jrious  work,  was  begun  and  ended  amidst  the  embarrass-^ 
xbents  of  ae^urt^.     It  was  .published  at  Paris  in.  1679,  in 

*  This  work,  says  Brucker,  in  which  vain  to  attempt  to  establisl)  by  argU' 

he  undertakes  to  exhibit  the  eridrnces  mentafton,  wtthont  the  ^race  of  Godi 

•of  Christianity  in  a  geometrical  fornm  AQCordiBg)y»  he  professes  to  write  Ipis 

indeed  discovers  great  erudition,  but  '*  Demonstration,'*   merely  as  an  ex- 

the  judicious  reader  will  perceive  tTiat'  traueous  and  adrentitions  support  to 

i  Ihe  writer  was  more  desirons  to  dis|>lay  ffutby  by.m«ao»of  wJbtck  the  mind  may 

his    learning,   than    to   establish   the  be  more  easily  inclined  to  submit  itself 

Cfaristian  faith  upon  rational  groundis.  to  the  auibority  of   Christ.      Bishop 

Inbispittfiscetotbitwork,  hemaiataios  Watson   thinks  that  a  very  Taluablt 

at  large  the  uncertainty  of  all  human  part  of  it  in  which  he  traces  t^e  heaUiea 

icnav ledge,  whether  derived  from  the  mythology  to  the  Scriptures,  for  thougli 

tenses  or  from  reason ;  and  declares  it  he  may  carry  his  hypothesis  too  far, 

as.  his  opinion,  ^hat  those  methods  of  of  Mo;»es  repres^Uog  under  different 

|>failosophising  which  lead  to  a  ^uspeur  names  most  of  the  gods  of  the  heathens^ 

aion  of  judgment  are  by  no  means  bps-  yet  the  deduction  of  the  heathen  my« 

tile  to  Christianity,  but  sery«  to  pr^?  thology  from^ sacred  history,  is  a  strong 

pare  the  mind  for  an  implicit  submis-  proof  of  jthe  tru^  of  the  latter^  ^ 

aion  to  divine  i^velation,  which  it  is  in  Watson's  Cat,  at  the  endof  &8  Tract* 


H  U  E  T,  2$9 

folio;  and  has  been  reprinted  since  in  folio,  4to,  and  8vo. 
Huet  owiis  tnat  this  work  was  better  received  by  foreigners 
than  by  his  own  countrymen ;  many  of  whom  considered  it 
as  a  work  foil  of  learning  indeed,  but  utterly  devoid  of  that 
demonstration  to  which  it  so  formally  and  pompously  pre* 
tends.  Others,  less  equitable,  borrowed  from  it,  and  at- 
tacked it  at  the  same  time,  to  cover  their  plagiarism ; 
which  fluet  complains  of.  Father  Simon  had  a  design  of 
making  an  abridgment  of  this  work ;  but  Huet  being  in* 
formed  that  his  purpose  was  likewise  to  alter  it  as  he 
thought  proper,  desired  him  to  excuse  himself  that  trouble. 
Huet  was  employed  on  the  editions  of  the  classics  *^  in 
usum  Delphini  :'*  for  though  the  first  idea  of  these  was 
startfed  by  the  duke  de  Montausier,  yet  Huet  formed  the 
plan,  and  directed  the  execution,  as  far  as  the  capacity 
of  the  persons  employed  iq  that  work  would  permit.  He 
undertook,  he  tells  us,  only  to  promote  and  conduct  the 
work,  but  at  last  came  in  for  a  share  of  it,  in  completing 
Faye's  edition  of  Manilius.  He  was  also  chosen  a  member 
of  the  French  academy ;  and  his  speech  pronounced  on  the 
occasion  before  that  illustrious  body  was  published  at  Paris 
in  1674. 

While  he  was  employed  in  composing  his  **  Demonstra- 
tie  Evangelica,**  the  sentiments  of  piety,  which  he  had 
cherished  from  his  earliest  youth,  moved  him  to  enter  into 
orders,  which  he  did  at  the  late  age  of  forty  •six ;  and  he 
tells  us,  that  previous  to  this  he  gradually  laid  aside  <  the 
lay  habit  and  outward  appearances.  In  1678,  he  was  pre- 
sented by  the  king  to  the  abbey  of  AuDay  in  Normandy, 
which  was  so  agreeable  to  him,  that  he  retired  there  every 
summer,  after  he  had  left  the  court.  In  1685,  he  was 
nominated  to  the  bishopric  'of  Soissons ;  but  before  the 
bulls  for  his  institution- were  expedited,  the  abbg  de  Sillery 
having  be^n  nominated  to  the  see  of  Avranches,  they  ex- 
changed bishoprics  with  the  consent  of  the  king  ;  though, 
owing  to  the  differences  between  the  court  of  France  and 
that  of  Rome,  they  could  not  be  consecrated  till  1692. 
In  1689,  he  published  his  *^  Censura  Philosophise  Carte- 
sianse,*^  and  addressed  it  to  the  duke  de  Montausier:  it 
appears  that  he  was  greatly  piqued  at  the  Cartesians,  when 
he  wrote  this  book ;  but  it  may  be  questioned  whether  he 
thoroughly  understood  the  system.  In  1690,  he  published 
in  Caen,  in  4to,  bis  '' Qusestiones  AInetanse  de  Concor- 
dia Hationis  &  Fidei :"  which  is  written  in  the  form  of  a 

Vol- XVIII.  tJ 


290  H  U  E  T. 

dkilogde>  after  the  manner  of  Cicero^s  Tttsenlan  Quastjohs. 
In  this  he  endeavours  to  dx  the  respective  liinits  of  reHtoh^ 
aiid  faith,  and  maintains,  that  the  dogmas  and  precepts^ 
of  each  have  no  alliance,  and  thdt  there  is  nothing,  bow-^^ 
ever  contradictory  to  common  sense,  or  to  good  morals, 
which  has  not  been  received,  and  which  we  may  not  be 
boond  to  receive,  as  a  dictate  of  fdith.  He  hdrie^tly  con- 
fesses that  he  wrote  this  work  to  establish  the  authority  of 
trtiditibn  against  the  empire  of  reason. 

In  1699,  he  resigned  his  bishopric  of  Avranches,  and 
was  presented  to  the  abbey  of  Fontenay,  near  the  gates  of 
Caen.  His  love  to  his  native  pidce  determined  him  tofiis 
there,  for  which  purpose  he  improved  the  house  and  gar- 
dens belonging  tp  the  abbot.  But  several  grievances  &ndr 
law -suits  obliged  him  to  remove  to  Paris,  where  he  lodged 
among  the  Jesuits  in  the  Maison  Profes^lS,  <i^hom  be*  had 
ihade  heirs  to  his  tibrdry,  reserving  tb  himsfelf  the  use  ofit 
while  he  lived.  Here  he  spei^t  the  last  twenty  years  of  his 
life,  dividing  his  tiifne  between  devotion  and  study v  He 
did  not  consider  the  Bible  as  the  only  book  to  be  read^ 
but  thought  that  all  other  books  must  be  read^  before  ife 
could  be  rightly  understood.  He  employed  himself  chiefly 
in  writing  notes  on  the  vulgate  translation  :  for  which  pur- 
pose he  read  over  the  Hebrew  text  twenty-four  times  ;  com- 
paring it,  as  he  went  along,  with  the  other  Oriental  texts,  and 
spent  every  day  two  or  three  hours  in  this  work  from  168^1 
to  1712.  He  was  then  seized  with  a  very  severe  distemper, 
which  confined  him  to  his  bed  for  near  six  months,  and 
brought  him  so  very  low,  that  he  was  given  up  by  his  phy- 
sicians, and  received  extreme  unction.  Recovering,  how-> 
ever,  by  degrees,  he  applied  himself  to  thfe  writing  of  bis 
life,  which  was  published  at  Amsterdam  in  1718,  in  12ii]0| 
under  the  title  of  "Pet.  Dan.  Huetii,  Episcopi  Abrilncen$i«y 
Commentarius  de  rebus  ad  eum  pertinentibus  :"  where  the 
critics  have  wondered,  that  so  great  a  master  of  Latin  as 
Huetius  was,  and  who  has  written  it,  perhaps, -as  weli  as 
any  of  the  moderns,  should  be  guilty  of  a  'solecism  in  the 
very  title  of  his  book ;  in  writing  "  eum,'*  when  be 
should  have  manifestly  written  "  se.  This  performance, 
though  drawn  up  in  a  very  amusing  and  entertaining  man- 
ner, and  with  great  elegance  of  sty  W,^  is  not  execate^d 
with  that  order  and  exactness  which  appear  in  bi^  other 
works:  his  memory^ being  then  decayed^  and  afterwards 
declining  more  and  more}  so.  that  he  was  no  longer  capable 


il  U  fi  t.  iH 

f 

of  a  continued  work,  but  0nly  committed  dcstached  tbo'ughtfs 
tb  papet.  Olivet  ii^  the  m^ien  time  relates  a  rob^  f ettiarlr- 
^le  i^Dgalatity  Of  bitti,  tihrntty,  that,  ^'  for  two  or  three 
hours  before  hi^  death,  be  recovered  ail  the  vigour  of  his 
genius  atid  meitipry/'  He  died  January  26,  1721,  in  hv$ 
$lst  year. 

Besides  the  works  which  v^  have  mentioned  in  the  course 
of  this  metnoir,  be  pubHiihed  others  of  a  similar  nature, 
vit.  "  De  POri^infe  dfes  I{.omans,"  1670;    published   in 
Ehglisfa  1672,  l2mo.     **  De  la  situation  du  Faradis  Ter* 
restrev"  1^91.      **  Nouveaux    Memoii'es   pour    servir   k 
THistoire  dn  Cartesianisme,**  1692.     •*  St^tUts  Synodaa:^ 
pdurl^  diocese  d*Avtanches,  &c/*  1693;  to  which  were 
added  three  Supplements  in  the  years  i6d5,  1696,  1698, 
"De  Navigationibus  Salomonis,*'  Amst.  1698.     **Not^ih 
Anthologiam   Epigrammatttm  GrsBcoruto,**   Ultraj.  l7oo. 
^^  Origines  de  Caen,'*  Roan,    1702.     "  Lettres  k  Mon^. 
Perriiilt,  sur  le  Parallele  des  Ancients  &  des  Modernes,  din 
10  Oct.  1692,**  {>tinfted  without  the  ^uthor*Sf  knowledge  in 
the  thihJ  part  of  the  ^*  Pieces  JPdgitives,*'  Paris,  1704. 
*'  ExatHeh  du  sentiment  de  Lpngin  sur  ce  passage  de  la 
Genese,  £t  Dieu  dit,  que  la  lumiere  soit  fatte,  &  la  lumiere 
fut  feite,'*  inserted  ih  tome  X  of  Le  Clerc's  J*  Bibliotheque 
Cbtrisfe,**  Amst.  1706.    Huet,  in  his  **  Demonstf^tio  Evan- 
gel ica,'*  bad  assetted,  that  there  was  nothing  sublime  ii| 
this  passage,  as  Longtnus  had  observed,  bat  that  it  was 
perfectly  simple.     Messrs.  de  Pbrt  Royal  and   Boileau^ 
$iiio  gave  trai^siatiohs  of  Longinus,  asserted  its  sublimity 
oh  th&t  very  account ;  ahd  this  occasionetl  the  ^^  Examen*' 
just  mentioned.    <<  Lettre  I  M.  Foucault,  cohseilter  d*etat, 
sur  Porigine  de  la  Poesie  Fran9oise,  du  16  Mar.  1706,*^ 
iniierted  in  the  **  Memoires  de  Trevoux,"  in  1711.    **  Let- 
ti^e  de  M.  Moriii  (that  is;  of  M.  Huet,)  de  Tacademie  des 
itiscriptions  i,  M.  Huet,  touchant  le  livre  de  M.  Totandus 
Anglois,  intitule,  Adeidddemou,  &  Origines  Judaicss,*^  in- 
iert^d  in  thi"  Memoires  de  Trevoux'*  for  Sept.  1709,  an4 
in  the  cdltectron  which  the  abb6  Tilladet  published  of 
'Host's Vtrorks,  under  the  title  of  ^^Dissertations  sur  di verses 
ttikti^tes  dfe  la  Religion  &  de  Philologie,'*  1712.     "His- 
toite  de  Commerce  &  dei^  Navigation  des  Anciens,'*  1716. 
After  his  death  were  published,  **  Trait6  Philosophique  de 
laFoiblesse  de  Tesprit  humain,"  Amst.  1723 ;  in  which  the 
aceptical  spirit  which  followed  Huet  througii  every  change 
of  situation  appears  in  its  full  vigour.    Of  this  work^  which 

V  2  N 


i92  H  U  £  T.  . 

was  originally  written  in  French,  the  author  left  behind 
him  a  Latin  translation.    It  has  also  been  translated  into 
English.     ^^  Huetiana,  ou  pens6es  diverses  de  M.  Huet,*' 
1722.  These  contain  those  loose  thoughts  he  committed  to 
paper  after  his  last  illness,  when,  as  we  have  already  ob- 
served, he  was  incapable  of  producing  a  connected  work. 
'^  Diana  de  Castro,  ou  le  faux  Yncas/'   1728,  a  romance, 
written  when  he  was  very  young.    There  are  yet  in  being 
other  MSS.  of  his,  which,  as  far  we  know,  have  not  been 
published;  viz.  *^  A  Latin  translation  of  Longus's  Loves 
of  Daphnis  and  Chloe  f  ^    <^  An  Answer  to  Regis,    with 
regard  to  Des  Cartes^s  Metaphysics  ;'*  **  Notes  upon  the 
Vulgate  translation  of  the  Bible ;"  and  a  collection  of  be- 
tween 5  and  600  letters  in  Latin  and  French  written  to 
learned  men. 

On  the  whole,  though  it  canaot  be  questioned  that  Haet, 
on  account  of  his  great  learning  and  fertile  genius,  may  ^ 
justly  claim  to  have  his  name  preserved  with  honour  ia  the 
republic  of  letters,  several  circumstances  must  prevent  us 
from  ranking  him  among  the  first  philosophers  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Better  qualified  to  accumulate  testimonies 
than  to  investigate  truth,  and  more  disposed  to  raise  diffi*- 
culties  than  to  solve  them,  he  was  ah  injudicious  advoca^te 
for  a  good  cause.  If  we  are  not  very  much  mistaken,  Huet 
did  not  strictly  adhere  to  the  scholastic  art  of  reasoning 
which  he  had  learned  m  the  schools  of  the  Jesuits ;  other- 
wise he  must  have  seen  that  there  can  be  no  room  for  faith, 
or  for,  what  be  artfully  conceals  under  that  name,  the  au- 
thority of  the  clTurch,  if  evety  criterion  of  truth  be  re- 
jected, and  human  reason  be  pronounced  a  blind  and  fal- 
lacious guide^^ 

HUGH  (St.).  There  are  several  ecclesiastics  of  this 
name  in  French  history,  few  of  which  perhaps  will  be 
thought  now  very  interesting.  St  Hugh,  bishop  of  Gre- 
noble in  1080,  was  a  native  of  Chateau-neuf-sur-l'Isere, 
near  Valence  in  Daupbiny,  who  received  St^  Bruno  and 
his  companions,  and  fixed  them  in  the  Grande  Chartreuse. 
He  was  author  of  a  Cartulary,  some  fragments  of  which 
are  in  Mabilloo's  posthumous  works,  and  in  AUard's  Me- 
moirs of  Dauphiny,  1711  and  1727>  2  vols.  fol.  He  died 
April  1,  11 32.  He  must  be  distinguished  from  the  subject 
of  the  next  article.* 


1  G€n.  Dtct— Moreri.-«Bnicker.--StxH  OnonMtt. 
•  Moreri.— DupiD.-^Dict  Hitt. 


HUGH.  893 

HUGHof  Cluni,  a  saint  of  the  Romish  calendar,  was 
of  a  very  disdngaished  family  in  Burgundy,  and  was  born 
in  1023.  When  he  was^  only  fifteen,  be  rejected  all  worldly 
views,  and  entered  into  the  monastic  life  bt  Cluni^  under 
the  guidance  of  the  abbot  Odilon.  After  some  years,  he 
was  created  prior  of  the  order,  and  abbot  in  1048,  at  the 
death  of  Odilon.  In  this  situation  he  extended  the  reform 
of  Cluni  to  so  many  monasteries,  that,  according  to  an 
ancient  author,  he  had  under  his  jurisdiction  above  tea 
thousand  monks.  In  1058  he  attended  pope  Stephen  when 
dyitag,  at  Florence  ^  and  in  1074  he  made  a  religious  piU 
grimage  to  Rome^  Some  epistles  written  by  him  are  ex* 
tant  in  Dacheri  Spicilegium.  There  are  also  other  pieces 
by  him  in  the  **  Bibliotheque  de  Cluni.'*  He  died  in  1 108 
or  9.  He  is  said  to  have  united  moderation  with  his  ex« 
emplary  piety ;  and  was  embroiled,  at  one  time,  with  the 
biriiop  of  Lyons,  for  saying  the  prayer  for  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.  when  that  prince  was  under  excommunication** 

HUGH  DB  Fleury,  or  de  St.  Marie,  a  celebrated 
monk  of  the  abbey  of  Fleury  towards  the  end  of  the  1  tth 
century,  was  called  Hugh  de  St.  Marie  from  the  name  of  a 
village  which  belonged  to  his  father.  He  is  little  known 
but  by  his  works,  which  are  twb  books  :  **  De  la  Puissance 
Royale,  et  de  la  Dignity  Sacerdotale,''  dedicated  to  Henry 
king  of  England,  in  whicli  he  establishes  with  great  soli* 
dity  the  rights  and  bounds  of  the  priestly  and  royal  powers, 
in  opposition  to  the  prejudices  which  prevailed  at  that  time. 
This^work  may  be  found  in  torn.  IV.  of  the  *' Miscellanea'* 
of  Beluxe.  He  wrote  also  '^  A  Chronicle,^'  or  History, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  840,  and  a  small  Chro- 
nicle from  996  to  1109,  Munster,  1638,  4 to,  valuable  and 
scarce.     It  may  also  be  foiind  in  Troher's  collection.  * 

HUGH  DK  Flavigny,  born  in  1065,  was  a  monk  of 
St  Vannes  at  Verdun,  arid  afterwards  abbot  of  Flavigny  in 
the  12th  century,  but  was  dispossessed  of  that  dignity  by 
the  bishop  of  Anton,  who  caused  another  abbot  to  be  elected. 
Hugh,  however,  supplanted  St.  Laurentius,  abbot  of  Vannes, 
who  was  persecuted  by  the  bishop  of  Verdun  for  his  attach- 
ment to  the  pope,  and  ,kept  his  place  till  1115,  after  whiclt 
time  it  is  not  known  w^at  became  of  bim.  He  wrote  the 
^*  Chronicle  of  Verdun/'  which  is  esteemed,  and  may  be 
found  in  P.  Labbe*s  *^  Bibl.  Manuscript."' 

1  Morari.— DapiD.^Diet  Bitt  <  Ibid.  .    »  Ibid. 


^94  ii  U  G  tf . 

HUGH  cf?  AMmiiSy  also  onlkd  Hogh  oip  Rouen,. left 
Afui^n^y  his  native  pUce,  and  going  to  England  was  mad^^ 
fir&ty  abbot  of.  Roding^  and  afterwards  bishop  of  JKouen, 
1130,  and  died  1 164.  He  faas  the  tharaictef  in  his  cbupch 
of  bqing  one  of  the  greatest,  mOst  pions,  and  most  learned 
bishops  of.  his  age.  He  ivrote  three  books  for  the  instruc-f 
tiofi  of  his  clergy,  which  are  in  the  Ubmry  6f  the  fathers^ 
and  P.  d^Ajchery  has  printed  cbem  at  the  ertd  of  Guibert 
de  Nogen.t*s  works.  Some,  other  pieces  by  Hugh  may  bc^ 
found  in  the  collectioOs  by  Martenite  and  Dqrand.' 

IIUGH  DE  St.  Victor,  an  eminent  divtuife  in  the  i^tb 
century,  originally  of  Ftanders,  devoted  himself  to  reli-i 
gioQ  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Victor  at  Paris,  at  that  time  go^ 
vemed  by  its  first  abbot  Oilduin  ^n  i  1 15,  and  taogiit  tbeo* 
logy  with  so  much  reputation,  that  be  was  called^ a  second- 
Augustine.  He  dicid  in  1 14d,  aged  44,  after  having  been 
prior  to  St.  Victor,  leaying  several  works,  in  which  he 
imitates  St.  Augustine's  style,  and  follows  >hk  doctrine.. 
The  principal  among  these  is  a  large  treatise  **-  Oa  the  Sa- 
cramebts.'^  They  have  all  been  printed  at  Rouen,  1'648^ 
3  vols.  fol. ;  and  some  may  also  be  found  in  Martenne's' 
«  Thesaurus."  « 

HUGH  DE  St.  Chea,  a  <selebrated  cardinal  of  the  Do^ 
minican  order,  was  so  called  from  the  place  of  his  biitfa,^ 
at  the  gates  of  Vienne,  where  there  is  a  church  dedicated 
tp  St.  Cher.  He  acquired  great  reputation  in  th^  l3th 
century  by  iais  prudence,  learning,  and  genius  «  was  dpctor 
of  divinity  of  the  faculty  of  Paris,  appointed  provioMal  of 
His  orddr,  •  afterwards  cardinal  by  Innocent  IV.  Migr  28^ 
1244,  and  employed  by  this  pope  and  his  successor  Alex* 
aader  IV.  in  affairs  of  the  greatest  consequeiice.  Md  died 
March  19,  1263,  at  Oryieto.  His  principal  works  are  a 
collection  of  the  various  readings  of  Hebrew^  Greek,  and 
Latin  MSS.  of  the  bible,  entitled  <f  Cdrrectorium  Biblioe,'* 
which  is  in  the  Sorbonne  in  MS. ;  a  ^'  GoQCordance  of  tbd 
Bible,"  Cologn,  1684,  Svo;  the  earliest  work  of  this  kind. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  concordances. 
"  Commentaries  ort  the  Bible ;"  "  Speculum  Ecdesise/* 
Plaris,  1480,  4to,  &c.* 

HUGHES  (John),  an  English  poet,  was  son  of  a^citi^en 
of  London,  and  born  at  Marlborough  in  Wiltshire  July  29, 
1677.     He  was  educated  at  a  dissenting  academy,  under 

*  MoKfi.— Dupin.— Diet.  Hrat.  «  Ibid.  s  «^. 


H  U  G  H  E  a  894 

( 

the!  cate.of  Mt.  Thom^  RowO)  yv^e,  at  the  tapA^  iim^f 
tbeia&ecHfards  celebrated  Dr.  Isaac.  Wattf  was  a  stadent^ 
whose  pi^ty.  and  friendship  foe  Mr.  .Hugbes  induce^l  faim  to 
nsgcet  tiiat  be  employed  any  part  of  his  talents  in  wriljing 
focltbe  stage.  Mr.  Hughes  had  a:  weak  ov  at  least  a  deK^ 
cate  constitution,  which  perhaps  rpstcained  him  fvem 
seyerer/studies,.  and  inclined  hiav;tq  pursue  the  softei^acts 
of  poetry,  oiusic,  and  draving.;  in  each  of  which  he  o^Ldo 
coBs^dfiiable  pr4>gress.  .  His  acquaintance  with. the  MuseS 
and  th^  Graces  did  net  render  him  awme  to  business; .  he 
bad  a  place  in  the  office  of  ordnanee,  and  was  secretary  lo 
sateial  comoiissions  underj  the  great  seal  for  purchasing 
lands,  in-order  to  the  better.secaring.oftbe  royal  dpcks 
and  yards  at  Portsmouth,  Chathao?,  and  Harwich.  Ha 
continued,  however,  to  cultivate  bis  taste,  for  letters,  and 
added  to  a  competent  knowl^flge  of  the  ancfent,  an  iiiti* 
mate  aequaintimdef  with  tli^e  modern  languages*  The'  first 
te&timgny  he  ga^e  the  public  of  his  poetic  vein,  was  in:^ 
po^m  ^'; on  the  peace  of  Ryswick,"  printed  in  1697,  ati4 
received  ivith  unctfasimon  approbation.  In^  169d,  *^  T^e 
Cpurtfof  Neptuiie^^  was  written  by  him  on  king  Wiiliaih>'$, 
return  from  Holland  ;  and^  the  same  year,  a  song  on  the 
duke  of  Gloucestey»?bftrth<^ay.  In  the  year  1702,  h6 
published,  on  the  death  -of  JiiAg  Will'^m,  a  Pindaric  ode, 
^^iiled'*^  Of  the  House  of  Na$$an,t'i.  which  he  dedicated 
tp  Charles  duke  of.  Somerset;  and  in  1703  his^^-Ode  in 
Praise  of  Music*'  was  performed  with  great  applause  at 
Stationers'-halL  ;    .;  : 

His  numerous  performances, 'for  he  had  all  along  em«r 
ployed  bis  leisure  hours  in  translations  and  imitations  from 
the  ancients,  had  by  this  tiitie  introduced  him,  not  only  to 
the  wits  of  the  age,  Addison^,  Congreve,  Pope,  Southerne, 
Rowe,  and  others,  but  also  to  some  men  of  rank  in  the 
kingdom,  and  among  these  to  the  earl  of  l^hartop,  who 
offered  to  carry  htm  over,  and  to  provide  for  him,' when 
appointed  lord-lijeutenant  of  Ireland ;  but,  ^bating  other 
otfaer  views  at  home,  he  declined  the  offer.     His  views, 

f  **  His  acquaiptfi^ce  with  the  j^reat^    was  desired  by  Addison  to  sapply.     If 

writers  of  his  time,^  says  Pr.  Johasoii,  the  request  was  sincere,  it  proceeded 

'<  appeara  to  have  been  very  general  $  -  from  an  opinion,  whatever  it  was)  that 

^ut  of  bis  intinift^y  witjl^  Addison  tb§re  ^  did  not  last  lopg ;   for  whed  Hughes 

is  a  remarkable  proof.     It  \p  told,  on  pame  in  a  week  to  shew  him  his  first 

^ood  authority,  that  *  Cato'  was  finish*  attempt,  he  found  half  the  act  wHtten 

ed  and  played  by  his  persuasion.     It  by  Addison  himself." 
had  long  wanted  the  last  agt,  which  be 


d96  H  U  G.  H  E  S. 

> 

howevec,  were  not  vtty  proukismg^  until  id  1717  the  lord 
chancellor  Cowper  made  him  secretary  to  the  commia^m»B 
of  the  peace;  in  which  he  afterward),  by  a  parti(»il«it 
request,  tlesired  his  successor,  lord  Parker,  to  continue  biiQ« 
Kehad  now  affluence;  but  such  is  human  life,  that  be  had 
it  when  his  declining  health  could  neither  allow  him  king 
possessiou  nor  full  enjoyment.  His  last  work  was  hk 
tragedy,  **  The  Siege  of  Damascus  ;^'  after  which  aSiegtt 
became  a  popular  title.  This  play  was  limg  popular,  and 
is  still  occasionally  produced ;  but  is  not  acted  or  printed 
according  to  the  author's  original  draught,  or  bis  settled 
intention.  He  had  made  Pbocyas  apostatize  from  bia 
religion ;  after  which  the  abhorrence  of  Eudocia  would 
have  been  reasonable,  his  misery  would  have  been  just, 
and  the  borrora  of  his  repentance  exemplary^  Tbe  player% 
howerer,  required  that  the  guilt  of  Phocyas  should  terw 
minate  in  desertion  to  the  enemy ;  and  Hughes,  unwilling 
that  his  relations  should  lose  the  benefit  <rf  his  work,  com^: 
plied  with  the  alteration.  He  was  now  weak  witli  a  linger^ 
ing  consumption,  and  not  able  to  attend  tbe  rehearsal ; 
yet  was » so  vigorous  in  his  faculties,  that  only  ten. days 
before  bis  death  he  wrote  the  dedkation  to  his  patron  .lo^d 
Cowper.  On  Feb.  17,  1720,  the  play  w9s  represented,, 
and  the  author  died.  He  Itiled  to  hear  that  it  was  well 
received;  but  paid  m^  regard  to  the  intelligence,  being^^ 
then  wholly  employed  in  tbe  meditations  of  a  departing 
Christian. 

A  few  weeks  before  be  died,  he  sent,  as  a  testimony  of 
gratitude,  to  his  noble  friend  earl  Cowper,  his  own  picture 
drawn  by  sir  Godfrey  Kneller,.  which  he  had  received  as  a 
present  from  that  painter  :  upon  which  the  earl  wrote  bim 
the  following  letter.  *^  24  January  171^*20.-  Sir,  1  thank 
you  for  tbe  most  acceptable  present  of  your  picture^  and 
assure  you,  that  none  of  this  s^.  can  ^et  ao  higher  v^liie* 
on  it  thail  I  do,  and  shall  while  I  Jive ;  though  I  am  aen* 
siblejtbat  posterity  will  outdo  me  in  that  particular.'* 

A  man  of  his  amiable  character  was  undoubtedly  re*, 
'gretted^  and  Steele  devoted  an  essay  in  the  paper  called 
**  The  Theatre,"  to  tlie  memory  of  his  virtues.  In  1735 
his  poems  were  collected  and  published  in  d  vols-  12mo,' 
under  tbe  following  title :  ^*  Poeois  on  several  occasions, 
with  some  select  &says  in  prose."  Hughes  was  also  the 
author  of  other  wnr4s  Ju  prose.  *^  The  Advices  from 
Parnassus/'  and  "T%e 'Political  Touchstone;  pf  Boccailini,** 


H  U  G  H  £  a  291 

Miwlsied  by  several  bands,  i^d  pimted  m  firito,  17^, 
f»ere  revised,  corrected^  and  had  a  preface  prefixed  to 
fhetn,  by^htm.    He  translated  bimsetf  <'  FonteneUeV  Dia» 
logue»of  the  Dead,  and  Discoarsexonceriihig  the  AitcienUi 
and  Moderns  ;*'  «^  the  Abb6  Vestot's  History  of  the  Be- 
Tototions  in  Portugal  j*'  and  ^<  Letters  .of  Abelard  and  He^   * 
hMSa,^'      He  wrote  the  preface  to  the  collection  of  Ae 
^  History  of  England*^   by  various  hactis,  called  ^<  The' 
Complete  Htslory  irf  England,*'  pnnted  in  1706,  in  3  Tola;/ 
Mio ;  in  which  he  gives  a  clear,  satbfactory,  and  impartial^ 
aeeoilnft  of  the  historians  there  collected.    :  Sevei^l  papers 
in  the  ^  Tatters,*' ^  Spectators,"  and  '<  Guardians,''  were 
mitten  by  hies.    He  is  supposed  to  have  written  the  whdb^: 
or  at  least  a  considerable  part,  of  the  *^  Lay  Monastery ^^ 
eooaistingof  Essays,  Discourses,  &c.  published  singly  tiiMler'. 
die  title  of  die  «'  Lay  Monk,''   being  the  sequel  of  the 
^  Spectators."    The  second  edition  of  this  was  printed  in' 
If  14,  12iiio.     Lastly,  he  published,  in  .17 15,  an  accurate 
edition  of  the  works  of  Spenser,  in  6  vols.  1 2010 ;  to  which! 
are  prefixed  the><  Life  of  Spenser,"  ^^  An  £ssay  on  Alle- 
gorical Poetry,*"  '^  RennMrks  on  the  Fairy  Queen,  and  others 
writings  of  Spenser^"  and  a  glossary,  explaining  old  words  ; 
aU  by  Mr.  Hughes.  'ThiH  was  a  work  for  which  he  was  v^ell 
qualified,  as  a  judge  of  the  beaMes  of  writit^,but  be  wanted 
an  aURtquary's  knowledge  of  the  oMblete  words.     He  did 
not  omch  revive  the  curiosily  of  the  public,  for  4)ear  thirty 
years  elapsed  before  his  edition  was  reprinted.     The  cha- 
racter bf  his  genius  is  not  unfairly  given  in' the  correspond- 
ence of  Swift  and.  Pope,     **A  month  ago,"  says  Swift/ 
<f  was  sent  me  over,  by  a  friend  of  mine,  the  works  of  John 
Hughes,  esq.   They  are  in  prose  and  verse.     I  never  heard 
of  the  man  in  my  life,  yet  I  find  your  name  as  a  subscriber. 
He  is  too  grave  a  poet  for  me ;  and  I  think  among  the' 
mediocrists,  in  prose  as  well  as  verse."      To  this  Pope 
returns:  "To  answer, your  question  as' to  Mr. -Hughes; 
what  he  wanted  in  genius,  he  made  up  as  an  honest  man ; 
but  he  was  of  the  class  you  think  him."  ^ 

HUGHES  (Jabez),  was  the  younger  brother  of  Mr.  John 
Hughes,  and,  like  him,  a  votary  of  the  Muses,  and  an 
excellent  scholar.  He  was  born  in  1685.'  He  published, 
in  1714,  in  8vo,  a  translation  of  "  The  Rape  of  Proser- 

1  Qipf.  Brit,— JohBtoo  an^  Chalmers's  EngK^hPocti,  16l0.«.-«6riti^  Essay- 
isls,  PrdTace  to  the  Spectator^  voL  Vi.— Gent.  Mag.  &ep  inAax, 


2M  St  It  G  H>  £  S. 

piMjV  firotn  Claudian^  and . '^  TlMii  Story  of  SesUis.aini! 
Ertciho,'*  from  Lncan'si^^  PlMrsalia^"  ibook  .vi.  «  Theae' 
traofilationsi  with  notei^  mere  reprfoted  iixil728)!  i2ino,;.He! 
also  fmblished^iii  !7inr,  a  traiMiiation  of  Suctonisis's  ^MaisiBsI 
of  ilie  Twelve  Cttsars,'^  aod  trobalatad.  sevieral  ^<  Novek'!; 
from  the  Spanish  of  Gervaales,'URfaicb  arp  ia^eited  in  the 
^^•Sielect  Collection  of  Novels  and  Historiesi"  printed' fon 
Waits,  1723.  He. died  Jan.  17^  lt3L  A  ipoathunbhi^ 
volume  of  his  ^^  Miscellanies  in  Verse  aiid  <  Brose?'  iKas^ 
fiubliihed  in  1737.  His  vridow  aeconipaoied  .lhe«ladjr:af. 
governor  Byng^to  Barbadoes,  and  daed.  there  in.  12740i\;  j  jn 
'  HUGHES  (John),  of  a^iffermit  family  f|;oai  the  (6takBr^ 
wais  born  in  I6S2)  end  became  9,  felW  of  Jeatu^  coUef e^' 
Cambridge.  He  was  called  by  bishop  Atteibiiry  ^^^.leiamed 
band^^'Mftnd  is  known  tp  die  republic,  of  letter^  a8.edtta»:<tf' 
St  Chrysos^ra's  treatise  ^<  Oh  the  Pnestbood*'':  Two  letL^ 
tfsr^  of  his  to  Mr.  Bonwicke  are  pmted  in  ^' The  Gentle'-' 
man*^s  Magazine,^'  in  oqe  of  whic|i  he  says,  f*  I.iuma  ajt  kffil 
been  prevailed  on  to  undertake  ap  edition  >of  .St*  ChrjrsbM 
stem's  mBpt  (ip^;,*  arid  I  would  beg.  the  favour  of  you  toi 
send  me  your  octavo  edition*  I  want  a  small  volume'to«iay: 
bv  me^  and  the  L^tin  version  may  be  of  seme  service. toi 
me,  if  I  cancel  the  inteipretation  of  Fronto  Ducsaus.'-  .  A 
second  edition  of  this  treatise  was  printed  at  paml^ridge  in> 
Greek  and  Latin,  with  notes,  and  a  pceliminary/dioiutatioa 
against  the  pretended  ^^  Rights  of  .the  CharchjV  &o.  iir 
1712.  A  good  English  translation  of  St;  ChrysoalxuD  ^  Qa 
the  Ptries«hood/*  a  pouhumons^  work  by.ti^  Rev^  John 
Bunce,  M.  A.  was  published  by  bta  son  (vicar  of  'St.  Ste-. 
phen-s  near  Canterbury)  in  1760.  Mr.  Hngbes  died  Nov. 
18,  1710,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas^ 
Dep^ford,  where  there  is  a  long  Latin  inscription  to  his 
memory.* 

HUGO  (Herman),  a  learned  Jesuit,  was  born  at  Bnis^ 
sels  in  15S8  ;  and'died  of  the  plague  at  Rhinberg  in  1639. 
He  published  his  first  work  in  1617,  which  was  *^  De  prima 
scribendi  origine,  et  universdB  ret  literarise  antiquitate,? 
Antwerp,  8vo.  This  book  was  republished  by  Trotzius  in 
}738,  with  many  notes.  2.  **  Obsidio  Bredana,  sub  Am- 
brosio  Spinola,^'  Antwerp,  1629,  folio.  3.  **  Militia  eques** 
tris,  antiqua  et  nova,''  Antwerp,  1630,  folio.     4.  His  ^  Pia 

*  Nicbols'g  Select  Oolletftioii  of  Poems. 

*  Nichols's  Aiterboiy.  — >Gent.  Msg.   ▼ol.  XLVUI.  •.- Lysoas's  Environs, 
▼oU  IV. 


Il  IT  G  O.  S«# 

HesiAe^"**  i^e^vmk  bjr  #iiich  be  i%  best  kho«rii^  wfts  first 
published  in  1632-,  Svo^eiiidrepYinted  in  S2fB0^  with  all  the 
deafness  of  Elze^r,  and  adorned  v^ith  rather  fahcifel  en-* 
gratings.  These-  <^  Pia  DeMderia^'  are  in  Latin,  and  coin 
sist  of  three  books,  the  ^ubjeets  of  which  are  thus  arranged. 
B.  r.  ^Gemiins  Anitnm  penitentis.''  2.  ^  Vota  aniiiies 
sanctse/'  8.  ^^  M^piria  animo^  amantia.'^  They  consist  df 
lemg  p^aphmses'iti: 'elegiac  verse,  on  various  passages  of 
scripture.  His  Vev^ifiidikion  is  bsiially  good^  'but  be  want» 
^iaiplicity  •  and  sub)»nliity ; ' yet  he  is  eometii^es  p  oeti^at,  • 
tbi^ugh  his  muse  isriot'litce  that  ef  David  J 

HUGO  (ChaIiles  LoiirfS),  a  voiuminous  author  in  La-* 
ti«f  dnd  i^reneh,  whbse  works,  frotn  their  subjects,  are  Httle 
known  herd,  Wa^  a  •canon- ^  of  the  PremonstratensiaYi  order, 
a4oe«o)?  of  divinity,'  &bb&  of  Etiva!,  and  titular  bis^hop  oif 
Ptotemais.  He  died  M^afrt  advanced  a^e,  in  17S5.  HiS' 
worics  are,  h  "♦*  Annaie^  PreeiiAonstr&tensium,*'  a  history  i>f 
bis  own  order,  and  a  vei^y  laborious  work,  iii  two  volumes, 
folio  ;  illustrated  with  plans  of  the  monasteries,  and  other 
curious  particltlars ;  but  accused' of  some  remarkable  ^r-' 
rorsi  a,  **  Vie  d^  St.  Nofbert  ffondateurdes  Premontr^s,*^' 
1704,  4to.  3.  «Sacr8B  antiquitatts  monumenta  historica,' 
dogmatica,  dipicimatica/^  1725,  2  vols,  folio.  4.^*Triiit6 
historique  et  critique  de  la  Maison  die  Lorraine,^*  1711^* 
Svo.  This  being  a  work  of  some  boldness,  not  6n)y  the 
name  of  tlie  author,  but  that  of  the  -place  where  it  wits' 
printed,  wis  c4>Ticealed  :  the  former  beihg  prbfessedly  Bal- 
cicdurt^  the  latter  Berlin,  instead  of  Naftci.  Yet  the  au- 
thor was  traced  otit,  and  fell  under  the  censure  of  the  par- 
liament, in  1712.  In  1715,  be  published  another  work,  5. 
entitled  ^^  Reflexions  sur  les  deux  Ouvrages  concernant 
la  Maison  de  Lorraine,^*  where  he  defends  his  former 
publication.* 

HULDRICH  (John  James),  a  protestant  divine,  of  a 
considerable  family,  was  born  at  Zurich  in  1683,  and  was 
educated  partfly  at  home,  and  partly  at  Bremen,  devoting 
his  chief  attention  to  the  study  of  the  Hebrew  language 
and  the  writings  of  the  Rabbins.  From  Bremen  he  went 
to  Holland,  where  he  published  at  Leyden  a  very  curious 
bodk,  not  in  4to,  as  Moreri  says,  but  in  8vo,  entitled 
"  Sepher  Toledot  Jescho,"  or  the  history  of  Jesus  Christ, 
written  by  a  Jew,  full  of  atrocioiis  calumnies,  which  Hul- 

1  Moreri.—Dict.  Hist.  t  IhjA. 


300  H  U  L  B  S  I:  C  li. 

drich  refutes  in  his  notes.  Tim  work  is  io  Hebrew  and 
Latin.  On  his  return  to  Zurieh  in  1706,  he  was  made 
chaplain  of  the  house  of  orphans,  and  four  years  after  pi^o* 
fiessor  of  Christian  morals,  in  the  lesser  college,  to  which 
was  afterwards  added  the  professorship  of  the  law  of  nature. 
This  led  him  to  write  a  commentary  on  Puffendorff  <*  on 
the  duties  of  men  and  citizens.**  His  other  works  are  the 
^  Miscellanea  Tigurina,".  3  vols.  8vo,  and  some  sermons  in 
German.  He  died  May  25, 173  i«  Zimmerman,  who  wrote 
his  life,  publbhed  also  a  Sermon  of  bis  on  the  last  words 
of  St.  Stephen.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable  leamii^, 
and  of  great  piety,  sincerity,  and  humility.^ 

HULL  (Thomas),  a  late  dramatic  and  misceUaneous 
writer,  and  an  actor,  was  bom  in  the  Strand,  London^  in 
1728,  where  his  father  was  in  considerable  practice  as  aa 
apothecary.  He  was  educated  at  the  Cbarter*house,  with 
a  view  to  the  church,  but  afterwards  embraced  his  father*s 
profession,  which,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  relinquish 
after  an  unsuccessful  trial.  What  induced  him  to  go  on 
the  stage  we  know  not,  as' nature. had  npt  been  very  boun* 
tiful  to  him  in  essential  requisites*  He  performed,  how* 
ever,  for  some  time  in  the  provincial  theatres,  and  in  1759 
obt^ned  an  engagement  at  Covent-garden  theatre,  which 
he  never  quitted,  unless  for  summer  engagements,  tn 
one  of  these  he  became  aequainted  with  Shenstone  th^ 
poet,  who,  observing  his  irreproachable  moral  conduct,  so 
different  from  that  of  bis  brethren  on  the  stage,  patronized 
him  as  far  as  he  was  able,  and  assisted  him  in  writing  his 
tragedy  of  "  Henry  H."  and  **  Rosamunjl.^'  It  was  in- 
deed Mr.  Hull's  moral  character  whicb  did  every  thing  for 
him.  No  man  could  speak  seriously  of  him  as  an  actor, 
but  all  spoke  affectionately  of  his  amiable  manners  and  un- 
deviating  integrity.  He  was  also  a  man  of  some«iearning, 
critically  skilled  in  the  dramatic  art,  and  the  correspondent 
of  ^ome  of  the  more  eminent  literary  men  of  his  time*  His 
poetical  talents  were  often  employed,  and  always  in  the 
cause  of  humanity  and  virtue,  but  he  seldom  soared  above 
the  level  of  easy  and  correct  versification.  In  prose^  per- 
haps, he  is  entitled  to  higher  praise,  but  none  of  his  works- 
have  bad  more  than  temporary  success.  He  died  at  his 
house  at  Westminster,  April  22,  1808.  For  the  stage  he 
altered,  or  wrote  entirely,  nineteen  pieces,  of  which  a  list 

>  Bib).  GermaQique,  voK  XXIV. 


H  t  L  L.  301 

may  be  seen  in  ouraudicMty.  His  other  works  were,  1^ 
*'  The  History  of  sir  William  Harrington,''  a  novel,  1771, 
4  vols.  2.  '^.Genuine  Letters  from  a  gentleman  to  a  young 
lady  his  pupil,''  1772,  2  vols.  3.  ^<  Richard  Plantagenet,'* 
a,  legendary  tale,  1774,  4to.  4.  ^  Select  Letters  betweeii 
the  late  duchess  of  Somerset,  lady  Luxborough,;  miss  Dol- 
man, Mr.  Whistler,  Mr.  Dodsley,  Shenstone,  and  others,** 
1778,  2  vols.  This  is  now  the  most  interesting, of  bis  pubr 
lications,  and  contains  many  curious  particulars  of  literary 
history  and  opinions.  The  letters  were  given  to  him  by 
Shenstone.    5.  "  Moral  Tales  in  verse,"  1797,  2  vols.  8vo.' 

HULME  (Nathaniel),  an  English  physician,  was  born 
at  Holme  Torp  in  Yorkshire,  June  17,  17829  and  was 
taught  the  rudiments  of  medical  science  by  his  brother, 
Br.  Joseph  Hulme,  an  eminent  physician  at  Halifax,  and 
afterwards  was  a  pupil  at  Guy's  hospital.  In  1755,  h^ 
served  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon  in  the  navy,  and  being 
stationed  at  Leith  after  the  peace  of  1 763,  he  embraced  t^e 
favourable  opportunity  of  prosecuting  his  medical  studies 
at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  bis  degree  of  doctor  in  1765. 
His  inaugural  thesis  was  entitled  '^  Dissertatio  Medica 
Ihauguralis  de  Scprbuto."  Soon  after  his  graduation;  he 
'settled  in  London  as  a  physician,  intending  to  devote  his 
attention  particularly  to  the  practice  of  midwifery.  This^ 
however,  he  soon  relinquished:  and,  on  the  establishment 
of  the  general  dispensary  (the  6rst  institution  of  the  kind 
in  London),  be  was  appointed  its  first  physician.  He  was 
also  some  time  physician  to  the  City  of  London  Lying-i^ 
hospital.  About  .1774,  he  was,  through  the  influence  of 
lord  Sandwich,  then  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  elected 
physician  to  the  Charter-house.  His  other  of&cial  situa-^ 
tions  he  resigned  many  years  before  bis  death,  and  with- 
drew himself  at  the  same  time  in  a  great  measure  from  the 
active  exercise  of  his  profession ;  but  continued  in  the 
Charter-house  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  March 
1807,  he  was  bruised  by  a  fall,  of  which  he  died  on  the 
28th  of  that  month,  and  was  buried  at  his  own  desire  in 
the  pensioners*  buriaUground,  followed  by  twenty-four 
physicians  '^d  surgeons,  who  highly  respected  his  cha- 
racter. 

Dr. Hulme  was  the  author  of  several  dissertations;  viz. 
a  republication  of  his  thesis,  with  additions,  1768.     ^^  A 

^  Biog.  Dram.— Greaves's   RecoHectioas  of  Shenstone.  —  Preface  to   the 
•*  Select  Letters.'* 


80i2  H  U  L  M  E. 

treatise  on  Puferperal  Fever/'  1772.  Art  oriitiDh  **.De  Re 
'Medica  e<ignoscendi  et  fjronioveiida,"^  delivered  at  the  an- 
Hiv^ersary  of  the  fneditat  society  in  1*777,  to  which  a  smatl 
tract  was  annexed,  entitled  "  Via  tnta  et  jucuntitl  Cafeulum 
solvendi  in  vesica  urinaria  ifihaerfentem.'*  Ah  enlarged 
i^dition  of  this  trftct,  in  English,  appeared  in  the  following 
year,  tinder  tlie  title  c>f  ^*  A  safe  and  easy  Remedy  for  the 
relief  of  the  Storie  and  Gravel,  the  Scurvy,  Gout,  &c.'; 
and  for  the  destruction  of  Worms  in  the  humaii  body^ 
illu^tmt^  by  cases ;  together  with  an  extemporaneous 
Bfietiiod  of  impregnating  water  and  other  liquids  with  fixed 
air,  by  simple' mixture  only,  &c."  1778.  In  17B7^  he  Was 
presented  with  a  gold  medal  by  the  royal  society  of  mtedi- 
cine  at  Paris,  for  his  treatise  on  the  following  prize  ques- 
tion, "Rechercher  qudles  sont  les  causes  de  rendurcissier- 
ifient  de  tissu  celiulaire  auquel  plusieurs  enfans  nouTfeaur- 
ii6s  sont  sujets."  In  1800,  Dr.  Hulme  instituted  a  series 
of  experiments  "  on  the  light  spontaneously  emitted  frbm 
various  bodieis,''  an  account  of  which  was  published  iti  thh 
Philosophical  Transactions  of  that  and  the  following  year. 
He  had  been  chosen  a  fellow  of  that  society  id  1794,  and 
of  the  society  of  antiquaries  in  1795.  To  the  Archaeolo^ia 
ht  coutrrbuted  an  account  of  a  brick  brought  ffoito  the  sitfe 
of  ancient  Babylon.  Dr.  Hulme  was  also  one  of  the  edi- 
tors of  the  "  London  Practice  of  Physic." — In  17^1,  a  Mr. 
ObaDiah  HuLme  died  in  Charter-house  square,  author  df 
an  **  Historical  Essay  on  the  English  Constitution/'  ^hd 
other  tracts,  probably  a  relation  of  Dr.  Hulme.' 

HUME  (David),  a  celebrated  philosopher  and  histo- 
rian, was  descended  from  a  good  fanlily'in  Scotland,  and 
born  at  Edinburgh  April  26,  1711.  His  fathei*  was  a  de- 
scendant of  the  family  of  the  earl  of  Hume  or  Home,  and 
his  mother,  whose  name  was  Falconer,  was  descended  frbm 
that  of  lord  Halkerton,  whose  title  came  by  succession  to 
her  brother.  This  double  alliance  with  nobility  was  a 
source  of  great  self-complacency  to  Hume,  v^ho  was  a  phi- 
losopher only  in  his  writings.  In  his  infancy  he  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  impressed  with  those  sentiments  of 
religion,  which  parents  so  generally,  ^^e  may  almost  add 
universally,  at  the  time  of  his  birth,  thought  it  their  duty 
to  inculcate.  He  once  owned  that  he  had  never  read  the 
New  Testament  with  attention.     However  this  nlay  be,  a's 

»  Atlirnxuni,  vol.  II.— Rees'sCycloi^xdia.— Gci»t,  Maj:.  vol,  tXI.  and  LXXVII. 


HUME.  zm 

be  was  a  yoanger  brother  with  a  very  slender  patrihionj, 
aod  of  a  studious,  sober^  industrioas  tnrn^  he  veas  desdned 
by  his  family  tQ  the  law:  but^  being  seiaed  with  an  e4rly. 
passion  for  letters^  he  found  an  insurmountdbleaverstoti 
to  any  thing  else ;  and,,  as  he  relates,^  while  they  fanoied 
him  to  be  poring  upon  Voet  and  Vinnius,  he  was  occu^ 
pied  with  Cicero  and  Virgil*  His  fortune,  however,  beiug 
very  small,  and  his  health  a  little  broken  by  ardent  appli* 
4:ation  to  books,  be  was  tempted,  or  rather  foinced,  to  make 
a  fedble  trial  at  business;  and^  in  1734,  went  to  Bristol, 
with  recommendatious  to  some  eminent  mercfaanis :  but,  iii 
a  few  months,  found  that  scene  totally  unfit  for  him.  He 
seems,  alsp,  to  hav6  conbeived  somb  personial  disgust  against 
the  men  of  business  in  that  place :  for,  though  he  was  by 
no  means  addicted  to  satire,  yet  we  can  scarcely  interpret 
him  otherwise  than  ironically,  When,  speaking  in  bis  Hbr 
tory.  (antio  i660)  of  James  Naylor's  entrance  iiitoBrisrtol 
upon  a  horse,  in  imitation  of  Christ,  he  presumes  it  tb  bci 
^^  from  the  difficulty  in  that  place  of  finding  an  ass  !*' 

Immediately  on  leaving  Bristol,  he  went  over  to  France, 
with  a  view  of  prosecuting  his  studies  in  privacy ;  and  prad- 
tised  a  very  rigid  frugi)lity,  for  the  sake  of  maintaining  his 
independency  unimpaired.  During  his  retreat  thei^  firsi 
at  Rheims,  but  chiefly  at  La  Fleche,  in  Anjou,  he  composed 
his  ^f  Treatise  of  Human  Nature;'*  and,  eomitig  over  to 
London  in  1737,  he  published  it  the  year  after.  This 
work,  he  informs  us^  he  meditated  even  while  at  the  uni- 
versity; a  circumstance  which,  it  has  been  observed^  proved 
the  self-sufficiency  of  Hume  in  a  very  striking  manner.  For 
a  youth,  in  the  full  tide  of  blood  and  generous  syAipathy^ 
to  meditate  the  diffusion  of  a  system  of  universal  scepticism^ 
in  which  it  is  endeavoured  to  prove,  not  only  that  all  the 
speculations  of  the  philosopher  or  the  divine,  but  every 
virtuous  feeling  of  the  heart,  every  endearing  tie  by  which 
^an  is  bound  to  man,  are  no  better  than  ridiculous  pveju* 
dices  and  empty  dreams,  is  the  most  singular  deviation  from 
the  natural  and  laudable  propensities  of  a  mind  unhacknied 
in  the  ways  of  the  world,  that  has  yet  octtrrred  in  the  ano- 
malous history  of  man.  The  scepticism  and  i^religion  of 
Voltaire,  Diderot,  and  Rousseau,  "grew  with  their  growth, 
and  strengthened  with  their  strength,"  but  Hume  started 
as  if  from  the  nursery,  a  perfect  and  full-grown  infidel. 

Never,  however,  according  to  the  avowal  of  the  author 
himself,  was  any  literary  attempt 'more  unsuccessful.     "  It 


304  HUME: 

felly"  be  says,  <^  dead  ham  from  the  press,  without  reach-* 
ing  such  distinction  as  even  to  excite  a  munnur  among  the 
zediots.''  He  adds,  however,  that  <<  being  naturally  of  a 
cheerful  and  sanguine  temper,  he  soon  recovered  the 
blow.''  But  this  .equanimity,  we  shall  afterwj^rds  find  was 
mere  affectation,  nor  was  the  work  quite  unnoticed.  It 
was  criticised  with  great  ability  in  the  only  review  of  that 
period,  "  The  Works  of  the  Learned ;"  and  from  a  peru- 
sal of  the  article,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  ascribing  it  to 
Warburton.  Whether  it  be  true,  that  Hume  called  on 
Jacob  Robinson,  the  publisher,  and  demanded  satisfaction^ 
we  will  not  affirm.  One  remark  of  the  Reviewer  seems 
somewhat  singular,  and  it  may  be  thought  prophetic. 
*^  This  work  abounds  throughout  with  egotisms.  The  au- 
thor would  scarcely  use  that  form  of  speech  more  f re- \ 
quently,  if  he  had  written  "his  c/wn  memmrsJ** 

In  1742,  he- printed,  with  more  success,  the  first  part  of 
bis  ^'Essays.''  In  1745,  he  lived  with  the  marquis  of 
Annandale,  the  state  of  that  nobleman's  mind  and  health 
requiring  such  an  attendant :  the  emoluments  of  the  aitua- 
tion  must  have  been  his  motive  for  undertaking  such  a 
charge.  He  then  received  an  invitation  from  general  St. 
Clair,  to  attend  him  as  a  secretary  to  his  expedition ;  which 
was  at  first  meant  against  Canada,  but  ended  in  an  incur-^ 
sion  upon  the  coast  of  France.  Next  Jrear,  1747,  he  at- 
tended the  general  in  th<rsame  station,  in  his  military  em- 
bassy to  the  courts  of  Vienna  and  Turin :  he  then  wore  " 
the  uniform  of  an  officer,  and  was  introduced  to  these 
courts  as  aid-de-camp  to  the  general.  These  two  years 
were  i^ost  the  only  interruptions  which  his  studies  re- 
ceived during  the  bourse  of  his  life:  his  appointments^ 
however,  had  made  him  in  his  own  opniion  «<  independent; 
for  he  was  now  master  of  near  1000/.^' 

Having  always  imagined,  that  his  Want  of  success,'  in* 
publishing  tb«  *'  Treatise  of  Human  Nature,"  proceeded  " 
more  from  the  manner  than  the  matter,  he  cast  the  fir^ 
part  of  that  work  anew,  in  the  *^  Inquiry  concerning  Hu- 
man Understanding,''  which  was  published  while  he  was  at 
Turin;  but  with  little  more  success.     He  perceived,  how-, 
ever,  some  symptoms  of  a  rising  reputation  :  bis  books  ^ 
grew  more  and  more  the  subject  of  conversation ;  and  ^I 
found,"  says  he,  "by  Dr»  Warburton's  'railing,  diat  they  : 
were  beginning  to  be  esteemed  in  good  company/*  '  In 
1752>  w^re  published  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  then  lived/ 


HUME*  lOf 

hk  ^<  jPoUUcal  IKjieQttfBes ;''  and  tbe  same  year,  at  London^ 
his  '<  loquiiy  coDeerning  the  Principles  of  Morals/'  Of 
the  former  be  says,  **  that  it  was  tbe  only  work  of  his 
which  was  successful  on  the  first  publication,  being  well 
received  abroad  and  at  home:''  and  he  pronounces  the 
latter  to  be,  *^  in  his  own  opinion,  of  all  his  writings,  buh 
torical,  philosophical,  or  literary,  incomparably  tbe  best ; 
althojugb  it  came  unnoticed  and  unobserred  into  the  world*** 

In  1 754,  he  published  the  first  volume,  in  4to,  of  '^  A 
Portion  of  Engush  History,  from  the  Accession  of  James  L 
to  the  Bevolution/'  He  strongly  promised  himself  sue- 
odss  from  this  work,  thinking  himself  the  first  English  his-* 
torian  -that  was  free  from  bias  in  his  principles :  but  he  says, 
**  that  he  was  herein  miserably  disappointed ;  and  that,  in« 
stead  of  pleasing  all  parties,  he  had  made  himsdf  obnoxious 
to  all.''  He  was,  as  he  relates,  **  so  discouraged  with  this, 
that,  had  not  the  war  at  that  time  been  breaking  out  be« 
tween  France  and  England,  he  had  certainly  retired  to' 
soiue  provincial  town  of  the  former  kingdom,  changed  bis 
name,  and  never  more  have  returned  to  bis  native  country." 
The  '<  cheerful  and  sanguine  temper''  of  which  he  formerly 
boasted,  had  now  forsaken  him,  and  the  philosopher  bad 
dwixkdied  to  a  mere  irritable  author.  He  recovered  him« 
sd[^  iiowevers  so  far,  as  to  publish,  in  1756,  his  second  to« 
lump  of  the  same  history;  and  this  was  better  received* 
*'  It  not  only  rose  itself,"  he  says,  **  but  helped  to  buoy 
up  its  unfortunate  brother,"  Between  these  publications 
came  out,  along  with  some  other  small  pieces, .  his  **  Natu*^ 
ra|  History  of  Religion  :"  which,  though  but  indifferently 
received,  was  in  the  end  the  cause  of  some  consolation  to 
him  ;  because,  as  be  expresses  himself,  *^  Dr.  Hurd  wrote 
a  pamphlet  against  it,  with  all  the  illiberal  petulfti>ce,  arro* 
gance,  and  scurrility,  which  distinguish  tbe  WarburtonlaH 
school ;"  so  well  aware  was  he,  that,  to  an  author,  atuek  of 
any  kind  is  much  more  favourable  than  neglect.  Dr.  Hurd, 
hoffever,  was  only  the  ostensible  author ;  he  has  since  de« 
dared  expressly,  that  it  proceeded  from  Warburton  him** 
self«  hf  1759,  be  published  bis  <<  History  of  the  House  of 
Tudor;"  and,  in  1761,  the  more  early  part  of  the  English 
History :  each  in  2  vols.  4to«  The  -clamour  against  tfab 
fbmier  of  these  was  almost  equal  to  that  against  the  history 
of  the  two  first  Stuarts}  and  the  latter  was  attended  with 
but  tolerable  success :  but  he  was  now,  he  tells  us,  grown 
ciulous  against  the  impressions  of  public  censure.    He  had> 

VouXVlIL  X 


io6  a  U  M  K 

indeed)  what  he  vroxAd  think  goo4  reason  t^hesa;  fi^r  tbe 
copy-money  given  by  the  booksellers  for  his  histary,  exi- 
ceptionable  as  it  was  deemedy  had  made  him  not  only  in* 
dependent,  but  opulent. 

Being  now  about  fifty,  he  retired  to  Scotland,  deter- 
mined never  more  to  set  his  foot  out  of  it;  and  carried 
with  him  ^'  the  satbfaction  of  never  having  preferred  a 
request  to  one  great  man,   or  even  making  advances  of 
friendship   to   any   of  them/'     But,  while  meditating  to 
spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in  a  philosophical  manner,  he 
received,  in  1763,  an  invitation  from  the  earl  of  Hertford 
to  attend  him  on  his  embassy  to  Paris  ;  which  at  length  be 
accepted,  and  was  left  thepe  charg6  d'affaires  in  the  som- 
.  mer  of  1765.     Tn  Paris,  vyhere  his  peculiar  philosophical 
opinions  were  then  the  mode,  he  met  with  the  most  flatter- 
ing and  unbounded  attentions.     He  was  panegyrised  by 
the  literati,  courted  by  the  ladies,  and  complimented  by 
grandees,  and  even  princes  of  the  bh)od.     In  the  beg^n- 
ning  of  1766  he  quitted  Paris;  and  in  the  summer  of  that 
year  weiit  to.  Edinburgh,  with  the  same  view  as  before,  of 
burying  himself  in  a  philosophical  retreat;  -but,  in  1767, 
he  received   from   Mr.  Conway  a  new  invitation   to   be 
under-secretary  of  state,  which,  like  the  former,  he  did 
not  think  it  expedient  to  decline.     He  returned  to  Editi- 
burgh  in  1769,  "  very  opulent,"  he  says,  **  for  he  pos- 
sessed a  revenue  of  1000^  a  year,  healthy,  and,  though 
somewhat  stricken  in  years,  with  the  prospect  of  enjoying 
long  his  ease«"     In  the  spring  of  1775,  be  was  struck  with 
a  disorder  in  his  bowels ;  which,  though  it  gave  him  no 
alarm  at  first,  proved  incurable,  and  at  length  mortal.     It 
appears,  however^  that  it  was  not  painful,  nor  even  trouble- 
some or  fatiguing :  for  be  declares,  that  <^  notwithstanding 
the  great  decline  of  his  person,,  be  bad  never  suffered  ^ 
moment's  abatement  of  bis  spirits ;  that  he  possessed  tbi& 
same  ardour  as  ever  in. study,  and  the  same  gaiety  in  coob> 
pany  :  insomuch,"  says  he,  *^  that,  were  I  to  name  a  pe- 
riod of  my  life  which  I  should  most  choose  to  pass  over 
^gain,  I  might  be  tempted  to  point  to  this  latter  period..^' 
He  died  August  25,  1776 ;  and  bis  account  of  his  own  life, 
from  which  we  have  borrowed  many  of  the  above  particu'^ 
lacs,  is  dated  only  four  months  p4*evious  tx>  hisdecaaRse. 
As  the  author  was  then  aware  of  the  impossibility  of  a-  re^- 
covery,  this  may  be  considered  as  the  testiipony  of  aTdyiiig 
man  respecting  bis  own  character  and  conduct.     But  vb 


H  U  M  K.  4#r 

lisaplKiiiited  those  who^xpected  to  find  iniit  sdtfife  a^ixkr^ 
ledgment  of  error,  and  some  reiiKn^e  <oji;' r«f)^cftih^-ott* 
the  many  whom  he  had  led  astray  by  his  wrki^.  H'ume, 
however,  was  not  the  man  from  whom-  this  was  to  tte^ex'' 
pected.  He  had  no  religious  principles  Which  he  had  vio^ 
lated,  and  which  his  consdience  mi^ht  now  recath  He 
had  none  of  the  stamina  of  repentance;  From  a  mere  fond^ 
ness  for  speculation,  or  a  love  of  philtf^ophicsd  applause, 
the  least  harmful  motives  we  can  attribute  to  Hume,  it  was 
the  business  of  bis  life,  not  only  to  extirpate  from  the 
human  mind  all*  that  the  good  and  wise  among  mankind 
have  concurred  in  venerating,  the  authority  and  obligations 
of  revealed  religion ;  biit  he  treats  that  authority  and  the 
believers  in,  and  defenders  of  revealed  religion,  with  a 
contempt  bordering  on  abhorrence;  or,  as  has  been  said' 
of  another  modern  infidel,  **  as  if  he  had  been  revenging  a 
personal  injury.''  Hume  early  imbibed  the  principles  of  a 
gloomy  philosophy,  the  direct  tendency  of  which  was  to 
distract  tile  mind  with  doubts  on  subjects  the  most  serious 
and  important,  and,  in  fact,  to  undermine  the  best  in<« 
torests,  and  dissolve  the  strongest  ties  of  society.  Such  is 
ttie  character  of  Hume's  philosophy,  by  one  who  knew  him 
as  intiihat^ly  as  Dr.  Smith  ^,  who  respected  his  talents  and 
his  manners,  but  would  haVe  disdained  to  instilt  wisdom 
and-  Virtue  by  bestowing  the  perfection  of  them  on  the 
studies,  the  conversation,  and  the  correspondence  that  were 
constantly  employed  in  ridiculing  religion.  An6ther  rea- 
son, perhaps,  why  Hume  died  in  the  s»tne  i^tate  of  mind 
in  which  be  had  lived,  gibing  and  jesting,  as  Dr.  Smith 
infertiH  us,  with  the  prospect  of  eternity,  may  be  this, 
that  he  was  -at  the  last  surrounded  by  men  who,  being  of 
nearly  the  same  way  of  thinking,  contemplated  his  end 
with  a  degree  of  satisfaction  ;  or  as  the  triumph  of  pbilp- 
sophy  over  what  he  and  they  deemed  superstition.  Even 
his  clerical  friends,  the  Blairs  and  Robertsons,  who  pro- 
leased  to  know,  to  feel,  and  to  teach  what  Christianity  is, 
appear  to  have  withheld  the  solemn  duties  of  their  office, 
and  by  their  silence  at  least,  acquiesced  in  his  obduracy. 
Bis  social  qualities,  his  wit,  his  acuteness,  and  we  may 

*t^s  Sniith'^  absurd  language  19,  '*  I  perftctif  wise  and  virtnons  mail  *• 

liave  always  eoDsidered  him  both  in  his  perhaps  the  naiare  gf  hinnan  frailtf 

Hfe-time,  and  since  his  death,  as  ap-  will  permit." 
pffMohinf .  M  nc«rly  to  the  idea  of  a 

X  2 


/ 


R  U  M  R 

a44y  hi*  ^fuii99  .preserved  to  km  tbe  regavd  of  hds  lemeA 
<;Q|iHjtf|»i|i0mi  i^Hp  foBg^  the  iiifidd  in  tbi»  hUtoiiaft.  ( 

,  it^iuH  ir^^fti^  .Its  »p  MstorHMH  M  peib»|>s  ocdtfliffMUy  M 
ap9lkic»l  writ^fr,  tbAt..Haine.wiU4)rab9My  be  lie«t  Isttownl 
to  poft^rUy;  md  i>.  is  iti  thf»e  capaeui^^  Uuit  he  tuk  be 
r^  wUb  the  gr^test  pbniiMi^  tod.  adVaotage  by  ihe 
frijopds  pf  MHind  ii)oniU  and  religion*  Yet  even  aa  aQ.hi 
toriap,  bi^  has  many  fauHa;.he  does  not  serupk  to  di 
gvUe  ^acts  from  party  leouves^  and  be  never  loses  an  opr 
pcH-jtunity  of  throwing.  oui  bis  eool  iKiepucal  siie«r  at.Gliiis^ 
tiaoiiy»  under  the  names  of  ianatieism  .and  supemiiliaer 
**  When.  Mr.  Hume  rears  the  standard,  ef  infidelity/'  saya 
Gilpipt^^'  be  acts  openly  andboni^stly;  bat  wbenbescatteia 
bis  c^rel^s  insinuations,  as  be  tsaverses^  the  paths  of  his^ 
tory,  we  chamcterize  bim  as  a  dank^  iosidioua  enemy«"  ^ 

HUMPHREY  (LauR£NCB>,  alefiroed  Gngbsb  writer^  was. 
born  at  Newport  PagneU  in  Buekiogbaeishire,  about  li^S7i 
and  bad  bis  school  education  at  Cambridge ;  after  which 
be  became  first  a  demy,  then  a  fellow,  of  Magdalen*college 
in  Oxford.     He  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  I552|  and 
about  that  time  was  made  Greek  reader  of  bis  college,  aed 
entered  into  orders.    In  June  1555  be  bad  leave  from  bis 
college  to  travel  into  foreign  countries ;  >  be  wentto  ^ttctcb^; 
apd  associated  himself  with  the  Ebglish  there,  wibo  bad 
fled  from  their  country  on  account  of  their  religion.    After, 
the  death  of  queen  Mary  he  returned  to  England,  and  waa 
restored  to  bis  feUowsbip  in  Magdalen  college^  firom  iriiiob 
be  had  been  expelled  )>ecause  he  did  not  return  within  tbe 
space  of  a  year,  which  was  one  condition  on  'wUcb  he  was 
permitted  to  travd;  another  was,  that  he  should  refrain^ 
from  all  heretical  company.     In  1560  he  was  appointed* 
the  queen's  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford ;  and  the  year, 
after  elected  president  of  his  college.    In  1562  he  took 
both  the  degrees  in  divinity;  and,  in  1570f  was  madet 
dean  of  Gloucester.     In   1580  he  was  removed  to  the. 
deanery  of  Winchester ;  and  had  probably  been  promoted^ 
to  a  bishopric  if  he  had  not  been  disaffected  to  the  cburob: 
of  England.     For  Wood  tells  us,  that  from  the  city  of^ 
Zurich,  where  the  preaching  of  Zuingiius  had  fashioned 

I  Life  by  bimielf,  prefixed  to  hn  History,  stid  Dr.  SmiUi'f  Letter  onvMs 
deatb*?— Ritcliie't  Life  of  Hniiie.—- Botwell*t  Life  of  JohnsoD,  end  Toor.— i 
Beattie's  Disiertations,  4to,  p.  37.-rLeIand>s  Detstfcal  Writ^i.— >Forbes't  Life  of 
Bevttie.— Tytler't  Life  ef  Kames.— WarbiMrtoa*8  Letters  to  Hardi^-Briti  C»iti%  • 
vol.  JCKXIV.— W«ri(«  of  the  LcWMd  for  1739»  kc  Ice.         \ 


/    t 


HUMPH  R  E  t.  3f<>^ 

plioplif  8  iicMons,  and  fi'om  tbie  cbifrespbnAebi^  bc(  H&d  «rt 
Oenevia,  he*  brought  b^ck  With  him  s6  niueli  df  the  GaK 
Tkiist  both  in  doctrine  and  discipline,  thatr  the  best  ^h!bb 
ctaldfsfe  ^aid  of  him  was,  th^  he  uras  sL  moderate  and  con^ 
seientious  noncotiformnt.    This  was  at  leaist  tbe  opinion 
of  several  divines,  who  used  to  call. him  and  Dr.  Euike  of 
CambHdge,  standard-bearers  among  die  nofftsOnforMfsts ; 
though  othein  thdnght  they  ^rew  more  cofnformkl^te  ii!^  the 
ehd.     Be  this  as  it  will/ « sure  it  is,'»  says  Wodd,  that 
^  Htimphrey  was  a  great  and  genetul  schblar,   an  able^ 
Imgnist,  a  deep  divine ;  and  for  his  exceliency  of  style^' 
exactness  of  niethod,  a(nd  silbstance  of  matter  id' his  writ-' 
itigs,  wenft  beyond  most  of  our  theologists  ♦.**     He  died  in 
Feb.  1590,  N.  S.  leaving  a  wife,  by  whom  he  bad  twelve* 
cfaildiren.     His  writings  are,  1.  *  Epistola  d^Gra^cis  Uteris^ 
et  Honaeti ^ectione  et  imitatione  ;**  printed  before  ii  book' 
oTHadrian  Junius,  entitled  <^  Cornucopias,"  at  Baisil,  1556; 
2;^  De  Religionis  (donservatione  et  reformatione,  dequ^^ 
pYimiatu  regum,  Bas;  1:559.**    S.  *VDe  ratione  interpre-^ 
taiidi  aiictores,  Bas.  1559.**    4.  "Optimattes:  sive  de  nd-/ 
bititate,   ^usqtie  antiqtia  Origine,   &c.**  Bas.   1560.      5. 
^^Jbannis  Juelli  Angli,    Episcopi   Sarisburierisis,  vita  et^ 
mbrs,  ejusque  verfe  doctrinae  defensio,  &e.  Lbnd.1573."' 
6i  '^'Twa  Latin  orations  spoken  before  queen  Eii2abetli ;  1 
one  in  1572,  another  in  1575.**     7.  "Sermons;*'  and  8. 
'^Some  Latin  pieces  against  the  Papists,  Campian  in  par- 
ticular.**    Wood  quotes  Tobias  Matthew,  an  eminent  ar<5hi ' 
bishop,  who  knew  him   welt,   as  declaring,    that    **  Dt/ 
Humphrey  had  read  more  fathers  than  Campian  the  Jesuit; 
ever  saw ;  devoured  more  than  he  ever  tasted  ;  and  taiigbt 
more  in  the  university  of  Oxford,  than  he   had  either' 
Jeafned  or  heard.." ' 

HUNAULD  (Francis  Joseph),  an  eminent  anatomist 
and  physician,  was  born  at  Chateau -Briant,  in  February' 
1701.  His  father  was  a  physician,  and  practised  at  St. 
Malo.  He  studied  first  at  Rennes,  and  afterwards  at  An- 
gers and  Paris,  and  received  the  degree  of  M .  D.  at  Rheims 
in  1722.     On  His  return  to  Paris  he  studied  anatomy  and 

*  Warton  saya  that  about  the  year  -  Christ  Cfaureb»  who  were  capable  of 
1563,  there  were  only  two  divines,  and  preaching  the  puMic^sermont  befinre 
those  or  higher  rank,  the  President  of  the  University  of  Oxford. -*>Hi8tory  of 
Magdaten  eoltese,    and  the  Dean  of    Poetry,  vol.  II.  p.  460. 

\  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.— Faller's  Abel  Redivivos.— Strype's  Cjranmer»  p.  e|S4, 35S, 
393.— Strype'i  Parker,  pi  11^,  162—165,  IS*,  217. 


*!0  H  UN  A  U  L  D. 

surgery  mthgrpa^  as»tdqity»  under  the  celebrated  teacb^s 
Winiiloif  and'Oq  Vi^ra^y,  ^pd  w^s  sjidniitted  into  the  aca« 
dea^  of  ^penc^s  ip  1724.  Having  been  boooqred  wijtb 
the  appoiptineQit  of  pfiytfician  .to  |:he.du^e  of  JlicbeUeu,  be 
appompi^nijeK)  tt^^t  nojbleri>ai:>  in  his  f^mbassy  to  tbecQ^^^of 
the  emper^CharlesVL.  at  Vienna,  and  ever  aftervmrds 
retained  bia  ^tire  confidence,  and  bad  apartmentn  in  bis 
house.  Qn  .tt)f9^4^ath  of  Qu  Verney,  ip  |.7$0,  ]H[unauld 
waa  appoipfe^  bis-  siiccessor,  as  prqfessor  of  apatqiny  in 
the  )^ij9g's  gard^n^  .^here  be  soon  acquired  a^  reput^ion 
littl^^hort  of .  A^  of  bis  predecessor,  and  found  tb§  ^pa- 
ciaifs  tbes^tjre.overflowipg  with  pupils.  Having  beeii  |Ld- 
n^tted  ^  ,{]iember  of  the  faculty  of  medicine  of  Paris,  be 
piractised  with  great  success,  and  attracted  the  notice  of 
the  court  He  took  a  journfiy  iqto  HolUnd,  where  he 
became  acquainted  with  the  c^lebrat^d  Boerhaave,  with 
wbon^  he  ever  afterwards  maintained  ^friendly  correspond- 
ence; and,  in  n35,  be  visited  London,  where  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  royal  society,  at  one  of  the  meet- 
ings of  which  be  read  some  ^  Reflections  on  the  operation 
for  Fistula  Lacrymalis,*'  which  were  printed  in  the  Trans- 
actions.. He^  ^^9  cut  off  in  the  vigour  of  life  by  a  p9« 
trid  fipver,  in  December  1742,  being  in  bis  forty -second 
year^  The  greater  part  of  his  writings  consist  of  papers, 
wbicb  were  published  in  various  volumes  of  the  memoirs 
of.  the  academy  of  sciences,  between  1729  and  1742  in- 
clusive. Osteology  was  a  favourite  subject  of  bis  enquiry, 
aq^  some  of  the  most  curious  of  his  observations  relate  to 
tbie  .fofrn)atio|i  aqd  growth  of  the  bones  of  the  skull.  He 
likewise  traced  with  great  accuracy  the  lymphatics  of  the 
"lungs  to  the  thoracic  puct,  and  the  progress  of  some  of  (be 
nerves  of  the  thoracic  viscera.  He  published  anonyipou&ly, 
in  1726,  a  critique,  in  the  form  of  a  letter,  on  the  book  pf 
Petit,  relative  to  the  diseases  of  the  bones,  which  occa^ 
sioned  some  coutrqversy,  and  received  the  formal  disap- 
proval pf  the  academy.  H^nauld  had  collected  a  consi- 
derable anatomical  museum,  whjph  ^yas  especially  rich  in 
preparations  illustrative  of  osteplogy  and  the  diseases  of 
the  bones,  and  which  came  into  the  possession  of  the  aca- 
demy after  bis  death.  * 

HUNIADES  (John  Corvinus),  waiwode  of  Transyl- 
▼ania,  and  general  of  the  armies  of  Ladislas,  king  of  HuQ- 

» 

*  Diet.  IIiit.-*Itee8'8  Cyclopadiii. 


/ 


*. 


HUNIADES.  »n 

l^y^  wts  ^m€  6f  tbfe  jgreatest  comtnanders  6f  bis  tioie.  He 
fought  against  the  Turks  like  a  herd,  and,  in  1442  and 
1443,  gained  important  battles  against  the  generals  of 
Aoittrath ;  and  obliged  that  prince  to  retire  from  Belgrade, 
after  besieging  it  seven  months.  In  the  battle  of  Varnes, 
sofs^  lo  the  Christian  caasre,  and  in  which  Ladislas  fell, 
Corvinus  was  not  less  distinguished  than  in  his  more  for^^ 
tunater  contests;  and,  being  appointed  governor  of  Hun- 
gary, became  proverbially  formidable  to  the  Turks,  In 
1 448,  however,  -  he  suflfered  a  defeat  from  them.  He  was 
more  fortunate  afterwards,  and  in  1456,  obliged  Ma* 
h^ntee  11.  alto  to  relinquish  the  siege  of  Belgrade;  and  died 
Uie  iOAi  of  September  in  the  same  year.  Mahomet, 
though  an  enemy,  had  generosity  enough  to  lament  the 
'  death  ef  so  great  a  man ;  and  pride  enough  to  allege  as 
one  c4use  for  his  regret,  that  the  world  did  nc^t  now  con-^ 
tain  «L  man  against  whom  he  could  deign  to  turn  his  arms, 
'  or  from  whom  he  could  regain  the  glory  he  bad  so  lately 
}o6t  before  Belgrade.  The  pope  is  6aid  to  have  shed  tears 
on  the  news  of  his  death ;  and  Christians  in  general  la-' 
mented  Huniades  as  their  best  defender  against  the  infidels.  ^ 
\  HUNNIUS  (Gli^Es),  a  celebrated  Lutheran  divine,  was 
born  at  Winende,  a  village  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
in  1550.  He  was  educated  at  the  schools  in  that  vitinicy, 
an<l  took  his  degree  tn  arts  at  Tubingen,  in  1567C  Me 
then  applied  himself  earnestly  to  the  study  of  theology, 
and  was  so  remarkable  for  bis  progress  in  it,  that  in  1576 
he  was  made  professor  of  divinity  at  Marpurg.  About  the 
same  period  be  married.  He  was  particularly  zealous 
against  the  Calvinists,  and  not  long  after  this  time  began 
to  write  against  them,  by  which  he  gained  so  much  repu- 
tation, that  in  1592  he  was  sent  for  into  Saxony  to  reform 
that  electorate,  was  made  divinity -professor  at  Wittemburg, 
and  a  member  of  the  ecclesiastical  consistory.  In  these 
offices  he  proved  very  vigilant  in  discovering  those  who 
had  departed  from  the  Lutheran  communion ;  and,  from 
the  accounts  of  the  severities  practised  against  those  who 
would  not  eonform  to  that  rule,  it  appears  that  nothing  less 
tlnwi  a  strong  persecution  was  carried  on  by  him  and  his 
colleagues.  In  1595  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  church 
at  Wittemburg,  and  in  the  same  year  published  his  most 
celebrated  polemical  work,  entitled  ^'  Calvious  Judaizans,'* 

1  MorerL— Universal  History. 


nt  HUNI^LU  s,. 

in  ivebicb  ke  job^go*  that  reformer  wkb  ^1  ppmUe^b^^re^lcMU 
At  tbe  sume  time  be  carried  on  a  coatroversy  witb  Hul^ei9M| 
about  predestination  and  election.  Against  CaLvip  be 
wrute  with  tbe  most  intemperate  acrimony.  HunoftiiAiwM 
bresent  at  tbe  conference  at  Ratisbon  in  ISOl,  bj^ween 
the  I^utberans  and  Roman  catbolics.  He  died  of  an. icK 
flammation  broi]^bt  on  by  tbe  stone^  in  April  16103^  His 
wprkf  bave  been  coUeoted  in  five  volumes  s  and  contain^ 
funeral  orations, .  a  calechism,  prayers,  colloquies^  notes 
on  some  of  the  evangelists,  &c.  &c.  HU  acrimony  in 
writing  went  beyond  bis  judgment,  ^ 

HUNT  (J£HBMIAH),  a  dissenting  divine,  was  born  ia 
London  in  167S,  and  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  f Hunt,,  a 
member  of  the.  mercers'  company  in  London.  He  was 
educated  voder  Mn  Tbomas  Rowe,and after  he  bad  fioisbed 
his.  course  with  him,  be  went  first  to  Edinburgh,  and  then 
to  L^yden ;  at  the  latter  place  be  applied  himself  most 
diligently  to  tbe  study  of  the  Hebrew  lakigui^e  and  the 
Jewish  antiquities*  In  Holland  he  preached  to  a  small 
English  congregation,  and  upon  his  return  Jae.  officiated 
some  time  at  Tunstead,  in  Norfolk,*  from  whence  he  re- 
moved to  London  about  1710,  and  was  apfK>inted  |Mstor  of 
the  congregation  at  Pinners*  hall.  In  1729  the  university 
of  Edinbu^rgh  conferred  on  him  the  deforce  of  O.  D.  He 
died  in  1744.  He  was  author  of  several  single  sermons; 
ajid  likewise  of  ^^  An  Essay  towards  explaining  the  History; 
and  Revelations,  of  Scripture  in  their  several  periods;  to 
which  is  annexed  a  dissertation  on  the  Fall  of  Maa*"  After 
his  death  four  volumes  of  bis  *^  Sermons,"  with  tracts, 
were  published,  to  which  was  prefixed  Dr.  LardneeS  Fu<«. 
neral  Sermon  for  him.' 

HUNT  (Stephen),  of  Canterbury,  the  son  of  Mr.  Ni. 
cholas  Hunt  of  that  city  (an  intimate  and  worthy  friend  of 
Arch.  Tillotson,  and  to  whom,  whilst  labouring  under  a. 
cancer,  be  addressed  that  most  excellent  letter  of  consola* 
tion,  printed  in  bis  life  by  Birch,  p«  133),  was  admitted  a 
scholar  of  C.  C.  C.  Cambridge,  Jan.  29,  1693.  Aft«r  ;taki-^ 
ing  the  degree  pf  M.  B.  in  169^,  he  practised  physic  at 
Canterbury,  and  became  a  collector  of  Eoman  coin%  ves?*' 
sels,  and  utensils,  particularly  of  those  about  Recolver  and . 
Ricbborougb,  afber  the  manner  of  archdeacon  Batteley,  in. 

•  Geo.  Diet — Melchior  Adam.— -Freheri  Tbeatrum.— -Saxii  Onomatt. 

*  Lardner's  Funeral  Sermon.— Kijypia's  Life  of  Lar^ner,  p,  11^  33.— Prote9« 
tant  Dissenters'  Magazme,  vol.  If. 


B  U  NT.  31S 

Ms  ^  AMiquitates  Ratopinv;**  all  whicb,  togetherr  wMk 
his  book«  and  maiiusoriptSy  be  bequeathed  to  the  library  of 
that  cathedral.  He  was  eateemed  a  learned  avitiquaiy. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain  ^ 

'HUNT  (Thomas),  a  learned  Hebraist,  and  Regius  pro* 
feasor  of  Hebitew,  Oxford,  was  born  in  l#96,  but  where 
or  of  what  parents  we  have  noi  been  able  to  learn,  or  in*- 
deed  to  recover  any  particulars  of  his  early  life.  He  was 
educated  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford^  where  he  proceeded  M.  A; 
in  Oct.  26,  1721)  and  was  one  of  the  first  four  senior  fel- 
lows or  tntorS)  when  the  society  was  made  a  body  corporate 
and  politic* under  the  name  of  Hertford  college;  and  he 
took  hki  degree  of  B.  D.  in  (743,  and  that  of  D,  D.  in 
1744.  His  first  literary  publication,  which  indicates  the 
betit'Of  his  studies,  was  **  A  Fragment  of  Hippolytus, 
taken  out  of  two  Arabic  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  library,'* 
printed  in  the  fourth  volume  of  *^  Parker's  Btbliotheca 
BibHca^'*  1728,  4to.  In  1738:  he  was  elected  Laudian 
pTofiassor  of  Arabic,  which  he  r^ained  the  whole  of  his 
life,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  late  Dr.  Joseph  White. 
In  tbe  following  year  be  delivered  in  the  schools,  a  Latin 
speech  **  De  antiquitate,  elegantia,  utilitate.  Linguae  Ara«* 
bicse,"  published  the  same*  year ;  and  another  *^De  usu 
Dialectorum  Orientalium,  ac  prsBcipue  Arabics,  in  He- 
braicocodioe  interpretando,*'  which  waspublished  in  1748. 
In  1746  he  issued  proposals  for  printing  '<  Abdollatiphi 
Historise  ^gypti  compendium,"  with  a  full  account  of  that 
worky  which,  however,  he  never  published.  The  sub-^ 
scribers  were  recompensed  by  receiving  in  lieu  of  it  his 
posthumous  *^  Observations  on  tbe  Book  of  Proverb^,^* 
edited  by  Dr.  Kenni6ott  after  his  death. 

In  1747,  Dr.  Hunt  was  appointed  regius  professor  of 
Hebrew,  and  consequently  canon  of  the  sixth  stall  in  Christ 
church.  He  had  in  1740  been  elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal 
society,  and  was  also  a  fellow  of  that  of  antiquaries.  In 
J  757,  as  we  have  noticed  in  tbe  life  of  bishop  Hooper,  he 
puMtshed  the  works  of  that  prelate,  in  the  preface  to  which 
he  represents  himself  as  ^*  one  who  had  received  many  ob- 
ligstioiis  from  his  lordship,  was  acquainted  with  bis  fa;nily, 
atid  had  been  fbrmerly  intrnsted  by  him  with  the  care  of 
publishing  one  of  his  learned  works,"  viz.  ^^  De  Benedic- 
tione  patriarchal  Jacobi,  conjecturae,*'  Oxon.    1728^  4to; 

>  Muiere's  Hist,  of  Corpui  Chritti  Coliege,  Cambridgtw 


S14  HUN  T. 

by  the  preface  to  which  it  appears  that  biibop  Hoopei^  was 
one  of  his  early  patrons.  Of  this  only  100  copies  were 
printed  as  presents  to  friends^  but  it,  is  included  in  the 
bishop's  works.  .  ' 

.  Dr.  Hunt's  epistolary  correspondence  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  was  considerable.  Some  of  his  letters  are  to  be 
found  in  <<  Doddridge's  Letters,"  published  by  StedmaQ. 
He  frequently  mentions  his  <^  Egyptian  History i^'  and  his 
**  attendance  on  Abdoliatiph/'  as  engrossing  much  of  his 
time.  He  also  highly  praises  Dr.  Doddridge's  ^'  Rise  and 
Progress  of  Religion,"  and  his  ^^  Life  of  colonel  Gardiner/* 
In  1759  Dr.  Kennicott  dedicated  his  secoad  volume  on  the 
**  State  of  the  printed  Hebrew  text  of  the  Old  Testament^* 
to  his  much  respected  friend  Dr.  Hunt,  to  whom  he  stood 
**  indebted  for  bis  knowledge  of  the  very  elements  of  the 
Hebrew  language."  Aniquetil  du  Perron,  the  French  orien* 
talist,  having  made  some  unhandsome  reflections  on  Dr. 
Hunt,  the  celebrated  sir  William  Jones,  then  a  student  at 
Oxford,  repelled  these  by  a  shrewd  pamphlet,  publiiheid 
iq  177 1,  entited  ^^  Lettre  a  monsieur  A[nquetil  du  P(erron) 
4ans  laquelle  est  compris  I'examen  de  sa  traduction  dea 
livres  attribues  a  Zoroastre." 

Among  Dr.  Hunt's  intimate  friends  was  Dr.  Gregoiy 
Sbarpe,  who  sought  his  acquaintance  and  highly  prized  it, 
and  their  correspondence  was  frequent  and  affectionate. 
Dr.  Hunt  not  only  promoted  Dr.  Sharpe's  election  into  the 
royal  society,  but  was  a  liberal  and  able  assistant  to  him  in 
bis  literary  undertakings.  When,  however.  Dr.  Sbarpe 
published  his  edition  of  Dr.  Hyde's  Dissertations  in  176.7, 
no  notice  was  taken  of  these  obligations ;  and  the  reason 
assigned  is  Dr.  Hunt's  having  declined  a  very  unreasonable 
request  made  by  Dr.  Sharpe,  to  translate  into  Latin  a  long 
English  detail  of  introductory  matter.  Such  treatment 
Dr.  Hunt  is  said  to  have  mentioned  ^  to  his  friends,  with 
as  much  resentment  as  his  genuine  good-nature  would*  per* 
mit."  This  very  learned  scholar,  who  had  long  been 
afflicted  with  the  graVel,  died  Oct.  31,  1774,  aged  seventy* 
eight,  and  was  buried  in  the  north  ailejoining  to  the  body 
of  the  cathedral  of  Chrisr-cburch,  with  an  inscription  ex«> 
pressing  only  his  name,  offices,  and  time  of  his  death. 
His  library  was  sold  the  following  year  by  honest  Daniel 
Prince  of  Oxford..  In  that  same  year  Dr.  Kennicott  pub* 
lished  a  valuable  posthumous  work  of  his  friend,  entitled 
*^  Observations  on  several  passages  in  the  Book  of  Proverbs, 


with  two  Sec mpnt.  •  By  Tbpnaas  Hutu,"  &c,  4lo.  A  con*- 
siderable  part  of  jthis ,  work  was  printed  before  bis  death  ; 
4od  the  only  i^eason^iy^a.wby  he  bim^f  did  not  finish  it, 
was,  that  he  wa^.r^niAK-Jiably  ti[n,or9^,  and  distrustful  of 
his  own  judgment;;  ^nd  tjiat^  in  his  declining  yeacs,  he 
grew  more  and  i^opvp  fearful  of  the  severity  of  public  criti- 
cism, for  whicji  he.cei^taiiily  had  littk  cause,  bad  this  been 
his  only  publicatiof)..  His.  character,  i^.  an  Orientalist,  had 
been  fully  estabKshed  4>y,his  fprmer  works ;  and  be  justly 
retained  it  to  the^  clof e  of  his- .  lite,  leaving  tbe  learned 
world  only  to  regret  that  be  did  not  engage  in  some  grand 
and  critical  work,  or  that  he  did  not  complete  an  edition 
of  Job  which  he  had  long  intended.' 

HUNTER  (Christopher),  an  eminent  physician  and 
antiquary  of  Durham,  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Hunter, 
gent,  of  Medomsley,  in  tbe  county  of  Durham,  where  he 
was  born  in  1675  :  he  was  educated  at  the  free-school  of 
Houghton- le-Spring,  founded  by  tbe  celebrated  Bernard 
Gilpin,  and  was  admitted  of  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  continued  until  he  had  taken  bis^  bachelor's  degree 
in  1698..  In  1701  be  received  a  faculty  orJicence  from 
Dr.  John  Brookbank,  spiritual  chanc<E;llor  at  Durham,  to 
practice  physic  through^ the  whole  diocese  of  Durham. 
After  some  years  he  removed  to  the  city  of  Durbam ;  and 
though  he  pubhshed  little,  was  always  ready  to  assist  in  any 
literary  undertaking.  He  is  acknowledged  by  Mr.  Horsley 
and  Mr.  Gordon  to  be  very  exact  and  masterly  in  the  know- 
ledge o(  antiquities.  Dr.  Wilkins  mentions  him  with  re- 
spect in  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  of  bis  *^  Councils," 
to  which  he  furnished  some  materials;  and  Mr.  Bourne  was 
much  indebted,  to  him  in  compiling  his  **  History  of  New<- 
castle''  He  published, a  new  edition  of  <^  The  Ancient 
Hites  and  Monuments  of  tb^  chiirch  of  Durbam,"  1733, 
without  his  name ;  and  a  xurious,  and  now  very  scarce' 
work,  entitled  '*  An  Illustration  of  Mr.  Daniel  Neale's 
History  of  tbe  Puritans,  in  tbe  article  of  Peter  Smart,  M.  A. 
from  original  papers,  with  remarks."  1736,  8vo.  In  April 
1743,  be  published  proposals  for  printing  by  subscription, 
in  .:;  vols.  4to.  ^' Antiquitates  Parochiales  Dioc.  Dunelm. 
hucusque  ineditse,*'  but  no  further  progress  appears  to  have 
been  made.     Perhaps  this  might  be  owing  to  an  unfortu- 

1  Gent.  Mag.  LXXI. — Doddridge's  Letter^ .--^Nichols*!  Bowyer.<^MS  eor- 
respondence  with  Dr.  Sharpe,  in  the  possession  of  the  Editor. 


3^16  H  U  l^T'E  IL 

>  » 

Date  accidMt  he  met  wiA,  hi  ^estrehing  tte  arehireii  x^  tihe! 
ciLtbedml,  where  b6  spilt  ft  bottlifc  of  ink  ait  'the  eelebmed 
copy  of  Magna  Charta,  ami  was  ftdvet  afterivsfdft  jNinntttJeU 
to  come  there.  In  1757  be  retired  ftom^Dufl^ain)  with 
bis  family^  to  Untbank,  an  estate  belonging  to  his  \i^ife^  iti^ 
Shotley  parish,  Nonhaniberland,  where  be  died  Jiilfy  IS; 
of  that  year,  and  was  buried  in  iSfaotley  church.' 

HUNTER  (Henry),  a  popular  preacher  and  writer,  was^ 
born  at  Culross,  in  Perthshire,  in  174t.    'Re  hdd  the  best' 
education  that  the  circumstances  of  his  parents  would  per- 
mit, and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  was  sent  to  the  uniVerBity 
of  Edinburgh,  where,  by  his  taints  and  profidencjr,  he 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  professors,  and  when  he  left 
Edinburgh  he  accepted  the  office  of  tutor  to  lord  Dtm« 
donald's  sons  at  Culross  abbey.    In  \764  he  was  lic6tk^d 
to  preach,  having  passed  the  several  trials  with  great  ap* 
plause :  and  very  quickly  became  muth  followed  on  ac- ' 
count  of  his  popular  talents.    He  was  ordained  in  1766, 
and  was  appointed  minister  of  South  Leith.    On  a  visit  to 
London  in  1769,  he  preached  in  most  of  the  iScotch  meet- 
ing-houses with  great  acceptance,  and  soon  alter  his  re- 
turn he  received  an  invitation  to  become  pastor  of  the  Scotch 
church  in  Swallow-iftreet,  which  he  declined;  but  in  1771 
he  removed  to  London,  and  undertook  the  pastoral  office 
in  the  Scotch  church  at  London-wall.     He  appeared  first 
as  an  author  id  1783,  by  the  commencement  of  his  <'  Sa- 
cred Biography,**  which  was  at  length  extended  to  seven 
volumes  octavo.    While  this  work  was  in  the  course  of  pub-  * 
Iication,he  engaged  in  the  translation' of  Lavater*s  ''Essays 
on  Physiognomy,^'  and  in  order  to  render  his  work  as  com- 
plete as  possible,  be  took  a  journey  into  Swisserland>  for  ' 
the  purpose  of  procuring  information  from  Lavater  himself. 
He  attained,  in  some  measure,  his  object,  though  the  au- 
thor did  not  receive  him  with  the  cordiality  which  he  ex- 
pected, suspecting  that  the  English  version  must  injure  the 
sale  of  the  French  translation.    The  first  number  of  this 
w<Mrk  was  published  in  1789,  and  it  watf  finished  in  a  style 
worthy  the  improved  state  of  the  arts.    From  diis  period 
Dr.  Hunter  sp^nt  much  of  his  time  in  translating  different 
works  from  the  French  language.     In  1790  he  was  elected 
secretary  to  the  corresponding  board  of  the '^^  Society  for 
propagating  Christian  Knowledge  in  the  Highlands  ana 

'  Nicbola's  Bowyor. 


B  ir  N  T  B  ft 


Sif 


Uimi^  qI,  Scc^VkiHl.'*  Hftn^  likairiae  cbsijdaiii  Vfk  i^ 
<<  ;SifoM^  QjoirppratmA;'*  m4  )botb  ulieiie.  iDpiUiaiQiyi  nrone 
omqb  bw^&ted  )>7 .  Us  sfalaus  ;emKftUHM  «»  their  behalft 
ta  Ii79<s;y  bei.publiib^  iwaivs^liHMs  of  fSe^^^  md  ia 
1799  be  g^vfe  tb«  ivoffld  4ighl  ^'  lieefturoftion  tbe.  &ridMcfi$ 
of  |CbKi«ti«<^il]r»V  b#iog  tib#  oQwpiisti0n4il  a  p\m  begun  by 
Air;  fi'fBll.  Tb^  wbol^  (PQot»i^  a  poi^liHr  <  ao4  U9efi>l  qIik^^ 
dikf;MH>:.of  tbf  prw&.ia  famur  of  ibe  CbriMian  jreligion^ 
mmg  «^Kn  i^  iDjtermd  evidence^  it%  beiiefifii«Ji  iniaenoe^ 
ajlid  tbe  eiiqfifdpr.i^iie  of  tb^  infonnfitian  wbicb  it  ooDviejfi 
yiilk  f^9fi^i%Q  itmAty*  During  die  latter  years  of  Ub 
Uff^  Qr»  ilivMer^Ji  ^eooslifeaitiQii  jNiflfared  t]fte  jeverest  abecks 
kgm  4i?  Wv  Aif  tJuree  ehitdrent  nvbiGb^  wUb  other  eauifiv^ 
cootrifrttlfd  to. reader  bim  uoable  to  nrithstaiid.tbe  aAtacka 
of,4W^Me^  He  died  at  tbe  Hot^^Welk,  Bristol^  on  thd 
27tb  of  Qetober>  )902>  in  tbe'<>i3d  y»ar.  of  1»m  age.  Br; 
limiter  .waa  a^nan  of  iearoiag :  bia  .vittngs  are  doquenty 
ai»d  :^w  boMf  well  he  bad  studied  huuian  nature.  In  the 
pu)pi(.  bia  flaaaner  waa  unaffected,  aolemn»  and  impresatro; 
He  indulged  bis  liberal  and  frieedly  he;^rt  in  the  exercise 
of  bospitali^,  ^barity>  and  tbe  pleasoresof  scicial  intet'4 
oomae^  b«t  tbe  latter  freqiieatly  beyond  tbe  liiaits  wbicb  a 
regard  to  prudeece  and  economy  should  have  prescribed^ 
He  was  tbe  translator  of  ^^  Letters  of  Eiiler  to  a  Geipnian 
Priecess,;Qn  diffiereot  subjects  in  Physic^  and  Philosophy;'' 
''  The  Studies  of  Nature  by  St  Pierre;'*  <'  Saurin's  Ser-» 
mens;''  <*  Sonaioi's  Tra;rds."  Miscellaneous  pieces  and 
sermona  of  bis  own  have  been  published  since  his  deaths  to 
which  are  prefixed  memoira:  from  the»  the  foregoing  par*> 
tiqiuUurs  bo^ve  been  taken.  Dr.  Hunter^  about  1196  or  7»! 
bi^an  **  A  History  of  luoitdon  and  its  Environs,"  whieh^ 
came. out  in  parts,  but  did  little  credit  to  him,,  as  he  evi- 
dently had  no  taleiits  or  reseajrob  for  a  work  of  this  de-^ 
scriptioa.* 

HUNTER  (WiLliUM>  M.  D.)»  an  eminent  anatomist  and: 
physician,  was  bora  May  23,  1718,  at  Kilbride  in  the- 
county  of  Lanark.    He  was  the  seventh  of  ten  ebildren  e 

*  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  LXXII.— Reel's  Cyclopedia. 

^  These  were,  John,  Elizabeth,  An-  to  London  in  1743,  with  an.  inteatioii 
drew,  Janet,  James,  Agnes,  William,  to  study  anatomy  under  bis  brother 
0on>thea,  Isabella,  and  John.  Of  the  William,  but  was  prevented  from  pur- 
sons,  John  the  eldest,  and  Andrew*  died  soing  thi«  plan  by  ill  bealtb,  which  in- 
young;  James,  horn  in  1715,  was  a  duced  him  to  return  to  Long  Cald^r* 
writer  to  the  signet  at  Edinburgh,  who,  wood«  where  he  died  soon  ^fter,  aged 
dislikingthe profession ofthe law, came  28 years;  John,  the  yoiingeft»  is  tha 


/ 


318  11  tl  JJ  f  B 

bf  Jdhn  and  Agnes  Hunter^  whd  resided  on  a  small  es^e 
in  that  parish,  called  Long  Oatderwood,  which  had  long^ 
been  in  the  posseswion  of  his  family.  His  grreat  grand^^ 
father,  byfais  fiither^s  side,  was  a  younger  son  of r  Hunter 
of  Hunterston,  chief  of  the  family  of  that  name.  Atth^ 
age  of  fourteen,  his  father  sent  him  to  the  c<dlege  of  Qhats^^ 
gow ;  where  he  passed  five  years,  and  by  bis  prudent  be«- 
haviour  and  diligence  acquired  the  esteem  of  the  profesaors^' 
and  the  reputation  of  being  a  good  scholar.  Kh  HAer 
had  designed  him  for  the  church,  -but  «be  necessity  of  sub- 
scribing to  articles  of  &ith  was  to  him  a  strong  objection. 
In  this  state  of  mind  he  happened  to  become  acquainted' 
with  Dr.  Cullen,  who  was  then  just  established  in  practice 
at  Hamilton,  nnder  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Hamilton: 
By  the  conversation  of  Dr.  Culi^n,- he  was  soon  determined 
to  devote  himself  to  tlie  profession  of  physic.  His  father's^ 
consent  having  been  previously  obtained,  he  went,  in  17S7. 
to  reside  with  Dr.  GuUen.  In  the  &mily  of  this  excellent 
friend  and  preceptor  he  passed  nearly  three  years,  and 
these,  as  he  has  been  often  heard  ^to  acknowledge,  were 
the  happiest  years  of  his  life.  It  was  then  agreed,  that  be 
•hould  prosecute  his  medical  studies  at  Edinburgh  and 
London,  and  afterwards  return  to  settle  at  Hamilton,  in 
partnership  with  Dr.  Cullen. 

Mr.  Hunter  set  out  for  Edinburgli  in  N6v.  -1740,  and 
continued  there  till  the  following  spring,  attending  the 
lectures  of  the  medical  professors,  and  amongst  Others  thos6 
of  the  late  Dr.  Alexander  Monro.  Hearrivedin  London  iif 
the  summer  of  1741,  and  took*  op  his  •  residenci^  at  Mr. 
(afterwards  Dr.)  Smellie's,  who  was  at  that  time  an  apothe^^ 
cary  in  Pall-mall.  He  brought  wiA  him  a  letter  of  recorn-^ 
mendation  to  his  countryman  Dr.  James  Douglas,  from  Mr. 
Fotdis,  printer  at  Glasgow,,  who  had  Ueen  useful  to  the 
doctor  in  collecting  for  him  different  editions  of  Horace. 
Dr.  Douglas  was  then-  intent  on  a  great  anatomical  work*  on 
the  bones,  which  he  did  not  live  to  complete,  and  was 
looking  out  for  a  young  man  of  abilities  and  industry  whom 
he  might  employ  as  a  dissecter.  This  induced  him  to  pay 
particular  attention  to  Mi:.  Hunter;  and  finding  him  acute 

subject  of  the  ensuing  article. — Of  the  James  Baillie,  D.  D.  professor  ofdlrU 

daughters,  Elizabeth,  Agnes,  and  Isa-  niiy  in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  l^y 

bdia,  died  young;  Janet  married  Mr.  whom  she  had  a  son  Matthew  Baitlie, 

Buchanan  of  Glasgow,   and   died   in  now  a  very  eminent  physician,   ati4 

1749;  Dorothea  married  the  late  ver.  two  daujjhtrrs. 


H  U  N  T  £  IL  9t# 

md  sensible^  he  after  a  short  time  iitvited  htm  itito  his  h^* 
mily,  to  assist  in  his  dissections,  and  to  superintend  the 
education  of  bis  son.  Mr.  Hunter  barring  commnaiGaited 
this  offer  to  his  father  and  Dr.  CuUen,  the  latter  nsltdily 
and  heartily  gave  bis  concurrence  to^^it^  but  his  father, 
who  was  very  old  and  infirm,  and  expected  his  return  with 
impatience,  consented  with  reluctance.  His  father  did  ndl 
long  survive,  dying  Oct.  30  following,  aged  7S.> 
' '  Mr.  Hunter,,  having  accepted  ^  Dr.  Douglas's  invitatioO| 
was  by  hisfriendly  assistance  enabled  to  enter  himself  asa 
surgeon^s  pupil  at  St.  George's  hospital  under  Mr.  James 
Wilkie,  and  as  a  dissecting- pupil  under  Dr.  Frank- Nichols, 
who  at  that  time  taught  anatomy  with  considerable  reputa* 
tkm.  He  likewise  attended  a  course  of  lectures  on  expe« 
rimental  philosophy  by  Dr.  Desaguliers.  Of  these*  means 
of  improvement  he  did  not  fail  to  make  a  proper  use.  He 
soon  became  expert  in  disseetton,  and  Dr.  Douglas  was  at 
tbe  ex  pence  of  having  several  of  his  preparations  engraved. 
But  before  many  months  had  elapsed,  he  bad  the  hiisfor* 
tune  to  lose  this  excellent  friend.  Dr..  Douglas  died  April 
1,  \74Qf  in  his  67th  year,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  chiU 
dren.  The  death  of  Dr.  Douglas,  however,  made  no 
^ange  in  his  situation.  He  continued  (o  reside  with  the 
doctor's  family,  and  to  pursue  his  studies  with  the  same 
diligence  as  before.  In  1743  he  communkwced  to  the 
royal  society  <<  An  Essay  on  the  StructcHre  and  Diseases  of 
articulating  Cartilages."  This  ingenious  paper,  on  a  sub^ 
ject  which  till  then  had:  not  been  sufficiently  investigated^ 
affords  a  striking  .testimony  of .  the  rapid  progress  he  had 
made  in  his  anatomical  inquiries.  As  he  had  it  in  contem-* 
plation  to  teach  anatomy,  his  attention  was  directed  prin< 
cipally  to  this  object ;-  and  it  deserves  to  be  mentioned  as 
an  additional  mark  of  his  prudence,  that  he  did  not  pre- 
cipitately engage  in  this  attempt,  biit  passed  several  years 
in  acquiring  such  a  degree  of  knowledge,  and  such  a  col- 
lection of  preparations,  as  might  insure  himsuccess*  After 
waiting  some  time  for  a  favourable  opening,  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Samuel  Sharpe  as  lecturer  to  a  private  society  of  sur« 
geons  in  Covent-garden,  began  his  lectures  in  their  rooms, 
and  soon  extended  his  plan  from  surgery  to  anatomy.  This 
undertaking  commenced  in  the  winter  of  1746.  He  is  said 
to  have  experienced  much  solicitude  when  he  began  to 
speak  in  public,  but  applause  soon  inspired  him  with  cou- 
rage ;  and  by  degrees  he  became  so  fond  of  teaching,  that 


«*• 


H  y  If  T  £  R« 


£or  many  y^Ars  \mfyre  bis  dfntb  he  was  nevscr  h^j^pmr  tbM 
wiien  employed  in  deliYeriag  a  lecture. 

The  .pro&ta  of  bis  two  firtt  cotHTses  were  considerables 
but  by  contributing  to  the  wants  of  different  friends,  be 
found  himself  at  the  return  of  the  next  season^  9Uiged.to 
d^r  his  lectures  for  a  fortnight,  merely  because  he  had 
not  money  to  ddray  the  necesaaiy  espenoe  of  advertisi^ 
ments.  This  circumstance  taught  turn  to  be  moi)e  «eaenred 
in  this  respect  In  1747  he  was  admitted,  a  mraiber.  of 
the  corporation  of  surgeons,  and  in  the  spciug  (tf  the  Uk^ 
lowinfg  year,  soon  after  the  close  of  his  leotures,  he  set 
out  in  company  with  his  pupil,  Mr*  James  Douglas,  on- a 
tour  through  Holland  to  Paris.  His  lectures  sufiered  no 
interruption  by  thk  journey,  as  he  returned  to  England 
soon  enough  to  prepajre  for  his  winter  course,  whidi  began, 
about  the  usual  time.  At  first  he  practised  both  surgery 
and  midwifery,  but  the  former  he  always  disliked ;  and, 
being  elected  one  of  the  surg^on-men-midwiYes  first  to  the 
Middlesex,  and  aoon  afterwards  to  the  British  lying-in 
hoapital,  and  recommended  by  se?eral  of  the  most  emi-^ 
neot  ftttcgeoos  of  that  time,  his  line  was.  thus  determined. 
Over  his  countryman,  Dr.  SaseUie,  notwithstanding  his 
great  experience,  and  the  reputation  he  had  jostly  ac* 
quired,  he  had  a  great  advantage  in  person  and  address. 
The  most  lucrative  part  of  the  practice  of  midwifery  was 
at  that  time  in  the  hands  of  sir  Rachard  Manningham  and 
Dr.  Sandys.  The  fi>rmer  of  these  died,  and  the  latter  re« 
tired  into  the  country  a  few  years  after  Mr.  Hunter  began 
to  be  known  in  midwifery.  AUboUgb  by  these  incidents 
he  was  established  in  the  practice  of  OMdwiferyy .  it  is  well 
known  that  in  proportion  as  his  reputation  increased,  his 
ofiinion  was  eagerly  sought  in  all  cases  where  any  light 
concerning  the  seat  or  nature  of  any  disease,  could  be  ex* 
pected  from  an  intimate  knowledge  of  anatomy.  In  17^0 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  university  of 
Glasgow,  and  began  to  practise  as  a  physician.    About 


*  Mr.  Wation,  F.  R.  S.  who  was 
one  of  Mr.  Hanter't  earliMt  pupils, 
a^ponptnied  him  boiiM  after  hit  ia- 
trodoctory  lacture.  Mr.  Uuoter»  who 
bad  receired  about  seventy  (uinead 
from  hit  pupils,  and  bad  got  tbe  nO- 
ney  ii|  a  bag  under  bia  cloak*  obterved 
to  Mr.  Walton*  tbat  it  was  a  latger 
«um  Uian  be  had  ever  been  master  of 
before.    Dr.  Pulteoef ,  m.bi<  **  Life  ot 


Linoaui,"  baa  not  tbougbt  it.  supeiw 
flttous  to  reooid  the  slander  begioninf 
ftom  which  that  graalaataralist  rote  tt 
ease  and  aSioeoce  in  life.  "  Exivi 
patria  triginti  sex  nummis  aiireisdives»" 
are  •  Linn«us's  own  words.  Anecdotea 
of  this  sort  deserTe  to  bo  ffooorded»  m 
an  encouragemeat  to  young  men,  who, 
«ith  great  merit,  happen  to  possesA 
but  tilde  advantages  (2  fortune. 


HUNTER.  iai 

• 

Ak  lime  he  quitted  the  family  of  Mrs,  Douglas,  and  went 
to  reside  in  Jermyn-street.  In  the  summer  of  1751  he 
revisited  his  native  country,  for  which  he  always  retained 
a  cordial  affection.  His  mother  was  still  living  at  Long 
Oalderwood>  which  was  now  become  his  property  by  the 
doath  of  bis  brother  James.  Dr.  CuUen,  for  whoni  he  always 
entertained  a  sincere  regard,  wais'then  established  at  Glasgow. 
During  this  visit,  he  shewed  his  attachment  to  his  little 
piateroal  inheritance,  by  giving  many  instructions  for  re-* 
pairiDg  and  improving  it,  and  for  purchasing  any  adjoining 
laada  thatmight  be  oflered  for  sale.  As  he  and  Dr.  Cullen 
were  riding  one  day  in  a  low  part  of  the  country,  the  lat- 
ter poiYiting  out  to  him  Long  Calderwood  at  a  considerable " 
cfistatdce,  reoiarked  how  conspicuous  it  appeared.  ^'Weli,''' 
fakl  he,  with  some  degree  of  energy,  ^*  if  I  live,  I  shall 
make  it  still  more  conspicuous.*'  After  his  journey  to 
Scotland,  *  to  which  he  devoted  only  a  few  weeks,  he  was 
never  absent  from  London,  unless  his  professional  en4 
gagements,  as  sometimes  happened,  required  his  attend* 
ance  at  a  distance  from  the  capitaL 

In  1762  we  find  him  warmly  engaged  in  controversy^ 
supporting  his  claim  to  different  anatomical  discoveries,  in 
a  work  entitled  *<  Medical  Commentaries,'*  the  style  of 
whieh  it  corr^t  and  spirited*.  As  an  excuse 'for  the  tar- 
diness with  which  he.  brought  forth  this  work,  be  observes 
in  his  introduction,  that  it  requited  a  good  dealof  time.' 

*  In  hit  **llediearCoiDiiieii(8riefy'  ^  Mr.  Mbgnezi  in  the  iBeimd  tditioo  of 

to  which  8  *'  Sappl«meotV  was  after-  a  work.entitled  **  L'Ana^inie  du  Corpi 

wanlfl  added,  he  ;iapported  the  pr\or\tf  der  I'Homme  eh  abr^f  ^,^*  printed  at 

of  hii  diacoterjet:  over  thoie  of  >  Or*  Patia.    Who  may  have  first  sncceeded 

ifimvo,  jon.  proifeaior  of  anatomy  at  in  a  lacky  iDJection»  wen^  a  niatter 

£dinhorgh,  in  respect  to  the  duets  of  scarcely  worthy  of  contest;  bat  Dr. 

the  Inebrymal-  s)ands»  i^jectiops  of  the  Hunter  was  extremely  tenacious  of  any 

taaMe,  the  erigtn  and  use  o^tbe  ly m-  elaima  of  this  kindt  and  would  not  anf» 

phatic  Tessela*  and  absorption  by  veins,  fer  the  interference  eren  of  his  own 

There  is,  however,  sOme  difficulty  in  brother.    Some   papers;    in    which  a 

adjintiag  the  claims  of  contemporary  claim  of  Mr^  John  Hunter,  relative  to 

anatondists.    The  great  doctrine  of  the  tbe  connection  between  the  placenta, 

absorbent  action  of  the  lymphatic  sys*  and  nterus,  was  dfsputed  by  ihe  doc* 

tern,  which  is  now  fully  received,  at  tor  in   1*780,  are  preserved  in  the  ar* 
least  by  the  anatomists  of  Oreat  Bri->    'chtves  of  the  royal  society,     la  the 

taittf  was  taught  and  illnitrated  at  the  *'  Commentaries"  there  are  alsO  some 

same  time  in'  the  fthools  of  London  observations  on  the  in»ensibi!ity  of  the 

and'offSdinborgh,  and'exeveijiedthein*  dura  mater,  periosienm/ tendons,  and 

genolty  of  Hunter,  >  Monro,  Hewson,  ligaments,  ar  taught  with  some  slight 

Cmikshaakr   and     other   anatomists.  '  difference   by  '  Ualler ;    and    ijikewise 

But  Dr«  SiiiSmOna  baa  shewn,  that  the  «<  Observations  on  the  Sfat^  of  the  1*estfs 

prinoipal  points  of  tHiis  s]|i|^ni  had  inthePtetni,  and  on  the  Hernia  Con- 

heen  itated  no  long  ago  as  tT^,  by  genita,  by  Mr.  John  Hunter.'* 

vou  xvni.  .    Y 


9^  h^  h^4  UttU  lo  9par»e ;  that  tb#  sul]|^t  wis  unpies* 
fi^t,  aqd  theref^e  be  wa^  very  9iiJdQni  in  tii»e  buiooar 
^>  uli^  it  iup.  In  17«29  ffrhea  Q«f  preseoi  e^^^lent  ^em 
became  p^egnaQjt,  Dr.  Hunter  was  cojoi^uliisAt  And  Iwo 
year$  after  be  bad  the  bai>ptNr  U9  be  appointed  {ri^yaiciao* 
extraordinary  to  ber  q^ajesty.  Abput  tbia  tiioe  bis  aFQcta- 
tiQQs  were  so  t^um^PW,  tbat  be  becwie  desiooiM  of  lea** 
p^niqg  bis  fadgue^  «iid  baTiog  noticed  tbe  ingenuity  and 
asaidwu;^  appTicaliofi  ^f  ^  Is^e  Mr»  WilUam  Kewa^iii; 
F.  K.  S.  who  was  tbeo  one  of  bi«  pupils,  be  engaged  hiiOy 
fir^t.  a_9  ain  a$ai3ta]94t,  and  afteniards  as  a  partner  in  bis  lee* 
t^^s.  This  eoAne<Qtioii  continued  tiH  1770,  wbeosooie 
disputes  happened)  wbi^b  termiaated  in  a  separation^  (See 
Hewson].  Mr«  ^ewaoo  was  succeeded  in  the  partnei^p 
by  Mr.  Ci'pikahank,  whoee  anatomical  abilities  were  de- 
aervedly  respeicted. 

Ap^l  30)  17^7,  Dr.  Hunter  was  elected  F.  R«  S.  and  the 
year  folio wifig  Goa)Knupicated  to  that  leaned  body  ^  ^^  Ohr 
aervationsom  tbe  Bones  commonly  supposed  to  be  Ele^ 
phants'  bpneS)  which  hare  been  found  near  the  river  Ohio 
in  AmerM^a^i^'  This  was  not  the  only  subject  of  natural 
history  on  whicb  Dr.  Hunter  employed  his  pen ;  for  in  a 
aubs^qiient  froluipe  of  the  ^^  Philosophical  Transactions)^ 
we  find  bi^A  offering  his  ^*  Remarks  on  isome  Bones  foiamd 
m  the  BocfL  of  Gibraltar,''  which  he  proves  to  have  be- 
longed to  some  quadruped.  In  the  same  work|  likewise^ 
he  published  an  account  of  the  NyUghau,  an  Indian  ani- 
mal not  described  before,  and  which,  from  its  strength 
and  swiftness,  promised,  he  thought,  to  be  an  useful  ac- 
quUition  to  this  country. 

In  1768,  Dr.  Hunter  became  F«  S.  A.  and  the  sam^ 
year,  at  the  institution  of. a  royal  academy  of  arts,,  he  was 
appointed  by  bis  majesty  to  the  office  of  professor  of  ana- 
tomy. This  appointmeat  opened  a  new  field  for  his  abl- 
lities  ;  and  he  engaged  in  it,  as  he  did  in  every  other  pur- 
suit of  his  life,  with  unabating  zeal.  He  now  adapted  his 
anatomical  knowledge  to  the  objects  of  painting  and  sculp- 
ture; and  the  novelty  and  justness  of  hi^s  observations 
proved  at  once  the  readiness  and  tb^  extegil  of  his  genius. 

In  January  1781,  be  was  unani&ously  elected  to  sue* 
ceed  the  late  J^r.  John  Fothergill  as  president  of  tbe  so- 
cietjr  of  physicians  of  London.  ^^  He  was  one  of  those,'* 
says  Dr.  8immons»  ^  to  #hom  we  are  indebted  for  iis^ 


H  U  N  T  E  |L  319 

-^aUitboieiiti  «nd  our  gral^fM  4<»fcnow)<^gmeBlf  wm  dfae 
lobittfor  bU  zealous  en^eay^^urs  to  ffromote  the  Viberpl 
views  of  tUfl  institution,  hy^rend^rtng  it  a  source  of  matuaV 
inproveiiaidntjy  and  thus  making  it  ultimately  useful  to  tbe 
jpiiblie.**  As  bis  came  and  t^ilents  were  knovm  and  re- 
peeled  ia  eirery  part  of  Europe,  so  the  honours  conferred 
etf  fain  were  not  limited  to  his  own  country.  In  1790  tbe 
fc^fal  m^Kcal  society  at  Paris  elected  him  one. of  their  fb- 
weiga  asseeiates;  and  in  1782  he  received  a  similar  mark 
of  distinction  from  the  royal  academy  of  sciences  in  itbat 
eiigr«  We  coose  now  to  the  most  splendid  of  Dr.  Hunter^s 
'iMdksal  publications,  ^^  The  Anatomy  of  tbe  Human  Gra- 
Vid  Uterus.'^  The  appearance  of/ this  work,  which  bad 
been  begun  so  early  as  1751  (at  which  time  ten  of  the 
thirty*four  plates  it  contains  were  completed),  was  re- 
tarded till  1775,  only  by  the  autlior's  desire  of  sending  it 
into  the  world  with  fewer  imperfections.  This  greli^  work 
ii  dedicated  to  the  king.  In  his  preface  to  it  we  find  the 
antbor  very  candidly  acknowledging,  that  in  most  of  tbe 
dissections  be  had  been  assisted  by  his  brothet,  Mr.  John' 
Hunter.  This  anatomical  description  of  tbe  gravid  nterns, 
wes  not  the  only  work  which  Dr.  Hunter  had  in  contem- 
pktton  te  give  to  tbe  public.  He  had  long  been  em* 
l^egred  in  oellecting  and  arranging  materials  for  a  biS" 
tery  ei  the  rarions  ooneretions  that  are  formed  in  tbe  hu^ 
mta  body^  He  seems  to  have  advanced  no  further  in  tbe 
execution  of  this  design,  than  to  have  nearly  completed 
that  |»art  of  it  which  relates  to  urinary  and  biliary  concre- 
jddna.  Among  Dr.  Hunter's  papers  have  likewise  been 
fbund  two  introductory  lectures,  which  are  written  out  so 
lUrly,  and  with  soch  accuracy,  that  he  probably  intended 
no  further  correction  of  tbem>  before  they  should  be 
^en  to  tbe  world.  In.  these  lectures  Dr.  Hunter  traces 
the  history  of  anatomy  from  the  earliest  to  the  present 
limes,  along  with  the  general  progress  of  science  and  the 
artSb  He  eonsiders  the  great  utility  of  anatomy  in  the 
practice  of  pfaj^ic  and  surgery ;  gives  the  ancient  divisions 
of  tbe  different  substances  composing  the  human  body, 
iwbich  for  a  long  time  prevailed  in  anatomy  ;  points  on| 
the  most  advantageous  mode  of  cultivating  this  branch  of 
natural  knowledge;  and  concludes  with  explaining^  the 
particular  plan  of  his  own  lectures.  Besides  these  MSS,.  he 
bis  also  left  behind  hkn  a  considerable  number  of  cases-  of 

Y   2 


SW  HUNTER. 

dbseotiolor^.  *rbe  same  year  in  which  th«  tablet  1  of  tb^ 
gravid  uterus  made  their  appearance/  Dr.  Hunter  coannti* 
nicated  to  the  royal  society  <<  An  essay  on  the  Origin  of 
the  Venereal  Disease.'*  After  this  paper  had  been  read 
to  the  royal  society,  Dr.  Hunter^  in  a  conversation  with 
the  late  Dr.  Musgrave,  was  convinced  that  the  testimony 
on  which  he  placed  his  chief  dependence  was  of  less 
weight  than  he  had  at  first  imagined ;  he  therefore  ^ery 
properly  lud  aside  his  intention  of  giving  his  essay  to  the 
public. 

In  1777,  Dr.  Hunter  joined  with  Mr.  Watson  in  prei^ 
sentiug  to  the  royal  society  <<  A  short  account  of  the  latiqj 
Dr.  Maty's  iUness,  and  of  the  appearances  on  dissection  ;'* 
and  the  year  following  be  published  his  **  Reflections  on 
^e  Section  of  the  Symphysis  Pubis.'' 
'  We  must  now  go  back  a  little  in  the  order  of  time,  to 
descrihe  the  origin  and  progress  of  Dn  Hunter's  Museum, 
without  some  account  of  which  these  memoirs  would  b» 
very  incomplete.  When  be  began  to  practise  midwifery, 
he  was  desirous  of  acquiring  a  fortune  sufficient  to  place 
him  in  easy  -and  independent  circumstances.  Before  many 
years  had  elapsed,  he  found  himself  in  possession  of  a  sum 
adequate  to  his  wishes  in  this  respect ;  and  this  he  set  apart 
as  a  resource  of  which  he  might  avail  himself  whenever- 
age  -or  infirmities  should  oblige  him  to  retire  from  business. 
'  He  has  been  heard  to  say,  that  he  once  took  a  considerable 
sum  from  this  fond  for  the  purposes  of  his  museum,  bjit 
thiit  he  did  not  fed  himself  perfectly  at  «ase  till  he  had 
restored  it  again.  After  he  had  obtained  this  competency»^ 
as  his  wealth  continued  to  accumulate,  he  .formed  a  laud* 
able  design  of  engaging  in  some  scheme  of  public  utility,* 
and  at  first  had  it  in  contemplation  to  found  an  anatomical 
school  in  this  metropolis.  For  this  purpose,  about  1765. 
during  the  administration  of  Mr.  Grenville,  he  presented' 
&  memorial  to  that -minister,  in  which  he  requested  the 
grant  of  a  piece  of  ground  in  the  Mews  for  the  site  of  an 
anatomical  theatre.  Dr.  Hunter  undertook  to  expend  7000/. 
on  the  building,  and  to  endow  a  professorship  of  anatomy  in 
perpetuity.    This  schenie  did  not  meet  with  the  reception 

« 

*  The  work  on  the  Gravid  Utcrni  tended  to  supply  thif  defect.     It  it  eii» 

•  vai  pnbliihed  without  a  descriplire  ac-  titled  **  Ad  Aoatomical  Description  of 

ceuqt.     lu  1795,  Dr.  Bail  lie  publiBbed  the  Human  Gravid  Uterus,  and  its  Con- « 

from  Dr.  {lunter'a.  pftpera,  improved  tenti.    By  theJate  W.  Htto]beri.M*D.^ 

by  his  own  obfervationfy  «  book  in«  k,Ok  and  forms  a  Chin  4to. 


M  U  N  T  E  H.  325 

{(  deserved.  In  a  conversation  on  this  subject  soon  after- 
wards with  the  earl  of  Shelburne^  his  lordship  expressed  a. 
wish  that  the  plan  might  be  carried  into  execution  by  sub« 
scription,  and  very  generously  requested  to  have  bis  name . 
set  down  for  1 000  guineas.  Dr.  Hunter's  delicacy  would 
not  allow  him  to  adopt  this  proposal.  He  chose  rather  to 
execute  it  at  his  own  expence,  and  accordingly  purchased 
•8  spot  of  ground  in  Great  Windmill-street,  where  he  erected 
a  spacious  house,  to  which  he  removed  from  Jermyn-street 
in  1770.  In  this  building,  besides  a  handsome  amphi- 
theatre and  other  convenient  apartments  for  his  lectures 
itod  dissections,  there  was. one  magnificent  room,  fitted  up 
with  great  elegance  and  propriety  as  a  museum. 

.Of  the  magnitude  and  value  of  bis  anatomical  collection, 
some  idea  may  be  formed,  when  we  consider  the  grea^ 
length  of  years  he  employed  in  making  anatomical  prepa-. 
nations,  and  in  the  dissection  of  morbid  bodies  ;  added  to 
the  eagerness  with  which  he  procured  additions,  from  the 
Qollections  that  were  at  different  times  offered  for  sale  in 
London.  His  specimens  of  rare  diseases  ,were  likewise, 
frequently  increased  by  presents  from  his  medical  friends 
and  pupils,  who,  when  any  thing  of  this  sort  occurred  to. 
them,  very  justly  thought  they  could  not  dispose  of  it 
more  properly  than  by  placing  it  in  Dr.  Hunter's  museum. 
Before  his  removal  to  Windmill-street,  he  had  confined. 
bis  collection  chiefly  to  speci(nens  of  human  and  ppmpa- 
rative  anatomy,  and  of  diseases ;  but  now  h^  extended  his 
views  to  fossils,  and  likewise  to  the  branches  of  polite  li-* 
terature  and  erudition.  In  a  short  space  of  time  he  be- 
came possessed  of  ^^  the  most  magnificent  treasure  of  Greek 
and  Latin  books  that  has  been  accumulated  by  any  person 
now  living,  since  the  days  of  Mead.''  A  cabinet  of  an* 
cient .  medals  contributed  likewise  greatly  to  the  richness 
of  his  museum.  A  description  of  part  of  the  coins  in  this 
cdllection,  struck  by  the  GTreek  free  cities,  has  been  pub- 
lished by  the  doctor's  learned  friend  Mr.  Combe,  under  the 
title  of  "  NuDnfmorum  veterum  populorum  &  urbium  qui 
in  museo  Gulielmi  Hunter  asservantur  descriptio  figuris 
illustrata.  Opera  &  studio  Caroli  Combe,  S.  R.  ^  S.  A. 
8oc.  Londini,"  1783,  4to.  In  a  classical  dedication  of 
this  elegant  volume  to  .the  queen,  Dr.  Hunter  acknpw« 
ledges  his  obligations  to  her  majesty.  In  the  preface, 
some  account  is  given  of  the  progress  of  the  collection, 
which  bad  been  brought  together  since  1 770,  with  sin« 


5M  HUNTER. 

gukr  taste^  and  at  the  expence  of  upwards  of  SO^o6o/t^' 
In  1761,  the  museum  received  a  valuable  addition  of  shells^ 
corals,  and  other  curious  subjects  of  natural  bistorj,  which 
bad  been  collected,  by  the  late  Dr.  Fothergiil,  who  gave 
directions  by  his  will,  that  his  collection  should  be  ap* 
praised  after  his  death,  and  that  Dr.  Hunter  should  have 
the  refusal  of  it  at  500/.  under  the  valuation.  This  wM 
accordingly  done,-  and  Dr.  Hunter  purchased  it  for  the 
sunsi  of  1200/. 

Dr*  Hunter,  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  honoured  with 
the  esteem  of  his  sovereign,  and  in  the  possession  of  every 
thing  that  his  reputation  and  wealth  could  confer,  seemed 
now  to  have  attained  the  i^ummit  of  his  wishes.  But  these 
sc^urces  of  gratification  were  embittered  by  a  diq>08ition 
to  thq  gout,  which  harassed  him  frequently  during  the 
latter  p^rt  of  his  life,  notwithstanding  his  very  abstemious 
manner  of  Jiving.  About  ten  years  before  his  death  his 
health  was  so  much  impaired,  that,  fearing  he  might  soon 
become  unfit  for  the  fatigues  of  his  profession,  he  began 
to  think  of  retiring  to  Scotland.  With  this  view  he  re- 
quested his  friends  Dr.  CuUen  and  Dr.  Baillie,  to  look  out 
for  a  pleasant  estate  for  him.  A  considerable  one,  and 
such  as  they  thought  would  be  agreeable  to  him,  was  of<* 
fered  for  sale  about  that  time  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Alloa.  A  description  of  it  was  sent  to  him,  and  met  with 
his  approbation  :  the  price  was  agreed  on,  and  the  bargain 
supposed  to  be  concluded.  But  when  the  title-deeds  of 
the  estate  came  to  'be  examined  by  Dr.  Hunter's  counsel 
Jn  London,  they  were  found  defective,  and  he  was  advised 
not  to  complete  the  purchase.  After  this  he  found  the 
expences  of  his  museum  increase  so  fast,  that  he  laid  aside 
ail  thoughts  of  retiring  from  practice. 

This  alteration  in  his  plan  did  not  tend  to  improve  his 
health.  In  the  course  of  a  few  years  the  returns  of  his 
gout  became  by  degrees  more  frequent,  sometimiss  af« 
fecting  his  limbs,  and  sometimes  his  stomach,  but  seldoin 
remaining  many  hours  in  one  part.  Notwithstanding  this 
valetudinary  state,  his  ardour  seemed  to  be  unabated.  In 
the  last  year  of  his  life  he  was  as  eager  to  acquire  new 
credit,  and  to  secure  the  advantage  of  what  he  had  before 
gained,  as  he  could  have  been  at  the  most  enterprising 
part  of  his  life.  At  length,  on  Saturday,  March  15,  17S3, 
after  having  for  several  days  experienced  a  return  of  wwx^ 
derlng  gout,  he  complained  df  great  l^d-ache  and  naused« 


HUNTER.  S$t 

Iii'diis  8tMe  be  went  to  bed,  and  for  sereral  days  fUt  more 
p&in  than  usual,  bdfh  in  his  flt^ommch  and  limbs.  On  xM 
Thursday  foUov^ing  he  found  himself  so  much  recon^red, 
that  he  determined  to  give  the  introductory  lecture  to  th# 
operations  of  surgery.  It  was  to  no  purpose  that  his 
friends  urged  to .  him  the  imprbpriety  of  such  aw  ^ttempt^ 
He  was  determined  to  make  the  experiment,  and  accord* 
ingly  delivered  the  lecture;  but  towards  the  condosiort,  his 
strength  was  so  eashausted  that  he  fainted  away^  and  was 
obliged  to  be  carried  to  bed  by  two  servants.  The  fo}* 
lowing  night  and  day  his  symptoms  were  such'  as  indicated 
danger ;  and  on  Saturday  morning  Mr.  Combe,  who  ittadiik 
bim  an  early  visit,  was  alarmed  on  being  told  by  Br.  Hun- 
ter himself,  that  during  the  night  he  had  certainly  had  il 
^uraly  tic  stroke.  As  neither  his  speech  nor  his  pulse  were 
affected,  and  he  was  able  to. raise  himself  in  bed,  Mr; 
Combe  encouraged  him  to  hope  that  he  was  mi^takem 
But  the  event  proved  the  doctor's  idea  of  his  Qdmplmnt  to 
be  but  too  well  founded ;  for  from  that  time  till  his  death, 
which  happened  on  Sunday  March  30,  he  voided  no  urine 
without  the  assistance  of  the  catheter,  which  was  occa- 
sionally introduced  by  his  brother ;  and  purgative  medi- 
cines were  administered  repeatedly,  without  procuring  a 
passage  by  stool.  These  circumstances,  and  the  absence 
of  pain,  seemed  \o  shew  that  the  intestines  and  bladder 
had  lost  their  sensibility  and  power  of  co'ntractton ;  aYld  it 
was  reasonable  to  presume,  that  a  partial  palsy  had  affected 
the  nerves  distributed  to  those  parts.  The  tatter  moment!^ 
of  his  life  exhibited  a  remarkabm  instance  of  calniness  and 
fortitude.  Turning  to  his  friend  Mr.  Coihbe,  ^'  If  I  had 
streiigth  enough  to  hold  a  pen,*'  said  he,  ^'  I  would  write 
how  easy  and  pleasant  a  thing  it  is  to  die.'' 

By  bis  will,  the  use  of  his  museum,  utider  the  direction 
of  trustees^  devolved  to  his  nephew  Matthew  Baillie,  and 
in  case  of  his  death,  to  Mr.  Cruikshank,  for  the  term  of 
thirty  years,  at  the  end  of  which  period  the  whole  collec- 
tion was  bequeathed  to  the  university  of  Glasgow,  but  Dr. 
Baillie  removed  it  to  its  destination  some  years  before  the 
completion  of  that  term.  The  sum  of  BOOO/.  steriiog  was 
left  as  a  fund  for  the  support  and  augmentation  of  the  col- 
lection. The  trustees  were.  Dr.  George  Fbrdyce,  Dr.  Da- 
tid  Pitcairne,  and  Mr.  Charles  (since  Dr.)  Combe,  to  each 
of  whom  Dr.  Hunter  bequeathed  an  annuity  of  30/.  for 
thirty  years,   that  is,    during  the  period  in  which  they 


SS8  HUNTER. 

would  be  executing  the  purposes  of  the  will.  Dr«  Hmit^ 
likewise  bequeathed  an  annuity  of  100/.  to  bis  sister  Mrs^ 
Baillie,  during  her  life,  and  the  sum  of  2000/L  to  each  of 
her  two  daughters.  The  residue  of  his  estate  and  effects 
went  to  his  nephew.  On  Saturday  April  5,  his  remaius 
were  interred  in  the  rector's  vault  of  St^  James's  church, 
Westminster. 

Of  the  person  of  Dr.  Hunter  it  may  be  observed  that  he 
was  regularly  shaped,  but  of  a  slender  make,  and  rather 
below  a  middle  stature.     There  are  several  good  portraits 
of  him  extant.     One  of  these  is  an  unfinished  paiiitiog  by 
Zoifany,  who  has  represented  him  in  the  attitude  of  giving 
a  lecture  on  the  muscles  at  the  royal  academy,  surrounded 
by  a  groupe  of  academigiaiis.     His  manner  of  living  was 
extremely  simple  and  frugal,  and  the  quantity  of  his  food 
was  small  as  well  as  plain.     He  was  an  early  riser,  and 
when  business  was  over,  was  constantly  engaged  in  his 
anatomical  pursuits,  or  in  his  museum.    There  was  some-v 
thing  very  engaging  in  his  manner  and  address,  and  he  ha4 
such  an  appearance  of  attention  to  bis  patients  when  he 
was  making  his  inquiries,  as  could  hardly  fail  to  conciliate., 
their  confidence  and  esteem.     In  consultation  with  his  me? 
dical  brethren,  he  delivered  his  opinions  with  diffidenee 
and  candour.     In  familiar  conversation  he  was  chearful  and 
noassumiogt    All  who  knew  him  allowed  that  he  possessed 
an  excellent  understandingf,  great  readiness  of  perception, 
a  good  memory,  and  a  sound  judgment.    To  these  intel- 
lectual powers  be  united  uncommon  assiduity  and  preci- 
sioD,  so  that  he  was  admirably  fitted  for  anatoniical  inve^* 
tigation.     As  a  teacher  of  anatomy,  he  was  long  and-  de- 
servedly celebrated.     He  was  a  good  orator,  and  iiaving  % 
clear  and  accurate  conception  of  what  he  taught,  he  knew 
how  to  place  in  distinct  and  intelligible  points  of  view 
the.  most  abstruse  subjects  of  anatomy  and  physiology. 
How  much  he  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  medical 
science  in  general,  may  be  collected  from  the  concise  view 
we  have  taken  of  his  writings.     The  munificence  he  dis« 
played  in  the  cause  of  science  has  likewise  a  claim  to  our 
applause.     Dr.  Hunter  sacrificed  no  part  of  his  time  or  his 
fortune  to  voluptuousness,  to  idle  pomp,  or  to  any  of  the 
common  objects  of  vanity  that  influence  the'  pursuits  of 
mankind  in  general.     He  seems  to  have  been  imimated 
with  a  desire  of  distinguishing  himself  in  those  things  which 
u^G  in  their  nature  laudable ;  and  being  a  bachelor^  s^qd 


HUNTER.  $2^ 

withodt  views  of  establishiag  a  family ,  he  was  at  liberty  to 
indulge  his  ioclioation.  Let  us,  therefore,  not  withhold 
the  praise  that  is  due  to  him ;  and  undoubtedly  his  tem- 
perance, his  prudence,  his  perscTering  and  eager  pur* 
suit  of  knowledge,  constitute  an  example  which  we  may^ 
with  advantage  to  ourselves  and  to  society,  endeavour  to 
imitate.' 

HUNT£R  (JOHK),  younger  brother  of  Dr.  Hunter,  one 
of  the  most  profound  anatomists,  sagacious  and  expert 
surgeon^,  and  acute  observers  of  nature,  that  any  age  has 
produced,  was  born  at  Long  Calderwood,  before-meu- 
tioned,  July  14,  1728.  At  the  age  of  ten  years  he  lost 
his  ftLthkr,  and  being  the  youngest  of  ten  children,  was 
sufiered  to  employ  himself  in  amusement  rather  than  study, 
though  sent  occasionally  to  a  grammar-school.  He  had 
reached  the  age  of  twenty  before  he  felt  a  wish  for  more 
active  employment ;  and  bearing  of  the  reputation  his  bro- 
ther William  had  acquired  in  London  as  a  teacher  of  ana* 
tomy,  made  a  proposal  'to  go  up  to  him  as  an  assistant. 
His  proposal  was  kindly  accepted,  and  in  September  174S 
•he  arrived  in  London.  It  was  not  long  before  his  dispo« 
sition  to  extei  in  anatomical  pursuits  was  fully  evinced, 
and  his  determination  to  proceed  in  that  line  confirmed 
and  approved.  In  the  summer  of  1749  he  attended  Mn 
Cheselden  at  Chelsea-hospital,  and  there  acquired  the  rqh* 
diments  of  surgery.  In  the  subsequent  winter  he  was  so 
fat:  advanced  in  the  knowledge  of  anatomy,  as  to  instruct 
his  brother's  pupils .  in  dissection ;  and  from  the  constant 
occupation  of  the  doctor  in- business,  this- task  in  future 
devolved  almost  totally  upon  him.  In  the  summer  oi  n^O 
he  again  attended  at  Chelsea,  and  in  1751  became  a  pupil 
at  St.  Bartholomew's,  where  he  constantly  attended  when 
any  extraordinary  operation  was  to  be  performed.  After 
having  paid  a  visit  to  Scotland,  he  entered  as  a  gentleman 
commoner  in  Oxford,  at  St  Mary-hall,  though  with  what 
particular  view  does  not  appear.  His  professional  studies, 
however,  were  uot  interrupted,  for  in  1754  he  became  a 
pupil  at  St  George's  hospital,  where  in  1756  he  was  ap* 
pointed  house-surgeon.  In  the  winter  of  1755,  Dr.  Hunter 
admitted  him  to  a  partnership  in  his  lectures.  / 

The  management  of  anatomical  preparations  was  at  this 
time  a  new  art,  and  very  little  known ;  every  preparation, 

t  Life  of  Dr.  Huoter,  by  tbt  late  S.  F.  Simmons,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  published  in 


no  H  U  N  T  E  B. 

thereftiey  that  was  skyfally  vrndcy  iMcaiM  aa»  object  of 
admiration ;  many  were  wantrng  for  the  use  of  the  leotuYea^ 
and  Dr.  Hunter  having  himself  an  entbusiasmt  for  the  aitv 
his  brother  had  every  advantage  in  die  proseoation  oi  duR 
pursuit  towards  which  his  own  disposition  pointed-  so 
strongly ;  and  of  which  he  left  so  noble  a  monument  in 
his  Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy.  Mr.  Hunter  par* 
sued  the  study  of  anatomy  with  an  ardpat  and  perseveranpe 
of  which  few  examples  can  be  found.  By  this  dose  appli* 
eation  for  ten  years>  he  made  himself  master  of  all  that 
was  already  known,  and  struck  out  some  additions  to  that 
knowledge.  He  traced  the  ramifications  of  the  oUaetoirf 
nerves  upon  the  membranes  of  the  nose,  and  discovered 
the  coarse  of  some  of  the  branches  of  the  fifth  pair  of 
nerves.  In  the  gravid  uterus,  he  traced  the  Arteries  of 
she  uterus  to  their  termination  in  the  placenta.  He 
also'  discovered  the  existence  of  the  lymphatic  vessels  ie 
birds.  In  comparative  anatomy,  which  he  cultivated  with 
indefatigable  industry,  his  grand  object  was,  by  examining 
various  organizations  formed  for  similar  functions,  undeir 
different  circumstances,  to  trace  out  the  general  principlei 
of  animal  life.  With; this  object  in  view,  the  commonest 
animals  were  often  of  considerable  importance  to  him ;  but 
be  also  took  every  opportunity  of  purchasing  those  that 
were  rare,^  or  encouraged  their  owners  to  sell  the  bodies 
to  him  when  they  happened  to  die. 

By  excessive  attention  to  these  pursuits,  his  health  was 
so  much  impaired,  that  he  was  threatened  with  consump*^ 
tive  symptoms,  and  being  advised,  to  go  abroad,  obtained 
the  appointment  of  a  surgeon  on  the  staff,  and  went  with 
the  army  to  Belieisle,  leaving  Mr.  Hewson  to  assist  his 
brotjh^.  He  continued  in  this  service  till  the  close  of  the 
war  in  176S,  and  thus  acquired  his  knowledge  of  the  na- 
ture and  treatment  of  gun-shot  wotinds.  On  his  return  ^to 
London,  to  his  emoluments  from  private  practice,  and  his 
balf'^pay,  he  added  those  which  arose  from  teaching  prac*' 
tical  anatomy  and  operative  surgery ;  and  that  he  might 
be  more  enabled  to  carry  on  his  inquiries  in  comparative 
anstomy,  he  purchased  some  la^nd  at  EarPs-court,  near 
Brompton,  where  he  built  a  house.  Here  also  he  kept 
such  animals  alive  as  he  purchased,  or  were  presented  to 
him ;  studied  their  habits  and  Instincts,  and  cultivated  an 
intimacy  with  them,  which  with  the  6ercer  kinds  was  not 
always  supported  Without  personal  risk.     It  is  recorded  by 


BUNTKR.  m 

bin  biogra|iiier^  tbat,  on  finding  tma  l«opardi  loose,  Mi 
Iftoly  to  escape  or  be  killed,  he  went  oot,  aivd  seiimig^ 
tbem  with  his  own  hands,  cairried  them  back  to^  their  deiib 
The  horror  he  felt  afterwards  at  the  danger  he  bad  mn, 
would  noty  probably,  hare  prevented  btsi  from  making-  si 
similar  effort,  bad  a  like  occasion  arisen. 

On  the  5tb  of  February,  1767,  Mr.  Hunter  was  elected 
Si  fellow  of  tbe  royal  society  ;  and  in  order  to  make  that 
situation  as  productive  of  knowledge  as  possible,  be  pre- 
vailed on  Dr.  George  Fordyce,  and  Mr.  Gumming  (the 
celebrated  watch-maker)  to  form  a  kind  of  subsequent 
meeting  at  a  coffee-house,  for  the  purpose  of  philosophical 
discussion,  and  inquiry  into  discoveries  and  improvements* 
To  this  meeting  some  of  the  first  philosophers  of  the  age 
very  speedily  acceded,  among  whom  none  can  be  morn 
conspicuous  than   sir  Joseph  Banks,    Dr.  Solander,    Dn 
Maskelyne,  sir  Geo.  Shuckburgb,  sir  Hairry  Englefield,  sir 
Charles  Blagden,    Dr.   Nootbe,    Mr.  Ramsden,   and  Mr. 
Watt  of  Birmingham.     About  the  same  time,  the  accident 
of  breaking  his  terido  AchUlis^  led  him  to  some  very  sue* 
cessful  researches  into  the  mode  in  which  tendidns  are  re* 
united  ;  so  completely  does  a  true  philosopher  turn  every 
accident  to  the  advantage  of  science.     In  1768,  Dr.  Hun- 
ter having  finished  his  house  m  Windmill-street^  gave  up 
to  his  brother  that  which  he  had  occupied  iii  Jermyn-streei; 
and  in  the  same  year,  by  tbe  interest  of  the  doctor,  Mr.  . 
Hunter  was  elected  one  of  the  surgeons  to  St.  George's 
hospital.      In  1771   he   married  Miss  Home,    the  eldest 
'daughter  of  Mr.  Home,  surgeon  to  Burgoyne's  regiment 
of  light^horse,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters.    In  177S  he  undertook  the  professional  education  of 
his  brother-in-law  Mr.  Everard  Home,  then  leaving  West- 
minster-school,   who  has  assidoonsly  pursued  bis   steps, 
ably  recorded  his  merits,  and  successfully  emulates  bis  re* 
putation. 

As  tbe  family  of  Mr.  Hunter  increased,  his  practice  and 
character  also  advanced;  but  the  expence  of  his  collec*^ 
tion  absorbed  a  very  considerable  part  of  bis  proBts.  The 
best  rooms  in  his  bouse  were  filled  with  his  prepara- 
tions ;  and  his  mornings,  from  sun -rise  to  eight  o'clock, 
«rere  constantly  employed  in  anatomical  and  philosophical 
pursuits.  The  knowledge  which  he  thus  obtained,  he  ap«> 
plied  most  successfully  to  the  improvement  of  the  art  of 
snidery ;    was  particularly  studious  to  examine  morbid 


S32  HUNTER. 

bodies,  .and  te  investigate  the  caiise  of  failure  when  ppera^ 
tions  bad  not  been  productiv:e  of  their  due  effect.  It. was 
thus  that  he  perfected  the  mode. of  operation  for  the  h]r- 
droceie,  and  made  several  other  improvements  of  different 
kinds.  At  the  same  time  the  volumes  of  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  bear  testimony  to  his  success  in  comparative 
anatomyi  which  was  his  favourite,  and  may  be  called  al- 
most his  principal  pursuit  When  he  met  with  natural 
appearances  which  could  not  be  preserved  in  actual  pre* 
patations,  he  employed  able  draughtsmen  to  represent 
them  on  paper;  and  for  several  years  he  even  kept  one  in 
his  family  expressly  for  this  purpose.  In  Jan.  1776,  Mr. 
Hunter  was  appointed  surgeon-extraordinary  to  his  ma- 
jesty. In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  he  bad  an  illness 
of  so  severe  a  nfiture,  as  to  turn  his  mind  to  the  care  of  a 
provision  for  his  family  in  case  of  his  decease ;  when,  con-^ 
sidering  that  the  chief  part  of  his  property  was  vested  in 
his  collection,  he  determined  immediately  to  put  it  into 
such  a  state  of  arrangement  as  might  make  it  capable  of 
being  disposed  of  to  advantage  at  his  death.  In  this  he 
happily  lived  to  succeed  in  a  great  measure,  and  finally 
left  his  museum  so  classed  as  to  be  fit  for  a  public  si- 
tuation. 

Mir.  Hunter  in  1781  was  elected  into  the  royal  society  of 
sciences  and  belles  lettres  at  Gottenburg;  and  in  1783, 
into  the  royal  society  of  medicine,  and  the. royal  academy 
of  surgery  at  Paris^  In  the  same  year  he  removed  from 
Jermyn-street  to  a  larger  bouse  in  L^eicester^square,  and, 
with  more  spirit  than  consideration,  expended  a  very  great 
sum  in  buildings  adapted  to  the  objects  of  his  pursuits. 
He  was  in  1785  at  the  height  of  his  career  as  a  surgeon, 
and  performed  some  opeifations  with v  complete  success, 
which  were  thought  by  the  profession  to  be  beyond  the 
reach  of  any  skill.  His  faculties  were  now  in  their  fullest 
vigour,  and  his  body  su£Scientiy  so  to  keep  pace  with 
the  activity  of  his  mind.  H<e  was  engaged  in  a  very 
extensive  practice,  he  was  surgeon  to  St.  .George's  hos- 
pital, be  gave  a  very  long  course  of  lecture^  in  the* 
winter,  had  a  school  of  practical  anatomy  in  his  house, 
was  continually  engaged  in  experiments  concerning  th^ 
animal  oeconodiy,  and  was  from  time  to  time  producing 
very  important  publications;  At  ihe  s^me  time  he  in- 
stituted a  medical  society  called  <^  Lyceum  Medicum 
Xondinense,'*  which  met  at  his  lecture-rooms,  apd  soon 


J 


a  U  N  T  E  R.  SSS 

xbse'  to  considerable  reputation;  Qh  thel  death  of  Mr. 
Middteton,'  surgeon-general,  in  1786,  Mr.  Hunter  obtained 
the  appointment  of  deputy  surgeon-general  to  the  army ; 
but  in  the  spring  of  the  year  he  had  a  violent  attack  of  ill- 
Qiess,  which  left  him  for  the  rest  of  his  life  subject  to  pe- 
culiar and  violent  spasmodic  adections  of  the  heart.  In 
July  1787,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  American  phi« 
losophical  society.  In  1790,  finding  that  his  lectures  oc- 
cupied too  much  of  his  time,  he  relinquished  them  to  hit 
brother-in-law  Mr.  Home ;  and  in  this  year,  on  the  death 
of  Mr*  Adair,  he  was  appointed  inspector -general  of  hps* 
.  pitals,  and  surgeon-general  of  the  army.  He  was  also 
elected  a  member  of  the  royal  college  of  surgeons  in 
Ireland. 

..  The  death  of  Mr.  Hunter  was  perfectly  sudden,  and  the 
consequence  of  one  of  those  spasmodic  seizures  in  the 
heart  to  which  he  had  now  for  several  years  been  subject. 
It  happened  on  the  16th  of  October,  1793.  Irritation  of 
mind  had  long  been  foundto  bring  on  this  complaint ;  and 
on  that  day,  meeting  with  some  vexatious  circumstances  at 
St.  George's  hospital,  he  put  a  degree-  of  constraint  upon 
himself  to  suppress  bis  sentiments,  and  in.that  state  went 
into  another  room  ;  where,  in  turning  round  to  a  physician 
who  was  present,  he  fell,  and  dnstantly  expired  without  a 
groan.  Of  the  disorder  which  produced  this  effect,  Mr. 
Home  has  given  a  clear  and  circumstantial  account,  of  a 
very  interesting  nature  to  professional  readers.  Mr.  Hun- 
ter was  short  in  stature,  but  uncommonly  strong,  active, 
and  capable  of  great  bodily  exertion*  The  prints  of  him 
by.  Sharp,  froni  a  picture  by  sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  give  a 
forcible  and  accurate  idea  of  his  countenance.  His  tem- 
per vras  warm  and  impatient ;  but  his  disposition  was  can- 
did and  free  from  reserve,  even  to  a  fault.  He  was  super 
rior  to  every  kind,  of  artifice,  detested  it  in  others,  and  In 
er^er  to  iavoid  it,  expressed  bis  exact  sentiments,  sometimes 
too  openly  and  too  abruptly.  His  mind  was  uncommonly 
active ;  it  was  naturally  formed  for  investigation,  and  so 
attached  to  truth  and  fact,  that  he  despised  all  unfounded 
speculation,  and  proceeded  always  with  caution  upon  the 
•olid  ground  of  experiment.  At  the  same  time  his  acute- 
ness  in  observing  the  result  of  those  experioQents,  his  inge- 
nuity in  contriving,  and  his  adroitness  in  conducting  them, 
enabled  him  to  deduce  from  them  advantages  which  others 
weuld  not  have  derired.      It  has  been  supposed,  very 


4$4  H  U  N  T  E  1* 

falsely,  that  he  was  fond  of  hypothesM ;  on  iW  oonteftfff  if 
be  was  defective  in  any  talent,  it  was  in  tbat  of  imq^a- 
tion  ;  he  pursued  truth  on  all  oocasiOins  with  malheioatieid 
precision,  but  he  made  no  fanciful  exeursiMs.  Coiivnr-'' 
sation  in  a  mixed  company,  where  no  smbyect  could  lie 
connectedly  pursued,  fatigued  instead  of  amuaifig  him ; 
particularly  towards  the  latter  part  of  hia  lUe.  He  ilept 
little  ;  seldom  more  than  four  hoiurs  in  the  ni^it,  and 
^bout  an  hour  after  dinner.  But  his  occupations,  laboriotiii 
as  they  would  have  been  to  others,  were  far  from  being 
fatiguing  to  him,  being  so  perfectly  congenial  to  his  mitidL 
He  spoke  freely  and  sometimes  harshly  of  his  contemfM^ 
raries ;  but  he  considered  surgery  as  in  its  itifaacy,  md, 
being  very  anxious  for  its  advancement,  thought  meanly  df 
those  professors  whose  exertions  to  promote  it  were  imeqaal 
to  his  own.  Money  he  valued  no  otherwise  tiMUi  «9  k 
enabled  him  to  pursue  his  researches;  and  in  his&sesl;  to 
bene6t  mankind,  he  attended  too  little  to  the  interesis  of 
bis  own  family.  Altogether  he  was  a  man  such  as  few  agos 
produce,  and  by  his  great  contributions  to  the  stores  <if 
knowledge,  will  ever  deserve  the  gratituda  and  veneratioii 
of  posterity. 

The  contributions  of  Mr.  Hunter  to  the  TransacttoMi  &£ 
the  Royal  Society  cannot  easily  be  enumerated  :  his  other 
works  appeared  in  the  following  order.  1.  A  treatise  o^ 
^*  the  Natural  History  of  the  Human  Teeth,"  177 1,  4to;  a 
second  part  to  which  was  added  in  1778.  2.  ^^  A  treatt^ 
on  the  Venereal  Disease,*'  1786,  4to.  3.  ^^ObservatiMie 
on  certain  Parts  of  the  Animal  CEconomy,''  1786,  4co. 
4.^^  A  treatise  on  the  Blood,  Inflammation,  and  Giin«^ 
shot  Wounds,''  4to.  This  was  a  posthumous  work,.  oa!t 
appearing  till  the  year  1794  ;  but  it  had  been  sent  to  the 
press  in  the  preceding  year,  before  bis  death.  Thei»  ^« 
also  some  papers  by  Mr.  Hunter  in  the  ^^  Transactiims  of 
the  Society  for  the  Improvement  of  Medical  and  Chinir* 
gical  Knowledge,"  which  were .  published  in,  1793.  Tb^ 
collection  of  comparative  anatomy  which  Mr.  Hunter  left 
behind  him,  must  be  considered  as  a  proof  of  talents^ 
assiduity,  and  labour,  which  cannot  be. qpntem plated  witi^'«> 
out  surprize  and  admiration.  His  attempt  in  this  qoHeciion 
has  been  to  exhibit  the  gradations  of  nature,  from  tha 
most  simple  $tate  in  which  life  is  fou'nd  to  exist,  up  tp  the 
most  perfect  and  complex  of  the  animal  creation,  to  oaaii 
hioi^elf.     By  his  art  and  care^  be  has  been  able  so  ti^ 


BVVTEIL  tM 

txpote  and  preserve  in  a  diied  state,  or  la  spvnu^  the 
corresponding  parts  of  animal  bodies,  that  the  Tarioos  links 
« JH  the  chain  of  perfectoess  may  be  leadily  followed  and 
dearly  understood.     They  are  classed  in  the  followiiigr 
order:  first,,  the  parts  constructed  fiur  motion;  seoeodly, 
the  parts  essential  to  animals  as  respecting  their  own 
ieteroal  economy ;  thirdly,  parts  superadded  for  purposes 
eoncemed  with  externsl  objects ;  fourthly,  parts  designed 
for  the  prepsgation  of  the  species,  aud  the  maintenance 
and  preservation  of  die  young.    To  go  finrther  into  diese 
particttliMrs,  would  lead  us  to  a  detail  inconsistent  with  die 
nature  of  this  work ;  but  they  are  of  the  most  curious 
hind,  end  may  be  &uiul  described  in  a  manner  at  once 
elear  atid  iestructive,  io  the  <^  Lile  of  John  Hunter,*'  from 
whieb  we  have  taken  this  account    By  his  will,  Mr.  Hihi^ 
ter  directed  that  this  museum  should  be  offered  to  the 
pujfchaae  of  government ;  and,  after  some  negociation,  it 
was  bought  for  the  public  use  for  the  sum  of  15,000/.  and 
gime  to  the  Ccdlege  of  Surgeons,  on  condition  of  exposing 
it  to  public  view  on  certain  days  in  the  week,  and  giving  a 
set  of  annual  lectures  ezplanauory  of  its  contents.     A  large 
building  for  its  reception  has  been  completed  in  Portugal- 
street,  (Connected  with  the  College  of  Surgeons,  in  Lin- 
eoln's-inn  fields;  and  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1810  the. 
first  course  of  lectures  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Home  and  sir 
William  Blizard.' 

HUNTER  (Robert,  esq.),  author  of  the  celebrated 
*'  Letter  on  Enthusiasm/'  and,  if  Coxeter  be  right  in  his 
MS  conjecture  in  his  title-page  of  the  only  copy  extant, 
ef  a  farce  called  *^  Androboros.*'  He  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Virginia  in  1708,  but  was  taken  by  the  . 
French  in  his  voyage  thither.  Two  excellent  letters,  ad« 
dressed  to  colonel  Hunter  while  a  prisoner  at  Paris,  which 
reflect  equal  honour  on  Hunter  and  Swift,  are  printed  in 
the  12th  volume  of  ^the  Dean's,  works,  by  one  of  which  it 
appears,  tliat  the"  ^'  Letter  on  Enthusiasm"  had  been 
ascribed  to  Swift,  as  it  has  still  more  commonly  been  to 
the  earl  of  Shaftesbury.  In  17 10  he  was  appointed  gover-' 
QOr  of  New  York,  and  sent  with  2700  Palatines  to  settle 
there.  From  Mr.  Cough's  **  History  of  Croy  land  Abbey," 
we  learn,  that  Mr.  Hunter  was  a  major-general,  and  th^t, 
during-his  government  of  New^York,  he  was  directed-  by 

V  Life  by  Bf  j^rard  Home. 


we  HUNTER. 

her  majesty  to  provide  subsistence  for  about  3000  Pdstinei' 
(the  number  stated  in  the  alienating  act)  sent  from  Great 
Britain  to  be  employed  in  raising  and  manufacturing  navaK^ 
stores;  and  by  an  account  stated  in  1734,  it  appears  that 
the  governor  had  disbursed  20,000/.  and  upwards  in  that 
undertaking,  no  part  of  which  was  ever  repaid.     He 're- 
turned to  Engrland    in   1719;    and  on  the  accession  of 
George  II.  was  continued  governor  of  New  York  and  the 
Jerseys.    On  account  of  his  health  he  obtained  the  ^o- 
vernmeQt  of  Jamaica,  where  he  arrived  in  February  1728 ; 
died  March  31,  1734 ;  and  was  buried  in  that  island.' 

HUNTINGTON  (Henry  of),  an  ancient  English  his- 
torian,  was  the  son  of  one  Nicholas,  a  married  priest,  and 
was  born  about  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century^  or 
and  of  the  eleventh,  for  he  infornis  us  that  he  was  made 
an  archdeacon  by  Robert  Bloet,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who 
died  in  lli23.  He  was  educated  by  Albinus  of  Anjou,  a 
learned  canon  of  the  church  of  Lincoln,  and  in  his  youth 
discovered  a  great  taste  for  poetry,  by  wjiting  eight  books 
of  epigrams,  as  many  of  love  verses,  with  three  long 
didactic  poems,  one  of  herbs,  another  of  spices,  and  a 
third  of  precious  stones.  In  his  more  advanced  years  he 
applied  to  the  study  of  history;  and  at  the  request  of 
Alexander  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  was  his  great  friend 
and  patron,  he  composed  a  general  History  of  England, ' 
from  the  earliest  accounts  to  the  death  of  king  Stephen, 
1154,  in  eight  books,  published  by  sir  Henry  Siavile.  In 
the  dedication  of  this  work  to  bishop  Alexander,  be  tells, 
us,  that  in  the  ancient  part  of  his  history  he  had  followed 
the  venerable  Bede,  adding  a  few  things  from  some  other 
writers :  that  he  had  compiled  the  sequel  from  several 
chronicles  he  had  found  in  different  libraries,  and  from 
what  he  had  heard  and  seen.  Towards  the  conclusion  he 
very  honestly  acknowledges  that  it  was  only  an  abridgment, 
and  that  to  compose  a  complejte  history  of  England,  many^ 
Inore  books  were  necessary  than  he  could  procure.  Mr. 
Wharton  has  published  a  long  letter  of  this  author  to  his 
friend  Walter,  abbot  of  Ramsay,  on  the  contempt  of  the 
world,  which  contains  many  curious  anecdotes  of  the  kings, 
nobles,  prelates,  and  other  great  men  who  were  his.  con- 
temporaries. In  the  Bodleian  library  Is  a  MS  Latin  poem 
by  Henry,  on  the  death  of  king  Stephen,  and  the  arrival 

*  Nichob's  Bowyer.-^Biog.  Drata.— Smfl's  Works, 


HUNTfiR.  S37 

of  Henry  II.  in  England,  whi^h  is  by  no  means  contemp-^ 
tible,  and  in  Trinity  college  library,  Oxford,  is  a  fine  MS. 
of  his  book.  "  De  imagine  mundi."  When  he  died  is 
uncertain.^ 

HUNTINGTON  (Robert),  a  learned  English  divine^ 
W43  born;  at  Deorhyrst  in  Gloucestershire,  where  his  father 
was  minister,  in  1636.  Having  been  educated  in  school 
learning  at  Bristol,  he  was  sent  to  Merton-coUege,  Oxford, 
of  .which  in  due  time  he  was  choseh  fellow.  He  went 
through  the  usual  course  of  arts  and  sciences  with  great' 
applause^  and  then  applied  himself  most  diligently  to 
divinity  and  the  Oriental  languages.  'The  latter  became 
afterwards' of  infinite  service  to  him,  .lor  he  was  chosen 
chaplain  to  thef  English-  factory  at  Aleppo,  and  sailed  from 
England  in  Sept  1670;  During  his  eleven  years*  residence 
in  this  plape,  be  applied  himself  particularly  to  search  out 
and  procure  manuscripts ;  and  for  this  purpose  maintained 
a  correspondence  with  the  learned  and  eminent  of  every 
profession  and  degree,  which  his  knowledgte  in  the  Eastern 
languages,  and  especially  the  Arabic,  enabled  him  to  do. 
He  travelled  also  for  his  diversion  and  improvement,  not 
only  into  the  adjacent,  but  even  into  distant  places ;  and 
after  having  carefully  visited  almost  all  Galilee  and  Samaria, 
he  went  to  Jerusalem.  In  1677  he  went  into  Cyprus;  and 
the  year  after  undertook  a  journey  of  150  miles,  for  the 
sake  of  beholding  the  venerable  ruins  of  the  once  noble 
and  glorious  city  of  Palmyra ;  but,  instead  of  having  an 
opportunity  of  viewing  the  place,  he  and  they  that  were 
with  him  were  very  near  being  destroyed  by  two  Arabian 
princes,  who  had  tdken  possession  of  those  parts.  He  had 
better  success  in  a  journey  to  Egypt  in  1680,  where  he 
met  with  several  curiosities  and  manuscripts,  and  had  the 
pleasure  of  conversing  with  John  Lascaris,  archbishop  of 
mount  Sinai. 

Id  1682  he  embarked,  and  landed  in  Italy ;  and  having 
visited  Rome,  Naples,  and  other  places^  taking  Paris  in  his 
Way,  where  he  stayed  a  few  weeks,  he  arrived,  after  many 
dangers^and  difficulties,  safe  in  his  own  country.  He  retired 
immediately  to  his  fellowship  at  Mi^rton  college )  and  in 
1683  took  the  degrees  in  divinity.  About  the  same  time, 
through  the  recommendation  of  bishop  Fell,  he  was  ap- 

1  Nicolson's  English  Hist.  Libra rj*.— Henry's  Hist   of   Britain  —Wharton's 
Inglia  Sacfa.— WaHoQ's  Hkit.  of  Poetry.— Rery in  Aogl.  Scriptores  dt  Savile. 

Vol.  XVIII.  Z 


»»»  HUNTINGTON. 

poioted  matter  of  Trinity  G<rfleg^  in  Dablin,  and  went 
over  thither,  though  agaiast  his  will ;  bot  the  troables  that' 
iiappened  in  Ireland  at  the  Revolution  forced  him  baek  f&t 
a  time  into  England;  and  though  he  returned  after  the' 
recaption  of  that  luDgdom^  yet  be  resigned  his  mastership 
in  1 69 1^  and  came  home,  with  an  intention  to  quit  it  na 
pore.  In  the  mean  time  be  sold  for  700/.  his  fine  coHee^ 
tipn  dl  MSS.  to  the  cuiators  of  the  Bodleian  libraiy ; 
haTing  before  mad<e  «,  present  of  thirty* five*  lo  1692  he 
WAS  pcesent^  by  ^ir  Edvfard  Turnor  to  the  rectory  of 
preat  ]^llingbury  in  Essex,  and  the  same  year  he  married. 
He  was  offered  al^out  that  time  the  bishopric  of  Kilmore 
io  Ireland^  J>ut  refiised  it ;  in  ITOl^  however,  he  accepted 
that  of  RapboiSy  and  was  coiraecrated  io  Christ*chuicbt 
Dublin,  Aug.  2^0.  He  survived  his  consecration  but  twelve 
days,  fpx  be  died  Sept.  2,  in  his  66th  year,  and  was 
buried  m  Trinity  college  chapel. 

AU  that  he  published  himself  was,  ''  An  Account  of  die 
Porphyry  Pillars  io  Egypt,''  in  the  *^  Philosophical  Trans* 
actions.  No.  161.**  Some  of  his  ^<  Observations "  are 
printed  in  ^^  A  Collection  of  curious  Travels  and  Voyages," 
in  two  vols.  8vo,  by  Mr.  J.  Ray ;  and  thirty*nine  of  his 
letters,  chiefly  written  while  he  was  abroad,  were  published 
by  Pr.  T.  Smith,  at  die  eud  of  his  life.^ 

HURD  (Rxchaed),  an  eminent  and  accomplished  pre- 
late, was  born  at  Copgreve,  in  the  parish  of  Penkricb,  ia 
Staffordshire,  Jan.  13,  1720.  He  was  the  second  of  three 
children,  all  sops,  of  John  and  Hannah  Kurd,  whom  he 
describes  as  '^  plain,  bonest,  apd  good  people,  farmers,  but 
of  a  turn  of  mind  that  might  have  hondUred  any  rank  and 
any  education ;''  and  they  appear  to  have  been  solicitous 
to  give  this  son  the  best  and  most  liberal  education.  They 
vented  a  considerable  farm  at  Congreve,  but  soon  after 
removed  to  a  larger  at  Peuford,  about  half-way  between. 
Brewood  and  Wdverhampton  in  the  same  county.  There 
being  a  good  grammax-school  at  Brewood,  Mr.  Hurd  was 
educated  there  under  the  rev.  Mr.  HUman,  aud  upon  hia 
death  under  his  successor  the  rev.  Mr.  Budworth,  wbona 
memory  our  author  affectionately  honoured  in  a-dedar.aiion» 
in  1757,  to  sir  Edward  Littleton,  who  had  also  been  edu-f 
i»ited  at  Brewood  school.  He  continued  under  ibis  ropi— ?e 
care  until  1733,  when  he  was  admitted  of  Emanuel  college, 

I  iifo  hj  Dr.  SoAiltb  in  Latin,  Load.  1704,  Sr«.»-«ios« 


H'U  R  IX  ii% 

Canbridgje,  but  did  not  go  to  reside  there  till  a  yeacor  two 
ajterwarda. 

lo  this  •college  he  bad  the  bftpptuess  of  beiog  encouiagi^d 
by,  and  hearing  the  lectures  of,  that  excelleot  tutor»  Mr« 
Henry  Hubbard,  although  he  had  been  admitted  under 
another  person.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1739, 
proceeded  M«  A*  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1742.  In  June, 
of  that  yfsaf  he  was  ordained  deacon  in  St.  Paul's  cathedra^' 
London,  by  Dr.  Joseph  Butler,  bishop  of  Bristol  and  deaa- 
Cff  St.  Paul's,  on  letters  diniissory  from  Dr.  Gooch,  bishop, 
of  Norwicli;  and;was  ordained  priest  May  20,  1744,  in  the 
chapel  of  Gonvile  and  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  by  the. 
same  Dr.  Gooch. 

.  Mr,  Hurd's  first  literary  performance,  as  far  as  can  .be. 
ascertained,  wots  *^  Remarks  on  a  late  book  entitled  ^  An. 
Enquiry  intatfae  rejection  of  the  Christian  miracles  by  the: 
Heathens,  by  William  Weslpn^  B.D.'"  1746.  On  the 
peace  of  Aix<*la»Chapelle,  in  1748,  he  contributed  some 
verses  to  the  university  collection  of  1749.  In  the  same 
y^ear  he  took  the  degi:ee.  of  B.  D.  and  published  his  ^*  Com- 
meatary  on  Horace?s  Ars  Poetica^,''  in  the  preface  to 
which  he  took 'Occasion  to  compliment  Mr.  Warburton  in  a 
mapner  which  procured  him  the  acquaintance  of  that  au« 
thor,  who  soon  after  returned  the  eulogium,  in  his  edition 
of  Pope^s  works,  in  which  he  speaks  of  Mr.  Hurd-s  Com- 
mentary in  terms  of  the  highest  approbation.  Hence 
acose  an  intimacy  which  remained  unbroken  during ,  the 
DKbole  of  their  lives,  and  is  supposed  to  -have  had  a  con- 
siderabl/e'  effect  on  the  opinions  of  Mr.  Hurd,  who  was 
long  considered  as  the  first  scholar  in  what  has  been  called 
the  Warburtonian  school.  His  Commentary  was  reprinted  • 
i^  1757,  .with  the  addition  of  two  Dissertations,  one  on 
the  Province  of  the  Drama,  the  other  on  Poetical  Imitation^ 
a^d  a  letter,  to  Mr.  Mason,  on  the  *^  Marks  of  Imitation." 
A  fourth  edition,,  corrected  and  enlarged,  was  published  in 
3  vols.  8iiro.  in  1765,  with  the  addition  of  another  Disser-* 

'*  This  Commentary  endeaTours  to  compliments  to  Colman,  and  thank  him 

«ftoblishy^  thai'  Horace  wfitei,  in  his  for  the  handsome  manner  in  which  he 

*<  Alt  of  Poell^itf''  wiUi  systematic  or*  has  treated.me,  ai|4  tell  him  thai^  I  think 

der  and  the  strictest  method ;  an  idea  he  is  right."    Drs.  Warton  and  Beatiie 

which  has  l>een  combated  by  sereral  ^were  of  the  same  opinion.    Yet  we 

eritifli.    Colnpan^  method  of  aeconnt*  know  not  whether  ali  this  much  ilimi- 

iii|^/or  this  epistle*  published  in  1783j  nishes  the  Talue  of  Dr.  Hurd*s  perform^ 

is  l&>nght  preferable..  On  that  occa-  ance  as  a  piece  of  miscellaneous  cri* 

tioa  Dr.  Hard  said  to  Dr.  Douglas,  the .  ticism. 
lite  Visbop  of  SftGibury,  "  Give  nqr 

2  2 


S40  H  U  R  D. 

tatioii  on  the  idea  of  univers.al  Poeti'y ;  and  the  whole  werr 
ag^in  reprinted  in  1776.  It  is  needless  to  add  that  they 
fully  established  Mr.  Hurd's  character  as  au  elegant,  acute^ 
and  judicious  critic. 

In  May  1750,  by  Warburton^s  recommendation  to 
Dn  Sherlock,  bisbop  of  London,  Mr.  Hurd  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Whitehall  pfeachers.  At  this  period  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  was  distui'bed  by  internal  divisions, 
occasioned  by  an  exercise  of  discipline  against  some  of  its 
ihembers,  who  had  been  wanting  in  respect  to  those  who 
vrere  entrusted  with  its  authority.  A  punishment  hav- 
ing been  inflicted  on  some  delinquents,  they  refused 
to  submit  to  it,  and  appealed  from  the  vice-chancellor's 
jurisdiction.  The  right  of  the  university,  and  those  to 
whom  their  power  was  delegated,  becoming  by  this  means 
the  subject  of  debate,  several  pamphlets  appeared,  and 
among  others  who  signalised  themselves  upon  this  occasion, 
Mr.  Hurd  was  generally  supposed  to  have  written  ^^  The 
Academic,,  or,  a  disputation  on  the  state  of  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  and  the  propriety  of  the  regulations  made 
in  it  on  the  1 1th  day  of  May  and  the  26th  day  of  June 
1750,  8vo ;''  but  this  was,  as  we  have  already  remarked,  the 
production  of  Dr.  Green  :  Mr.  Hurd,  however,  wrote 
**  The  opinion  of  an  eminent  lawyer  (the  eari  of  Hardwicke) 
concerning  the  right  of  appeal  from  the  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge  to  the  senate ;  supported  by  a  short  historical 
account  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  university ;  in  answer 
to  a  late  pamphlet,  intituled  ^An  Inquiry  into  the  right 
of  appeal  from  the  vice-chancellor,  &c.'  By  a  fellow  of  a 
college,^'  1751,  8vo.  This  passed  through  three  editions; 
and  being  answered,  was  defended  in  '^  A  Letter  to  the 
Author  of  a  Further  Inquiry,"  1752,  8vo.  It  is  also  pre» 
served  in  the  bishop's  works. 

In  1751,  he  published  the  ''  Commentary  chi  the  Epis« 
tie  to  Augustus  ;''  and  a  new  edition  of  both  Comments^ 
with  a  dedication  to  Mr.  Warburton,  in  1753.  In  1752 
and  1753,  he  published  two  occasional  sermons,  the  one 
at  the  assizes  at  Norwich,  on  '^  The  Mischiefs  of  Entbu-^ 
siasm  and  Bigotry,"  and  the  other,  for  the  charity  schools 
at  Cambridge,  neither  of  which  has  been  retained  in  his 
works.  The  friendship  which  had  already  taken  place  be- 
tween Warburton  and  Mr.  Hurd  had  from  its  commence- 
ment continued-  to  increase  by  the  aid  of  mutual  good 
offices }  and  in  1755  an  opportunity  offer^  for  the  latter 


.    H  U  R  D,  541 

to  sheve  the  warmth  of  his  attachment,  which  he  did  per* 
liaps  with  too  close  an  imitation  of  bis  friend's  manner. 
Dr.  Jortin  having,  in  his  ^^  Dissertations/'  spoken  of  War* 
burton  with  less  deference  and  submission  than  the  claims 
«f  an  overbearing  and  confident  superiority  seemed  to  de- 
mand, Mr.  Hurd  wrote  a  keen  satire,  entitled  '^  The  Deli- 
•cacy  of  Friendship,  a  seventh  dissertation ;  addressed  to 
the  author  of  the  sixth,"  1T55,  8vo.  It  has  been  said,  that 
iipon  reflection,  he  was  so  little  satisfied  with  the  warmth 
of  zeal  he  had  displayed  pn  this  occasion,  that  he  took 
great  pains  to  suppress  this  pamphlet.  If  so,  it  is  difficult 
to  account  for  the  eagerness  with  which  it  was  brought  for- 
ward again  in  a  new  edition  in  1788,  by  an  eminent  living 
scholar,  in  a  volume  entitled  ^*  Tracts  by  Warburton  and 
a  Warburtonian."  It  was  this  obtrusion,  however,  for 
which  it  would  not  be  easy  to  assign  the  most  liberal  mo* 
tives,  that  probably  induced  the  author  in  his  latter  days, 
not  only  to  acknowledge  the  tract,  but  to  include  it  among 
those  which  he  wished  to  form  his  collected  works. 

Although  Mr.  Hurd's  reputation  as  a  polite  scholar  and 
critic  had  been  now  fully  established,  bis  merit  had  not 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  great.  He  still  continued  to 
reside  at  Cambridge,  in  learned  and  unostentatious  retire- 
ment, till,  in  Dec.  1756,  he  became,  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Arhald,  entitled  to  the  rectory  of  Thurcastdn,  as  senior 
fellow  of  Emanuel  college,  and  was  instituted  Feb.  16, 1757. 
At  this  place  he  accordingly  entered  into  residence,  and, 
perfectly  satisfied  with  his  situation,  continued  his  studies, 
which  were  still  principally  employed  on  subjects  of  polite 
literature.  It  was  in  this  year  that  he  published*  ^^  A  Let- 
ter to  Mr.  Mason  on  the  Marks  of  Imitation,"  one  of  his 
most  agreeable  pieces  of  this  class,  which  was  afterwards 
added  to  the  third  edition  of  the  "  Epistles  of  Horace.'^ 
This  obtained  for  him  the  return  of  an  elegy  inscribed  to 
bim  by  the  poet,  in  1759,  in  which  Mason  terms  him  ^'  the 
friend  of  his  youth,"  and  speaks  of  him  aa  seated  in  "  low 
Thurcaston's  sequester'd  bower,  distant  from  ^promotion's 
view."  The  same  year  appeared  Mr.  Hurd's  ^*  Remarks 
on  Hume's  Essay  on  the  Natural  History  of  Religion.'* 
Warburton  appears  to  have  been  so  much  concerned  in 
this  tract,  that  we  find  it  republished  by  Hurd  in  the  quarto 
edition  of  that  prelate's  works,  apd  enumerated  by  him  in 
his  list  of  his  own  works.  It  appears  to  have  given  Hume 
some  uneasiness,  and  he  notices  it  in  bis  account  of  his 
life  with  much  acrimony. 


«42  HUB'D. 

In  175d,  he  published  a  volume  of '^  Daalogiieft  on  nii- 
eerity,  retirement,  the  golden  age  of  Elizabebb,  and  the 
constitution  of  the  Enghsh  government,*'  in  8vo,  without 
bis  name.    In  this  work  be  was  thought  to  nnt  among  those 

-  writers  who,  in  party  language,  are  called  conatitutional; 
but  it  is^said  that  he  made  considerable' alterations  in  the 
subsequent  editions*.  This  was  followed  by  his  very  en- 
tertaining "  Letters  on  Chivalry  and  Romance/'  which  with 
his  yet  more  useful  ^*  Dialogues  on  foreign  Travel"  <were 
republished  in  1765,  with  the  author's  name,  and  an  escu- 
lent preface  on  the  manner  of  writing  dialogue,  under  the 
general  title  of  *'  Dialogues  moral  and  polidcal."  In  the 
year  preceding,  he  wrote  another  of  those. zealous  tracts  ia 

•  vindication  of  Warburton,  which,  with  the  highest  respect 
for  Mr.  Hurd's  talents^  we  may  be  permitted  to  say,  ha^e 

-added  least  %o  his  fame,  as  a  liberal  and  courteous  po- 
lemic.   This  was  entitled  '*  A  Letter  to  the  fiev.:  Dr.  Tho- 

.  mas  Leiand,  in  which  bis  late  ^  Dissertation  on  the  prtn- 
ciples  of  Human  Eloquence'  is  criticized,  and  the  iHshop 
of  Gloucester's  idea  of  the  nature  and  character  of  an  in- 

-  spired  language,  as  delivered  in  his  lordship's  Doctrine  ef 
Grace,  is  vindicated  from  all  the  objections  of  the  learned 

-  author  of  the  dissertation."  This,  with  Mr.  Kurd's  other 
controversial  tracts,  is  republished  in  vol.  VIII.  of  the  late 

*  authorized  edition  of  his  works,  with  the  following  iineSy 
by  way  of  advertisement,  written  not  long  before  his  death 

« «— ^'  The  controversial  tracts,  which  make  up  this  vokmaey 
.  were  written  and  published  by  the  author  at  different  times, 
as  opportunity  invited,  or  occasion  required.   Some  sharp- 
ness of  style  may  be  objected  to  them  ;  in  regard  to  which 
he  apologizes  for  himself  in  the  words  of  the  poet : 

—  Me  quoque  pectoris 
Tentavit  in  dulci  juventa 
Fervor  — 

—  nunc  ego  mitibus 
Mutare  qusro  tiistia.*' 

With  this  apology,  we  return  to  his  well-eaarned  promo- 

>  tions.     In  1762,  he  had  the  sine-cure  rectory  of  Folktoo, 

near  Bridlington,  Yorkshire,  given  him  by  the  lord  cban- 

'  ceUor  (earl  of  Nortbington),  on  the  recommendation  of 

*  "  Dr.  Johnson,  howeyer,  wu  vn-  being  archbiibop  of  Canterbury,  Jobn- 

villing  to  allow  bim  full  credit  Ibr  big  son  said,  ■  I  am  glad  he  did  not  go  to 

-  political  conversion.  I  nenioMher  when  Laabetb;  for  after  all,  I  fear  be  ii  a 

.M  iord^  4e<;liii^'tht  bo^onr  of  wbiginbisbesctV  9otveU*i  JobMoa. 


^*4»M 


KURD.  3« 

Mr.  Allen  of  Prior-Park ;  and  in  1765,  on  the  recommeh-' 
4ation  of  bishop  Warburtxin  and  Mr.  Charles  ¥orke,  he 
was  chosen  preacher  of  Lincoln's-inn  ;  and  was  collated  to' 
the  archdeaconry  of  Gloucester,   on  the   death  of  Dr. 
Geekie,  by  bishop  Warburton,  in  August  1767.    On*  Com- 
mencement Sunday,  July  5,  1768,  he  was  admitted'  D.  I>. 
at  Cambridge ;  and  on  the  same .  day  was  appointed  to' 
open  the  lecture  founded  by  his  friend  bishop  Warburton^ 
for  the  illustration  of  the  prophecies,  in  which  he  exhibited 
a  model  worthy  of  the  imitation  of  his  successors,     flis 
^^Tweive  Discourses^'  on  that  occasion,  which  had  been, 
delivered  before  the  most  polite  and  crowded  audiences^ 
that  ever  frequented  the  chapel,  were  published  in  1772^ 
imder  the  title  of  ^'  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  thej 
Prophecies  concerning  the  Christian  Church,  and  in  parti- 
cular concerning  the  Church  of  Papal  Rome ;''  and  raised^^ 
his  character  as  a  divinOi  learned  and  ingenious,  to  an  emi- 
nence aknost  equal  to  that  which  he  possessed  as  a  man  of 
letters ;  but  his  notion  of  a  double  sense  in  prophecy,  whicfa^ 
he  in  general  supposes,  has  not  passed  witliout  animadter- 
aion.    This  volume  produced  a  private  letter  tb  the  author 
from  Gibbon  the  historian,  under  a  fietitious  name,  re-' 
speeting  the  book  of  Daniel,  which  Dr.  Ifurd  answered ;' 
md  the  editor  of  Gibbon's  Miscellaneous  Works  having, 
printed  the  answer.  Dr.  Hurd  thought  proper  to  include 
bodi  in  the  edition  of  bis  works  published  siftce  Ms- death' 
(in  1811)«     It  was  not,  however,  until,  the  appefeinince  of 
Gibbon's  <^  Miscellaneous  Works,'*  that  he  dbcovereVl  liie* 
real  name  of  his  correspondent. 

In  1769,  Dr.  Hurd  published  <<The  Select  Works  of  Mr. 
Abraham  Cowley,"  with  a  preface  and  notes^in  l^vols.  8vo. 
This  has  not  been  thought  the  most  judicious  of  Dr.  Hurd^ir 
attempts,  yet  it  was  too  fastidiously  objected  to^  as  inter* 
fering  with  the  totality  of  Cowley's  vfrork^.  Dr.  Hurd'  had 
no  intention  to  sink  the  old  editions;  he  only  selected! 
what  he  thought  most  valuable. 

In  1775,  by  the  recommendation  of  lord  Mansfield,  who' 
had  for  some  time  cultivated  his  acquaintance,  and  badf  ar 
high  esteem  for  his  talents,  he  was  promoted  to  the' 
bishopric  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  and  consecrated^  Feb. 
12,  of  that  year.  On  this  occasion  he  received,  an  el^gant^ 
and  affectionate  letter  of  congratuUtion  from  the  memberti 
of  Emanuel  college,  to  which  he  returned  an  equrfly  ele« 
gant  and  respectful  letter  of  thanks.  In  this  year  he^edit^ 


S44  KURD. 

a  republication  of  bishop  Jeremy  Taylot^9  '^  Moral  Demon-i^ 
strat'ion  of  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion/'  8vo ;  and 

.  ^arly  in  1776,  published  a  volume  of  "  Sermons  preached 
at  Lincoln^s-inn/*  which  was  followed  afterwards  by  a  se<* 
cond  and  third.  These  added  very  greatly  to  the  reputa- 
tion he  had  derived  from  his  sermons*  on  prophecy,  and  are 
equally  distiogpished  by  elegant  simplicity  of  style^  per- 
spicuity of  method,  and  acuteness  of  elucidation.  On  June 
5th  of  this  year,  he  was  appointed  preceptor  to  their  royal 
highnesses  the  priuce  of  Wales,  and  prince  Frederick,  bow 
4uke  of  York.  Very  soon  after  entering  inta  the  episco- 
pal office,  appeared  an  excellent  ^^  Charge  delivered  to  the 

»  clergy  of  the  diocese  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  at  the 
bishop's  primary  visitation  in  1775  and  1776,"  and  soon 
after,  his  "  Fast  Sermon"  for  the  •*'  American  rebellion," 
preached  before  the  House  of  Lords.  In;  1781  he. was 
elected  a  member,  of.  the  royal  society  .of  Gottingen.  It  is 
somewhat . rpm^rkable  that  he. did  not  belong  to  that  of 
ItOndon. 

^ .  On  th^  death  of  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  Dr.  Thomas, 
in  M^y  1781,  bishop  Hurd.  received  a  gracious  messi^e 
from  his  majesty,  with  the  offer  of  the  see  of  Worcester 
(vacant  by  the  promotion  of  bishop  Nprth  to  Winchester), 
^ncl  of  the  cler)(ship  of  the  closet,  in  the  room  of  Dr. 
Thomas,  both  which  he  accepted.  On  his  arrival  at  Har- 
tlqbury  castle,  one  of  the  episcopal  seats  of  Worcester,  he 
resolved  to.  put  the  castle  into  complete  order,  and  to 
build  a  libriary,  which  was  much  wanted.  7'be  library  was 
accordingly  finished  in  1782,  and  furnished  with  a  co]lec-< 
tion  of  books,  the  property  of  his  lately  deceased  fri^d 
bis^ipp  Warburtqn,  which,  he  purchased.  To  these  he  af-^ 
terwards  ipade  several  considerable  additions,  and  be« 
quipatjied  th^  whole  of  bis  own  collection.  On  the  death  of 
Pr.  CornwalH^,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  1783,  bishop 
!l^ur4  had  th^  o^er  pf  the  archbishopric  from  his  majesty, 
with  many*  gracious  expressions,  and  was  pressed  to  accept 
it :  but  be  humbly  bagged  leave  to  decline  it,  ^^  as  a  charge 
not  suited  to  his  temper  and  talents,  and  much  too  heavy 
for  hini  to  sustain,  especially  in  these  times,"  alluding  to 
the  political  distractions  arising  from  a  violent  conflict  be* 
tween  Mr.  Pitt  and  Mr.  Fox,  and  their  respective  sup* 
porters.  The  king  was  pleased  not  to  take  offence  at  this 
#^reedom^  and  then  to  enter  with  Dn  Hurd  into  some  con* 
^d^nti^l  CQiiversatioa  on  the  subject.  ^^  I  took  the  liberty," 


KURD.  345 

said  the  good  bishpp  to  Mr.  Nichols,  when  relating  this 
afFairi  ^^  of  teiliDg  bis  majesty/ that  several  much  greater 
men  than  myself  had  been  contented  to  die  bishops  of 
Worcester ;  and  that  I  wished  for  no  higher  preferment.'* 

In  the  end  of  February  1788,  was  published  in  7  vols. 
4to,  a  complete  edition  of  the  Works  of  bish(}p  Warburton, 
prepared  by  our  prelate,  but  who  did  not  publish  the 
*^  Life''  until  1795.  In  March  1788,  a  fine  gold  medal  was 
given  to  him  by  his  majesty  at  the  queen's  house;  the 
king's  head  on  one  side ;  the  reverse  was  taken  from  the 
bishop's  seal  (a  cross  with  the  initials  on  a  label,  I.  N.  R.  I. 
9,'  glory  above,  and  the  motto  below  m  m^lm)i  which  his 
majesty  chaqced  to  see  and  approved.  The  die  was  cut 
by  Mr.  Buirch,  and  the  medal  designed  for  the  annual 
prize-dissertation  on  theological  subjects,  in  the  univer^ 
sity  of  Gottingen.  In  the  summer^  of  thp  same  year  he 
was  honoured  with  a  visit  from  their  majesties  at  Hartle* 
bury  castle. 

In  1795  the  life  of  bishop  Warburton  appeared  under 
the  title  of  ^^  A  Discourse,  by  way  of  general  preface  to 
the  quarto  edition  of  bishop  Warburton's  works ;  contain* 
'  ingf  some  account  of  the  life,  writings,  and  character  of 
the  author."  Of  this  work,  which  excited  no  common 
portion  of  curiosity,  the  style  is  pecpliarly  elegant  and 
pure,  but  the  whole  is  too  uniform  in  panegyric  not  to 
render  the  author  liable  to  the  suspicion  of  long-confirmed 
prejudices.  Even  the  admirers  both  of  Warburton  and 
Hurd  would  have  been  content  with  less  effort  to  magnify 
the  fpcmerat  the  expence  of  all  his  contemporaries;  and 
conscious  that  imperfection  is  the  lot  of  all,  expected  that 
age  and  reflection  would  have  abated,  if  not  wholly  extin* 
gui^bed,  the  unscholarlike  animosities  of  former  times. 
But  in  this  all  were  disappointed  ;  and  it  was  with  regret 
they  saw  the  worst  characteristics  of  Warburton,  his  inve- 
terate dislikes,  bis  strong  contempt,  and  sneering  rancour, 
still  employed  to  perpetuate  his  personal  antipathies  ;  and 
employed,  too,  against  such  n\en  as  Lowth  and  Seeker.  If 
these  were  the  feelings  of  the  friends  who  venerated  War« 
burton,  and  who  loved  Hurd,  others  who  never  had  much 
attachment  to  Warburton,  or  his  school,  found  little  difiB- 
culty  in  accumulating  charges  of  gross  partiality,  and  illi- 
beral language,  against  his  biographer.  This  much  may  be 
sufficient  in  noticing  this  life  as  the  production  of  Dr.  Hurd. 
It  will  come  hereafter  to  be  more  particularly  tioticed  as 
^regarding  Warburton. 


V 


84G  H  U  K  D. 

The  remainder  of  bi^op  Hurd's  life  appeanr  to  iMfe 
been  spent  in  the  discharge  of  liis  episcopal  dudes,  asiar 
as  his  increasing  infirmities  would  permit ;  in  studious  re- 
tirement ;  and  often  in  iamentifig  the  loss  of  oM  and  tried 
friends.  So  late  as  the  first  Sunday  in  February  before  his 
death,  though  then  declining  in  health  and  strength,  he 
tisas  able  to  attend  his  parish  church,  and  to  feceive  die 
sacrament.  Free  from  any  painful  or  acute  disorder,  he 
gradually  became  weaker,  but  his  faculties  continued  per« 
feet.  After  a  few  days'  confinement  to  his  bed,  he  ex- 
pired in  his  sleep,  on  Saturday  morning,  May  28,  ISaS^ 
Iiaving  completed  four  months  beyond  his  eighty-eighth 
yean  He  was  buried  in  Hartlebury  church-yard,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  directions.-^As  a  writer,  Dr.  Hurd's  taste, 
learning,  and  genius,  have  been  universally  acknowledged^ 
and  although  a  full  acquiescence  has  not  been  given  in  all 
bis  opinions,  he  must  be  allowed  to  be  every  where  shrewd, 
ingenious,  and  original.  Even  in  his  sermons  and  charges, 
while  hd  is  sound  in  the  doctrines  of  the  church,  his  argu- 
ments and  elucidations  have  many  features  of  not elty,  and 
are  conveyed  in  that  simple,  yet  elegant  style,  which  ren- 
ders them  easily  intelligible  to  common  capacities.  Dn 
Hurd's  private  character  was  in  all  respects  amiable. 
With  his  friends  and  connexions  he  obtained  <?he  best  eulo- 
gium,  their  constant  and  warm  attachment ;  and  with  the 
world  in  general,  a  kind  of  veneration,  which  could  neither 
be  acquired  nor  preserved,  but  by  the  exercise  of  great 
virtues.  One  of  his  last  employments  was  to  draw  up  a. 
series  of  the  dates  of  his  progress  through  life.  It  b  to  be 
lamented  he  did  not  fill  up  this  sketch.  Few  men  were 
more  deeply  acquainted  with  the  literary  history  of  his 
time,  or  could  have  furnished  a  more  interesting  narra** 
tive.  Much  of  him,  however,  may  be  seen  in  his  Life  of 
Warburton,  and  perhaps  more  in  the  collection  of  War- 
burton's  <'  Letters''  to  himself,  which  he  ordered  to  be 
f  published  after  his  death,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Worcester 
nfirmary.  Of  this  only  250  copies  were  printed,  to  cor- 
respond with  the  4to  edition  of  Warburton's  works,  but  it 
has  since  been  reprinted  in  8vo. 

Dr.  Hurd  was  early  an  admirer  of  Addison,  and  akhoogh 
afterwards  seduced  into  the  love  of  a  style  more  flighty  and 
energetic,  maturer  judgment  led  him  back  to  the  favourite 
of  his  youth.  <<  His  taste  is  so  pure,"  Dr.  Hurd  says  in  a 
letter  to  Mason,  <'and  his  Virgilian  prose  (as  Dr.  Young 


H  U  R  D.  ^€3 

«lyl«6  it)  80  (exquisite,  that  I  have  but  now  found  out,  at 
«the  dose  of  a  critical  life,  the  full  value  of  his  writifi]gpB«** 
This  lettaer  is  dated  1770;  and  the  author,  whose  life  wm 
.then  for 'from,  its  eloae,  employed  his  leisure  hours  tn  pee* 
iparing  an  edition  of  Addison^s  works,  which  he  left  quite 
•ready  for  the  press.  It. was  published  accordingly  in  tic 
jbtsidsoine  vohimes,  8vo^  with  philological  notes.  These 
are  aceouuted  for  in  a  very  short  address  prefixed  in  the» 
words:  <<  Mr.  Addiaonis  generally  allowed  to  be  the  laoat 
ASBnect  and  eiegantof  all  our  writers ;  yet  some  inaccunu- 
loies  of  style  have  escaped  hioi,  which  it  is  the  clmf  design 
-of  the  fdllowiiig  notes  to  point  out  A  work  of  this  sort, 
(well  easeeuted,  would  be  of  use  to  foreigners  who  study 
!Our  language ;  and  even  to  such  of  our  countrymen  as 
:wirii  to  write  it  in  perfect  purity/'  This  is  followed  by  an 
jelegant  Latin  inscription  to  Addison,  written  in  18.05,  by 
<which  we  learn  that  he  intended  this  edition  as  a  mouu- 
ment  to  Addison — *^  Hoc  monumentum  sacrum  esto.''  In 
/the  same  year^  1810,  a  new  edition  of  the  works  of  bishop 
:Warburton  appeared,  according  to  Dr.  Hurd's  ^directions  ; 
;8nd,  for  the  first  time,  an  edition  of  his  own  works,  in  8 
vols.  8vQ,  consisting  of  his  critical  works,  moral  and  poli- 
tical dialogues,  his  sermons,  and  controversial  tracts.' 

HUKDIS  (James),'  an  ingenious  poet,  and  very  amiable 
man,  the  son  of  James  Hurdis,  gent  was  born  at  Bbhop-' 
stone  in  Sussex  in  1763.     His  father  dying,  and  leaving 
bis  mqther  in  no  affluent  circumstances,  with  seven  children^ 
seems  tO:bave  laid  the  foundation  of  diat  extreme  tender- 
ness and  liberality  of  brotherly  affection  which  formed  the 
most  striking  feature  in  the  character  of  Mr.  Hurdis.     He 
iwas  educated  at  Chichester  school,  where  being  of  a  delw 
.eate.  constitution,  he  seldom  partook  in  the  juvenile  sporls 
of  his  school  companions,  but  generally  employed  his  hours 
.of  leisure  in  reading.     His  inclination  to  poetry  soon  ap-" 
.peared  in  various  juvenile  cpmpositions,  and  he  contracted 
at  the  same  time  a  fondness  for  the  sister  art,  music,  which 
ended.in  his  being  a  very  considerable  performer  on  several 
:  instruments*     Before  he  left  school,  be  nearly  completed 
the  building  of  <in  otgan,  an  instrument  he  preferred  to  all 
others. 

In  1780  be  was  entered  a  commoner  of  St.  Mary*hall, 
0;sfofd;  and  at  the  election  in  1782,  was  chosen  a  demy 

^  Mii)ttt«8  of  his  Life  prefixed  to  bis  Works.— Nichols's  Bowyer« 


348  H  U  R  D  I  S. 

of  St  Mary  Magdalen  college.  Here  his  studies,  wbiek 
were  close  and  uninterrupted,  were  encouraged,  and  his 
amiable  character  highly  respected,  by  Dr.  -Home,  presi- 
<lent  of  Magdalen,  and  his  successor  Dr.  Rooth,  by  Dr. 
Sheppard,  Dr.  Rathbone,  and  others.  About  1784  he  weat 
to  Stantner  in  Sussex,  where  he  resided  for  some  consider* 
able  time  as  tutor  to  the  late  earl  of  Cbichester^s  youngest 
son,  the  hon.  George  Pelham,  now  bishop  of  £xeter.  In 
May  1785,  having  taken  his  bachelor's  degree,  be  retired 
to  the  curacy  of  Burwash  in  Sussex,  which  he  held  for  six 
years,  but  in  the  interiip,  in  1786,  was  elected  probationer 
fellow  of'  Magdalen,  and  the  following  year  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree.  Finding  himself  now  sufficiently  enabled  to 
assist  his  mother  in  the  support  of  her  family,  he  hired  a 
nnall  house,  and  took  three  of  his  sisters  to  reside  with 
him.  In  1788,  he  first  appeared  before  the  public  as  a 
poet,  in  <^  The  Village  Curate,"  the  reception  of  which 
&r  exceeded  bis  expectations,  a  second  edition  being 
called  for  the  following  year.  This  poena,  although  per- 
haps not  highly  finished,  contained  so  many  passages  of 
genuine  poetry,  and  evinced  so*  much  elegance,  taste,  and 
sense,  as  to  pass  through  the  ordeal  of  criticism  with  great 
applause,  and  to  be  considered  as  the  earnest  of  future 
and  superior  excellence.  Such  encouragen>ent  induced 
'  the  author  to  publish  in  1790,  his  ^^  Adriano,  or  the  first  of 
June,"  which  was  followed  in  a  short  time  by  his/^Panthea/* 
^^  Elmer  and  Ophelia,"  and  the  '^  Orphan  Twins,"  all  which 
were  allowed  to  confirm  the  expectations  of  the  public, 
and  place  the  author  in  an  enviable  rank  among  living 
poets.  These  were  followed  by  two  publications,  connect- 
ed with  his  profession  ;  ^^  A  short  critical  Disquisition  on 
the  true  Meaning  of  the  word  td'^l'^^Jly  found  in  Gen.  i.  21, 
1790,"  and  "  Select  critical  Remarks  upon  the  English 
version  of  the  first  ten^chapters  of  Genesis."  In  1791, 
through  the  interest  of  the  earl  of  Chichester,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to.  the  living  of  Bishopstone;  and  about  the  same 
time  wrote  his  tragedy  of  "  Sir  Thomas  More,"  a  poem  of 
considerable  merit,  but  not  intended  for  the  stage.  In 
1792,  he  was  deprived  by  death  of  his  favourite  sister  Ca- 
therine, whose  jelegant  mind  he  frequently  pourtrayed  in 
his  works,  under  the  different  appellations  of  Margaret  and 
Isabel.  On  this  affliction  he  quitted  his  curacy,  and  re- 
turned with  his  two  sisters  to  Bishopstone.  Here  the 
trouble  of  his  mind  was  considerably  alleviated  by  an  affec«- 


H  U  R  D  I  S.  S4^ 

Uonate  invitation  from  his  much- esteemed  friend  Mr.  Hay* 
ley  to  visit  Eartham^wliere  iie  had  the  pleasing  satisfaction 
of- becoming  personally  known  to  Cowper,  the  celebrated 
poet,  with  whom  he  had '  maintained  a  confidential  corre* 
spondence  for  some  years. 

In  1792,  he  published  his  '^  Cursory  Remarks  upon  the 
arrangement  of  the  plays  of  Shakspeare,  occasioned  by 
reading  Mr.  Malone's  Essay  on  the  chronological  order  of 
those  celebrated  pieces ;"  which  showed  that,  he  had  be-» , 
stowed  much  attention  on  this  curious  subject     In  April 
1^93,  he  w^nt  to  Oxford,  and  with  two  of  his  sisters,  re« 
8\cied  in  a  small  house  at  Temple  Cowley.     In  November 
of  the  same  year,  he  was  elected  professor  of  poetry  in  that 
university,  and  in  the  year  following  took  the  degree  of 
B,  D.     On  being  elected  professor,  he  published  a  speci- 
men of  some  intended  lectures   on. English  poetry,  and 
meant  to  have  published  the  lectures  themselves,  a  few  of 
which  he  printed  at  a  private  press,  but  the  scheme  was 
dr4^ped  for  want  of  encouragement.     In  1797  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  and  in  1799,  ni;arried  Harriet,  daughter  of 
Hughes  Minet,  esq.  of  Fulham,  Middlesex.     In  1800  be 
published  his  ^^  Favourite  Village,"  and  the  same  year  his 
^'.Twelve  Dissertations  oi).  the  Nature  and  Occasion  of  Psalm 
and  Prophecy,"  8vo,  in  which  he  displays  much  ingenvitj 
and  acumen,  as  in  all  his  publications,  but  has  in  some  in- 
sUnces  yielded  too  much  to  the  hypotheses  which  arise 
from  a  fertile  in)agination,  and  are  repugnant  to  the  genius 
of  the  Hebrew  criticism,  and  the  rules  of  Hebrew  gram- 
mar.    Dr.  Hurdis's  fame  seems  indeed  more  solidly  esta* 
blished  on  his  poetical  than  his  critical  works. 

Dr.  Hurdisdied  Dec.  23, 1801,  afterayery  short  illness, 
in  his  thirty-eighth  year,  leaving  a  widow  and  two.  sons, 
and  a  posthumous  daughter.  He  was  buried,  by  his  own 
desire,  at  Bishopstone.  As  few  men  bore  so  excellent  a 
character  in  every  station  and  duty  of  life,  few  have  been 
more  generally  lamented.  In  1808,  a  correct  and  elegant 
edition  of  his  *^  Poems,"  in  3  vols,  was  printed  at  the  uni- 
versity-press, Oxford,  encouraged  by  a  very  large  list  of 
sabscribers.  They  have  since  been  partly  reprinted,  and 
are  likely  to  retain  their  popularity.' 

HURE  (Charles),  a  French  divine  6f  some  eminence, 
was  born  at  Champigny*sur-Youne,  in  1639,  the  son  of'a 

1  Life  prefixed  by  Miss  Hurdis  to  the  Oxford  editfoa  ofliis  Poems.— Hay  ley's 
Life  of  Cowper.— 'Monthly  Review,  &.c. 


ua  H  u  R  E;. 

kinmren  H«  made  it  hift  object  to  know  eveiy  thing:  thalt 
could  throw  any  light  upon  theology ;  and  with  tius  iiioivvi 
lie  stodied^  the  oriental  laoguages*  He  was  a  member  at 
the  learned  -society  of  Port- Roy  at,  where,  he  imbibed  al^ 
OQce  bis*  zeal  for  religion  and  for  letters^  He  was.  afters, 
wards  professor  of  the  learned  Jangaages  in  the  QRiversky 
ci  Parts,  and  principal  of  the  college  of  Boncourt  He^ 
died  in  1717.  There  are  exta^  by  himi  1.  A  DictioDary  < 
of  the  Bible,  2  vob.  folio^  less  fiill,,and  less  complete^  tbaau 
that  of  Calmety  pLblisbed  in  1715.  2.  An  edition  of*the>' 
Latii^  Testament,  with  notes,  which  are  much  esteemed^ 
2  vols.  L2inow  3.  ^^  A  French  translation  of  the  former^ 
with  the  not^  from  the  Latin  augmented,  17051,  4^1s#' 
12mo.  4.  <<  A  Sacred  Grammar,*'  with  rules  for  uoderf^ 
standing  the  literal  sense  of  the  Scripture.  He  was  coa« 
ddered  as  a  Jansenist ;  aad.by  some.'said  to  be  only  Ques«' 
nel  a  little  moderated.* 

HUS& (John),  aoelebratedidivineiiDd  martyr,  was hmu* 
at:  a  town  in  Bohemia,  oaUed  Huasemtz^  about  1376,.  aiKt. 
liberally  educated  in  the  university  of  Prague*     Heare.  her. 
took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  iu  13931,  and<  tbattof  master iiii 
1^95 ;  and  we  find  him^  in  1400,  in  orders,  and  a  minister 
of  a  church  in  that  city.    About  this  time  the  writings  of" 
our  countryinaii  WicUiffe  had  spread  themselves  among 
the  Bohemians,  which  was  owing  to  the  foUowing  cirettm* 
stence  :  Queen  Anrte,  the  wife  of  Riohar^  II*  of  England, 
was  daughter  to  the  emperor  Gbades  IV.  and  sister  to 
Wenceslaus  king  of  Bohemia,  and  Sigismund  emperor  of& 
Germany.     She  was  a  princess  of  great  piety,  virtue,  audi 
knowledge,  nor  could  she  endure  the  implicit  service  andt 
devotion  of  the  Rpmish  chureh.     Her  death  happened  in 
1394,  and  her -funeral  was  attended  by  all  tbe  nobility  of 
England;     She  had  patronized  Wicklifie^  and  after  hev/ 
death,  several  of  WicklifFe's  books  were  carried  by  her  at* 
tendants  jnto  Bohemia,  and  were  the  means  of  promoting 
the  reformation  there.    They  had  also  been  carried  into 
the  same  country  by  Peter  Payne,  an  Englishman,  one  of 
his  disciples,  and  principal  of  £dmund*ball.     Fox  mM« 
tions  another  person,  a  young  nobleman  of  Bohemia,  wto 
had  studied  some  time  at  Oxford,  and  carried  home  with 
htm  several  of  Wickliffe's  tracts.    They  were  particulady 
read  by  tbe  students  at  Prague,  among  the  chief  ol  whooi^ 

I  Morcri.— Dkt.  HisU 


K 


H  U  S  S<  ISt 

Wis  Huss;  #)io,  being  much  taken  with  Widkliffe^a  hcn 
lions,  began  to  preach  and  write  with  great  zeal  a^^nat. 
the  superstitions  and  errors  of  the  church  of  Rome.  H^ 
succeeded  so  far,,  that  the  sale  of  indulgences  gradually 
decreased  among  the  Bohemians  5  and  the  pope's  party  4^ 
claredy  that  there  would  soon  be  an  end  of  religion,  i£ 
measures  were  not  taken  to  oppose  the  restless  endeavours . 
of  the  Hussites.  With  a  view,  therefore,  of  preventing  ibis 
danger*  Subinco,  the  archbishop  of  Prague,  issued  forth, 
two  mandates  in  1408  ;  one,  addressed  to  the  members  qC 
the  university,  by  which  they  were  ordered  to  bring  toge*- 
ther  all  WicklifFe's  writings,  that  such  as  were  found  to^. 
contain  any  thing  erroneous  or  heretical  might  be  burnt ; 
lihe  other,  to  all  curates  and  ministers,  commanding  themi 
to  teach  the  people,  that,  after  the  consecration  of  the. 
elements  in  the  holy  Sacrament,  there  remained,  nothing, 
but  the  real  body  and  blood  of  Christ,  under  the  appeaiw< 
mce  of  bread  and  wine*  Huss,  whose  credit  and  authority 
kt  the  university  were  very  great,  as  well  for  bis  piety  and 
learnings  as  on  account  of  considerable  services  be  bad 
done,  found  no  difficulty  in  persuading  many  of  its  mem<« 
bers  of  the  unreasonableness  and  absurdity  of  these  man** 
4ates:  the  first  being,  as  he  said,  a  pl^in  encroachment 
upon  the  liberties  and  privileges  of  the  university,  whose 
members  had  an  indisputable  right  to  possess,  and  to  read 
all  sorts  of  books ;  the  second,  inculcating  a  most  abomiop 
able  error*  Upon  this  foundation  they  appealed  to  Gre«- 
gpry  XIL  and  the  archbishop  Subinco  was  summoned  to 
$,ome*  But,  on  acquainting  the  pope  that  the  heretical. 
notions  of  Wickliffe  were  gaining  ground  apace  in  Bohe* 
mia,  through  the  zeal  of  some  preachers  who  had  read  bis 
bp.oks^  a  bull  was  granted  liim  for  the  suppression  of  all 
such  notions,  in  hb  province.  By  virtue  of  this  bull,  Su- 
binco. condemned  the  writings  of  Wickliffe,  and  proceeded 
aipsiust  four  doctors,  who  had  not  complied  with  his  man.-* 
dale  in  bringing  in  their  copies.  Huss  and  others,,  who 
were  involved  in  this  sentence,  protested  against  thi^i  pro- 
cedure of  the  archbisbop,  and  appealed  from  him  a  second 
time,  in  June  1410.  The  matter  was  then  brought  before 
John  XXIU.  who  ordered  Huss,  accused  of  many  errons 
and  heresies,  to  appear  in  person  at  the  court  of  Rome^ 
and  gave  a  special  commission  to*  cardinal  Colonn^  to  cite, 
him.  Huss,  however,  under  the  protection  and  counte- 
nance of  Wenceslaus  king  of  Bohemia^  did  not  appear,  but 


352         *  .  H  U  S  S. 

sent  three  deputies  to  excuse  his  absence,  and  to  aiisvr^f 
all  which  should  be  alledged  against  him.  Colonna  paid 
no  regard  to  the  deputies,  nor  to  any  defence  they  could 
make ;  but  declared  Huss  guilty  of  contumacy  to  the  court 
of  Rome,  and  excommunicated  him  for  it.  Upon  this  the 
deputies  appealed  from  the  cardinal  to  the  pope,  who  com- 
missioned four  other  cardinals  to  examine  into  the  affair. 
These  commissaries  not  only  confirmed  all  that  Colonna 
bad  done,  but  extended  the  excommunication,  which  was 
limited  to  Huss,  to  his  friends  and  followers :  they  also 
declared  him  an  Heresiarch;  and  pronounced  an  interdict 
against  him. 

All  this  time,  utterly  regardless  of  what  was  doing  at 
Rome,  Huss  continued  to  preach  and  write  with  great  zeal 
ffgainst  the  errors  and  superstitions  of  that  church,  and  in 
defence  of  WicklifFe  and  his  doctrines.  His  discourses 
were  pointed  directly  against  the  pope,  the  cardinals,  and 
*  the  clergy  of  that  party  ;.  and  at  the  same  time  he  published 
writings,  to  shew  the  lawfulness  of  exposing'the  vices^  <rf 
ecclesiastics.  '  In  1413,  the  religious  tumults  and  sedi« 
tions  were  become  so  violent,  that  Subinco  applied  to 
Wenceslaus  to  appease  them.  Wenceslaus  banished  Huss 
from  Prague;  but  still  the  disorders  continued.  Then  the 
archbishop  had  recourse  to  the  emperor  Sigismond,  who 
promised  him  to  come  into  Bohemia,  and  assist  in  settling 
the  affairs  of  the  church  ;  but,  before  Sigismond  could  be 
prepared  for  the  journey,  Subinco  died  in  Hungary.  About 
this  time  bulls  were  published  by  John  XXHI.  at  Prague 
against  Ladisjaus  king  of  Naples;  in  which  a  crusade  wasf 
proclaimed  against  that  prince,  and  indulgences  promised 
to  all  who  would  go  to  the  war.  This  furnished  Huss^ 
who  had  returned  to  Prague  upon  the  death  of  Subinco^ 
with  a  favourable  occasion  of  preaching  against  indul- 
gences and  crusades,  and  of  refuting  these  bulls:  and 
the  people  were  so  affected  and  inflamed  with  his 
preaching,  that  they  declared  pope  John  to  be  Anti- 
christ. Upon  this,  some  of  the  ringleaders  among  the 
Hussites  were  seized  and  imprisoned  ;  which,  however, 
was  not  consented  to  by  the  people,  who  were  prepared 
lo  resist,  till  the  magistrate  had  promised  that  no  barm 
should  happen  to  the  prisoners ;  but  the  Hussites  disco- 
vering that  these  persons  had  been  executed  in  prison^  took 
up  arms,  rescued  their  bodies,  and  interred  them  bo- 
nourably,  as  martyrs,  in  the  church  of  Bethlehem^  which 


H  U  S  S.  SA 

Wis  Huss's  church.  Huss,  says  Mr.  Gilpin,  discovered  on 
this  occasion  a  true  Christian  spirit  The  late  riot  had  ^ 
given  him  great  concern ;  and  be  had  now  so  much  weight 
with  the  people  as  to  restrain  them  from  attempting  any 
farther  violence,  whereas,  at  the  sound  of  a  bell,  he  could 
have  been  surrounded  with  thousands,  who  might  have 
laughed  at  the  police  of  the  city. 

Matters  were  in  this  state  at  Prague  and  in  Bohemia,  till 
the  council  of  Constance  was  called;  where  it  was  agreed 
between  the  pope  and  the  emperor,  that  Huss  should  ap« 
pear  and  give  an  acconnt  of  himself  and  his  doctrine.    The 
emperor  promised  him  security  against  any  danger,  and 
that  nothing  should  be  attempted  against  his  person ;  upon 
which  he  set  oiit,  after  declaring  publicly,  that  he  was 
going  to  the  council  of  Constance,  to  answer  the  accusa* 
tions  that  were  formed  against  him ;  and  challenging  all 
people  who  had  any  thing  to  except  to  his  life  and  converr 
sation,  to  do  it  without  delay.     He  made  the  same  decla- 
ration in  all  the  towns  through  which  he  passed,  and  ar- 
rived at  Constance,  Nov.  3,  1414.     Here  he  was  accused 
in  form,  and  a  list  of  his  heretical  tenets  laid  before  the 
pope  and  the  prelates  of  the  council.     He  was  summoned 
to  appear  the  twenty-sixth  day  after  bis  arrival ;  and  de- 
clared himself  ready  to  be  examined,  and  to  be  corrected 
by  them3  if  he  should  be  found  to  have  taught  any  doc- 
trine worthy  of  censure. .  The  cardinals  soon  after  with- 
drew to  deliberate  upon  the  most  proper  method  of  pro- 
ceeding against  Huss ;  and  the  result  of  their  deliberations 
was;  that  he  should  be  imprisoned.     This  accordingly  was 
done,  notwithstanding  the  emperor's  parole  for  his  secu- 
rity ;  nor  were  all  his  prince's  endeavours  afterwards  suf* 
ficient  to  release  him,  though  he  exerted  himself  to  the 
utmost.     Huss  was  removed  from  prison  to  prison  for  six 
months,  suffering  great  hardships  from  those  who  had  the 
care  of  him  ;  and  at  last  was  condemned  of  heresy  by  the 
x;ouncil  in  his  absence,  and  without  a  hearing,  for  main- 
taining that  the  Eucharist  ought  to  be  administered  to  the 
people  in  both  kinds.     The  emperor,  in  the  mean  time, 
complained  heavily  of  the  contempt  that   was.  shewn  to 
himself,  and  of  the  usage  that  was  employed  towards  Huss} 
insisting,  that  Huss  ought  to  be  allowed  a  fair  and  public 
hearing.     In  pretended  compliance  with  this,  he  was  on. 
the  5th  and  7th  of  June  1415,  brought  before  the  council, 
and  permitted  to  say  what  be  could  in  behalf  of  himself 
T/L)U  XVIIL  A  A 


^^4  h  u  s  s. 

and  his  doctrines ;  bat  every  thing  was  carried  on  wiilr 
noise  and  tumult,  and  Huss  soon  given  to  anderstand  tha*: 
they  were  not  disposed  to  hear  any  thing  from  bimbut  a 
recantation  of  bis  errors;  which,  however,  he  absolutely 
refused,  and  was  ordered  back  to  prison.     On  July  6,  he 
was  brought  again  before  the  council,  where  he  was  con- 
demned of  heresy,  and  ordered  to  be  burnt.      The  cerc*- 
mony  of  his  execution  was  this  :  he  was  first  stripped  of  his 
sacerdotal  vestments  by  bishops  nominated  for  thafptir- 
po0e  ;  next  he  was  formally  deprived  of  his  university- de- 
grees ;  then   he  had  a  paper- crown  pat  upon   his  bead, 
painted  round  with  devils,  and  the  word  heresiarch  in- 
scribed in  great  letters ;  then  he  was  delivered  over  to  the 
magistrate,  who  bui-nt  him  alive,  after  having  first  burnt 
his  books  at  the  door  of  the  diurch.     He  died  with  great 
firmness  a!>d  resolution ;  and  bis   ashes  were  afterwards 
gathered    up   and  thrown  into  the  Rhir>e.     His  writings^ 
vi^hich  are  very  numerous  and  learned,  were  collected  into 
a  body  and  publislied,  }558,  in  two  volumes  folio,  under 
this  title,  "  Joannis  Hiissi  Opera,  qua?  extant.'*     To  pre- 
serve his  memory,  it  is  said  that  the  7th  of  July  was,  for 
many  years,  held  sacred  among  the  Bohemians.     In  some 
places  large  fires  were  lighted  in  tbe  evening  of  that  day 
upon  the  mountains,  to  preserve  the  memory  of  his  suf- 
ferings; round   which  the  country  people  woukl  assemble 
and  sing  hymns.    Huss,  u4though  a  martyr  for  tbe  opinions 
of  WickliflPe,  did  not  imbibe  tbe  whole  of  then).     He  was 
in  most  points  a  strenuous  Calvinist,  if  we  may  anticipate 
the  epithet,  but  neither  he  nor  Jerora  of  Prague  denied 
the  real  presence  in  the  eucharist,  *and  transubstantiation* 
It  is  said  that  at  his  execution  he  asked  tbe  excutioner^ 
**  Are  you  going  to  burn  a  gooseV'  (the  meaning  of  Huss  m 
the  Bohemian  language)  '^  In  one  century  you  will  have 
a  swan  you  can  neither  roast  nor  boil."     This  was  after-* 
wards  interpreted  to  mean  Luther,  who  had  a  swan  for  bis 
arms.     Much  of  Huss^s  writings  are  in  Fox^  Gilptn,  and 
other  ecclesiastical  writers.  ^ 

HUSSEY  (Giles),  U  distinguished  artist,  was  the  sixtb^ 
but  only  surviving  son  and  heir  of  John  Hussey  of  Mam- 
bull,  esq.  descended  from  a  very  ancient  family,  ainl  was 
bora  at  Marnhull  (in  Dorsetshire),  Feb.  lO,  17  lO.     At 

>  Gilpin's  Life. — Cave. — Freberi  TheatrooBy  &c.-— See  u  eBgrafhug  ef  \im 
wedal,  Gent  A4ag.  ?ol.  LIX.  p^  1002. 


H  U  S  S  E  Y.  i5S 

seven  years  of  age  be  was  sent  by  bis  father,  wbo  5vas  ^ 
Roman  catholic,  to  Doway  for  his  education,  where  be 
continued  two  years.     He  then  was  removed  to  St.  Omer'a, 
where  be  pursued  bis  studies  for  three  years  more.     His 
father^  though  willing  to  afford  him  some  education,  yet 
designed  bitn  for  trade;  to  which,   perbs^ps,  be  was   the 
more  inclined,  as  a  near  relation,  in  the  commercial  worlds 
offered  to  take  him  under  bis  protection  and  care.   Though 
from  a  sense  of  parental  authority,  and  filial  obedience^ 
Mr.  Hussey  did  not  at  first  openly  oppose  this  design,  yet 
it  was    so  repugnant   to  bis  natural  turn  and  bent,   that 
be  found  his   mind  greatly  embarrassed  and  perplexed^ 
but  after  some  opposition,  his  father  very  wisely  yielded 
to  bis  song's  request,    to  be  permitted  to  follow  the  di- 
rection of  bis  genius;    and  for  that  end  he   placed   him 
under  the  care  and  tuition  of  Mr.  Richardson,  the  painter; 
with  whom  he  continued  scarcely  a  month;  revolting  at 
the  idea  and  proposal  of  being  kept  in  the  bondage  of 
apprenticeship  for  seven  years.     He  then  commenced  pu- 
pil at  large  under  one  Damini,  a  Venetian  artist,  esteemed 
one  of  the  best  painters  at  that  time  in  England,  with 
whom  be  continued  nearly  four  years.     During  this  timQ 
he   was  principally  employed   in  copying  pictures,    and 
finishing  those  of  his  master,  whom  be  assisted  in  painting 
the  ornaments  of  the  cathedral  of  Lincoln,      During  their 
work,  on  a  scaffold  nearly  twenty  feet  high,  as  Mr.  Hussey 
was  drawing  back  to  see  the  effects  of  bis  pencil,  be  would 
have  fallen,  bad  not  his  master  saved  him  as  ingeniously 
as  affectionately,    and    at  some   risque  to  himself.     Mr. 
Hussey  entertained  such  a  sense  of  his  master^s  humanity 
and  kindness,  that  he  could  not  bear  the  thought  of  being 
separated  from  him,  and  therefore  requested  permission 
of  his  father  for  Damini  to  attend  him  whilst  pursuing  bis 
studies  in  Italy.     This  be  obtained;  and  under  the  care 
and   direction    of  the  Venetian,  our  young  and    inexpe- 
rienced pupil  set  out  for  the  seat  of  science  and  genius; 
bending  first  bis  course  for  Bologna.     But,  soon  after  their 
arrival,  the  poor  unsuspecting  pupil  found  that  one  act  of 
friendship  is  by  no  means  a  sure  pledge  of  another  ;  Da- 
mini having  in  a  few  days  decamped,  taking  with  him  all 
bis  pupils   money  and  the  best  of  his  apparel.     Mr.  Hus- 
Sey  was,  however,  kindly  relieved  from  this  state  of  dis- 
tress by  signor  Gislonzoni,  who  had  been  ambassador  froni 

A  A  2  V 


U§  H  U  S  S  £  Y. 

tbe  Statfs  of  Venice  to  the  court  of  London,  and  now  be« 
came  bis  friend  an^  protector. 

Mr.  Httssey  prosecuted  bis  studies  ai  Bologna  for  three 

JeVrs  and  a  half,  and  then  removed  to  Rome,  where  b^ 
as  received  with  tbe  most  obliging  courtesy  by  a  cele* 
t>rated  artist,  Hercule  J^elli,  who,  refusing  any  coinpen- 
satiofT,  imparted  to  him  in  the  roost  friendly  manner  alt 
that  be  knew  of  the  arc.     This  did  not  entirely  satisfy  Mn 
Hussey,  who  seems  to  have  aimed  at  establishing  somc^ 
fixed  and  unerring  principles :  hence  he  was  led  into^ 
search  after  theory,  which  ended,  although  he  Inew  no- 
thing of  music,  in  his  adopting  the  ancient  hypothesis  of 
musical  or  harmonic  proportions,  as  being  the  goreroin^ 
principle  of  beauty,  in  all  forms  produced  by  art,  andeTen, 
by  nature.     Delighted  with  this  discovery,  as  he  thought 
it,  he  continued  his  studies  at  Rome  with  increasing  plea^ 
aore  and  reputation.     At  length,  in  1757,  be  returned  tO' 
bis  friends  in   England,  with  whom  be  resided  till  1742^ 
when  he  went  to  London,  whete  he  submitted  to  the  drud^i 
gery  (as  he  used  to  call  it)  of  painting  portraits  for  his 
s^ubsistence. 

Whilst  thus  employed,  our  artrst  met  with  great  oppo: 
sition  and  very  illiberal  treatment  from  those  to  wbomy 
in  the  simplicity  of  his  heart,  he  communicated  bis  prin-r 
ciples,  as  well  as  from  those  whose  professional  pride  was- 
piqued,  and  envy  excited,  by  those  masterly,  elegant,  and 
graceful  perfornmnces  which  were  the  result  of  these 
principles^  The  meek  spirit  of  Hussey,  as  well  as  bis  pride 
of  conscious  superiority,  could  ill  bear  the  treatment  both 
himself  and  his  perfornjances  met  with  from  the  envy  of 
those  who  depreciated  their  merit.  This,  as  he  often  con»* 
plained,  affected  him  deeply  ;  and  so  depressed  bis  spirits^ 
and  repressed  his  ardour,  as  to  give  him  a  disgust  to  the 
world,  and  almost  a  dislike  to  his  professioti,  and  bis  tem- 
per, though  not  rendered  sour  and  morose,  was  certainly 
exasperated.  After  conflicting"  with  this  and  other  diffi- 
culties and  misfortunes,  Mr.  Hussey  left  London  in  thft 
month  of  October  1765,  and  retired  for  three  years  into 
,tbe  country,  to  recover  his  health  and  spirits  ;  and  baving- 
at;  lengthy  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother,  Mr.  Hussey^ 
in  1773,  succeeded  to  possession  of  hi3  paternal  estate  at 
Marnbull;  he  resided  there  in  adluence,  ease,  and  content^ 
and  pursued  his  favourite  studies,  and  amusenoents  of  gar- 
dening, till  the  autumn  of  1787  ^  when,  from  motives  purely 


H  U  S  S'E  Y.'  85^' 

0f  a  religious  nature  (after  having  transferred  and  resigned 
all  his  worldly  possessions  to  a  near  relation)  he  retired  to 
Beastoji,  nearAshbnrton^  in  Devonshire ;  at  which  place^ 
in  the  month  of  June  1788,  as  he  was  working  in  the  gar«- 
den  in  a  very  sultry  day,  he  suddenly  fel],  and  expired. 

The  great  merit  of  Mr.  Hussey's  pencil  drawings  frpm 
life  was,  that  he  has  preserved  the  best  characteristic  like- 
nesses of  any  artist  whatever.  And,  with  respect  to  those: 
of  mere  fancy,  no  man  ever  equalled  him  in  accuracy,  ele- 
gance, simplicity,  and  beauty.  The  academical  drawings 
lie  left  at  Bologna,  notwithstanding  the  school  ba^  beea^ 
often  purged,  as  it  is  called,  by  removing  old  drawings  to* 
make  room  for  those  of  superior  merit,  are  still  shewn  oa 
account  of  their  superior  merit. 

Mr.  Barry,  that  ingenious  and  liberal  artist,  whose  great; 
work  in  the  paintings  which  adorn  the  large  room  at  the 
^ciety  of  Arts  in  the  Adelf^hi,  together  with  bis  descrip-, 
tion  of  these  paintings,  do  no  less  honour  to  himself  thaa 
to  his  country,  has,   among  other  illustrious  characters^, 
thought  Mr.  Hussey  entitled  to  an  eminent  place  in  his, 
£lysium,  and  thus  notices  him:  ^^  Behind  Phidias,  I  have, 
introduced  Giles  Hussey,  a  name  that,  never  occurs  to  m^ 
without  fresh  grief,  shame,   and  horror,    at  the  mean^. 
wretehed  cabal  of  mechanics,  for  they  deserve  not  the 
liame  of  artists;  and  their  still  meaner  runners,  and  as<p 
sistants,  that  could  have  co-operated  to  cheat  such  aq, 
artist  out  of  the  exercise  of  abilities,  that  were  so  admirably 
calculated  to  have  raised  this  country  to  an  immortal  repu- 
tation, and  for  the  highest  species  of  excellenqe.     Why 
will  the  great,  who  can  have  no  interest  but  in  the  glory 
of  their  country,  why  will  they  suffer  any  dirty,  whimper* 
iug  medium  to  interfere  between  them  and  such  characters^ 
as  Mr.  Hussey,  who  appears  to  have  been  no  less  amiabiq^ 
as  a  man,  than  he  was  admirable  as  ah  artist  ? 

'^  The  public  are  likely  never  to  know  the  whole  of  what 
they  have  lost  in  Mr*  Hussey.  The  perfections  that  were 
possible  to  him,  but  a  very  few  artists  can  conceive  ;  and. 
it  would  be  time  lost  to  attempt  giving  an  adequate  idea  of 

them  in  words* 

.    .     »       ■       .  •  ■ '  ••' 

^'  My  attention  was  first  turned  to  this  great  eharactifr . 
by  a  conversation  I  had,  very  early  in  life,  with  Mr.  Stuart^ 
better  know^n  by  thie  name  of  Ath^ian  Stuart,  an  epithefc 
richly  metited  bjrthe  essential  advantages  Wt.  Stuart  had' 
rendered  the  pttbUc>  by  his  establishing  just  ideas^  and  a 


SS8  H  U,S  S  E  T. 

true  taste  for  the  Grecian  arts.  The  discourses  of  this 
truly  intelligent  and  very  candid  artist,  and  what  I  saw  of 
the  works  of  Hussey,  had  altogether  made  such  an  impres- 
sion on  my  mind,  ^s  may  be  conceived,  but  canfiot  be 
expressed.  With  fervour  I  went  abroad,  eager  to  retrace 
all  Hussey's  steps,  through  the  Greeks,  through  Rafaelle, 
through  dissected  nature,  and  to  add  to  what  he  had  been 
cruelly  torn  away  from,  by  a  laborious,  intense  #tudy  and 
iiivestigation  of  the  Venetian  school.  In  the  hours  of  re- 
laxation, I  naturally  endeavoured  to  recommend  myself  to 
the  acquaintance  of  such  of  Mr.  Hussey's  intimates  as  were 
sttU  living :  they  always  spoke  of  him  with  delight.  And 
from  the  whole  of  what  I  could  learn  abroad,  added  to  the 
information  I  received  from  my  very  amiable  and  venerable 
friend  Mr.  Moser  since  my  return,  Mr.  Hussey  must  have 
been  one  of  the  most  amiable,  friendly,  and  companionable 
men,  and  the  farthest  removed  from  all  spirit  of  strife  ind 
contention." 

Mr.  Edwards  and' Mr.  Fusdi  have  spoken  less  respect- 
fully bf  Hiissey.  The  latter  says,  that  **  disdainiuig  por-' 
trakure,  discountenanced  in  history,  Hussey  was  reduced 
to  the  solitary  patronage  of  the  then  duke  of  Northumber- 
land, who,  says  Edwards,  *  offered  to  receive  him  into  his 
fatnily,  and  to  give  him  a  handsome  pension,'  with  the  at- 
tendance of  a  servant,  upon  condition  that  he  should  em- 
ploy his  talents  chiefly,*  though  not  exclusively,  *  for  the 
ckike.'  This  offer  he  rejected,  because  the  duke  did  not 
complywith  the  further  request  of  keeping  a  priest  for  him 
in  the  house.'  Hussey,  a  bigot  in  religion,  was  attached 
to  the  cr^ed  of  Rome;  but  had  he  not  been  so,  commis- 
sions and  patronage,  almost  confined  to  drawing  copies, 
even  from  the  antique,  was  certainly  sufficiently  proVoking 
f©r  a  man  of  an  original  turn,  to  be  rejected.*'  It  is  not 
slrictly  true,  however,  that  the  duke  of  Northumberland 
was  his  only  patrort.  Mr.  Duane  was  another,  who  pos- 
sessed many  of  his  works.  Mr.  West  bought  some  penciled 
headsat  Mr.  Duane's  sale,  and  said  of  one  of  them,  that  "he 
•would  venture  to  show  it  against  any  head,  ancient  or  mo- 
dern ;  that  it.  was  never  exceeded,  if  ever  equalled;  and 
that  no  man  had  ever  imbibed  the  true  Grecian  charadter 
aW  art  deeper  than  Giles  Hussey.- '  *^  ' 

VftriJii>'e  Su^j^kipent  to  Wa)poit;'6  A|iecdote(^« — riikioi^t^p,  ^j  Fus«)i. 


H  U  T  C  H  E  S  O  N.  S5f 

HXrrCHESON  (Dr.  Francis),  a  philosoplier  of  the 
Shaftesbury  school,  was  the  son  of  a  dissenting  miiiister  iti 
Ireland,  and  was  born  Aug.  8,  1694.  He  discovered  early 
a  superior  capacity,  and  ardent  thirst  after  knowledge; 
and  when  he  had  gone  through  bis  school- education,  was 
s^nt  to  an  academy  to  begin  his  course  of  philosophy.  In 
1710  he  removed  from  the  academy,  and  entered  a  student 
in  the  ufiiversity  of  Glasgpw  in  Scotland.  Here  he  renewed 
fais  study  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  and  applied 
himself  to  all  parts  of  literature,  in  which  he  made  a  pro- 
gress suitable  to  his  uncommon  abilities.  Afterwards  lie 
turned  his  thoughts  to  divinity,  which  he  proposed  to  make 
the  peculiar  study  and  profession  of  his  life,  and  for  the 
prosecution  of  this  he  continued  several  years  longer  at 
Glasgow. 

He  then  returned  to  Ireland ;  and,  entering  into  the 
ministry,  was  just  about  to  be  settled  in  a  small  congre- 
gation of  dissenters  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  when  some 
gentlemen  about  Dublin,  who  Icnew  his  great  abilities  and 
virtues,  invited  him  to  set  up  a  private  academy  in  that 
city,  with  which  he  complied,  and  met  with  much  success. 
He  had  been  fixed  but  a  short  time  in  Dublin,  when  his 
lingular  merits  and  accomplishments  made  him  generally 
known ;  and  his  acquaintance  was  sought  by  men  of  ail 
ranks,  who  had  any  taste  for  literature,  or  any  regard  for- 
learned  men.  Lord  Molesworth  is  said  to  have  taken  great 
pleasure  in  his  conversation,  and  to  have  assisted  him  with 
bis  criticisms  and  observations  upon  bis  '^  Enquiry  into  the 
Ideas  of  Beauty  and  Virtue,^*  before  it  came  abroad.  He 
received  the  same  favour  from  Dr.  Synge,  bishop  of  Elphin, . 
with  whom  he  also  lived  in  great  friendship.  The  first 
edition  of  this  performance  came  abroad  without  the  author^s 
Qame,  but  the  merit  of  it, would  not  suffer  him  to  be  long 
concealed.  Such  was  the  reputation  of  the  work,  and  the 
ideas  it  had  raised  of  the  author,  that  lord  Granville,  who 
was  then  iord-Iieutenant  of  Ireland,  sent  his  private  secre- 
tary to  inquire  at  the  bookseller's  for.the  author ;  and  when 
he  could  not  learn  his  name,  he  left  a  letter  to  be  con- 
veyed- to  him :  in  consequence  of  which  Mr.  Hutchesoji 
soon  became  acquainted  with  his  excellency,  and  was 
treated  by  him,  all  the  time  he  continued  in  his  govern- 
ment, with  distinguished  marks  of  familiarity  s^nd  esteem. 

From  this  time  be  began  to  be  still  more  courted  by  men 
^  distinctiojij  either  for  rank  or  literature^  io  Ireland^ 


S60  H  U  T  C  H  E  S  O  N. 

Abp.  King  held  him  in  great  esteem  ;  and  the  friendship 
of  that  prelate  w^s  of  great  use  to  him  in  screening  him 
from  two  attempts  made^to  prosecute  him,  for  taking  upon 
I^im  the  education  of  youth,  without  having  qualified  him** 
self  by  subscribing  the  ecclesiastical  canons,  and  obtaining 
a  license  from  the  bishop.  He  had  also  a  large  share  in 
the  esteem  of  the  primate  Boulter,  who,  through  his  in« 
fluence,  made  a  donation  to  the  university  of  Glasgow  of  a 

?rearly  fund  for  an  exhibitioner,  to  be  bred  to  any  of  the 
earned  professions.  A  few  years  after  his  Inquiry  into  the 
Ideas  of  Beauty  and  Virtue,  his  "  Treatise  on  the  Passions" 
was  published :  these  works  have  been  often  reprinted^ 
and  always  admired  both  for  the  sentiment  and  language, 
even  by  those  who  have  not  assenteil  to  the  philosophy  o£ 
them,  nor  allowed  it  to  have  any  foundation  in  nature. 
About  this  time  he  wrote  some  philosophical  papers,  ac- 
counting for  laughter  in  a  different  way  from  Hobbes,  and 
more  honourable  to  human  nature,  which  were  published, 
in^  the  collection  called  *^  Hibei^nicus's  Letters."  Some 
letters  in  the  <<  London  Journal,"  1728,  subscribed  Phila- 
retus,  containing  objections  to  some  parts  of  the  doctrine 
in  <<  The  Enquiry,"  &c.  occsisioned  his  giving  answers  to 
them  in  those  public  papers.  Both  the  letters  and  answers 
were  afterwards  published  in  a  separate  pamphlet. 

After  he  had  taught  in  a  private  academy  at  Dublin  tot 
seven  or  eight  years  with  great  reputation  and  success,  he 
was  called  in  1729  to  Scotland,  to  be  professor  of  philoso* 
phy  at  Glasgow.  Several  young  gentlemen  came  along 
with  him  from  the  academy,  and  his  high  reputation  drew 
sxiany  more  thither  both  from  England  and  Ireland.  After 
his  settlement  in  the  college,  the  profession  of  moral  phi- 
losophy was  the  province  assigned  to  him ;  so  that  now  he 
liad  full  leisure  to  turn  all  his  attention  to  his  favourite 
study,  human  nature.  Here  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  a  manner  highly  honourable  to  himself,  and  orna-. 
mental  to  the  university  of  which  he  was  a  member.  His 
whole  time  was  divided  between  hifl^  studies  and  the  duties 
of  bis  oflfice ;  except  what  he  allotted  to  friendship  and  so- 
ciety. A  firm  constitution,  and  a  pretty  uniform  state  of 
good  health,  except  some  few  slight  attacks  of  the  gout, 
seemed  to  promise  a  longer  life ;  yet  he  did  not  exceed 
bis' 63d  year,  dying  in  1747.  He  was  married  soon  after 
bis  settlement  in  Dublin,  to  Mrs.  Mary  Wilson^  a  gentle- 
man's daughter  in  the.  county  of  Longford >  by  ^om  he 


HUTCHES©  N.  irf 

iett  behind  him  one  son,  Francis  Hutcheson,  M.  D.  By 
(his  gentleman  was  published,  from  the  original  MS.  of  hiaf 
fother,  "  A  System  of  Moral  Philosophy,**  in  three  books, 
Glasgow,  1755,  2  vols.  4to.  To  which  is  prefixed,  **  Some 
account  of  the  Life,  Writings,  and  Character  of  the  Author,*' 
by  Dr.  Leechman,  professor  of  divinity  in  the  same  uni-r 
versity.  Dr.  Hutcheson's  system  of  morals  is,  in  its  founda- 
^tion^  very  nearly  the  same  with  that  of  lord  Shaftesbury. 
He  agrees  with  the  noble  author  in  asserting  a  distinct 
class  of  the  human  aflFections,  which,  while  they  have  no 
relation  to  our  own  interest,  propose  for  their  end  the  wel- 
fare of  others ;  but  he  makes  out  his  position  rather  more 
clearly  than  Shaftesbury,  who  cannot  exclude  somewhat  of 
the  selfish  as  the  spring  of  our  benevolent  emotions.  Hut- 
cheson maintains,  that  the  pleasure  arising  from  the  per- 
formance of  a  benevolent  action,  is,  not  the  ruling  princi- 
ple in  prompting  to  such  actions ;  but  that,  independently 
of  the  selfish  enjoyment,  which  is  allowed  in  part  to  exist, 
there  is  in  the  human  mind  a  calm  desire  of  the  happiness 
of  all  rational  beings,  which  is  not  only  consistent  with, 
but  of  superior  influence  in  regulating  our  conduct,  to  the 
desire  of  our  own  happiness;  insomuch  that,  whenever 
these  principles  come  into  opposition,  the  moral  sense  de- 
cides in  favour  of  the  former  against  the  latter.  Dr.  Hut- 
cheson deduced  all  moral  ideas  from  what  he  calls  a  tnorat 
sense^  implanted  in  our  natures,  or  an  instinct  like  that  of 
self-preservation,  which,  independently  of  any  arguments 
taken  from  the  reasonableness  and  advantages  of  any  ac- 
tion, leads  us  to  perform  it  ourselves,  or  to  approve  it 
when  performed  by  others ;  and  this  moral  sense  he  main- 
tained to  be  the  very  foundation  of  virtue.  His  hypothe- 
sis was  new,  but  whether  much  better  than  other  theories  of 
the  same  kind,  may  be  questioned.  His  fame,  in  the  opi- 
nion of  an  eminent  Author,  rests  now  chiefly  on  the  tradi« 
tionary  history  of  his  academical  lectures,  which  appear  to 
have  contributed  very  powerfully  to  diffuse,  in  Scotland, 
tiiat  taste  for  analytical  discussion,  and  that  spirit  of  liberal 
inquiry,  to  which  the  world  is  indebted  for  some  of  the 
most  valuable  productions  of  the  eighteenth  century.**^ 

HUTCHINS  (John),  a  topographical  historian,  the  son 
of  the  rev.  Richard  Hutchins,  was  born  in  the  parish  of 

>  Biogj  ^rit.  SnppkaoiU-^'ryiler's  Life  of  ^iJBe».*-Sttvart^Jift  af  0r. 


362  H  U  T  C  H  I  N  S. 

Biadfofd  PeTerel,  Sept.  21,  1698.  His  fathei-  wais  rector 
of  All  Saints  in  Dorchester,  and  curate  of  Bradford  Peve- 
reL  His  income  was  small,  and  bis  son^s  education  vras 
suited  to  the  frugality  of  the  statioa  in  which  be  was  born. 
He  appears  to  have  been  sent  early  to  the  grammar-school 
at  Dorcliester,  where  his  master  was  the  rev.  Mr.  Thornton, 
rector  of  West  Stafford,  whom  he  afterwards  mentioned 
•with  gratitude,  as  behaving  to  him  with  the  kindest  atten- 
tion, aud  as  a  second  parent.  He  was  afterwards  sent  to 
Oil  for df  where  his  residence  was  not  long ;  for  he  took  his 
master  of  arts  degree  at  Cambridge,  a  proof  that  he  had 
Dot  kept  a  statutable  residence  for  that  degree  in  his  own 
UDiversity,  by  applying  to. another  in  which  none  is  re- 
quired ;  and  it  is  also  a  proof  that  he  determined  in  Ox- 
ford; for,  unless  that  exercise  be  performed,  a  certificate 
of  a  bachdor  of  arts  degree  is  never  granted.  He  was  ma* 
triculated  in  Easter  term,  J  7 18,  from  Hart-hall,  now  Hert* 
ford  college;  but  was  afterwards  removed  by  a  beneMsces^ 
^ii  to  Baliol  college;  and,  as  it  appears  by  their  books, 
he  was  admitted  a  member  of  that  society  in  Easter  term, 
April  10,  171^,  and  was  regularl}'  admitted  to  the  degree 
of  bachelor  of  arts  in  Lent  term,  Jan.  13,  1721-2:  He  was 
a  determining  bachelor  in  the  same  term  ;  so  that  his  whole 
residence  in  the  university  did  riot  exceed  four  years  ;  yet 
the  friendships  he  contracted  in  both  societies  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  continued  with  life;  of  which  Mr. 
Charles  Godwyn,  fellow  of  Baliol  college,  was  an  instance 
in  one ;  and  his  tutor,  Mr.  Davis,  vice- principal  of  Hart- 
hall,  in  the  other ;  and  in  what  esteem  he  held  both  the  one 
and  the  other,  different  passages  in  bis  ^'  History"  evince. 

He  was  soon  after  admitted  into  holy  orders,  and  be- 
came curate  and  usher  to  the  rev.  George  Marsh,  rector  of 
Burleston,  vicar  of  Milton  Abbas,  and  master  of  the  free 
grammar  school  of  Milton  Abbas.  I'his  engagement  at 
Milton  procured  him  the  acquaintance  of  Jacob  Bancks, 
esq.  then  the  possessor  of  that  estate,  by.  whose  interest  he 
obtained  in  119,9  the  rectory  of  Swyre,  and  in  1733  the 
rectory  x)f  Melcom be  Horsey.  About  this  time  he  began 
first  to  engage  in  the  study  of  antiquities^  and  having  a 
competent  income,  was  enabled  to  pursue  it  with  the  less 
ititerruption,  as  an  incurable  deafness  prevented  his  en* 
joying  the  pleasures  of  society.  In  1744  he  was  presented 
Ui  the  living  of  Wareham,  ^hich  was  attended  with  a  con- 
siderable increase  in  his  clerical  duties;  yet  without  ever 


H  U  T  C  H  I  N  S.  36S 

relaxing  in  his  attention  to  these,  he  continued  to  accuqiu- 
fete  materials  for  the  history  of  his  native  county,  and  en- 
tered into  an  extensive  correspondence  with  gentlemen 
most  likely  to  assist  his  researches.  He  had  many  difficul- 
ties, however,  to  encounter.  He  was  himself  rather  a 
man  of  diligence  than  of  extraordinary  genius;  his  cbJIec- 
tions  were  many  years  making,  and  a  great  part  of  them 
fell  into  his  hands  on  the  death  of  a  prior  collector.'  The 
book,  however,  which  he  did  not  live  to  see  published, 
was  most  liberally  conducted  through  the  press,  by  a  very 
handsome  subscription  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  county,  and 
the  kind  patronage  of  Dr.  Cuming  and  Mr.  Gough,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  author^s  widow  and  daughter.  Several  arti- 
cles were  added,  relative  to  the  antiquities  and  naitural 
history  ;  and  such  a  number  of  beautiful  plates  were  con- 
tributed by  the  gentlemen  of  the  county,  tjiat  (only  600 
copies  having  been  printed,  a  number  not  quite  sufficient 
for  the  subscribers)  the  value  of  the  book  increased,  im- 
mediately aftec  publication,  to  twice  the  original  price^ 
which  was  only  a  guinea  a  volume.  The  title  of  it  is, 
f^  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  County  of  Dorset,, 
compiled  from  the  best  and  most  ancient  historians,  Ingui^ 
sitiones post  mortem^  and  other  valuable  Records  and  MSS. 
in  the  public  offices,  libraries,  and  private  hands ;  with  a 
Copy  of  Domesday-book  and  the  Inquisitio  Gheldi  for  the 
county :  interspersed  with  some  remarkable  particulars  of 
Natural  History,  and  adorned  with  a  correct  map  of  the 
county,  and  views  of  antiquities,  seats  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry,"   Lond.  1774,  2  vols,  folio. 

In  the  decline  of  life,  when  he  had  a  reasonable  prospect 
of  seeing  his  "  History"  through  the  press,  he  was  seized 
with  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  greatly  debilitated  him,  and 
hastened. his  dissolution,  which  took  place  June  21,  1773, 
He  %vas  buried  in  St.  Mary's  church  at  Warehara,  in  the 
ancient  chapel  under  the  south  aile  of  the  church.  He 
married  Anne,  daughter  of  the  rev.  Thomas  Stephens,  for- 
merly rector  of  Pimperne,  by  whom  he  had  issue  one 
daughter,  who  was  married  to  the  late  John  Bellasis,  esq. 
major-general  of  artillery  in  the  service  of  the  East-India 
company,  who  died  at  Bombay  in  1808.  The  profit  arising 
from  hifi^  **  JHEistoiy,"  was.  the  chief  provision  Mr,  Hutchins 
made  for  his  family.  A  second  edition  was  brought  forwards,, 
of  which  vol.  L,  was  published  in  L796,  and  vol.  IL  in  i803r, 
und^r  this  aospices  of  geo,  Bellstsis^  who^xpeod^d  a  larger 


S€4  HUT  C  H  ins: 

sam  to^  promote  the  undertaking,  and  with  the  assistance 
^  of  Mr.  Gidugh  and  Mr.  Nichols.  The  improvements  in  this 
editiou  were  so  many  as  to  extend  the  work  to  four  vo- 
lumes, the  third  of  which  was  nearly  ready  for  publication 
at  the  time  when  the  unfortunate  fire  in  Mr.  Nichols*^ 
printihg-office  and  warehouses  destroyed  that  and  a  vast 
mass  of  other  valuable  literary  property.  Mr.  Nichols  has 
•iai^  printed  the  third  and  fourth  volumes,  so  essential  to  the 
completion  of  the  work,  and  we  may  add  so  indispensable  to 
c^eiy  public  library  and  private  topographical  collection.^ 

HUTCHINSON  (John),  an  English  author,  whose  writ- 
itigs  have  been  much  discussed,  and  who  is  considered  as 
tbe  founder  of  a  party,  if  not  of  a  sect,  was  born  at  Spen- 
nytham  in  Yorkshire  in  1674.  His  father  was  possessed  of 
about  40/L  per  ann.  and  determined  to  qualify  his  son  for  a 
stewardship  to  some  gentleman  or   nobleman.     He  had 

S'veu  hiiii  such  school-learning  as  the  place  afforded  ;  and 
e  remaining  part  of  his  education  was  finished  by  a  gen- 
tleman that  boarded  with  his  father.  This  friend  is  said  to 
Have  instructed  him,  not  only  in  such  parts  of  the  mathe- 
matics as  were  more  immediately  connected  with  bis 
destined  employment,  but  in  every  branch  of  that  science^ 
and  at  the  same  time  to  have  furnished  him  with  a  compe- 
tent knowledge  of  the  writings  of  antiquity.  At  the  age  of 
nineteen,  he  went  to  be  steward  to  Mr.  Bathurst  of  Skut* 
terskelf  in  Yorkshire,  and  from  thence  to  the  earl  of  Scar* 
borough,  who  would  gladly  have  engaged  him  in  his  ser- 
vice ;  but  his  ambition  to  serve  the  duke  of  Somerset  would 
not  suffer  him  to  continue  there,  and  accordingly  he  re- 
moved soon  after  into  this  nobleman's  service.  About  1700 
be  was  called  to  London,  to  manage  a  law-suit  of  conse- 
quence between  the  duke  and^  another  nobleman ;  and 
during  his  attendance  in  town,  contracted  an  acquaintance 
with  Dr.  Woodward,  who  was  physician  to  the  duke  his 
master.  Between  1702  and  1706,  his  business  carried  him 
into  several  parts  of  England  and  Wales,  where  he  made 
many  observations,  which  he  published  in  a  little  pamphlet, 
entitled,  <^  Observations  made  by  J.  H.  mostly  in  the  year 
1706.'' 

While  he  travelled  from  place  to  place^  he  employed 
hinaself  in  collecting  fossils;  and  we  are  told,  that  the 

>  Life,  hf  Mr.  Bingham,  in  **  Bibl.  Topographtba  Britanniea,*'  No»  TdSXVt* 


H  0  T  C  B  I  N  S  O  N.  8^^ 

krge  and  treble  collection^  wbicb  Woodward  bfsqoeatbe^. 
to  the  UDiTersity  of  Cambridge^  was  actually  formed  by 
l^im.  Whether  Woodward  bad  no  notion  of  Hutcbinson'a 
abilitiea  in  any  other  way  than  that  of  steward  and  minera^ 
bgtst^  or  whether  he  did  not  suspect  biin  at  that  time  aa 
likely  to  commence  author,  is  not  certain:  Hutcbinsoo^ 
bowever,  complain^  in  one  of  his  books,  that  ^^  be  was  be- 
reft, in  a  manner  not  to  be  mentioned,  of  those  observa* 
lions  and  those  collections;  nay,  even  of  the  credit  of 
being  the  collecior.''  He  is  said  to  have  put  bis  coilectiopa 
into  Woodward's  hands,  with  observations  on  them,  wbicb^ 
Woodward  was  to  digest  and  publish,  with  further  obser* 
vattons  of  bis  own :  but  his  putting  him  off  with  excuses^ 
when  from  time  to  time  he  solicited  him  about  thi»  work, 
first  suggested  to  Hutchinson  unfavourable  notions  of  his 
intention.  On  this  Hutchinson  resolved  to  wait  no  longer,  . 
but  to  trust  to  bis  own  pen ;  and  that  be  wight  be  more  a^ 
Insure  to  prosecute  bis  studies^  be  begged  leave  of  the 
duke  of  Somerset  to  quit  his  service*  The  request  at  first , 
piqued  the  pride  of  that  nobleman  ;  but  when  be  was  mad^ 
lo  understand  by  Hutchinson,  that  be  did  not  intend  to 
serve  any  other  master,  and  was  told  what  were  the  real 
iQOtives  of  bis  request,  the  duke.not  only  granted  bis  sni^ 
but  Quide  bim  bis  riding  purveyor,  being  at  thi^  time 
master  of  the  horse  to  George  I.  As  there  is  a  good  bouse 
in  the  Mews  betonging  to  the  office  oi  purveyor,  a  fixe4  * 
^ary  of  200/L  per  aon.  and  the  place  a  kind  of  sioecnri^ 
Hutcbinson^s  situation  and  circumstances  w€Mre  quite  agree* 
able  to  his  mind ;  and  be  gave  himself  op  to  a  studious  and 
sedentary  life.  The  duke  also  gave  him  tbe  next  presen- 
tation of  the  livino;  of  Sutton  in  Sussex,  which  Hutchinson 
bestowed  on  the  rev«  Julius  Bate,  a  great  fixvourite  irith 
bim,  and  a  zealous  promoter  of  his  doctrines* 

In  1724  he  published  the  first  part  of  bis  *^  Moseses  Prin*^ 
cipia  ',^  in  which  be  ridiculed  Woodward^s  ^  Natural  His* 
tory  of  the  Eartb,^^  and  his  account  of  tbe  settlement  of 
tbe  several  strata,  shells,  and  nodules,  by  tbe  laws  of  gra* 
vity  ;  which,  he  tells  bim,  every  olirty  impertinent  collier 
could  cx>ntradict  and  disprove  by  ocular  demonstration. 
Tbts  work,  in  which  gravitation  is  exploded,  is  evidently 
opposed  to  Newton^s  ^  Principia/*  where  that  doctrine  is 
established.  H  ptchinson  also  threw  out  some  faints  concern* 
ing  what  had  passed  between  Woodward  and  bimsdf,  andy 
tbe  doctor^s  design  of  robbing  bim  of  bis  collection  of 


3€&  H  U  T  C  H  J  N  S  ON. 

Ibssib.  From  this  time  to  bis  deaths  he  continued  fo  pvih* 
lisb  a  Tolume  every  year,  or  every  other  year ;  which,  with 
the  MSS.  he  left  behind  him,  w^re  collected  in  174S, 
aniounting  to  12  vols.  8vo.  An  abstract  of  tbem  was  also 
published  in  1723,  in  12mo.  Hutchinson's  followers  look 
ttpon  the  breach  between  Woodward  and  him,  as  a  very 
happy  event ;  because,  say  they,  had  the  doctor  fulfilled 
bis  engagements,  Hutchinson  might  have  slopped  there, 
and  not  have  extended  bis  researches  so  far  as  he  has  done ; 
in  which  case  the  world  would  have  been  deprived  of  writ- 
ings deemed  by  them  invaluable.  Others  are  as  violent 
opposers  and  censurers  of  his  writings  and  opinions ;  and 
the  dispute  has  been  carried  on  at  various  times  with  na 
tmall  degree  of  warmth.  ^ 

In  1 727,  Hutchinson  published  the  second  part  of  ^  Mo* 
ses^s  Prvicipia  ;*'  which  contains  the  sum  and  substance,  or 
the  principles  of  the  Scripture* philosophy.     As  sir  Isaac 
Newton  made  a  vacuum  and  gravity  the  principles  of  bis 
philosophy,  this  ^author  on  the  contrary  asser'ts,  that  a  ple- 
num and  the  air  are  the  principles  of  the  Scriptuve-philo* 
sophy.    .  In  the  introduction  to  this  second  part,  he  hintedi 
that  the  idea  of  the  Trinity  was  to  be  taken  from  the  three 
grand  agents  in  the  system  of  nature,  fire,  light,  and  spirit; 
these  three   conditions  of  one  and  the  same  substance, 
namely,  air,  answering  wonderfully  in  a  typical  or  sym- 
bolical manner  to  the  three  Persons  of  one  and  the  same 
essence.     This,  we  are  told,  so  forcibly  struck  tbe  cele- 
brated Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  that  he  sent  a  gentleman  to 
Mr.  Hutchinson  with  compliments  upon  the  performance, 
and  desired  a  conference  with  him  on  that  proposition  in 
particular :  which,  however,  it  is  added,  after  repeated  so- 
licitations, Hutchinson  thought  fit  to  refuse.     This  doe- 
trine  a  certain  admirer  of  Hutchinson,  particularly  in   his 
opinions  on  natural  philosophy,  has  lately  attempted  to  re- 
vive and  illustrate,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled,  *^  A  short  Way 
to  Truth,  or  the  Christian  doctrine  of  a  Trinity  in  Unity, 
illustrated  and  confirmed  from  an  Analogy  in  the  Natural 
Creation."     It  was  publi*»hed  in  1793. 

Some  time  in  1712,  Hutchinson  is  said  to  have  com- 
pleted a  machine  of  the  watch-kind,  for  the  discovery  of 
the  longitude  at  sea,  whicl^was  approved  by  sir  Isaac  New«» 
ton ;  and  Whiston,  in  bis  <'  Longitude  and  Latitude,'* 
&c.  has  given  a'  testimony  in  favour  of  his  mechanical 
abilities.   <<  I  have  also/'  sa^  he^  **  very  lately  been  shewn 


HUTCHINSON.  Z$t 

by  Mr,  Hutdiinson,  a  very  corioos  and  inquisitive  person, 
a  copy  of  a  MS  map  of  tiie  world,  mside  aboat  eighty 
years  ago,  taken  by  himself  from  the  original :  wherein 
the  variaiian  is  reduced  to  a  theory,  mnch  like  that  which 
Pr  Halley  has  since  proposed,  and  in  general  exactly^ 
agreeing  to  bis  observations. — But  with  this  advantage,  that 
therein  the  nortberit  pole  of  the  internal  loadstone  is  mock 
better  stated  than  it  is  by  Dr.  Halley — its  place  then  beings 
accordi^Yg  to  this-  unknown  very  euriotis  and  sagacious  ati<^ 
thor,  ahout  the  tneitdian,  &c.  which  ancient  and  anthentic 
dele mii nation  of  its  place,  I  desire  my  reader  pnrticolarly 
to  observe.** 

Hutchinson  bad  been  accustomed  to  mabe  an  excnrsioil 
for  a  montii  or  so  into  the  conntry  for  his  health  :  but  to 
neglecting  this  in  pursnie  of  his  studies,  he  is  soppCKsed 
have  brought  himself  into  a  bed  babil  of  body,  which  pie« 
pared  the  way  for  his  death.     The  imiBediate  cause  is  said 
to  have  been  an  overflfowing  of  the  gall,  occssioued  by  the 
irregnlar  sallies  of  an  high- kept  unruly  horse,  and  the  snd* 
den  jerfts  given  to  his  body  by  them.     On  theMoiKlay  be- 
fore^ his  death,. Dr.  Mead  was  with  him^  and  urged  hini  to 
be  bled  ;  saying  at  the  same  time  in  a  pleasant  way,  ^I 
wit!  soon  send  you  to  Moses.**    Dr.  Mead  meant  to 
studies,  two  of  his  books  being  entitled  **  Mose&^s 
pia  :*"  but  Hutchinson,,  taking  it  in  the  other  sense^  an« 
*wered  in  a  muttering  tone,  *'I  believe,  doctor^  yon  will  ;** 
ar»d  was  so  displeased  with  Mead,  that  he  afterwards  dis*, 
missed  him  for  another  physician.     He  died  August  2S^ 
1737,  aged  63*     He  seclhs  to  have  been  in  «umy  respectal 
a  singular  man.     He  certainty  had  eminent  abilities^  witb 
mucb  knowleJge  and  learning;   but  many  people  have 
thought  it  very  questionable,    whether  he  did  not  want 
judtifment'  Co  apply  them  property,  and  many  mofe  have 
inveighed  against  his  principles  without  previously  making 
themselyes  acquainted  with  them.     They  were,  however^ 
in  some  measure,  adopted  by  many  pious  and  learned  di« 
vines  of  the  last  century,  by  Home,  Parkhorst^  Romaine^ 
and  the  late  Rev.  William  Jones^  who,  of  all  others,  bas- 
exhibited  the  ablest  anatysvs  and  defence  of  Mr.  Hutcinn-. 
son's  sentiments,  or  what  \s  CiMei  JhtfckiascmianisTny  in  the 
^^  Preface  to  the  second  edition"*  of  bis  tite  of  bishop 
Borne.' 

'  FToyd's  "Bibriotheca  Bro^raphica^  rtx)  of  vol.  III.  an  avirtle  tonmumieaAfd 
^y  Robert-  $pe«»rtn«i»  e«q.  vtho  ir9»  ctMfecetntJ  wkkvte  Ker.  JtttmsBalfr  is 
tke  {lablicaliott  «f  Ilatcb'tusott^s  Woik&. 


8««  H  U  T  T  E  N. 

HUTTEN  (Ulric'  de),  a  gentleman  of  Francoiria,  of 
uncommon  parts  and  learning,  was  born  in  1488  at  Stec- 
kenburg,  the  seat  of  his  family;  was  sent  to  the  abbey  of 
Fulde  at  eleven  years  bf  age;    and  took  th6  degree  of 
M.  A.  in  1 506  at  Francfort  on  the  Oder,  being  the  first 
promotion  made  in   that    newly-opened   university^      In 
1509,  he  was  at  the  siege  of  Padua,  in  the  emperor  Maxi* 
milian's  army ;  and  be  owned  tbat  it  was  want  of  money, 
which  forced  him  to  make  that  campaign.     His  father,  do( 
having    the   least  taste  or  esteem   for  polite   literature, 
thought  it  unworthy  to  be  pursued  by  persons  of  exalted 
birth ;  and  therefore  would  not  afford  his  son  the  necessary 
supplies  for  a  life  of  study.    He  wished  him  to  apply  him- 
self to  the  civil  law,  which  might  raise  him  in  the  world ; 
but  Hutten  bad  no  inclination  for    that  kind  of  study» 
Finding,  however,  that  there  was  no  other  way  of  bteing 
ppou  good  terms  with  his  father,  he  went  to  Paviain  1511, 
where  he  stayed  but  a  little  time ;  that  city  being  besieged 
and  plundered  by  the  Swiss,  and  himself  taken  prisoner. 
He  returned  afterwards  to  Germany,  and  there,  contrary 
|o  bis  father's  inclinations,  began  to  apply  himself  again  to 
literature.     Having  a  genius  for  poetry,  he  began  bis  ca* 
reer  as  an  author  in  that  line,  and  published  several  com* 
positions,  which  were  much  admired,  and  gained  him  ere-* 
dit     He  travelled'  to  various  places,  among  the  rest  to  Bo* 
hernia  and  Moravia;  and  waiting  on  the  bishop  of  Olmuta 
in  a  very  poor  condition,  tbat  prelate,  who  was  a  great  Mas* 
cenas,  received  bim  graciously,  presented  him  with  a  horse, 
and  gave  him  money  to  pursue  bis  journey.      The  corre- 
spondence also  be  held  with  Erasmus  was  of  great  advantage 
to  him,  and  procured  him  respect  from  all  the  literati  in 
Italy,  and  especially  at  Venice.' 

At  his  return  to  Germany  in  1516,  he  was  recommended 
in  such  strong  terms  to  the  emperor,  that  he  received  from 
hitti  the  poetical  crown ;  and  from  that  time  Hutten  had 
himself  drawn  in  armour,  with  a  crown  of  laurel  on  bis 
bead,  and  took  great  delight  in  being  so  represented.  He 
was  of  a  veiy  military  dispposition,  and  had  given  many 
proofs  of  courage,  as  well  in  the  wars  as  in  private  ren- 
counters. Being  once  at  Viterbo,  where  an  ambassador 
of  France  stopped,  a  general  quarrel  arose,  in  which  Hut«' 
ten,  forsaken  by  his  comrades,  was  attacked  by  five  French- 
men  at  once,  and  put  them  all  to  flight,  after  receiving 
some  ismall  woundi^     He  wrote   an  epigram  on   that 


H  U  T  T  E  N,  S6S 

occasion,  ^^  in  quinque  Gallos  It  se  profligates/'  which  may 
be  seen  in  Melcfaior  Adam.  He  had  a  cousin  John  de 
Hutten,  who  was  courNmarshal  to  Uiric  duke  of  Wirtem* 
berg,  and  was  murdered  by  that  duke  in  1515,  fpr  the  sake 
of  his  wi/e,  whom  tiie  duke  kept  afterwards  as  a  mistress. 
The  military  poet,  as  soon  as  be  heard  of  it,  breathed  no^ 
.thing  but  resentment ;  and  because  he  had  no  opportunity 
of  shewing  it  with  his  sword,  took  up  his  pen,  and  wrote 
several  pieces  in  the  form  of  dialogues,  orations,  poems» 
and  letters.  A  collection  of  these  was  printed  in  the  castle 
of  Steckelberg,   1519,  4to. 

He  was  in  France  in  151&,  whence  he  went  ,to  Mentz, 
and  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  elector  Albert ;  and  at« 
tended  him  a  little  after  to  the  diet  of  Augsburg,  where  the 
elector  was  honoured  with  a  cardinal's  hat.  At  this  diet, 
articles  were  exhibited  against  the  duke  of  Wtrtemberg, 
on  which  occasion  the  murder  of  John  de  Hutten,  marshal 
of  his  court,  was  not  forgotten  :  and  a  league  was  after 
formed  against  him,  Uiric  Hutten  served  in  this  war  with 
great  pleasure ;  yet  was  soon  disgusted  with  a  military  life, 
and  longed  earnestly  for  his  studies  and  retirement.  Thi» 
we  find  by  a  letter  of  his  to  Frederic  Piscator,  dated  May 
21,  1519  :  in  which  he  discovers  an  inclination  for  matri* 
mony,  and  expresses  himself  somewhat  loosely  on  that 
subject.-  r 

,  JBelieving  Luther's  cause  a  very  good  one,  he  joined  in  it 
with  great  warmth ;  and  published  Leo  the  Xtii^s  bull 
against  Luther  in  152Q,  with  interlineary  and  marginal 
glosses,  in  which  that  pope  was  made  an  object  of  the 
strongest  rjidicule.  The  freedom  with  which  he  wrote 
against  the  irregularities  and  disorders  of  the  .court  of 
Rome,  exasperated  Leo  in  the  highest  degree ;  and  induced 
him  to  command  the  elector  of  Mentz  to  send  him  to 
Rome  bound  hand  and  foot,  but  the  elector  suffered  him 
to  depart  in  peace.  Hutten  then  withdrew  to  Brabant,  and 
was  at  the  court  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  but  did  not 
$tay  long  there,  being  told  that  his  life  would  be  in  danger. 
He  then  retired  to  Ebernberg,  where  he  was  protected  by 
Francis  de  Sickingen,  Luther's  great  friend  and  guardian, 
to  whom  the  castle  of  Ebernberg  belonged.  There  he 
wrote  in  1520  his  complaint  to  the  emperor,  to  the  elec<- 
tors  of  Mentz  and  Saxony,  and  to  all  the  states  of  Ger-* 
ipany,.  against  the  attempts  which  the  pope's  emissaries 
xnade  against  him,  '  From  tk^,  same  plac^  also  he  wi;ote  |0l 

Vol,  XVIIL  Bp 


\ 


670  a  u  T  T  E  n. 

Luther  in  May  1521,  and  published  severati  pieces  in  fk^ 
vout  of  the  Reformation.  He  did  not  declare  openly  foir 
Luther,  till  after  he  had  left  the  elector  of  Mentz^s  court; 
but  be  had  written  to  him  before  from  Mentz,  and  bis  first 
letter  is  dated  June  1520.  .  While  he  was  upon  ^his  jour^ 
ney  to  Ebernberg,  he  met  with  Hochstratus,  and,  drawings 
bis  swdrd,  run  up  to  him,  and  swore  he  would  kill  him, 
for  what  he  had  done  against  Reucblin  and  Luther :  but 
Hochstratus,  throwing  himself  at  bis  feet,  conjured  him  so 
earnestly  to  spare  his  life,  that  Hutten  let  him  go,  after 
strikins:  him  several  times  with  the  flat  sword.  Such  wa^ 
bis  turbulent  zeal,  so  disgraceful  to  the  cause  he  espoused, 
that  Luther  himself,  warm  as  he  was,  blamed  it.  During 
his  stay  at  Ebernberg,  however,  he  performed  a  very  ge-^ 
nerous  action  in  regard  to  bis  family.  Being  the  eldest 
son,  and  succeeding  to  the  whole  estate,  he  gave  it  all  up 
to  his  brothers ;  and  even,  to  prevent  their  being  involved 
in  the  misfortunes  and  disgraced  which  he  expected,  by  the 
suspicions  that  might  be  entertained  against  him,  he  en- 
joined them  not  to  remit  him  any  money,  nor  to  hold  the 
least  correspondence  with  him. 

It  was  now  that  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  Lutbeii 
ran  party,  to  advance  which  he  laboured  incessantly  both 
by  bis  writings  and  actions.  We  do  not  know  the  exact 
time  when  he  quitted  the  castle  of  Ebernberg  ;  but  it  ap-^ 
pears,  that  in  January  1523,  he  left  Basil,  where  he  had 
flattered  himself  with  the  hopes  of  finding  an  asjlum,  and 
bad  only  been  exposed  to  great  dangers.  Erasmus,  though 
bis  old  acquaintance  and  friend,  had  here  refused  a  visit 
from  him,  for  fear,  as  he  pretended,  of  heightening  the 
suspicions  which  were  entertained  against  faim :  but  bis' 
true  reason,  as  he  afterwards  declared,  in  a  letter  to  Me- 
tancthon,  was,  **  that  he  should  then  have  been  under  a 
necessity  of  taking  into  his  house  that  proud  boaster,  op-* 
pressed  with  poverty  and  disease,  who  only  sought  for  al 
nest  to  lay  himself  in,  and  to  borrow  money  of  every  one 
be  met.^'  This  refusal  of  Erasmus  provoked  Hutten  to  at-^ 
tack  him  severely,  and  accordingly  he  published  an  **  Ex-' 
postulatio^'  in  1523,  which  Erasmus  answered  the  same 
year,  in  a  very  lively  piece,  entitled,  "  Spongia  Erasmi 
Adversus  adspergines  Hutteni."  Hutten  probably  intended 
to  reply,  had  he  not  been  snatched  away  by  death ;  but  bef 
died  in>an  island  of  the  lake  Zuricbi  wher^  he  had  hid 
himself  for  security,  August  I5i^      -  *      ^ 


jj  U  T  T  E  %  t^W 

tie  Wiis  a  man  of  little  stature ;  o(  a  weak  and  sickly 
tonstitution ;  extremely  brave,  but  passionate  :  for  he  was 
not  satisfied  with  attacking  the  Roman  Catholics  with  his 
pen,  be  attacked  them  also  with  his  sword.   He  acquainted 
^qtber  with  the  double  war  which  he  carried  on  againit 
the  clergy.     **  I  received  a  letter  from  Hutten,''  says  Lu- 
c  tfaef,  *^  filled  with  rage  against  the  Roman  pontiff,  declar- 
ing he  would  attack  the  tyranny  of  the  clergy  both  with 
.bis  pen  and  sword  :  he  being  exasperated  against  the  pope 
for  threatening  him  with  daggers  and  poison,  and  com* 
manding  the  bishop  of  Mentz  to  send  him  bound  to  Rome.'* 
Camerarius  says,  that  Hutten  was  impatient,  that  his  air 
•tod  discourse  shewed  him  to  be  of  a  cruel  disposition ;  and 
applied  to  him  what  was  said  of  Demosthenes,  namely, 
that  *^  he  would  have  turned  the  world  upside  down,  bad 
his  power  been  equal  to  his  will.*'     His  works  are  nume* 
rousy  though  he  died  young.     A  collection  of  his  '^  Latin 
t^oems^'  was  published  at  Francfort  in  1538,    ISmo)  all 
which,  except  two  poems,  were  reprinted  in  the  third  part 
of  the  ^'  DelicisB  Poetarum  Germanorum.  ^'     He  was  tlie^ 
author  of  a  great  many  works,  chiefly  satirical,  in  the  way 
of  dialogue ;  and  Thuanus  has  not  scrupled  to  compare 
him  to  Lucian,     Of  this  cast  were  his  Latin  Dialogues  on 
Lutheranism^  published   in  4to,  in  1520,  and  now  very 
scarce.     He  had  also  a  considerable  share  in  the  cele« 
brated    work    called  ^'  Epistolae    virorum    obscurorum,'' 
^hich  Meiners,  in  his  ^<  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men,"  says, 
was  the  joint  work  of  Ulrick  and  Crotus  Rubianus,  ali^s 
John  Jaeger,    of  Dornheim  in  Thuringia.     The  produc- 
itions  of  each,  according  to  Meiners,  may  easily  be  dis* 
tinguished.     Wherever  we  are  struck  with  the  "  peculiar 
levity,  rapidity,  and  force  of  the  sty le~^ with  a  certain  sol- 
dier-like boldness  and  unclerical  humour,  in  obscene  jests 
land  pictures,    and  comical  representations  of  saints,  re- 
liques,  &c. — with  no  small  degree  of  keenness  in  the  rela^ 
tion  of  laughable  anecdotes, -^with  a  knowledge  of  Italy^ 
to  be  obtained  only  by  experience, — with  a  pleasant  ex'^ 
planation  and  derivation  of  words  in  the  style  of  the  mon« 
kish  schools ; — in  all  these  places,  the  hand  of  Ulrick  Hut« 
ten  may  be  traced.'*     That  these  betters  were  the  work^of 
different  hands,  says  an  acute  critic,  is  not  improbable; 
but  we  are  not  certain  that  Crotus  Rubianus  had  any  share 
in  themi  nor  can  we  tell  from  what  authority  it  is.  sp 


jSli  H  U  T  T  E  N, 

afBrmed.  Goethe/ who  wrote  his  **  Tribute  to  the  memoiy 
of  yirick  af  Hutten,''  translated  into  English  by  Antony 
Aufrere,  esq.  1789,  and  who  wrote  that,  some  years  before 
the  appearance  of  Meiners'  Biography,  seems  to  have  led 
the  latter  into  this  opinion.  With  much  more  probabt'lily 
might  Reuchlin  have  been  mentioned,  who,  indeed,  by 
some  has  been  supposed  the  sole  author.  Upon  the  whole, 
however,  there  is  most  reason  to  think  them  Hutteii^s.  ^ 

HUTTEN  (Jacob),  a  Silesian  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
was  the  founder  of  the  sect  called  the  Bohemian  or  Moravian 
brethren,  a  sect  of  Anabaptists.  Hutten  purchased  a  ter- 
ritory of  sotne  extent  in  Moravia,  and  there  established  his 
society.  They  are  considered  as  descended  from  the  befr* 
ter  sort  of  Hussites,  and  were  distinguished  by  several  re« 
ligious  institutions  of  a  singular  nature,  but  well  adapted 
to  guard  their '  community  against  the  reigning  vices  of 
the  times.  When  they  heard  of  Luther's  attempts  to  re- 
form the  church,  they  sent  a  deputation  to  him,  and  he, 
.  examining  their  tenets,  though  he  could  not  in  every  par- 
ticular approve,  looked  upon  them  as  worthy  of  toleratioii 
and  indulgence.  Hutten  brought  persecution  upon  him- 
self and  his  brethren  by  violent  declamations  agafnst  the 
magistrates,  and  the  attempt  to  introduce  a  perfect  equality 
among  men.  It  has  been  said  that  he  wa$  burnt  as  a  he- 
retic at  Inspruck,  but  this  is  by  no  means  certain.  By  de- 
grees these  sectaries,  banished  from  their  own  country, 
entered  into  communion  with  the  Swiss  church  ^  though, 
for  some  time,  with  separate  institutions.  But  in  the  sy- 
oiods  held  at  Astrog  in  1620  and  1627,  all  dissensions  were 
jremoved,  and  the  two  congregations  were  formed  into  onief, 
under  the  title  of  the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren. 
The  sect  of  Herrenbutters  or  Moravians,  formed  by  count 
Zinzendorff  in  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  pre- 
tend to  be  descended  from  these  brethren,  and  take  the 
'Same  title  of  unitas  Jratrum ;  but  Mosheim  observes  that 
.^^  they  may  with  more  propriety  be  said  to  imitate  tb^ 
4(^xample  of  that  famous  community,  than  to  descend  from 
^tbose  who  composed  it,  since  it  is  well  known  that  there 
l^re  very  few  Bohemians  and  Moravians  in  the  fraternity  of 
tlie  Herrenbutters ;  and  it  is  extremely  doubtful  whether 

t  Gen.  Diet — Moreri.— Goethe's  "  Tribute,"  by  Aufrerc — Jortin's  Erasmus. 
— »Melchior  Adam»  —  Niceron,  vol.  XV,  and  XX,  ^^  MontUly  RevieWi  Tol.  VU 


•e 


H  U  T  T  E  N.  375 

<9<en  this^small  number  are  to  be  considered  as  the  pos- 
terity of  the  ancient  Bohemian  brethren,  who  distinguished 
themselves  so  early  by  their  zeal  for  the  reformation,'' ' 

HUTTER  (EuAS),  a  Protestant  divine,  was  born  at 
Ulm,  in  1553,  and  died  at  Nuremberg  after  1602.  He 
was  deeply  versed  in  languages,  oriental  and  occidental ; 
particularly  Hebrew,  which  he  seems  to  have  taught  at 
Leipsic.  He  published,  1.  "  A  Hebrew  Bible,"  remark- 
able for  being  printed  with  the  radical  letters  in  black,  the 
^servile  in  hollow  type^^  and  the  quiescent  or  deficient;  let- 
ters in  smaller  characters  above  the  line.  At  the  end  is 
the  I. 17th  Psalm  in  thirty  different  languages.  2.  <'  Two 
Polyglotts,''  one  in  four  languages,  printed  at  Hamburg  in 
1596  ;  the  other  in  six  languages,  at  Nuremberg,  iu  1599 ; 
both  in  folio.' 

HUTTER  {Leonard),  was  also  a  native  of  Ulm,  and 
born  in  1563.  He  studied  at  Strasbourg,  and  early  ap- 
plied himself  with  great  diligence  to  theology  ;  he  was  af- 
"Orwards  at  Leipsic,  Heidelberg,  Jena,  and  Wirtemburg, 
and  in  the  latter  place  was  appointed  one  of  the  pubhc 
professors  of  theology.  He  married  a  lady  of  illustrious 
birth  in  1599;  and  died  of  a  fever  in  1616,  being  then- 
for  the  fourth  time  rector  of  the  university.  The  opinion 
held  of  his  principles  may  be  judged  by  five  anagrams  of 
his  names  Leonardus  Hutterus^  four  of  them  implying  that 
he  was  another  Luther.'  They  are  formed,  says  the  author 
who  gives  them,  ^^  per  literarum  baud  vanam  transposi* 
tionem ;"  thus,  **  Redonatus  Lutherus ;"  "  Leonhartus 
Hutterus  j"  **  Ah  tu  noster  Lutherus  ;"  "  Notus  arte  Lu- 
therus ;\'  **  Tantus  ero  Lutherus."  His  works  are  very* 
numerous ;  a  great  part  of  tliem  controversial,  directed 
gainst  the  church  of  Rome.  Besides  these,  i.  '^  Com- 
pendium TheologisB^  cum  Notis  D.  Gotofredi  Cundisii." 
2.  "Explicatio  Libri  Concordiae  Christianse,'-'  8vo.  3.  •*  Loci 
Communes  Theologici,"  folio.  4.  "  Porniula;  concionandi/' 
8vo.  5.  **  Disputationes  de  verbo  Dei  scripto,  ac  traditioni- 
bus  non  scriptis,"  in  4to.  6.  ^^  Collegium  Tkeologicum,  sive 
XI  disputationes  de  articulis  confessionis  Augustanse,"  dvo.* 
7.  **  Libri  Christians^  Concordiee,"  8vo ;  and  several  pieces  in 
defence  of  the  Formulas  ConcordisB,  which  in  his  time  were 
liigbly  esteemed;  besides  many  other  tracts  in  Latin  and  ia 

1  Mosbeiin's  Hist:  vol  IV.  p.  102,  and  V.  p.  8*. 
f  Cbaufepie.— »More;i.— Saxii  Onom^t» 


JW*  H  U  T  T  E  Ri 

Germany  all  of  which  are  enumerated  by  Freher,  but  seear 
too  uninteresting  at  the  present  day  to  be  transcribed.^ 

BUTTON  (James),    an  ingenious  philosopher  of  the- 
sceptical  class,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  William  Hutton,  mer- 
chant in  Edinburgh,  and  born  in  that  city  on  the  3d  of 
June,  1726.     He  entered  the  university  as  a  student  of 
humanity,  in  Nov.  1740.     He  studied  afterwards  unde^ 
the  celebrated  Maclaurin,  but  did  not  prosecute  the  m^« 
thematical  sciences  to  any  great  extent.     The  origin  of  bis 
attachment  to  the  study  of  chemistry  is  traced  to  the  acci- 
dental mention  of  a  chemical  fact  by  professor  Stevenson, 
in  his  prelections  on  logic.     The  fact  was,  that  aqita  regu^ 
is  the  only  solvent  of  gold  which  requires  the  united  action 
of  two  acids,  each  of  which  singly  is  capable  of  dissolving 
any  of  the   baser  metals:     This  important  phenomenon- 
drew  him,  »s  if  by  a  kind  of  electric  attraction,  to  the  study 
of  chemistry,    with  a  force  that  could  never  afterwards^ 
be  overcome.     His  philosophical  career  was  however  in-: 
terrupted  by  his  engaging,  at  the  request  of  his  friends,  as 
an  apprentice  to  a  writer  to  the  sign^.     But  itistesid  of 
copying  w'rits  and  deeds,  or  studying  the  forms  of  legal, 
proceedings,  it  was  found  that  his  favourite  object  of  pur-^ 
suit  was  the  experiments  of  the  crucible  and  retort.     He 
was  accordingly  released  from  his  engagement  as  an  apr 
prentice,  and  permitted  to  direct  his  attention  to  studies 
more  congenial  to  his  inclinations.     He  applied  himself  ta 
t^e  study  of  medicine  as  being  the  most  closely  connectetl 
with  chemistry,   and  after  attending  the  lectures  in  the' 
tiniversity  for  some  years,  repaired,  as  was  then  customary^, 
to  the  continent,  to  finish  his  course  of  study.     He  took 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Leyden,  in  1749. 

After  his  return  from  the  continent,  he  began  to  think 
seriously  of  settling  in  the  world.  His  views  were  first  di-f 
rected  to  the  medical  profession,  but  were  soon  abandoned' 
for  others  that  afforded  better  hopes  of  success.  He  rer 
9olved  to  apply  himself  to  the  study  and  practice  of  agri-r 
culture.  With  this  view  he  fixed  his  residence  for  some- 
time with  a  farmer  in  Norfolk,  from  whom  he  receiv^ 
practical  lessons  in  husbandry.  During  his  stay  in  Eng- 
Hnd  he  made  many  journeys  on  foot  into  different  parts  of 
the  country,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  mineralogy  on 
geology.     He  afterwards  visited  Flanders  with  the  view  o^ 

I  C!$n,  Di^<-^reheri  XheatrHm.— Saxii  Qnoma^t. 


\ 


BUTTON.  (37? 

iffomoting  both  hts  mineralogical  and  agricultural  studies. 
'In  1754  he  returned  to  Scotland,  and  fixed  bis  residence 
*^n  his  own  farm  in  Berwickshire,  where  he  introduced  the 
Jiew  husbandry  which  has  since  made  such  rapid  advances 
Jn  that  quarter.  About  1768  he  left  Berwickshire,  and 
went  to  reside  in  Edinburgh,  giving  his  undivided  atteotioa 
4o  scientific  pursuits.  This  gave  him  the  advantage  of 
^njoyiug  with  less  interruption,,  the  society  of  bis  literary 
iriends,  among  whom  were  Dr.  Black,  Mr.  Russel,  and 
professor  Adam  Ferguson. 

-  Dr.  Uuttoa's  first  publication  was  given  to  the  world  in 
vl777,  entitled  .*'  Considerations  on  the  nature,  quality, 
and  distinctions  of  Coal  and  Culm."  It  proves  that  culm 
.ia  the  small  or  refuse  of  the  infusible  or  stone-coal,  but 
jvery  different  in  its  properties  from  the  small  of  the  fusible 
jcoaL  A  sketch  of  his  great  work,  his  *^  Theory  of  the 
£arth/'  the  formation  of  which  had  been  the  object  of 
inany  years  of  previous  study,  was  communicated  to  the 
voyal  society  of  Edinburgh  soon  after  its  original  institution. 
Another  paper,  a  ^^  Theory  of  Rain,^'  appeared  also  ia 
Xhe  first  volume  of  the  Edinburgh  Transactions.  Thiii 
theory,  as  is  well  known,  met  with  a  most  vigorous  and 
4eter mined  •  opposition  from  M.  de  Luc,  and  became  a 
subject  of  controversy,  which  was  conducted  with  perhaps 
]:po  much  warmth.  After  the  period  of  these  two  public 
fcatioQf,  Dr.  Hutton  made  several  excursions  ipto  different 
parts  of  Scotland,  with  a  view  of  comparing  certain  results 
of  his  theory  with  actual  observation ;  and  in  these  he 
see^i^  to  have  been  very  successful.  In  1792  he  publistied 
'' Dissertations  on  different  subjects  in  Natural  PhilosO« 
phy,'*  in  which  his  theory  for  explaining  the  phenomena 
of  the  material  world,  seems  to  coincide  very  closely  ivith 
ihat  of  Boscovich,  though  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  former  was  suggested  by  the  latter.  But  Dr* 
Hutton  did  npt  confipe  himself  merely  to  physical  specu-*' 
lations ;  be  directed  his  attention  also  to  the  study  of  meta-^ 
jphysicsg  the  result  of  which  was  the  publication  of  a  work 
entitled  ^'  An  Investigation  of  the  Principles  of  Knowledge^ 
and  of  the  Progress  of  Reason  from  Sense  to  Science  and 
Philosophy,"  3  vols;  4to.  The  metaphysical  opinions  ad- 
vanced in  this  work  coincide  for  the  most  part  mth  those 
af  Dr.  Berkeley^  and  abound  in  sceptical  boldness  and  phi-^ 
losophical  infidelity.  In  J794  appeared  his  **  Dissertation 
jupoQ  the  Tbilosophy  of  Light,   Heat, '  and  Fire,"    8vo, 


r 


-87B  H  U  T  T  O  N. 

which  may  be  considered  as  a  kind  of  supplement  to  ih0 
two  preceding  works.  In  1796  his  *^  Theory  of  the  Earth*' 
was  republished  in  2  vols.  8vo,  frbm  &e  Edinburgh  Phi^ 
losophical  Transactions,  with  large  additions,  and  a  new 
minecalogical  system.  Many  of  his  opinions  here  have 
been  ably  combated  by  Kirwan  and  others. 

In  1792  Dr.  Hutton's  health  began  to  decline,  and  in 
tbe  summer  of  1793  be  was  seized  with  a  severe  illnes% 
which  after  some  intervals  of  convalescence,  terminated  at 
last  in  his  death,  March  26,  1797.* 

HUXHAM  (John),  was  a  physician  of  considerable  re«* 
|3utation,  who  practised  his  profession  at  Plymouth,  where 
he  died  in  1768.     It  is  remarkable  that  no  biographical 
memoirs  of  this  able  and  learned  practitioner  are  extant. 
Mr.  Polwhele  informs  us. only  that  he  was  the  son  of  a 
butcher  at  Halberton.     Yet  he  possessed  an  innate  geniui 
;and  a  strong  propensity  for  medical  acquisitions.    By  these 
lie  was  led  to  the  university  of  Leyden,  where  he  pursued 
Jiis  studies  with  indefatigable  application,  and  todk  his 
doctor's  degree  in  medicine.     At  length,  settling  at  Ply- 
mouth, by  a  successful  Course  of  practice  he  acquired  a 
considerable  fortune^  and  by  several  admirable  publications 
gained  universal  fame.     His  ^^  Treatise  on  Fevers''  Mn 
Polwhele  notices,  as  the  most  eminent,  and  as  it  lead^  to 
the  subsequent  anecdote.     ^^  The  queen  of  Portugal  being 
ill  of  a  fever,  and  being  reduced  to  the  last  extremity,  not* 
.withstanding  the  efforts  of  the  physicians  of  the  country  ; 
his  majesty,  hearing  of  the  eminence  of  a  physician  lOf  the 
£nglish  factory  at  Lisbon,  sent  for  him,  and  giving  him 
the  particulars  of  the  queen's  disorder,  inquired  whether 
it  was  in  his  power  to  administer  any  assistance.    The  phy* 
sician  replied  that  he  was  not  without,  hope,  but  that  he 
could  do  nothing  unless  her  msgesty  was  Jeft  to  his  sole 
care  and  direction.     This  being  granted,  the  disorder  soon 
took  a  turn,  and  in  a  short  time  the  queen  was  restored  to 
perfect  health.     The  doctor  being  complimented  by  the 
kiiig  on  his  abilities  and  success,  said  he  had  no  claim  but 
to  the  application  ;  for  that  the  merit  was  due  to  Dr.  Huxr 
bam,  an  eminent  physician  at  Plymouth,  whose  tract  on 
the  management  of  fevers  he  had  implicitly  followed.  Upon 
vrbich,  the  king  immediately  procured  the  treatise,  bad  il 
translated  into  the  Portuguese  language,  printed  it  ixk 

I  Philpsopbical  TtansacUops  of  Edinburgh,  voUV, 


H  U  X  H  A  M.  87» 

faanjsome  4to,  and  sent  it  richly  bound  to  Dr.  Huxham,  as 
^n  acknowledgment  of  the  sense  be  entertained  of  bis  abi- 
lities, and  of  his  debt  of  gratitude  on  the  recovery  of  the 
queen;'* 

Dr.  Huxbam's  writings  display  a  most  intimate  acquaint* 
ance  with  the  writings  of  the  ancients,  and  a  great  vene*- 
ration  for  those  of  Hippocrates  in  particular ;  and  he  quotes 
the  ancient  languages,  and  writes  the  Latin,  with  great 
fluency  and  familiarity.  He  appears  to  have  spent  his  lif^ 
at  Plymouth  in  the  active  exercise  of  bis  profession  ;  foo 
be  kept  a  register  of  the  state  of  health  and  reigning  dis- 
eases at  that  place,  togeUier  with  an  account  of  the  variety 
of  the  seasons,  for  nearly  thirty  years,  (namely,  from  1724 
to  1752  inclusive);  which  were  published  in  Latin,  under 
the  title  of"  Observationes  de  Aere  et  Morbis  Epidemicis,'* 
4&C.  in  3  vols.  8vo.  The  first  of  these  volumes  commences 
with  an  account  of  the  year  1728  ;  but  in  the  dedicatioa 
to  sir  Hans  Sloane,  he  refers  to  an  account  of  the  consti- 
tution and  diseases  of  the  seasons  from  1724  to  1727,  al« 
ready  published.  The  third  volume  was  edited  in  1770^ 
after  the  death  of  the  author,  by  his  son  J.  Cor.  Huxham, 
A.  M.  F^  R.  S. ;  who,  it  is  Ur  be  regretted,  did  not  insert 
anfy  miemoirs  of  bis  father^s  life. 

<  Dr.  Huxham  was  at  an  early  period  elected  a  member  of 
the  royal  society,  and  communicated  several  papers  on 
the  subjects  of  pathology  and  morbid  anatomy,  which 
tvere  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions.  But 
the  work,  upon  which  his  reputation  principally  rests,  iv 
bis  "  £ssay  on  Fevers,"  published  about  1739,  of  which  a 
fifth  edition  appeared  the  year  before  his  death,  containing 
also  ^^  A  Dissertation  on  the  Malignant,  Ulcerous  Sore 
Throat."  His  accuracy  and  acuteness,  as  an  observer  of 
the  phenomena  of  disease,  were  particularly  exemplified 
in  his  drscrimiBative  history  of  the  "  Slow  Nervous  Fever,'*^ 
to  which  bis  name  is  often  annexed  when  this  fever  is 
mentioned  by  succeeding  authors.  His  theory  was  the  a^« 
cieut  humoral  pathology,  which  much  influenced  bis  prac- 
tice ;  but  that  was  the  general  fault  of  the  age.  He  was 
the  author  of  some  ^^  Observations  on  Antimony,"  171^6^ 
4to  ;  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal  college  of  phy-^ 
aicians  at  Edinburgh.  He  has  gii'en  few  prescriptions  in 
his  works ;  for  he  observes,  with  Hippocrates,  that  the  phy-« 
sician  who  knows  a  disease,  cannot  be  at  a  loss  in  respect 
to.  the  ^rni  of  his  remedy ;   but,   having   mentioned  a 


nn  H  u  X  H  A  m; 

favouritie  formula  for  the  preparation  of  a  tincture  of  tb4 
Peruvian  bark,  in  bis  Essay  on  Fevers,  in  which  the  bitter 
is  (Corrected  by  aromatics,  his  name  has  become  attached 
to  the  tincture  of  bark  which  is  commonly  prepared  in  the 
shops  according  to  his  prescription,  land  is  also  adopted  in 
the  Pbarmacopceia  of  the  college  of  physicians/ 
.  HUYGENS  (Christian),  a  very  celebrated  mathema-p 
lician  and  astronomer,  was  born  at  the  Hague  April  14^ 
1629,  and  was  son  of  Constantine  Huygens,  lord  of  Zuy^ 
Uchem,  who  had  served  three  successive  princes  of  Orange 
in  the  quality  of  secretary,  and  had  spent  his  whole  life  in 
cultivating  the  mathematics ;  not  in  the  speculative  way 
only,  .but  in  nmiking  them  subservient  to  the  uses  of  life^ 
From  his  infancy  our  author  applied  himself  to  this  study^ 
land  made  a  considerable  progress  in  it,  even  at  nine  years 
of  age,  as  well  as  in  music,  arithmetic,  and  geography ;  in 
all  which  be  was  instructed  by  his  father,  who  in  the  mean 
time  did  not  suffer  him  to  neglect  the  belles  lettres.  At 
thirteen  be  was  initiated  in  the  study  of  mechanics ;  having 
discovered  a  wonderful  curiosity  in  examining  machines 
^nd  other  pieces  of  mechanism ;  and  two  years  after  bad 
the  assistance  of  a  master  in  mathematics,  under  whom  he 
made  surprising  progress.  In  1645  he  went  to  study  laws 
at  Leyden,  under  Vinnius  ;  yet  did  not  attach  himself  so 
closely  to  that  science,  but  that  be  found  time  to  oontinue 
his  mathematics  under  the  professor  Schooten.  He  left 
this  university  at  the  end  of  one  year,  and  went  to  Breda^ 
where  an  university  had  just  been  founded,  and  placed 
under  the  direction  of  bis  father ;  and  here,  for  two  or 
^ree  years,  he  made  the  law  his  chief  study.  In  1649  he 
went  to  Holstein  and  Denmark,  in  the  retinue  of  Hemy 
count  of  Nassau ;  and  was  extremely  desirous  of  going  tQ 
Sweden  to  visit  Des  Cartes,  who  was  then  in  that  country 
"tvith  the  queen  Christina,  but  the  count's  short  stay  in 
Denmark  would  not  permit  him.  In  1651,  he  gave  the 
world  a  specimen  of  bis  genius  for  mathematics,  in  a  trea« 
tise  entitled  ^^  Theoremata  de  quadratura  Hyperboles^ 
Ellipsis,  &  Circuli,  ex  dato  portionum  gravitatis  centro  :'* 
in  v^hich  he  shewed  very  evidently  what  might  be  expected 
from  him  afterwards. 

;  -In  1655  he  travelled  into  France,  and  took  the  degree 
ef  doctor  of  laws  at  Anglers.     In  165a  he  published  his 

i.  \P<ilvyhel^'8  Hifitqry  of  PeTODshiie,  voL  I,  p.  326,— Re^'s  C^cIoi^KdUt^    .; 


H  u  r  G  E  N  S*  S1^ 

<f  H6ro1ogtain  oscillatorium,  sive  de  rootu  pendalorum/* 
&Ci  at  the  Hague*  He  had  exhibited  in  a  preceding  work 
entitled  <*  Brevis  institutio  de  usu  Horologiornixi  ad  inve« 
niendas  longitudines/'  a  model  of  a  new  invented  pendu-^ 
lum  ;  but  as  some  persons  envious  of  his  reputation  were 
labouring  to  deprive  him  of  the  honour  of  the  invention^ 
he  wrote  this  book  to  explain  the  construction  of  it^  and 
to  shew  that  it  was  very  different  from  the  pendulum  of 
astronomers  invented  by  Galileo.  In  1659  he  published 
his^^  Systema  Saturninum,  sive  de  causis  mirandorum  Sa« 
tumi  phaenomenon,  &  comite  ejus  planeta  novo."  Galileo 
bad  endeavoured  to  explain  some  of  the  surprising  appears 
^ces  of  the  planet  Saturn.  He  had  at  first  perceived  two 
stars  which  attended  it;  and  some  time  after  was  amazed 
to  find  them  disappear  Huygens,  desirous  to  account  for 
these  changes,  laboured  with-  his  brother  Constantine  to 
bring  the  telescopes  to  greater  perfection  ;  and  made  \ixvd* 
self  glasses  by  which  be  could  view  objects  at  a  greater 
distance  than  any  that  had  yet  b^en  contrived.  With 
t^hese  he  applied  himself  to  -observe  all  the  phases  and  ap<^ 
pearances  of  Saturn,  and  drew  a  journal  of  all  th^  differeni 
aspects  of  that  planet.  He  discovered  also  one  of  the  sau* 
tellites  belonging  to  that  planet,  which  had  hitherto  es« 
caped  the  eyes  of  astronomers ;  and,  after  a  long  cdUris^ 
^  observations,  perceived  that  the  planet  is  surrounded 
>^th  a  solid  and  permanent  ring,  which  never  changes  its 
situation.  These  discoveries  gained  him  an  high  rauk 
^unong  the  astronomers  of  his  time. 

r  In  1660  he  took  a  second  journey  into  France,  and  the 
year  after  passed  over  into  England,  where  he  communi- 
cated his  art  of  polishing  glasses  for  telescopes,  and  was 
Bnade  a  fellowof  the  royal  society.  About  this  time  the 
^ir-pump  was  invented,  which  received  considerable  im- 
provements from  him.  This  year  also  he  discovered  the 
laws  of  the  collision  of  elastic  bodies  :  as  did  afterwards 
(Dur  own  countrymen,  the  celebrated  Wallis  and  Wren, 
with  whom  he  had  a  disputed  about  the  honour  of  this  dis« 
covery.  After  he  had  stayed  some  months  in  England,  he 
returned  to  France  in  1663,  where  his  merit  became  so 
conspicuous,  that  Colbert  resolved  to  fix  him  at  Paris,  by 
aettling  on  him  a  considerable  pension.  Accordingly,  in 
1665,  letters  written  in  the  king^s  name  were  sent  to  him 
to  the  Hague,  where  he  then  was,  to  invite  him  to  Paris^^ 
fntb  the  projpaise  of  a  li^rge  stipend,  i^nd  other  considerable^ 


$S0  tt  U  Y  G  E  N  S. 

advantages.  Huygens  consented  to  the  proposal,  and  teJ 
sided  at  Paris  from  1666  to  1681 ;  where  be  was  made  a 
member  of  the  royal  academy  of  sciences.  During  thi& 
time  he  was  engaged  in  mathematical  pursuits,  wrote  several 
works,  which  were  published  from  time  to  time,  and  invented 
and  perfected  several  useful  instruments  and  machines. 
But  continual  application  began  then  to  impair  his  health ; 
and,  though  he  had  twice  visited  his  native  air,  in  1670 
and  1675,  for  the  sake  of  recovering  from  illness,  he  now 
found  it  permanently  nebessary  to  his  constitution ;  but 
perhaps  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz  was  a  prin- 
cipal reason  for  his  wishing  to  return  to  his  0wn  country^ 
Though  he  was  assured  that  he  should  enjoy  the  same 
liberty  as  before,  and  not  be  molested  for  his  religious 
opinions,  he  would  not  consent  to  live  in  a  country  where 
bis  religion  was  proscribed,  and  therefore  left  Paris  in 
JI68I^  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  his  own 
country,  occupied  in  his  usual  pursuits  and  employments* 
lie  died  at  the  Hague  June  8,  1695,  in  his  sixty-seventh 
year,  while  his  ^*  Cosmotheoros,**  a  Latin  treatise  con- 
cerning the  plurality  of  worlds,  was  printing  ;  he  provided, 
however,  in  his  will  for  its  publication,  desiring  his  bro- 
ther Constantine,  to  whom  it  was  addressed,  to  take  that 
trouble  upon  him.  But  Constantine  was  so  occupied  with 
business,  as  being  secretary  in  Holland  to  the  king  o£ 
Great  Britain,  that  he  died  also  before  it  could  be  printed; 
so  that  the  book  did  not  appear  in  public  till  1698. 
.  In  1703  were  printed  at  Leyden,  in  1  vol.  4to,  Huj«. 
geos's  *^  Opuscula  Posthuma,  quae  continent  Dioptricam, 
Commentarios  de  vitris  figurandis,  Dissertationem  de  Co^ 
rona  &  Parheliis,  Tractatum  de  motu  &  de  vi  centrifugay 
descriptionem  Automati  Planetarii.''  Huygens  had  left  by 
^will  to  the  university  of  Leyden  his  mathematical  writings^ 
and  requested  de  Voider  and  FuUenius,  the  former  pro-* 
fessor  of  natural  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Leyden, 
and  the  other  at  Franeker,  to  examine  these  works,  and 
publish  what  they  should  think  proper.  This  was  per*^ 
formed  in  the  volume  here  mentioned.  Huygens  had  writ- 
ten in  Low  Dutch  the  second  of  the  tracts  it  contains,  re- 
lating to  the  art  of  forming  and  polishing  telescope -glasses, 
to  which  he  had  greatly  applied  himself;  and  Boerbaava 
translated  it  into  Latin  for  this  work.  In  1700,  were  pub- 
lished in  4to,  his  "  Opera  Varia."  This  collection  is  ge* 
x^eraliy  bound  in  4  vplumes.    It  contains  the  greatest  jpart 


H  U  Y  G  E  N  S^  381 

.4>F  the  pieces  which  he  had  published  separately,  and  is 
divided  into  four  parts.  The  first  part  contains  the  pieces 
•  relating  to  mechanics;  the^ecand,  those  relating  to  geo- 
metry ;  the  third,  those  relating  to  astronomy ;  and  the 
fourth,  those  which  could  not  be  arranged  under  any  of 
the  former  titles.  Gravesande  had  the  care  of  this  edition^ 
in  which  he  has  inserted  several  additions  to  the  pieces  con- 
tained in  it,  extracted  from  Huygens's  manuscripts.  In  1 728 
were  printed  at  Amsterdam,  iq  2  vols.  4to,  his  *^  Opera  Reli- 
qua;''  which  new  collection  was  published  also  by  Grave- 
sande.  The  first  volume  contains  his  ^'  Treatises  on  Light 
and  Gravity ;"  the  second  his  '^  Opuscula  Posthuma,'* 
which  had  been  printed  in  1703.  His  whole  time  had  been 
employed  in  curious  and  useful  researches.  He  loved  a 
quiet  and  studious  life ;  and  perhaps  through  fear  of  inter- 
ruption, never  married.  He  was  an  amiable,  chearful^ 
worthy  man ;  and  in  all  respects  as  good  as  he  was  great. 
As  an  inventor,  the  first  and  not  the  least  considerable  of 
his  discoveries  was  that  he  made  of  the  real  nature,  or 
rather  figure  of  the  luminous  appearance  which  accompa- 
nies  the  planet  Saturn ;  but  the  most  important  was  his 
pendulum  clock  and  his  micrometer.  His  history,  how- 
ever, includes  many  controversies  respecting  priority  ia 
these  inventions,  which  may  be  seen  at  large  in  our  autho- 
rities.^ 

HUYGHENS  (Gomarus),  a  celebrated  doctor  of  Lou- 
vain,  was  born  in  163  i,  at  Lier,  or  Lyre,  a  town  in  Brabant. 
He  professed  philosophy  at  Louvain  with  reputation,  and 
was  made  president  of  the  college  of  pope  Adrian  VL 
where  he  died,  October  27,  1702,  leaving  several. works  in 
Latin  :  the  principal  are,  ^^  The  Method  of  remitting  and 
retaining  Sins,"  16S6,  12mo;  it  has  been  translated  into 
French ;  "  Theses  on  Grace,"  4to ;  "  Theological  Con- 
ferences,"  3  vols.  12mo,  &c. ;  a  "  Course  of  Divinity,"  14 
i^ols.  l2ino,  &c.  He  refused  to  write  against  the  four  ar- 
ticles of  the  French  clergy,  which  displeased  the  court  of 
Home.  Huyghens  was  P.  Quesnel's  intimate  friend,  and 
^^ealously  defended  his  cause  and  his  opinions.  M.  Ar- 
Jiauld  speaks  highly  in  his  praise.*  , 

« 

1  Gen.  Diet.— Eloges  des  Academici«QS,To].  L-^Martin's  Biog.  Pbilosophia^ 
-.Ward's  Gresham  Profeasors.-^NiceroD,  vol.  XIX.— .Hutton'i  Dictionary.— h 
EncycloiMidia  BritannicB,  vol.  XVilL  p.  SOS,  aote»^Tb«onon^s  liMtory  of  tka. 
Soyal  Society.  "" 

!  MorerL—Dict,  Qpu  . 


js«2  /.  H  tj  Y  sr  U  Bt 

HUySUM  (John  Van),  an  illustrious  painter  who  suim 
passed  all  who  have  ever  painted  in  his  ^tyle,  aad  whose 
Works  excite  as  much  surprise  by  their  finishing,  a^  admi- 
ration by  their  truth,  was  born  at  Amsterdam  in  1 6S2^  and 
was  a  disciple  of  Justus  Van  Huysum,  his  father.  He  sec 
.out  in  his  profession  with  a  most  commendable  principle, 
not  so  much  to  paint  for  the  acquisition  of  money,  as  of 
fame  ;  and  therefore  he  did  not  aim  at  expedition,  but  at 
delicacy,  and  if  possible,  to  arrive  at  perfection  in  his  art. 
-Ha^ng  attentively  studied  the  pictures  of  Mignon^  and  ail 
other,  artists  of  distinction  who  had  painted  in  his  own  sty  la^ 
he  tried  which  manner  would  sooioest  lead  him  to  imitate 
the  lightness  and  singular  beauties  of  each  flower,  fruit,  or 
plant ;  and  then  fixed  on  a  manner  peculiar  to  himself, 
•which  seems  almost  inimitable.  He  soon  received  the 
most  deserved  applause  from  the  ablest  judges  of  painting-; 
eyen  those  who  furnished  him  with  the  loveliest  flowers; 
confessing  that  there  was  somewhat  in  his  colouring  and 
pencilling  that  rendered  every  object  more  beautiful,  if 
possible,  than  even  nature  itself.  His  pictures  are  finished 
with  inconceivable  truth  ;  for  he  painted  every  tiling  after 
nature,  and  was  so  singularly  exact,  as  to  watch  even  tilts 
hour  of  the  day  in  which  his  model  appeared  in  its  greatest 
perfection*  . 

By  the  judicious  he  was  accounted  to  paint  with  grcateir 
freedom  dban  Mignon  or  Brueghel;  with  more  tendernesi 
and  nature  than  Mario  da  Fieri,  Michael  Angelo  di  Cam- 
pidogHo,or  Segers ;  with  more  mellowness  than  De  Qeem, 
^d  greater  force  of  colouring  than  Baptist.  His  reputa*^ 
tiofl  rose  tosueh  a  height  at  last,  that  he  fixed  immoderate 
prices  on  his  works ;  so  that  none  but  the  very  opulent' 
could  pretend  to  become  purchasers.  Six  of  his  paintings 
were  sold,  at  a  public  sale  in  Holland,  for  prices  that  were 
almost  incredible.  One  of  them,  a  flower-piece,  for  four- 
teen hundred  and  fifty  guilders;  a. fruit-piece,  for  a  tbou^ 
sand  and  five  guilders  ;  and  the  smaller  pictures  for  nine 
hundred.  These  vast  sums  caused  him  to  redouble  his  en«» 
deavours  to  excel ;  no  person  was  admitted  into  his  rooitt 
while  he  was  painting,  not  even  his  brothers ;  and  hi» 
method  of  mixing  the  tints,  and  preserving  the  lustre  of 
£is  colours,  was  an  impenetrable  secret  which  he  never 
iwould  disclose.  From  the  same  principle  he  would  never 
take  any  disciples,  except  one  lady,  named  Haverman'y 
and  he  grew  envious  and  jealous  even  of  her  intsrit^        ' 


H  O  Y  S  V  IVf .  JM 

<-  By  Several  domestic  disquiets,  bis  tefiipef  became 
changed;  he  grew  morose,  fretful,  and  apt  to  withdraw 
himself  from  society.  He  bad  many  enviers  of  his  fame^ 
which  has  ever  been  the  severe  lot  of  the  most  deserving  in 
all  professions ;  but  be  continued  to  work,  and  his  reputa^ 
tion  never  diminished.  It  is  universally  agreed,  tbat  he 
bas  excelled  all  who  have  painted  fruit  and  flowers  before 
him,  by  the  confessed  superiority  of  his  toupb,  by  the  de«- 
licacy  of  his  pencil,  and  by  an  amazing  manner  of  finish«- 
ing  ;  nor  does  it  appear  probable  that  any  future  artist  will 
ever  become  his  competitor.  The  care  which  he  took  tb 
purify,  his  oils,  and  prepare  his  colours,  and  the  various  ex*- 
periments  he  made  to  discover  the  most  lustro^us  and  du- 
rable, is  another  instance  of  his  extraordinary  care  and 
capacity. 

From  having  observed  some  of  his  works  that  were  per* 
fectly  finished,  some  only  half  finished,  and  others  only 
begun,  the  principles  by  which  he  conducted  himself  ^may 
perhaps  be  discoverable.  His  cloths  were  prepared  with 
the  greatest  care,  and  primed  with  wJiite,  with  all  possible 
purity,  to  prevent  his  colours  from  being  obscured,  as  he 
Jaid  them  on.  very  lightly.  He  glazed  all  other  colours^ 
except  the  clear  and  transparent,  not  omitting^  even  the 
^bite  ones,  till  he  found  the  exact  tone  of  the  colour ;  and 
oyer  that  be  finished  the  forms,  the  lights,  the  shadows^ 
and  the  reflections ;  which  are  all  executed  with  precisioa 
and  warmth,  without  dryness  or  negligence.  The  greatest 
truth,  united  with  the  greatest  brilliancy,  and  a  velvet  soft<» 
ness  on  the  surface  of  his  objects,  are  visible  in  every  part 
of  his  .compositions ;  and  as  to  his  touch,  it  looks  like  the 
pencil  of  nature.  Whenever  he  represented  flowers  placed 
in  vases,  he  always  painted  those  vases  after  some  elegant 
model,  ^nd  the  bas-relief  is  as  exquisitely  finished  as  any 
of  the  other  parts.  Through  the  whole  he  shews  a  delicate 
composition,  a  fine  harmony,  and  a  most  happy  eflect  of 
light  and  shadow.  Those  pictures  which  he  painted  on  a 
clear  ground,  are  preferred  to  others  of  his  hand^  as  having 
greater  lustre ;  and  as  they  demanded  more  care  and 
exactness  in  the  finishing  ;  yet  there  are  some  ofx  a  darkish 
ground,  in  which  appears  rather  more  force  and  harmony^ 
.  It  is  observed  of  him,  that  in  the  grouping  of  his  flowers^ 
he, geneiielly  designed  those  which  were  brightest  in  the 
centre,  and  gradually  decreased  the  force  of  his.  colour 
from  the  centre  to  the  extremities.    The  bbNls'  nests  and 


3S4  H  U  Y  S  U  M. 

their  eggs,  the  feathers,  insects,  and  drops  of  dew,  ard 
expressed  with  the  Htmost  truth,  so  as  even  to  deceive  the 
spectator.  And  yet,  after  all  this  merited  and  just  praise,  it 
cannot  but  be  confessed,'  that  sometimes  bis  fruits  appear 
li'  e  wax  or  ivory,  without  that  peculiar  softness  and  wvirmth 
wi;ich  is  constantly  obseryable  in  nature.  Beside  bis  merit 
as  a  flower- painter,  he  also  painted  landscapes  with  great 
applause.  They  are  well  composed ;  and  although  he  had 
never  seen  Rome,  he  adorned  his  scenes  with  the  noble 
remains  of  ancient  magnificence  which  are  in  that  city. 
His  pictures  in  ibat  style  are  well  coloured,  and  every  tree 
is  distinguished  by  a  touch  that  is  proper  for  the  leafing. 
The  grounds  are  well  broken,  and  disposed  with  taste  and 
judgmen^t ;  the  figures  are  designed  in  the  manner  of 
Lairesse,  highly  finished,  and  touched  with  a  great  deal  of 
«piQt ;  and  through  the  whole  composition,  the  scene  re- 
presents Italy,  in  the  trees,  the  clouds,  and  the  skies.  He 
died  in  1749,  aged  sixty-3even. 

Of  his  brothers,  Justus  Van  Huysum  was  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  died  when  he  had  arrived  only  at  his  twenty- 
second  year.  He  painted  battles  in  ajarg^and  a  small 
;iize,  with  exceeding  readiness  and  freedom,  without  hav- 
ing recourse  to  any  models ;  and  he  composed  his  objects 
Xnerely  by  the  power  of  his  own  lively  imagination,  dis*- 
posing  them  also  with  judgment  and  taste ;  and  Jacob 
Van  Huysum,  also  ,born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1680,  died  at 
London,  wberehe  bad  resided  for  several  years.  His  merit 
chiefly  consisted  in  imitating  the  works  of  his  brother  John ; 
which  he  did  with  so  much  critical  exactness,  beauty,  and 
delicacy,  as  frequently  to  deceive  the  most  sagacious  con- 
noisseurs; and  be  usually  had  twenty  guineas  for  each 
copy.  He  also  composed  subjects  of  his  own  invention 
in  tlie  same  style,  which  were  very  much  prized;  and  his 
paintings  increased  in  their  value  like  those  of  his  brother 
Johi^.     He  died  in  1740.^ 

HYDE  (Edward),  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  chancellor  of 
England,  was  descended  from  an  ancient  family  in  Cbe- 
abire,  and  born  at  Dinton  in  Wiltshire,  Feb.  16, 1608.  la 
1622,  he  was  entered  of  Magdalen -hall  in  Oxford,  and  icr 
1625,  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  in  arts ;  but  failing  of  a 
fellowship  in  Exeter  college,  for  which  he  stood,  he  re- 
moved to  the  Middle  Temple^  where  he  studied  the  law 

I  Pilkio|toii.— Ar2;enville|  toL  lII.«-*Wa||K>ie'8  Anecdotes* 


It  YD  It*  StJ^ 

ibr  «Qv<eitil'  jekru  widn  dil%«nce  ancl  «iioc0B9<  When  th«f 
ls|wyer»  resolved  td  give  a  puUio  teitknony  of  Aeif  dissent 
frMA  the  new  doctrine  advanced  in  Prynne^s  *f  HistviO'* 
HaasPtix/^  in  whioh  was  iihewn'  an  uttet  disregavd  ef  all  man^ 
ney  ef  deeency  and  respect  Iro  tfae  ci^ewn,  Hyde  and  White- 
locke^were  appointed  the  managers  of  the  masque  pre-^ 
iented  on  that  occasion  to  their  majesties  at  Whitehall  on 
OaBd)emas<-dayy  1693«>4.  At  the  same  time  he  telstified, 
npon  alt  occasions,  bis  utter  dislike  to  that  excess  of  power,' 
whioh  was  then  exercised  by  the  couyt,  and  supported  by 
the  judges  in  Westminster- ball.  He  condemned  the  op- 
pressive proceedings  of  the  higb-commissiGfn  court,  th^ 
star-chamber,  the  eiounciUboard^  the  earl-marshal!s  court, 
er  court  of  honour,  and  the  court  of  York,  This  just  way 
of  thinking  is  said  to  have  been  formed  in  him  by  a  do- 
mestic accident,  which  Burnet  relates  in  the  .ft^llowing 
manner :  ^  Wtien  he  first  began,**  says  that  historian,  ^^  te 
grow  eminent  in  his  profession  of  ^e  law,  he  went  down  to 
Tisit  his  father  in  Wiltshire ;  who  one  day,  aa  they  wert 
walking  in  the  fields  together,  ebseriFed  to  him^  that  *  men 
6f  his  profession  were  apt  to  stretch  the  prerogative  toor 
far,  and  injure  Kberty:  but  charged  him,  if  ever  be  eame 
to  any  eminence  in  his  profession,  never' to  sacrifioe  the 
laws  and  liberty  of  his  country  to  his  own  interest^  or  the 
will  of  his  prince.*  He  repeated  this  twice,  and  immew 
diatdy  fell  into  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  of  which  he  died  to  a 
few  hours  ;  and  this  advice  had  so  lasting  an  influence  upon 
the  son,  that  he  ever*  after  observed  and  pursued  it.'* 
'  In  the  parliament  which  began  at  Westminster  April 
10,  J  640,  he  served  as  burgess  for  Wotton-Basset  in  Wilt- 
shire; and  distirtguished  himself  upon  the  following  occa- 
sion. His  majesty  having  acquaitited  the  house  of  com- 
mons, that  be  would  release  the  ship-money,  if  they  would 
^knt  him  twdve  subsidies,  to  be  paid  in  three  years,  great 
debates  arose  in  the  house  that  day  and  the  next ;  when' 
Hampden,  seeing  the  matter  ripe  for  the  question,  desired 
it  might  be  pat,  ^^  whether  the  house  should  comply  with 
the  proposition  made  by  the  king,  as  it  was  contained  in*^ 
the  message?*'  Serjeant 'Glanvile,  the  speaker,  for  the 
house  was  ttien  in  a  committee,  endeavoured  in  a  pathetic 
speech  to  persuade  them  to  comply  with  the  king,  and  so 
reconcile  him  to  parliaments  for  ever.  No  speech  ever 
united  the  inclination  of  a  popular  council  more  to  the 
speaker  than  this  did;  ai^d  if  the  question  had  been  im^ 
Vou  XVIIL  C  c 


3M  HYDE. 

mediately,  put,  it  was  believed  that  few  would  have  opposed- 
it.  But,  after  a  short  silence,  the  other,  side  recoTeriiig 
new  courage,  called  again  with  some  earnestness,  tha^ 
Hampden's  qqesdon  should  b^  put;  which  being^  like  to 
mQet  with  a  coDcuri'ence,  Hyd^,  who  was  desirous  to  pi^- 
serve  a  due  mediuoi^  after  expressing  bis  dislike  of  Hai^p-* 
den's  question,  proposed,  that  'f  to  the  end  eyery  man 
might  freely  give  his  yea  or  no^  the  question  might  be  pu^ 
only  upon  giving  the  king  a  supply ;  and  if  this  was  car«^ 
ried^  another  might  be  put  upon  the  manner  and  propor^ 
tion :  if  not,  it  would  have  the  same  effect  with  the  Qtbpr 
proposed  by  Mr.  Hampden."  This^  after  it  had  been  some 
time  opposed  and  diverted  by  other  propositions,  which 
were  answered  by  Hyde,  would,  as  it  is  generally  believed^ 
have  been  carric^d  in  the  afErmativCi  though  positively  pp« 
posed  by  Herbert  the  solicitor-general,  if  sir  Henry.  Vane 
the  secretary  had  not  assured  them  as  from  bis  miyesty, 
that  if  they  should  pass  a  vote  for  a  supply,  and  not  in  the 
proportion  proposed  in  his  majesty's  message,  it  would 
not  be  accepted  by  him,  and  therefore .  desired  that  tb^ 
qu^sj^ion  might  be  laid  aside*  This  being  i^gain  urged  by 
the  solicitor-general,  and  it  being  near  five  in  the  after** 
nppn,  a  very  late  hour,  in  those  days,  it  was  readily  con- 
sented to,  that  the  bouse  should  adjourn  till  the  next 
morning,  a.t  which  time  they  were  suddenly  dissolved. 
And  within  an  hour  after  Hyde  met  St.  John,  who  was  sel- 
dom known  to  simile,  but  then  bad  a  most  cheerful  aspect ; 
and  observing  Hyde  melancholy,  asked  him,  ''what  trou- 
bled him  ?"  who  answered,  '^  The  same  he  believed  that 
troubled  most  good  men,  tliat,  in  a  time  of  so  much  confu«» 
sion,  so  wise  a  parliament  should  be  so  imprudently  dis- 
solved." St  John  replied  somewhat  warmly,  '^  that  all 
was  well  :  that  things  must  grow  worse,  before  they  would 
grow  better ;  and  that  that  parliament  would  never  have 
done  what  was  requisite." 

.This  parliament  being  dissolved,  Hyde  was  chosen  for 
SaljU&li  ill  Cornwall  in  the  Long -parliament,  which  com- 
meiwjed  Nov.  3  .the  same  year,  where  his  abili^i^s  began 
to  b(^  noticed ;  ^and  when  the  coaimpns  prepared  fi  charge 
ai>ainst  lord  chi^f  baron  Davenport,  baron  Weston,  and 
baron  Trevor,  he  was  sent  up  with  the  impeachment  to 
the  lords^  to  whom  he  made  a  most  excellent  speech.  It 
begins  thus  ;  ^*  My  lords,  there  cannot  be  a  greater  instance, 
of  a  ^ck  and  languishing  commonwealth^  than  the  businesa 


HYPE.  387 

of  tbU  day.  Good  Qod !  how  have  the  guilty  these  late  ^ 
*  years  been  punished,  when  the  judges  themselves  have 
been  such  delinquents  ?  It  is  no  marvel,  that  an  irregular, 
extravagant,  arbitrary  power,  like  a  torrent,  4iath  broken  ' 
in  upon  us,  when  our  banks  and  oQr  bulwarks,  the  laws, 
wer^e  in  the  custody  of  such  persons.  Men,  who  bad  left . 
their  innocence,  could  not  preserve  their  courage ;  nor 
could  we  look  that  they,  who  had  so  visibly  undone  us, 
themselves  should  have  the  virtue  or  credit  to  rescue  us 
from,  the  oppression  of  other  men.  It  was  said  by  one, 
who  always  sppke  excellently,  that '  the  twelve  judges  were 
like  the  twelve  lions  under  the  throne  of  Solomon  ;^  under 
the  throne  of  obedience,  but  yet  liqns.  Your  lordships 
shall  this  day  hear  of  six,  who,  be  they  what  they  will  else, 
weipl&  no  lions :  who  upon  vulgar  fear  delivered  up  their 
precious  forts  they  were  trusted  with,  almost  without  as* 
saitlc ;  and  in  a  tame  easy  trance  of  flattery  and  servitude, 
lost  and  forfeited,  shameifully  forfeited,  that  reputation, 
,awe,  and  reverence,  which  the  wisdom,  courage,  and  gra- 
vity of  their  venerable  predecessors  had  contracted  and  fas* 
tened  to  the  places  they  now  bold.  They  even  rendered 
that  study  and  profession,  Which  in  all  ages  hath  been,  and 
I  hope,  now  shall  be,  of  honourable  estimation,  so  contemp- 
tible and  vile,  that  bad  not  this  blessed  day  come,  all  men 
would  have  bad  that  quarrel  to  the  law  itself  which  Marius« 
had  to  the  Greek  tongue,  who  thought  it  a  mockery  to 
learn  that  language,  the  masters  whereof  lived  in  bondage 
under  others.  And  I  appeal  to  these  unhappy  gentlemen 
themselves,  with  what  a  strange  negligence,  scorn,  and  in- 
dignation, the  faces  of  all  men,  even  of  the  meanest,  have 
been  directed  to  wards  them,  since,  to  call  it  no  worse,  that 
fatal  declension  of  their  understanding  in  those  judgments,  , 
of  which  they  stand  here  charged  before  your  lordships.'^ 
The  conclusion  runs  thus ;  '^  If  the  excellent,  envied  con- 
stitution of  this  kingdom  hath  been  of  late  distempered, 
your  lordships  see  the  causes.  If  the  sweet  harmony  be- 
tween the  king's  protection  and  the  subject's  obedience 
hath  unluckily  suffered  interruption;  if  the  royal  justice 
'and  honour  of  the  best  of  kings  have  been  mistaken  by  his 
eople ;  if  the  duty  and  affection  of  the  most-  faithful  and 
oyal  nation  bath  been  suspected  by  their  gracious  sove- 
reign ;  if,  by  these  misrepresentations,  and  these  misunder- 
standings, the  king  and  people  have  been  robbed  of  the 
delight  and  comfort  of  each  other^  aiid  the  blessed  peace 

C  c  2 


r. 


8M  HYDE. 

oC  thiif  island  been  shaken  and  frigbteMit  into  tutnitlts  and 
commotions^  into  the  porerty,  tbougifv  not  into  the  rarge,  of 
W3r,  as  a  people  prepared  for  destru^ction  and  desolation  4 
tbase  are  the  men,  aetiveiy  or  passively,  by  doing  or  not 
doings  who  have  btoii^bt  this  upon  us :  *  Misera  servitua 
false  pax  vocatur;  ubi  judicia  deBeiunt,  inctpit  bellum'.*^ 

But  tisough  Hyde  was  very  zealous  for  redressing  the 
grievances*  v>f  thef  nation^  be  vi^as  no  less  so  for  the  security 
of  the  established  ohurcb^  attd  the  honour  of  the  crovrn. 
When  a  bill  was  brought  in  to  take  away  the  bishops'  vote 
in  parUament^  and  to  leave  them  out  of  all  commissions  of 
the  peace^  or  any  thing  that  had  relation  to  temporal  afiairs, 
he  was  very  earnest  ,tbr  throwing  it  out,  and  said,  that, 
'ffrom  the  time  that  parliaments  begun,  bishops  had  aU 
ways  been  3^ part  of  it;  that  if  they  were  taken  out,  thisre 
was  nobody  left  to  represent  the  clergy  ;  which  would  iU'* 
troduce  another  piece  of  injustice,  that  no  other  part  of 
the  kinrgdom  could  com plaifi  of,  who,  being  all  represent-- 
ed  in  parliament,  were  bound  to  submit  to  whatever  was 
enacted  there,  because  it  was,  upon  the  matter,  with  their 
own  consent :  whereas,  if  the  bill  was  carried,  there  was 
nobody  left  to  represent  the  clergy,  and  yet  they  must  b« 
bound  by  their  determination.'*     He  was  one  of  the  cont- 
mittee  employed  to  prepare  the  charge  agaihst  the  earl  of 
Strafford  :  but,  as  soon  as  he  saw  the  unjustifiable  violence 
with  which  the  prosecution  was  precipitated,  he  I^ft  them, 
and  opposed  the  bill  of  attainder  warmly.     He  was  after- 
wards appointed  a  manager  at  the  conference  with  th^ 
house  of  lords,  fur  abolishing  the  court  of  York,  of  i^hich 
that  earl  had  been  for  several  years  president ;  and  was 
ciiairman  also  of  several  other  committees,,  appointed  upon 
the  most  important  occasions,  as  long  as  he  continued  to 
sit  among  them.     But,  wheit  they  began  to  put  in  execu- 
tion their  ordinance  for  raising  the  militia  against- his  ma* 
jesty,  Hyde,  beiijg  persuaded  that  this  was  an  act  of  open 
rebellion,  left  them  ;  and  they  felt  the  blow  given  to  their 
authority  by  his  abticrjce  so  sensibl}^,  that  in  their  instruc- 
tions shortly  aiier  to  the  earl  of  Essex  their  general,  he 
WAS  eificepced  with  a  few  others  from  any  grace  or  favour. 
-  Hyde  witiidrew  to  the  king  at  York,  having  first  obtained 
the  great  seal  to  be  dent  thither  on  May  20,  1642  :  and, 
upon  his  arrival,  was  admitted  into  the  greatest  confidence, 
though  he  was  not  under  any  olHcial  character  in  the  court* 
foe  some  izionths.     £ut^  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  year,' 


H  y  0  JL  069 

upon  the  pminotion  iof  fiir  John  Calepepper  to  be  master  of 
th«  roUs^  be  succeeded  Jii«i  in  the  chancellorship  of  th^ 
exchequer,  and  the  same  year  was  knighted,  and  made  a 
privy*counsellor.  With  tb^oe  characters  he  /sat  in  tbd 
parliament  assembled  at  Oxford,  Jan.  L64S  ;  and,  in  16M, 
was  one  of  the  king^s  commissioners  at  the  treaty  of  Ux- 
bridge.  Not  long  after,  the  king  sending  the  prince  of 
Wales  into  the  West,  to  bare  the  superintendency  of  th^ 
affidrs  there,  sir  Edward  Hyde  was  appointed  Co  iittend  his 
bighpess,  and  to  be  of  bis  council ;  where  he  entered,  by 
his  majesty's  cosimand,  into  a  correspondence  with  the 
marquis  of  Ormond,  then.lord-Ueuteuant  of  Ireland.  Upon 
the  declension  of  the  kiug's  cause,  be  wiib  tlie  lords  C^pel 
and  Colepepper  sailed  from  Pendennis  castle  in  Cornwall 
to  Scilly,  and  tbence  to  Jersey,  where  he  arrived  in  Marcb 
1645 ;  bu^  being  greatly  disgusted  at  the  prince's  removal 
thence  the  following  year  ito  France,  he  obtained  leave  to 
^ta^  in  that  island.  His  opinion  respecting  the  prince's  * 
removal  i^lo  France,  is  warmly  expressed  in  the  foilowiii^ 
letter  to  the  duke  of  Ormond : 

"  My  Lord, 
*^  Your  lordship  hath  been  lonig  since  informed,  wbitber 
iny  lord  Bigby  attended  the  prince ;  and  from  thence  Jhave 
pardoned  my  not  acknowledging  your  grjace's  favour  to  me, 
from  the  io^possibility  of  presenting  it  to  you.  I  confess, 
IQ  that  conjuncture  of  time,  I  thought  the  remove  from 
Jersey  to  Ireland  to  be  very  At  to  be  deliberately  weigbed, 
before  attempted  ;  but  I  wouul  have  chosen  it  much  more 
cheerfully  than  this  that  is  embraced,  which  I  hope  will  be 
A  memorial  to  my  weakness ;  .for  it  is  my  misrfortune  to 
difiier  from  those  with  whom  I  have  hitherto  agreed,  and 
especially  with  my  best  friend,  which  I  hope  will  not  ren- 
der me  the  less  fit  for  your  charity,  though  1  may  be  for 
your  consideration.  Indeed,  there  is  not  light  enough  for 
me  to  see  my  way,  and  I  cannot  well  walk  in  the  dark  f  and 
therefore  I  have  desired  leave  of  the  prince  to  breathe  in 
this  island  a  little  for  my  refreshment,  till  I  may  discern 
some  way  in  which  I  may  serve  his  majesty.  I  hope  your 
.  lordship  will  never  meet  with  any  interruption  in  the  exer- 
cise of  that  devotion,  which  hath  rendered  you  the^iuvied 
example  of  three  kingdoms,  and  that  I  shall  yet  fiq^d  an 
opportunity  to  attend  upon  your  lordship,  and  have  the 
honour  to  be  received  bjr  you  in  the  capacity  of 

"  My  Lord,  your  Lordship's,  &c. 

"  June  22,  1646.  "  EDWARD  Hyde." 


S30  tt  Y  6  1 

We  see  herie  not  barely  a  disgust^  but  even  a  resentment 
shewn  to  the  prince's  going  to  Paris ;  the  ground  of  which 
undoubtedly  lay  in  the  manifest  danger  his  religion  might 
be  brought  into  from  the  restless  endeavours  of  his  mother; 
since  it  is  notorious^  that  the  chancellor  was  never  upon  any 
tolerable  terms  with  the  queen^  on  account  of  his  watch- 
fulness against  every  attempt  of  this  kind. 

During  his  retirement  in  Jersey,  he  began  to  write  his 
**  History  of  the  Rebellion,'*  which  had  been  particularly 
recommended  to  him,  and  in  which  he  was  assisted  also  by 
the  king,  who  supplied  him  with  severalof  the  materials  for  it. 
We  learn  from  the  history  itself,  that  upon  lord  Capel's. 
waiting  on  the  king  at  Hampton-court  in   1647,  his  ma- 
jesty wrote  to  the  chancellor  a  letter,  in  which  he  '^  thanked 
him  for  undertaking  the  work  he  was  upon ;  and  told  him^ 
he  should  expert  speedily  to  receive  some  contribution 
from  him  towards  it;"  and  within  a  very  short  time  after- 
wards, iie  sent  to  him  memorials  of  all  that  had  passed 
from  the  time  he  had  left  his  majesty  at  Oxford^  when  he 
waited  upon  the  prince  into  the  west,  to  the  very  day  that 
the  king  left  Oxford  to  go  to  the  Scots  ;  out  of  which  me» 
morials  the  most  important  p^sages,  in  the  years  1644 
and  1645,  are  faithfully  collected.     Agreeably  to  this,  the 
ninth  book  opens  with  declaring,  that  **  the  work  was  first 
undertaken  with  the  king's  approbation,  and  by  his  en- 
couragement ;  and  particularly,  that  many  impottant  points 
were  transmitted  to  the  author  by  the  king's  idimediate 
direction  and  order,  even  after  he  was  in  the  hands  and 
power  of  the  enemy,  out  of  his  own  memorials  and  jour- 
nals."    Thus  we  may  trace  the  exact  time  when  this  hSs- 
tory  was  begun  ;  and  the  time  when  it  was  finished  may  be 
ascertained  with  the  same  degree  of  exactness,  froni*the 
dedication  of  the  author's  "  Survey  of  the  Leviathan,"  in 
which  he  addresses  himself  to  Charles  II.  in  these  terms  : 
'^  As  soon  as  I  had  finished  a  work,  at  least  recommended, 
if  not  enjoined  to  me  by  your  blessed  father,  and  approved, 
and  in  some  degree  perused  by  your  majesty,  I  could  not," 
&c.      This  dedication  is  dated  Moulins,  May  10,  1673; 
whence  it  appears,  that  the  history  was  not  completefd  till 
the  beginning  of  that,  or  the  latter  end  of  the  preceding 
year  ;  and  this  may  account  for  certain  facts  being  related 
which  happened  long  after  the  Restoration  ;  as  for  instancci 
that  "  sir  John  Digby  lived  many  years  after  the  Icing's 
return  ;"  and  that  the  "  earl  of  Saindwich's  expedition  was 


HYDE.  S91 

* 

never  forgiven  him  by  some  men:'*  which  might  veiy 
consistently  be  introduced  in  this  history,  though  that 
nobleman  did  not  lose  his  life  till  1672. 

In  Mky  1648,  sir  Edward  received  a  letter  from  the 
queen  to  call  him  to  Paris ;  where,  after  the  king^s  deaths 
he  was  continued  both  in  his  seat  at  the  privy  council,  and 
in  his  office  of  the  exchequer,  l>y  Charles  II,  In  Nov. 
1649,  he  was  sent  by  the  king  with  lord  Cottington  am* 
bassador  extraordinary  into  Spain,  tp  apply  for  assistance 
in  the  recovery  of  his  crown ;  but  returned  without  success 
in  July  1651.  Soon  after  his^  arrival,  the  king  gave  him 
an  account  of  his  escape  after"  the  battle  of  Worcester,  in 
that  unfortunate  expedition  to  Scotland,  whibh  had  been 
undertaken  during  sir  Edward's  absence,  and  much  against 
his  judgment.  He  now  resided  for  some  time  at  Antwerp, 
but  left  no  means  unattempted,  by  letters  and  messages  to 
England,  for  compassing  the  Restoration  ;  in  which,  how« 
ever,  he  solely  relied  upon  the  episcopal  party.  In  1653, 
he  was  accused  of  holding  a  correspondence  with  Crom* 

^  well ;  but  being  declared  innocent  by  the  king,  was  after* 
.wards  made  secretary  of  state.  More.attempts  were  made 
to  ruin  him  with  the  king,  but  iii  vain ;  for  in  1657  he  was 
made  chancellor  of  England.  Upon  the  Restoration,  as 
he  had  been  one  of  the  greatest  sharers  in  his  master's 
sufferings,  so  he  had  a  proportionable  share  in  his  iglory. 

Besides  the  post  of  lord  chancellor,  in  which  he  was 
continued,  he  was  chosen  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
Oxford  in  Oct.  1 660 ;  and,  in  November  following,  created 
a  peer  by  the  titl^  of  baron  Hyde  of  Hindon  in  Wiltshire; 
to  which  were  added,  in  April  1661,  the  titles  of  viscount 
Cornbury  in  Oxfordshire,  and  earl  of  Clarendon  in  Wilt- 

"  shire.  These  honours,  great  as  they  were,  were,  however, 
by  no  means  beyond  his  merit.  He  had,  upon  the  Resto* 
ration,  shewn  great  prudence,  justice,  and  moderation, 
in  settling  the  just  boundaries  between  the  prerogative  of 
the  crown  and  the  liberties  of  the  people.  He  had  reduced 
much  confusion  into  order,  and  adjusted  many  clashing 
interests,  where  prope^-ty  was  concerned.  He  had  endea- 
voured to  make  things  easy  to  the  Presbyterians  and  mal- 
contents by  the  act  of  indemnity,  and  to  satisfy  the  Royal- 
ists by  the  act  of  uniformity.  But  it  is  not  possible  to 
stand  many  years  in  a  situation  so.  much  distinguished, 
without  becoming  the  object  of  envy ;  which  created  him 
such  enemies  as  both  wished  and  attempted  his  ruin,  and^ 


399  tt  Y  O  & 

%t  l^st  effsqt^d  it ..  Doubtless  notbitig  more  ^^ofttribut^  t^ 
inflame  this  passion  against  biin^  than  the  €irciiinstanee  of 
his  eldest  daughter  l^ing  married  to  the  duke  of  Yorl^ 
which  became  known  in  a  fe^v  months  after  the  king's 
return.     She  had  been  one  of  the  maids  jq£  honoar  to  the 
princess  royal  Henrietta,  some  time  during  the  exile^  wbe^i 
the  duke  fell  in  love  with  her;  and  being  disappoiated  bf^ 
the  defeat  of  sir  George  Booth^  in  a  design  be  had  iovmeA 
of  coming  with  some  forces  to  England  in  1659^  he  went 
%o  Breda,  where  bis  sister  then  resided.     Passing  aoib^s 
weeks  there,  be  took  this  opportunity,  as  Buro«t  tells  u^ 
of  soliciting  miss  Hyde  to  indulge  his  desires  without  -maD* 
r|a^ ;  but  she  managed  the  matter  with  such  address^  Uiitf 
in  the  conclusion  he  married  her,  Nov.  4  that  year,  tvidt 
9hU  possible  secrecy,  a^id  unknown  to  ber  fatlier.     Afeeir 
tbeir  arrival  in  £E>glaiid,  being  pregnant,  she  called  upoft 
the  duke  to  ownbi^  marriage  9  and  though  he  endeavoured 
|»  divert  her  from  this  object^  both  by  great  premises  «iid 
great  threatenings,  yet  she  had  the  spirit  and  wisdom  td 
tell  him,  '^  She  would  have  it  known  tbtft  she  was  bis  ^^ 
let  him  use  her  afterwards  as  be  pleased/'     The  kkig 
ordered  some  bishops  aod  judges  to  peruse  the  pro<>fs  ^ 
ber  marriage ;  and  they  importing  that  it  ha4  been,  sol^mr- 
nized  according  to  the  doctrine  of  gospel  and  the  IfMir 
of. England,  he  told  his  brother,  that  be  must  live  4vitk 
her  whom  he  had  made  his  wife^  and  at  the  sali>e  time 
generously  preserved  the  honour  of  an  excellent  servant 
who  bad  not  Deen  privy  to  it ;  assuring  him,  that  ^^  this 
accident  should  not  lessen  the  esteem  and  favour  be  had 
for  hiiii.'* 

The  first  open  attack  upou  lord  Ciarendoi)  was  inade  by 
^he  earl  of  Bristol ;  who,  in  1663^  exhibited  Against  bi<n  a 
charge  of  high  treason  to  tl>e  house  of  lords.  Inhere  had 
been  a  long  course  of  friendship,  both  in  pros^perity  and 
adversity,  between  the  chancellor  and  this  earl  :  b^Qt  they 
bad  gradually  fallen  into  different  measures  in  religion  and 
politics.  In  this  state  of  things,  the  chancellor .  r^fusiu^ 
what  lord  Bristol  considered  as  a  small  favour  (which  was 
said  to  be  the  passing  a  patent  in  favour  of  a  court  lady), 
the  latter  took  so  much  offence,  that  he  resolved  upon  rcr 
venge.  The  substance  of  the  whole  accusation  was  as 
follows :  *'  That  the  chancellor,  being  in  place  of  highest 
trust  and  confidence  with  his  majesty,  and  having  arrogated 
H  supreme  direction  iu  aU  things,  had,  with  a  traitorous 


H  ¥  D  fr  399 

iotetit  to  draw  contMipt  vpon  bis  msjeAy^i  perioo^  «»d  lo 

aUetiiUe  the  affections  of   kis  subjects^  ^i|^d  che  said 

iriist  in  manner  following.      U  He  bad  endeavoufed  ito 

alienate  the  hearts  of  his  ma^sty*«  subjects,  by  aftfuUir 

iBsiauatingto  hU  creatures  and  dependents,  that  bis  oiajest|r 

was  inclined  to  popery,  and  desigoed  to  alter  the  6M*- 

%lished  neligion^     2.  He  had  sai4  to  seyeral  persons  of  bis 

tmijesty's  privy  council,  that  kiis  majtesty  wits  dan^rously 

corrapited  in  bis  religion,  and  inclined  h»  fopety  i  tbttt 

jperaons  oT  that  religion  had  such  access  aad  sncb  credit 

wHfa.brni,  that,  unless  there  were  a  careful  eye  Isad  upoti, 

it^    die  protestant .  religion   would  be -overtbrowti  in  tfats 

kingdooi.      3»  Upon    his  maje^ty^s  admitting   sir  Henry 

fiWaet  to  be  secretary  4>f  6ta«e  in  the  ^place  ^^  sir  Edward 

t^icboltub  he^aid,  that  his  majesty  ihad  given  tO^OOO/.  to 

MfBove  a  iNiost  zealous  Prolestafi^t,  tbathQimiight  bring  ioibo 

that  ^laoe  a  concealed  Papist.     4w  ki  pumuance  t}f  the 

saiue  fciPfiierous  4esigni^  several  friends  aad  dependents  af 

his  have  said  aloud,  that  ^  were  it  not  for  my  lord  chan<- 

oelta^r^s  standing  in  tbe  gap,  Popery  wOaitl  be  intrdduoed 

iAto-thigJuBgdom^'     5.  That  he  bad  |>ers(iaded  the  king, 

comvary  >to  bia  OfHnion,  to  allow  bis  name  to  be  used  to  the 

^pe^atid  several  "Cardinals,  in  ttve  solicitation  of  acardtoai*s 

cap  fer  tbe  lord  Aubigny,  great  almoner  to  the  queen  :  in 

order  toe)ffect  which,  he  had  employed  Mr.  Ricfaard  Beal^ 

ing,  a  Jcnown  Papistf^  and  had  likewise  applied  himself  tp 

several  popish  |)riests  and  Jesuits  tto  the  ^ame  purpose^ 

promising  great  favour  to  the  Ps^istis  bei^e,  incase  it  'shouU 

bie  effected.     6.  That  he  bad  Ivkewise  (promised  to  several 

Papists,  tlnat  he  would  do  his  endeavour,  "amd  said,  *  he 

hoped  to  compass  taking  away  all  petial  laws  against  them;' 

to  the  end  Ibey  might  .presujue  and  grow  vain  upon   his 

f>ati*oivage ;  and,  by  their  pnbltsh^ing  their  hopes  of  toie- 

nation,  increase  the  scandal  designed  by  him  to  be  raiseil 

against  bis  m^esty  throughout  tbe  kingdom.      7.  Thar^ 

beimg  intrusted  with  the  treaty  between  his  majesty  and  bis 

x^oyal  oonsort  the  queen,  he  concluded  it  upon  articles 

fcandalousand  4angerous  to  the  Protestant  religion.    More«- 

over,  he  brought  the  king  and  queen  together  without  any 

settled  agreement  about  the  performance  of  the  marriage 

rites  ;  w^reby,  the  queen   refusing  to  be  married  by  a 

l^rotestant  priest,  in  case  of  her  being  with  child,  either 

th^  succession  should  be  made  uncertain  for  want  of  tbe 

due  rites  of  matrimony,  or  olsehis  majesty  be  exposed  to 


^94  HYDE. 

E  suspicion  of  having  been  married  in  his  own  dominions 
by  a  Romish  priest.  8.  That^  having  endeavoured  to 
alienate  the  hearts  of  the  king's  subjects  upon  the  score  of 
religion,  he  endeavoured  to  make  use  of  all  his  scandals 
and  jealousies,  to  raise  to  himself  a  popular  applause  of 
being  the  zealous  upholder  of  the  Protestant  religion,  &c. 
9,  That  he  further  endeavoured  to  alienate  the  hearts  of 
the  king's  subjects,  by  venting  in  his  own  discourse,  and 
those  of  his  emissaries,  opprobrious  scandals  against  his 
majesty's  person  and  course  of  life;  such  as  are  not  fit  to 
be  mentioned,  unless  necessity  shall  require  it.  10.  That 
he  endeavoured  to  alienate  the  affections  of  the  duke  of 
York  from  his  majesty,  by  suggesting  to  him,  that  ^  his 
majesty  intended  to  legitimate  the  duke  of  Monmouth.* 
11.  That  be  had  persuaded  the  king^  against  the  advice  of 
the  lord  general,  to  withdraw  the  English  garrisons  out  of 
Scotland,  and  demolish  all  the  forts  built  there,  at  so  vast 
a  charge  to  this  kingdom ;  and  all  without  expecting  the 
advice  of  the  parliament  of  England.  12.  That  he  endea- 
voured to  alienate  his  majesty's  affections  and  esteem  from 
the  present  parliament,  by  telling  him,  ^  that  there  never 
was  elo  weak  and  inconsiderable  a  house  of  lords,  nor  never 
so  weak  and  heady  a  house  of  commons ;'  and  particularly 
that  *  it  was  better  to  sell  Dunkirk  than  be  at  their  mercy 
for  want  of  money.'  1 3.  That,  contrary  to  a  known  law 
made  last  session,  by  which  money  was  given  and  applied 
for  maintaining  Dunkirk,  he  advised  and  effected  the  sale 
of  the  same  to  the  French  king.  14.  That  he  had,  con- 
trary to  law,  enriched  himself  and  his  treasures  by  the  sale 
of  offices.  15.  That  he  had  converted  to  his  own  use  vast 
sums  of  public  money,  raised  in  Ireland  by  way  of  subsidy, 
private  and  pubHc  benevolences,  and  otherwise  given  and 
intended  to  defray  the  charge  of  the  government  in  that 
kingdom.  16.  That,  having  arrogated  to  himself  a  supreme 
direction  of  all  his  majesty's  affairs,  he  had  prevailed  to 
h^ve  his  majesty's  customs  farmed  at  a  lower  rate  than 
others  offered  ;  and  that  by  persons  with  some  of  whom 
he  went  a  share,  and  other  parts  of  money  resulting 
from  his  majesty's  revenue." 

A  charge  urged  with  so  much  anger  and  inconsistency  as 
this  was,  it  is  easy  to  imagine,  could  not  much  affect  him ; 
on  the  contrary  we  find,  that  the  prosecution  ended  greatly 
to  the  honour  of  the  chancellor ;  notwithstanding  which, 
his  enemies   advanced   very  considerably  by  it  in  their 


tt  Y  t>  t.  3^* 

design^  10  make  him  less  in  favour  with  his  master,  less 
respected  in  parliament,  and  less  beloved  by  the  people. 
The  building  of  a  magnificent  house,  which  was  begun  in 
the  following  year,  1664,  furnished  fresh  matter  for  ob- 
loquy.    ««  The  king,'*  says  Burnet,  "  had  granted  him  a 
large  piece  of  ground,  near  St.  James's  palace,  to  build 
upon.     He  intended  a  good  ordinary  house ;  but  not  un- 
derstanding these  matters  himself,  he  put  the  management 
of  it  into  the  hands  of  others,  who  run  him  to  a  vast  ex-^ 
pence  of  above  50,000/.  three  times  as  much  as  he  had 
designed  to  lay  out  upon  it.     During  the  war,  and  in  this 
year  of  the  plague,  he  had  about  300  men  at  work,  which 
he  thought  would  have  been  an  acceptable  thing,  when  so 
many  men  were  kept  at  work,  and  so  much  money  as  wa& 
daily  paid  circulated  about;  but  it  had  a  contrary  effect ; 
it  raised  a  great  outcry  against  him.     Some  called  it  Dun- 
kirk-Chouse, intimating  that  it  was  built  by  his  share  of  the 
price  of  Dunkirk :  others  called  it  Holland-hOuse,  because 
he  was  believed  to  be  no  friend  to  the  war ;  so  it  was  given 
out  he  had  the  money  from  the  Dutch.     It  was  visible  that, 
in  a  time  of  public  calamity,  he  was  building  a  very  noble 
palace.     Another  accident  was,  that  before  the  war  there  ' 
were  some  designs  on  foot  for  the  repairing  of  St.  PatPs, 
and  many  stones  were  li^rought  thither  for  the  purpose. 
That  project  was  laid  aside ;  upon  which  he  bought  the 
stones,  and  made  use  of  them  in  building  his  own  house. 
This,  how  slight  soever  it  may  seem  to  be,  had  a  great 
effect  by  the  management  of  his  enemies."   To  this  remark 
it  may  be  added,  that  this  stately  pile  was  not  finiished  till 
1667  ;  so  that  it  stood  a  growing  monument  for  the  popular 
odium  to  feed  upon,  almost  the  whole  interval  between  bis 
first.and  his  last  impeachment ;  ahd  to  aggravate  and  spread 
that  odium,  there  was  published  a  most  virulent  satirical 
song,  entitled  "Clarendon's  House-warming,"  to  irritate 
the  minds  of  the  populace. 

In  August  1667,  he  was  removed  from  his  post  of  chan- 
cellor, and  in  November  following  was  impeached  by  the 
liouse  of  commons  of  high  treason,  and  other  crimes  and 
misdemeanors ;  upon  which,  in  thp  beginning  of  December, 
he  retired  to  France,  and  on  the  19th,  an  act  of  banishment 
was  passed  against  him.  Echard  observes,  how  often  **  it 
has  been  admired,  that  the  king  should  not  only  consent  to 
discard,  but  soon  after  banish  a  friend,  who  had  been  aa 
honest  and  faithful  to  him  as  the  best,  and  perhaps  more 


396  HYDE. 

useful  and  semoeable  than  any  be  h^  ev^t  employed:; 
which  surely  could  never  have  been  braqgbt  to  bear  with* 
out  innumerable  enviers  and  enemies^''     But  to  conceite 
bow  these  were  raised,  we  need  oaly  remember,  that  during 
the  height  of  his  grandeur^   which  conttuued  two  years 
after  the  Restoiatiou  without  any  rivalshij)^,  as  weU  as  the 
rest  of  his  ministry,  he  manifested  an  inflexible  steadiness 
to  the  constitution  of  the  church  of  Ei^ianid,  in  e^iial 
opposition  to  the  Papists  on  one  side,  and  the  Dissenters 
<on  the  otbej* ;  so  that  none  of  these  could  ever  be  recon- 
ciled to  him  or  his  proceedings.     Yet  at  fir«t  be  seaoied  go 
ibrward  to  effect  a  coalition  of  all  parties,  that  the  cavali^v 
.and  strict  churchmen  thought  themselves  much  neglected; 
and  many  of  them  upon  that  account,  though  lanfuatly, 
.entertained  insuperable  prejudices  against  him,  and  jemed 
with  the  greatest  of  his  enemies.     But  the  cironmatafices 
which  were  supposed  to  weaken  bis  interest  with,  and  at 
length  make  him  diss^reeable  to  the  kir^  wene  rather  «f 
Ji  personal  nature,  and  auch  as  coocemed  the  kii^g  aad 
him  only.     It  is  allowed  on  all  hands,  that  the  chancellor 
!  was  not  without  the  pride  of  conscious  virtue ;  so  that  his 
.personal  behaviour  was  accompanied  with  a  sort  of  ^mvity 
and  haugbtinei^,  -which  struck  «  very  ynplea^ng  awe  iiMO 
a  court  filled  with  licentious  persons  of  both  sexes.     He 
'  .often  took  the  liberty  to  give  reproofs  to  these  persons  of 
jnirth  and  gallantry  ;  and  sometimes  thought  it  bis  d«ty  lo 
advise  the  king  himself  in  such  a  manner  that  they  todk 
advantage  of  him,  and  as  he  passed  in  court,  wouJd  often 
say  to  bis  majesty,  <*  There  goes  your  schoolmaster.''     The 
chief  of  these  was  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  who  iiad  a 
surprising  talent  of  ridicule  and  buffoonery ;  and  that  he 
might  make  way  for  lord  Clarendon's  ruin,  by  bringing 
him  first  into  contempt,  he  of^en  acted  and  mimicked  him 
.  in  the  presence  of  the  king,  walking  in  e  stately  manner 
with  a  pair  of  bellows  before  him  for  the  purse,  and  colonel 
Titus  carrying  a. fire-shovel  on  his  shoulder  for  the  mace; 
with  which  sort  of  farce  and  banter,  the  king,  says  Echardf 
was  too  much  delighted  and  captivated.    These,  with  soBie 
more  serious  of  the  Popish  party,  assisted  by  the  solicita- 
.tions  of  the  ladies  of   pleasure,    made  such  impressions 
upon  the  king,  that  he  ait  last  gave  way,  and  became  will- 
ing, and  even  pleased,  to  part  both  from  his  person  and 
services.     It  was  also  believed,  that  the  kiag  had  some 
private  resentments  against  him,   for  cbteking  of,  those 


H  Y  D  E.  »>7 

wtio  mmtm  too  forward  in  loading  the  erowh  with  preroga- 
tive and  reinenue ;  and  particdarly  we  are  told,  that  he 
had  coonteracted  the  king  m  n  grand  design  which  he  haid, 
to  be  divorced  fronv  the  q«een,  under  pretence  '^  that  she' 
had  been  pre-engaged  to  another  person,  or  that  she  was 
iftcapabte  of  bearmg  (Sbildren.'"    The  person  designed  to 
SQppiy  her  j^ace  was  Mrs.  Stuart,  a  beautiful  young  lady/ 
who  waff  lekited  to  the  king,  and  bad  some  office  under  the 
q^een.     The-  chancellor,  to  prevent  this,  sent  «for  the  duke 
of  Richinond,  who  was  of  the  same  name ;  and  seeming 
to  be  sorry  that  a  person-  of  bis  worth  and  relation  to  bis 
majesty  should  reoeive  no  marks  of  his  favouTi  advised  hini 
to  asarry  this  tady,  as  the  most  Kkely  means  to  advance 
Umself.   The  young  nobleman,  liking  the  person,;  followed 
Us  advicse,   made    immediate    application    to    the  lady, 
who  was  ignorant  of  the  king's  intentions^  and  in  a  few 
day4^  married   her.      The  king,   thus  disappointed,    and 
sooD  after  informed  how  the  match  was  brought  about, 
banished  the  duke  and  his  new  duchess  from  court,  reserv- 
ing his  resentment  against  the  chancellor  to  a  more  conve- 
usent  opportnnity.     Be  this  as  it  will,  the  private  reasons 
that  induced  the  king  to  abandon  the  chancellor  were  ex- 
pressed in  a  letter  to  the  duke  of  Ormond,  then  in  Ireland ; 
which  the  king  wrote  to  that  nobleman  for  his  satisfaction^ 
knowing  him  to  be  the  chancellor's  friend.     Echard  ob- 
serves, that  this  letter  was  never  pubfished,  nor  would  a 
copy  of  it  be  granted ;  but  that  be  had  been  told  the 
substance  of  it  more  than  once  by  those  who  bad  read  it ; 
and  the  principal  reason  there   given  by  the  king  was, 
*'The  chanceUor's  intolerable  temper." 

Being  now  about  to  quit  the  kingdom  in  exile,  before 
he  departed  he  drew  up  an  apology,  in  a  petition  to  the 
bot^se  of.  lords,  in' which  he  vindicated  himself  from  any 
way  contributing  to  the  late  miscarriages,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  laid  the  blame  at  the  same  time  upon  others.  The 
lords  receired  it  Dec.  3,  and  sent  two  of  the  judges  to 
acquaint  the  commons  with  it,  desiring  a  conference.  The 
dtike  of  Buckinghatn,  who  was  plninly  aimed  at  in  the  pe- 
tition, delivered  it  to  the  commons ;  and  said,  "  The  lords 
have  commanded  me  to  deliver  to  you  this  scandalous  and 
seditious  paper  sent  from  the  earl  of  Clarendon,  They  bid 
me  present  it  to  you,  and  desire  you  in  a  convenient  time 
to  send  it  to  then  again  ;  for  it  has  a  style  which  they  are 
in  love  with,  and  therefore  desire  to  keep  it.'*  Upon  the 
riding  of  it  in  that  house,  it  was  voted  to  be  "  scandalouS| 


3M  HYDE.  * 

malicious,  and  a  reproach  to  tbe  justice  of  the  nation  ;^ 
and  they  moved  the  lords,  that  it  might  be  burnt  by  the 
hands  of  the  common  hangman,  which  Was  ordered  and 
executed  accordingly.  The  chancellor  retired  to  Rouen 
in  Normandy;  and,  the  year  following,  his  life  was  at- 
tempted at  Evreux  near  that  city  by  a  body  of  seamen,  in 
such  an  outrageous  manner^  that  he  with  great  difficulty 
escaped.  In  tbe  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford^  there  is  an 
original  letter  from  Mr.  Oliver  Long,  dated  from  Evreux^ 
April  26,  1 668,  to  sir  William  Cromwell,  secretary  of  state^ 
in  which  the  following  account  is  given  of  this .  assault 
**  As  I  was  travelling  from  Rouen  towards  Orleans,  it  was 
my  fortune,  April  23,  to  overtake  the  earl  of  Clarendon, 
then  in  his  unhappy  and  unmerited  exile,  who  was  going 
towards  Bourbon,  but  took  up  his  lodgings  at  ^  private 
'  hotel  in  a  small  walled  town  called  Evreux,  some  leagues 
from  Rouen.  I,  as  most  English  gentlemen  did  to  so  va* 
luable  a  patriot,  went  to  pay  him  a  visit  near  supper-time ; 
when  he  was,  as  usual,  very  civil  to  me.  Before  supper 
was  done,  twenty  or  thirty  English  seamen  and  more  came 
and  demanded  entrance  at  the  great  gate ;  which,  being 
strongly  barred,  kept  them  out  for  some  time.  But  la  a 
short  space  they  broke  it,  and  presently  drove  all  they 
found,  by  their  advantage  of  numbers,  into  the  earPs  cham- 
ber ;  whence,  by  tbe  assistance  of  only  three  swords  and 
pistols,  we  kept  them  out  for  half  an  hour,  in  which  dis- 
pute many  of  us  were  wounded  by  their  swords  and  pistols, 
whereof  they  "had  many.  To  conclude,  they  broke  the 
windows  and  the  doors,  and  under  the  conduct  of  one 
Howard,  an  Irishman,  who  has  three  brothers,  as  I  am  told, 
in  the  king  of  England's  service,  and  an  ensign  in  the 
company  of  caononeers,  they  quick \y  found  the  earl  in  his 
bed,  not  able  to  stand  by  the  violence  of  the  gout ;  whence, 
after  they  had  given  him  many  blows  with  their  swords 
and  staves,  mixed  with  horrible  curses  and  oaths,'  thev 
dragged  him  on  the  ground  in  the  middle  of  the  yard, 
where  they  encompassed  him  around  with  their  swords, 
and  after  they  bad  told  him  in  their  own  language,  how 
he  had  sold  the  kingc}om,  and  robbed  them  of  their  pay, 
Howard  commanded  them  all,  as  one  man,  to  run  their 
swords  through  his  body.  But  what  difference  arose  among 
themselves  before  they  could  agree,  God  aboveywho  alone 
sent  this  spirit  of  dissention,  oilly  knows.  In  this  interval 
their  lieutenant,  one  Swaine,  came  and  disarme^d  them* 


!      . 


Sixteen  of  the  ringleaders  were  put  into  prison ;  and  maay 
of  those  things,  they  had.  rifled  from  him,  found  again, 
which  were  restored,  and  of  great  value.  :  Mons.  la  Fonde, 
a  great  man  belonging  to  the.  king  of  Francois  bedtchani'- 
beci  sent  to  conduct  the  earl  on  his  way  thither,  was  so: 
desperately,  wounded  in  the  head,  that  there  were  little^ 
hopes  of  his  life.  Many  of  these  assassins  were  grievously, 
wounded  ;  and  this  aotion  is  so  much  resented  by  all  here, 
that  many  of  these  criminals  will  flieet.  with  an  usage  equal 
to.  their  merit.  Had  we  been  sufficiently  provided  witfai 
fircH-arms,  we  had  infallibly  done  ourselves  justice  on  them  y 
however,  we  fear  not  but  the  law  will  supply,  our  defect.'* 
>  Being  greatly  afflicted  with  the  gout,  and  not  finding 
himself  secure  in  that  part  of  .!^ranoe,  he  went  ia  the  sum* 
mer  to  Montpelier,  where,  recovering  his  health  in  a  con-^. 
siderable  measure,  he  continued  three  or  four  years,  In 
1672  he  resided  at  Moulins,  and  removing  thence  to  Rouen, 
diied  Dec.  9,  1673,  in  that  city;  from  whence  his  body. 
was  brought  to  England,  and  interred  on.  the  north  side  of 
Henry  Vllth's  chapel  in  Westminster-abbey.  He  w^. 
twice  married;  first  to  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  Gregory 
Ayloffe,  of  Robson,  in  Wiltshire^  knt.  and  this  lady  dying 
without  issue,  to  Frances,  daughter,  and  iit  length  beif ess, 
to  sir  Thomas  Aylesbury,  bart.  in  1634  ;  by  whom  he  had. 
four  sons  and  two  daughters.  Anne  his  eldest  daughter 
was  married,  as  we  have  already  observed,  to  the  duke  of 
York,  by  which  match  she  became  mother  to  two  daugh- 
ters, Mary  and  Anne,  who  were  successively  queetis  of 
England.  Besides  these,  she  brought  the  duke  four  sons 
and  three  daughters,  who  all  died  in  their  infancy.  The. 
last  was  born  Feb.  9,1670-1,  and  her  mother  died.  on. 
March  31  following;  having  a  little  before  her  death 
vcbanged  her  religion,  to  the  great  grief  of  her  father,  who 
on  that  occasion  wrote  a  most  pathetic  letter  to  her,  and 
another  to  the  duke.faer  consort. 

Besides  the  ^^  History  of  the  Rebellion''  already  men-, 
tioned,  the  chancellor  wrote  other  pieces,  theological  as 
well  as  political.  In  1672,  while  he  resided  at  Moulins,  he 
wrote  his  ^^  Animadversions  upon  Mr.  Cressy's  book  en- 
titled '  Fanaticism  fanatically  imputed  to'  the  Catholic 
Church  by  Dr.  Stilliugfleet,  and  the  imputation  refuted 
and  retorted  by  J.  C' "  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  led 
to  this  work  from  the  knowledge  he  had  of  Ctpssy^  by 
means  of  an^  acquaintance  comfnenced  at  Oxfprd,  wherei 


40Ot  B'  Is   JJL  xLm 

tli«i:g6ntkttiMi' wts  kk  contewponurjr;  aold'  a  iu>tmf  0t 
a  similar  nature  isight  piohdbly  iod«c9  him  tft  draw:  up  hit 
M  Surrey  of  Mr.  HdbbesH  Leviathan,^*  wfaiok  faedodicataA 
tb«  year  M  loving  to  Ctiarles  II.  from  tbfO  iame  placs.  H« 
wrole  also  soma  things  of  a  smaller  kind,  which  have  beeis 
coHiected  and  published  with  his  '<  Misoellaaeous  Trae|s/^ 
And  lastly,  in  1759,  was  published  <<  An  Aecount  of  bia 
own  Life  from  his  birth  lo  the  restoration  in  1660  p  and  m 
Contiotialien  of  the  same^  and  of  his  Hbtory  of  the  GraMt 
Rtbeltion,  from,  the  restovatson  to  his  banishment  tn  LddT;^* 
written  by  himself;  and  printed  in  one  Tolume,  f^ia,  vaJI 
three  in  Svo^  frocn  his  original  MS.,  giiren  to  tkeunrvefsity 
of  Oxford  by  bis  heirs :  and  his-  <<  Slate*  Papers'^  were  pub^ 
lisbedin  d  vols,  fol,  the  first  in  1167>  the  second  in  1773,' 
and  the  third  in  I7S6. 

It  is  as  a  historian  that  knrd  Clarendon  wfU  be  longest 
remembefed,  and  if  compared  with  those  whopreieeded^ 
or  were  contemporaries  with  him,  his  superiority  must  in 
efery  respect  be  acknowledged.  He  knevik  more  and  baa 
told  tnore  of  the  histories  of  nis  times  than  aiiy  other  iMin^ 
and  that  with  an  impartiality  which  gi^es:  tss  an  ecjnUty 
fiiaeuyable  opinion  of  his  hcM  as  of  hisi  heart.  It  may,b# 
ef«ry  where  seen  that  be  cannot  disguise  the  trntb  evenf 
when  it  makes  against  the  cause  be  supports ;  and  where^ 
there  is  any  appearance  of  partiality,  it  may  easily  ba 
traced  to  a  warmth  of  loyalty  and  friendship,  for  wbick 
every  honourable  man  will  find  an  apelogy  in  his  own' 
breast.  The  republicans  of  hie  time  had  much  to  allega 
against  him,  and  those  of  more  modern  times  wilt  never 
fonrgive  a  loyalty  which  they  eatinot  comprehend,  a  steadi- 
ness of  principle  which  ill  accords  with  their  versatilo 
schemes  of  innovation,  and  a  species  of  patriotism  whldU 
wonid  pr^erve  the  balance  between  liberty  and  licentio«s«> 
ness.v  **  Liiie  justice  itself/^  says  lord  Orlxird,  in  a  cfaa<^ 
racter  of  our  author,  by  no  means  very  favourable,  *^  b# 
held  the  balance  between  the  necessary  power  of  the  su- 
preme magistrate  and  the  interests  of  the  people.  Thiji 
never-dying  obligation  his  contemporaries  were  taught  tcf 
overlook  and  to  clamour  against,  till  they  removed  the  only 
man,  who,  if  he  could,  would  have  corrected  his  master^s 
evil  government."  Such  was  Ciarendon^s  majrit  in  ther 
corrupt  court  of  ChaHes  II.  when,  ^  if  he  had  sougb^j 
fiotbiog  but  power,  his  power  liad  never  ceased/'  Tha 
jSsct  was^  that  Clarendon,  iu  his  History^  not  then  p^ln 


H  Y  D  fi.  401 

lUbedt  bnt  certainly  written,  had  traced  tbe  misfortunes  ^of 
the  preceding  reign  to  their  true  source,  and  was  the  oql/ 
pan  at  court  who  wished  to  profit  by  his  experience*  As 
to  his  style,  as  a  historian,  it  has  chiefly  been  objected  that 
his  periods  are  long ;  hut  it  seems  scarcely  worth  while  ti| 
jsnlarge  on  the /style  of  a  writer  wholive^  at  a  time  wheii 
style  was  so  Ut^Ie  cultivated,  so  imperfectly  known,  .His 
excellencies  are  his  comprehensive,  knowledge  pf  mankind^ 
which  enabled  him  to  draw  those  exact  portcaits  pf  tbo 
Reading  characters  of  his  time,  which  have  scarcely  been 
equalled,  and  probably  can  never  be  excelled.  No  man 
brings  us  nearer  to  the  personages  with  whom  we  wish  t<} 
\)e  familiar.  He  is,  says  Granger,  in  this  particular  as 
ynrivalled  ampng  the  moderns  as  Tacitus  among  the  an<v 
cients.  He.paints  himself  in  drawing  the  portraitsof  pthers; 
and  we  every  where  see  the  clear  o^nd  exact  compr^hen-^ 
sion,  t^e  uncommon  learning,. the.  dignity  and  equity. of 
the  lord  chancellor,  in  his  cjiaracter  as  a  writer.^ 

HYDE  (Henry),  earl  of  Clarendon^  eldest  son  of  the 
chancellor,  was  born  in  1638.  Having  received  the  rudi* 
snents  of  education,  he  early  entered  Uito  business ;  for  hia 
father,  apprehending  of  wba):  fatal  consequence  it  would 
be  to  the  king^s  airairs,  if  bis  correspondence  should  bei 
discovered  by  unfaithful  secretaries,  engaged  him,  wheii 
very  young,  to  write  all  his  letters  in  cypher ;  so  that  he 
generally  passed  half  the  day  in  writing  in  cypher,  or  de^ 
cypheringt  and  was  so  discreet,  as  well  as  jaithful,  that 
nothing  was  ever  discovered  by  him.  After  the  restora* 
tion,  he.  was  created  miister  of  arts,  at  Oxford,  in  1660*^ 
and}  upon  settling  the  queen's  household,  appointed  cham- 
berlain to  her  majesty.  He  was  much  in  the  queen's  fa<* 
Tour;  apd,  his  father  being  so  violently  prosecuted  on  ac* 
count  of  her  marriage,  she  thought  herself  bound  to  pr^^ 
^ct  him  m  a  particular  manner.  He  so  highly  resented 
the  usage  his  father  met  with,  that  he  united  himself  eagerl;^ 
to  the  party  which  opposed  the  court,  and  made  no  inconi* 
•iderable  figure  in  the  list  of  speakers.  Mr.  Grey  has  pre^ 
aerved  a  great  number  of  his  speeches.  On  his  fatherV 
death  in  16 7 4^  he  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords;  s^ 

•  •  • 

*  1  life  by  btnuelf.— Biog.  Brit.-«Fftrb't  edition  of  the  Royal  and  NobTa  Au« 
ttMin.*^B|inietit  Own  Timet.— >Btinrkk>t  Ul9»T^l>r.  Jobnaon^s  Werkii.— Atb. 
Ox.  Tot  II.^W»rburtoii>s  Uttert.-M3eat.  Mag.  tdI.  LX,  LXIU,  UQCXl,  4c. 
Ac.  For  an  accouot  and  refaMlion  of  OldmixooL't  iofan&ous  attack  oo.Jord 
Ctaiettdon't  hietory,  tee  Buften*i  ''GeHiiieeiMtt  9f  that  histery^"  kn^imk^^, 

Vot.  XYlll.  Dp 


401  it  t  D  t. 

continued  his  opporitioDi  and  eren  signed  a  protest  againsC 
an  address  toted  td  the  king  on  his  speech^  He  sdll,  how- 
ever, held  his  post  of  chamberlain  to  the  queen ;  and  af« 
terwardsy  shewing  himself  no  less  zealous  against  the  bill 
of  exclusion,  was  taken  into  favour,  and  made  «  privy-* 
counsellor,  1680.  But  he  soon  fell  under  the  displeasure 
of  the  prevailing  party  in  the  House  of  Commons ;  who^ 
unable  to  darry  the  exclusion  bill,  shewed,  their  resentment 
against  the  principal  oppOsers  of  it,  by  Vbttng  an  addresa 
to  the  king,  to  remove  from  his  presence  and  councils,  the 
tnarquis  of  Worcester,  and  the  earls  of  Halifalt,  Feversham; 
and  Clarendon. 

On  the  accession  of  James  II.  he  was  first  liiadelord 
privy-seal,  and  then  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland :  but  being 
too  firmly  attached  to  the  protestant  religion  for  thosd 
times,  he  was  recalled  from  his  goverriinent  to  make  room 
'  for  lord  Tyrconnel;  and  soon  after  removed  from  the 
privy-seal,  that  lord  Arundel,  of  Wardour,  another  papist; 
inight  succeed  him.  About  this  time  he  was  made  high- 
Steward  of  the  university  of  Oxford.  After  the  landing  of 
die  prince  of  Orange,  be  was  one  of  the  protestant  lords, 
summoned  by  the  kin?,  when  it  was  too  late,  to  repair  the 
ill  Consequences  of  his  popish  councils,  and  had  spirit 
enough  to  take  the  lead,  and  to  speak  his  mind  ffankly  and 
openly  in  that  memorable  assembly.  Yet  though  he  had 
no  great  a  regard  to  the  constitution  as  to  oppose  kin{p 
James's  encroachments,  he  would  not  transfer  his  alle- 
giance to  the  new  establishment,  nor  take  the  oatlis  tor 
king  William  :  on  which  account  he  was,  with  some  others^ 
suspected  of  designs  against  the  government;  add,  when 
the  king  was  in  England,  and  the  French  fleet  appealed  on 
the  English  coast,  the  regency  thought  proper  to  secure 
him  in"  the  Tower.  After  some  months  he  was  released* 
and  spent  the  femainder  of  his  days  privately  at  Ins  own- 
house  jii  thcf  country ;  where  he  died  Oct.  22,  1709^  %e<i 
sevent^-pheu. 

Hi9  3tate  Letters,  during  bis  government  of  Ireland, 
and  h)j  ijj^ary  Tor  the  years  1687,  1688,  1689,  and  1690; 
were  published  in:  2  vols.  4t09  1763,  from  the  Clarendon 
press  in  Oxford.  **This  diary,!*  says  the  editor^  "  pre- 
sents us  .with  a  picture  of  the  manners  of  the  age  in  wbidr 
the  writer  lived.  We  may  learn  from  it,  that  at  the  close 
of  the^eventeenth  century,  a  lAan  of  the  first  quality  made 
it  bis  constant  practice  to  go  to  churcb,  and  c^uld  spend 


i 


HYDE.  MS 

* 

the  dty  m  society  with  his  family  and  frieiids,  without 
fbaking  his  arm  at  a  gaming-table,  associating  with  jockiea 
at  Newmarket,  or  murdering  time  by  a  constant  round  of 
giddy  dissipation,  if  not  of  criminal  indulgence.**  Besides 
the  above,  lord  Clarendon  drew  op  ''  Some  account  of  the 
tombs  and  monuments  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Winches- 
teri  Feb.  1683,*'  which  was  continued  and  printed  with 
Gale's  history  of  that  church  ;  and  there  are  .three  tracts 
nattriboted  to  him,  printed  in  dutch's  <<  Collectanea."  ^ 

HYDE  (Henry),  Lord  Hyde  and  Cornbury,  eldest 
son  to  Henry  earl  of  Clarendon  and  Rochester,  was  the 
author  of  a  few  pamphlets  published  without  his  name :  of 
tome  tragedies  still  in  manuscript,  and  of  a  comedy  called 
V  The  Mistakes  ;  or.  The  Happy  Resentment,"  printed  ia 
\7SS  at  Strawberry  Hill,  with  a  preface  by  lord  Orfordi» 
This  was  a  juvenile  performance,  of  no  great  merit,  never 
acted,  and  printed  for  the  benefit  of  an  actress.  His  lord* 
ship  was  killed  by  a  fall  froth  bis  horse,  in  France,  May 
S,  1763.  Pope  has  neatly  complimented  the  virtuous  taste 
of  lord  Cornbury,  by  making  it  a  criterion  of  merit  to 
**  disdain  whatever  Cornbury  disdained.''  "  He  was,"  saya 
lord  Orford,  *^  upright,  calm,  i^teady ;  his  virtues  were  of 
the  gentlest  complexion,  yet  of  the  firmest  texture ;  vice 
could  not  bend  him,  nor  party  warp  him ;  even  his  owa 
talents  could  not  mislead  him.  Though  a  master  of  e1b« 
quence,  he  preferred  justice  and  the  love  of  his  country 
to  all  the  applause  which  the  violence  of  the  times  in  which 
he  lived  was  so  prodigal  of  bestowing  on  orators  who  dis- 
tinguish themselves  in  any  faction ;  but  the  tinsel  of  po« 
pularity  and  the  intrinsic  of  corruption  were  equally  his 
contempt  He  spoke,  nor  wrote,  nor  acted,  for  fame." 
He  wrote  the  paper  dated  Feb.  12,'  1737,  in  the  periodical 
paper  entitled  *^  Common  Sense,"  and  *'  A  Letter  to  the 
Tiee-chancelldr  of  Oxfoird."  1751.  His  lordship  had  re- 
presented the  university  in  parliament,  and  in  this  letter 
announces  his  resignation,  in  consequence  of  being  called 
vp  to  hts  father's  barony  in  the  house  of  peers.  This  vva^ 
followed  by  a  **  Letter  to  his  Lordship,"  from  seireral 
members  of  the  university,  acknowledging  his  merits.  He 
was  succeeded  by  sir  Roger  Newdigate.  But  of  all'  his 
compositions,  that  which  did  his  lordshipl^mdst'tfre^it,  was 
his  *<  Letter  to  David  Mallet,  on  the  intended  jiiiblicatiuii 

t  ConiM'i  P«tras«^Park'f  Royal  and  Noble  itttj^^rii^io^^BritJ 

DP  2 


404  HYDE. 

«  * 

of  lord  Bolingbroke>  Manuscripts/*  which  was  printed  in 
Dr.  Hawkesworth's  edition  of  Swift^s  works ;  and  it  is  a 
monument,  says  that  editor,  that,  will  do  more  bononr  to 
"the  writer's  memory  than  all  that  mere  wit  or  valour  has 
achieved  since  the  word  began.  Mallet,  it  is  well  known, 
-did  not  profit  as  he  ought  to  have  done  by  this  advice. 
Pope's  allusioQ  of  ^'  disdain/'  &c.  is  said,  by  Ruffbead,  to 
have  arisen  from  the  following  circumstance:  when  lord 
iCorobury  returned  from  his  travels,  the  earl  of  Essex,  his 
brother-in-law,  told  him  he  had  got,  a  haiid^me  pension 
Jor  him ;  to  which  lord  Cornbury  answered  with  a  com-^ 
posed  dignity,  **  How  could  you  tell,  my  lord,  that  I  was 
to  be  sold  ;  or,  at  least,  how  came  you  to  know  ftiy  price 
so  exactly  ?"*  ' 

HYDE  (Dn  Thomas),  a  very  learned  writer,  was  sofi 
of  Mr.  Ralph  Hyde,  minister  of  Billingsley  near  Bridge-^ 
north  in  Shropshire,  and  born  there  June  29,  1636.  Having  * 
a  strong  inclination  for  the  Oriental  languages  from  bis 
youth,  he  studied  them  first  under  his  father ;  and  after- 
wards, in  1652,  being  admitted  of  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, he  became  acquainted  with  Mr.  Abraham  Whee- 
lock,  art  admirable  linguist,  who  encouraged  him  to  pro- 
secute his  study  of  them  in  that  place.  By  him,  Hyde, 
when  he  had  been  at  Cambridge  little  more  than  a  year, 
was  sent  to  London,  and  recommended  to  Walton,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Chester,  as  a  person  very  capable  of  asi 
sisting  him  in  the  Polyglott  Bible,  in  which  work  he  was 
then  engaged.  Hyde  rendered  him  great  services;  for, 
besides  his  attendance  in  the  correction  of  it,  he  transcribed 
the  Pentateuch  out  of  the  Hebrew  characters,  in  which  it 
was  first  printed  at  Constantinople,  into  the.proper  Persian 
character^;  which  by  archbishop  Usher  was  then  judged 
impossible  to  have  been  done  by  a  native  Persian,  because 
one  Hebrew  letter  frequently  answered  to  several  Persian 
letters,  which  were  difficult  to  be  known.  He  translated 
it  likewise  into  Latin.  What  he  did  farther  in  the  Poly- 
glott, is  specified  by  the  editor  in  these  words :  ^^  Nee 
prxtereundiis  est  D.  Thomas  Hyde,  summs  spei  juvenisji 
qui  in  linguis  Orientalibus  supra  setatem  magnos  progressut 
fecit,  quorum  specimina  dedit  turn  in  Arabibus,  Syriacia^ 
«  t^ersicis,  &c.  corrigendis,   tum  in   Pentateucho  Persico 

*  Park's  R«y«l  and  Kuble  Anibors.— Biog.  Drsm.— Bovlev's  editiMi  of  Pope's 
Woriu.— Colt's  Heiaoiri  of  Walpole. 


ft  Y  D  E.  40* 

enaracteribus  Persicis  describendo,  quia  afiteisi  $o1ii  HH 
braicis  extitit,  ejasque  versionem  Latinam  condnnando/' • 

In  1658  he  went  to  Oxford^  and  was  admitted  of  Queen*f 
cdlegey  where  be  was  soon  after  made  Hebrew  reader; 
The  year  after,  Richard  Cromwell,  then  chaneellor  of  thai 
university,  directed  his  letters  to  the  delegates,  8igniiying,> 
that  *^  Mr.  Hyde  was  of  full  standing,  since  hia  admissioa 
into  the  university  of  Cambridge,  for  the  degree  of  master 
of  arts,  and  that  he  bad  given  public  testimony  of  his  mor« 
than  ordinary  abilities  and  learning  in  the  Oriet^tal  laiu 
guages  i**  on  which  they  made  an  order  that  he  should 
accumulate  that  degree  by  reading  only  a  lecture  in  on^ 
of  the  Oriental  languages  in  the  schools ;  and  having  ac«^ 
cordingly  read  upon  the  Persian  tongue,  he  was  created 
M.  A.  in  April  1659.  Soon  after  he  was  made  under-^ 
Jceeper  of  the  Bddleian  library,  upoh  the  ejection  of  Mr. 
Henry  Stubbe;  and  behaved  himself  so  well  in  this  em« 
ployment,  that,  when  the  office  .of  head-keeper  became 
vacant,  he  was  elected  into  it  with  the  unanimous  approba- 
tion  of  the  university.  In  1665  be  published  a  Latin  trans^ 
lation  from  the  Persian  of  Ulugh  Beig's  ^^  Observations 
concerning  the  Longitude  and  Latitude  of  the  fixed  Stars,*' 
with  notes.  -  This  Ulugh  Beig  was  a  great  Tartar  monarch, 
the  son  of  Sh&hrokh,  and  the  grandson  of  Timur  Beig,  or^ 
as  he  is  usually  called,  Tamerlane.  In  the  preface  be  iuK 
forms  *  us,'  '^  that  the  great  occupations  of  government  hiii^ 
dered  him  from  performing  in  person,  sp  much  as  he  would 
have  done  towards  the  completing  this  useful  work :  but 
that  be  relied  chiefly  on  bis  minister  i^alalieddin,  and  that 
he  dying  before  the  work  was  finished,:  his  colleague  Gaia^ 
tbeddin  Giamshed  and  his  son  Ali  al  Coushi  were  afterwards 
employed,  who  put  the  last  hand  to  it."  It  was  wiitten 
originally  in  the  Arabic  tongue,  but  afterwards  translated 
twice  into  the  Persian. 

About  this  time  Hyde  became  known  to  Mr.  Boyle,  to 
v^hom  he  was  very  usefuf  in  communicating  from  Oriental 
writers  several  particulars  relating  to  chemistry,  physic, 
and  natural  history.  In  Oct.  1666,  he  was  collated  to  a 
prebend  in  the  church  of  Salisbury.:  In  1674,  be  pub« 
lished  **A  Catalogue  of  the  books  in  the  Bodleian  library.^' 
In  1678,  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Gloucester;  and,  in 
i6S3,  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity.  Deo.  1651, 
he  was  elected  Arabic  professor,  on  the  death  6f  Dr.'  £d- 
irard  Pocock }  aod  the  same  year  published  the  ^<  Itinem 


4M  B  r  J}  IX 

Miliidt**  ^f  Abr^am  PeritaoI^.tbe  son  of  Mordecai  Peritsol, 
a  very  leairned  Jew.  This  was  done  to  supply  in  some 
neasure  the  Arabic  geography  of  Abulfeda,  which,  at  the 
request  of  Dr.  felt,  he  had  undertaken  to  publish  with  a 
Latin  transUiioti :  but  the  death  of  his  patron  putting  an 
end  to  that  work,  be  sent  this  smaller  performance  abroad, 
and  dedicated  it  to  the  earl  of  Nottingham,  then  secretary 
of  state,  in  hopes  that  it  might  excite  a  stronger  curiosity 
amongst  the  learned  to  search  into  this  branch  of  literature. 
Dr.  AUhatn,  regius-professor  of  Hebrew,  and  canon  of 
Christ-church,  being,  on  some  dispute  about  the  oath^ 
l!emoved  from  both  preferments,  Hyde  became  possessed 
of  both,  as  they  are  always  annexed,  in  July  1697. 
<  Three  yeara  after  he  had  ready  for  the  press,  as  Wood 
tellk  us,  an  excellent  work,  on  a  subject  very  little  known 
even  to  the  learned  themselves,  ^^The  Religion  of  the 
Ancient  Persians,"  a  work  of  profound  and  various  erudi* 
tion,  abounding  with  many  new  lights  ou  the  most  curious 
and  interesting  subjects,  filled  with  authentic  testimonies, 
which  none  but  himself  could  bring  to  public  view,  and 
with  many  ingenious  conjectures  concerning  the  theology^ 
history,  and  learning  of  the  Eastern  nations.  This  work, 
which  was  printed  at  Oxford  in  1700,  in  4to,  containing 
$S0  pages,  and  is  now  become  exceedingly  scarce,  and 
sells  at  a  very  high  price,  was  entitled  "  Historia  Reli* 
gionis  Vetenim  Persarum,  eorumque  Magorum.'*  It  was 
dedicated  to  lord  Somers.  Foreign  writers,  as  well  as  those 
of  our  own  country,  have  spoken  of  it  with  high  admiration 
and  applause;  and,  if  Hyde  had. left  us  no  other. monii?» 
ment  of  his  studies,  this  alone  had  been  sufficient  to  esta<« 
blish  and  preserve  his  reputation,  as  long  as  any  taste  for 
Oriental  learning  shall  remain. 

In  April  1701  he  resigned  the  office  of  principal  keeper 
of  the  Bodleian  library,  on  account  of  his  age  and  infirmi^ 
ties;  and  died  Feb.  18,  1703,  at  his  lodgings  in  Christo 
church,  in  his  67tii  year.  He  bad  occupied  the  post  of  in- 
terpreter and  secretary  in  the  Oriental  languages,  during 
the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  James  II.  and  William  IIL  and,  it 
is  said,  had,  in  the  course  of  ihisi  employment,  made  him- 
telf  accurately  acquainted  with  whatever  regarded  the 
policy,  ceremonies,  and  customs  of  the  Oriental  nations. 
He  was  succeeded  in  his  archdeaconry  of  Gloucester  by 
Mr.  Robert  Parsons;  and,  what  was  singular  enough,  in 
the  chair  of  Hebrew  professor  and  in  his  canonry  of  Cbrist- 
chorch  by  his  predecessor  Dir.  Altbam. 


r  D  IL  «9T 

fieqitles^  th€  v^orks  alireatdy  meDtiobed,  be  publishefcl 
*^  QuaMOf  Evangelia  &  Acta  Apostolorutn  Linguil  M alaicd^ 
^hacac4;eribua  EuropfiBis,*'  Oxford,  1677,  4to.  His  <<  Epis« 
IqIa  de  mensurb  &  ponderibus  Serum  sive  Sinensium,*'  &c« 
WA9  printed  al^  the  eod  of  Dr.  Edward  Bernard's  book,  en-^ 
titled  ^^I>e  laensuris  &  ponderibus  anttquis  Libri  tres/' 
Oxford,  16S8,  8to.  In  1690  be  published  at  Oxford  in 
4to^  I'^AoAotatiuocute  in  Tractatuin  Aiberti  Bobovii  Tur-> 
<^aruin  Imp.  Mohamoiedis  I-V.  oUm  interpretis  primarily  de 
^Turcarum  Liturgid,  peregrinauone  Meccani,  Circumci- 
aionei  sgrotoniin  visijUtione,  &c.  Subjungptur  Castigatio 
ia  Afigelum  a  Sancto  Josepho,  Carmelitarum  discaLceato-> 
mm  in  Perside  prsfectum  olim  generalem.*'  In  1694  he 
published  at  Oxford  in  dvo»  *^  De  Ludis  Orientalibus  Libri 
doo,*'  &c*  The  first  book  is  divided  into  two  parts :  the 
first' of  which  parts  eontains  ^^  Mandragorias,  seu  Historia 
-ShaUludiiy"  &c,  in  Latin ;  and  the  second  part  *^  Hist. 
:£babiiudii/*  &c.  in  Hebrew  and  Latin.  This  <^  Historia 
>$hahiludii"  bad  been  publislied  by  iteelf  at  Oxford,  1689, 
in  8vo»  The  second  book  contains  *^  Historia  Nerdiludii, 
.boo  est  dieere,^  Trunculorum,"  &c.  He  wfote  likewise 
,^'  In  Historian  Plaotarum  Oxoniensium  Annotationes  No-* 
^ioinn  sbigulariiBi  Piantarum  LingulL  Arabi<;&  &  Persic&  & 
Turcioi,''  pttblished  by  Jacob  Bobart  in  his  *^  Historia 
.PlanUrum,"  at  Oxford,  16.99,  in  4to. 

The  vast  extent  of  his  learning  and  industry  will  yet  ap« 

rpear  m(H«  extnuMrdinary  by  a  list  of  the  works  which,  ac- 

c<Mrding  to  Wood,  he  had.  planned,  and  partly  prepared  for 

4be  press.    These  ave,  L  ^*  Grammatica  pro  Lingua  Per- 

-aica,''  4IO.    2.  '^  Lexicon  Peraico^Latinum,*'  in  a  thick 

AtKK    .3.  >^  Lexicon  Turcico-Latioum,'*    in  a   thick  4to. 

4,  *'  Nomenclator  Mc^olo-Tartanciim,  cum  Grammatic& 

'C^oadem   LingusB.**     5*  <' Dissertatio  de  TartariSl.     Item 

Historia  Cfaartiludii;  &  Dissertatio  de  Numerorum  Notis, 

eaeondemque  origine  &  combinandi  ratione,  doctrin&  oovd,'* 

ftro«:    6.  *^  Cnriosa  -  Cbinensia  &  Selanensia,'*  8vo.     7. 

^  Historia  Gemmarum  Aiabicd  &  Latine,  cum  Notis,*'  8vo. 

9.  *' Historia  Tamerlanis  Arabic^  &  Latine  cum  Notis,'' 

•  4lo.  ».  <<  Liber  Bust&n  PersicS  &  Latind  oum  Notis ;  Li* 
ber  elegantissimus,  autove  Sc^pia  Sbadi,"  4'ta  10.  <^  Di- 
Tini  Poetsa  .H&pbix  Opus<  Persiei  &  Latii)^  com  Notis,'^ 

*  4t0*  1 1«  ^^  AbalfedsB  Geograpbia  Arabice  &  Latin^  cum 
Motis/'  4ito.  12.  ^*  Liber  B&barkt&n  eloquentissimo  styla 
twnrriptiisy  neri  ioge;iii  specimiua  continens,    Libmsa 


4«^  HYDE. 

Qolist&n  sqaanSi  si  non  soperans,  Penici  Ac  La^i,  cniiii'- 
Kotis/*  4to.     13.**  Maimonidis  Liber  More  Nevoelnm  tran^ 
tcriptus  ex  cbaracteribus  Hebraicis  quibus  a  Maim^AMkf 
^criptum  est,  in  proprios  Arabicos,  cum  navft  Versione^ft " 
Nolisy  Arabioe  &  Latiue,'*  in  a  tbick  4to.     14.  <<  Htaioria 
Regum.  Persi^e  eic  ipsorum  mooamentia  &  autoribus  ex«  '- 
tracUy'*  4to.     15.  '<  Annofcationes  in  difficiliora  loaa  Bib^^ 
lica  ex  Literaturi  Orientali,"  in  a  thick  4to.     16.  **  Peri* 
plasMariumMediterranei  &  Archipelagic  Tarcice  &  Lattn^ 
cum  circulo  ventorum  in  variis  Linguis,  Arabic^,  Pi»niefty 
Cbinensi/'  &c.  8vo.     17.  **  Zoroastria  Peno-^Medi  Opera 
omnia  Matbemattco-inedico^physico*Theologicay  Peniei  tt 
Latin^/*  foliq.     18.  **  Liber  £rdavirapb*name,  Persici  fc 
Latiney*  4ta     19.  **  Lexicon  Hebraicum  emendalum  0X 
MSS.  Lexicis  Rabbi  Pincbon,  R.  Jonds,  k  R.  Jesattt,  itque  * 
ex  collatione  cum  Linguis  Arabic^  &  Persic^  &  aliis  Lin-* 
guis  Orientalibus/'  4to.     2a  *^  Cosium  Orientale  AriiWeo* 
Persicum^  atq;  Occidentale  OraBCO-Latihum,  una  cum  8a«  > 
phii  Figurationibus  Stellarum  duplici  situ,  prbut  ia  Ceelo, 
&  prout  in  Globo  apparem;  cum  earum  nominibus  seeun* 
dum  harum  gentium  doctripam,'*  4to.    21*  '^  Commenta* 
rius  in  Pentateuchum  Arabic^,  auctor  MansCkr  Syro«Arabe 
ex  Scriptur&  Gersbumi  in  Arabicam  transcriptus  &  Latmi*^ 
tate  4onatU8,V  4to.    22.  *'  Urbium  ArmenisB  Nomencla- 
tursR  ex  eorum  Geographia  excerpta,'*  &c.    23.  *^  Varta 
Chiaensia,  scil.  eorum  Idoioiatria^  Opiniones  de  Dea  & 
de  Paradiso  atque  de  GebennSt,  &  de  Ciradibus  &  nofodii 
8upplicii;.de  eorufii  Literature  &  Libffis  &  Chartft,  &  de 
iipprimendi  .modo  atque  antiquitate,  &c.  omnia  excerpta  ex 
ore  .&  scriptis  natiyi  Cbinensis  Shin  Fo>*>burg/*  8iro.     24, 
*<  Varia  Selanen;iia;  ubi  insulee  Selan  (vulgo  Batavts  Ceylon) 
Historica  qusdam  &  vocabularium  genuims  eorum  charac^ 
teribus  exaratum  cum  eorum  Alphabeto  &  aliis  rebus/'  8va 
2.5.  **  Batamense  Alpbabetum  k   Legato    scriptum    cum 
Literarum  potestate  &  numerorum  notb,'*  8vo.    26.  ^'  No** 
tsB  Arithmetics  variarum  Gentium,  ubi  talium  Notamm 
origo  &  combinaodi  ratio  docetur,*^  8vo.     27.  ^^  IMalogi 
Arabic9-Per$icd-Turctci|  Latioi  vecsi,*'  8?o«     2B.  '*  Liber 
de  Turcarum  opinioQibus  in  rebus  religiosis,  Turcie^  h 
LatinV'  Bvo^    29.  <^  Utiliat  taensalia,  sciL  quid  in  Con* 
Tersauoive  Convivali  decorum  eat,  Arabici^.  &  Latini/'  8vo; 
30.  **  Bivpliie  Lexicon  Armeoiacuoa  cum  Litiguis  Orieotat^ 
bfas  (sQit  Arabici^  Per$icft,'&  Turcicft)  colUtum  k  in  mar^ 
g^ine  nptatMio/*   4to.    31.  <^  Evaf^eUwa  Lucis  ^  'AoM 


H  Y  D  s:  *^ 

A|H»lolOHiviLtngbil  JcCbarac^reMhiltteo,**  4to;  He  also/ 
tmisiated  itiM  EngHsh  the  letters  of  several  Eastern  kingtf 
and  priiioes  sent  to  king  Charles  II|  king  James  IT,  and 
kifig  William  III.     ^ 

Dr.Gregoiy  Sharpe,  master  of  the  Temple,  collected 

an4^  republished  some  of  Dr.  Hyde^s  pieces  that  9^re  for^^ 

tnerly  published,  under  the  title  of'*<  Syntagma  Disserta* 

tiommi  et  Opuscula/*  1767,  2  vols.  4t61    Tbiil  is  accbm*^ 

pauied  by  a  life  and  v^y  just  praises  of  the  atttfaor^  as  one 

of  the  greatest  Otientalrsts  that  any  country  has  prdduced.^^ 

-HYGINUS  (Caius  Julius),  was  an  ancient  Latin  vt^iter, 

wbo  flourished  in  the  time  of  Augustus.     Suetonius,  in  his 

book  *' De  ilbistrf bus  Grammaticis,'*  says  that  he  was  a 

fi^eedman  of  Augustus,  and  by  nation  a  Spaniard';  thoughr 

some  think  that  he  was  an  Alexandrian,  aind  brought  b/ 

Ciesar  ix>  Rome  when  Alexandria  was  taken.     He  was  a 

diligent  follower  and  imitator  of  Cornelius  Alexander,  a 

celebrated  Greek  grammarian;  and  was  also  himself  a^ 

teacher  at  Rome.     He  was  made  keeper  of  the  Palatine 

library ;  was  very  intimate  w^h  the  poet  Ovid,  and  with' 

Catus  Licinius,  a  i»an  of  consular  dignity  and  an  historian,, 

who  lias  taken  ocieadon  to  inform  us,  that  he  diied  very 

pooTy  and,  while  he  livedo   was  supported  chiefly  by  bis 

generosity ;  but  Vossius  thinks  that  the  person  here  named 

the  consular  historian  Caius  Licinius,  should  be  Cains  Asi- 

uixis,  who  wrote  a  history  of  the  civit  war,  and  was  consul* 

with  OneiosDomitiUs  CalvinUs,  U;  C.  723.- 

Hyginus  wrote  many  books^  which  are  mentioned  by 
ancient  writers.  Gelltus  quotes  a  work  **  of  the  Liv<;s  and 
Actions  of  illustrious  Men.'^  Serviiis,  in  his  ^*  Commen-- 
tary  upon  the  JEneid,*^  t^lld  us,  that  he  wrote  upon  '*  the 
Origin  and  Situation  bf  the  Italian  Cities  :**  which  same 
Work<  is  also  nientioned  by  Macrobius.  ^  Geilius  again  men^ 
tions'his  *^  Commentaries  upon  Virgil  ;**  as  does  Macrobius 
a.  book*  ^*  Concerning  the  Gods.**  He  wrote  also  ^*  about 
Bees  and  Agriculture  ;*'  and  lastly^  a  book  of  **  Genealo- 
gies,':*, of  which  he  himself  has  made  mention  in  the  only 
Viidoabted  work  of  his  remaining,  tbkt'  is,  in  his  <<  Po6ti« 
coo  Astronomicoti^'  de  mundi  &sphflene  ac  utriusque  par- 
tium  deplaratione,  librisquatuor,  ad  M.  Fabiuih  conscrip- 
loiD<!v'  The  first  book  treats  of  the  #orld'ahd  W'  the  doc^t 
tcilift  of  the- Inhere ;  the  (NKSond  of  the  signs  in  the  zodiac } 


4ia  H  Y  G  I  N  U  *. 

the  tbifd  gimM  %  dficriptioD  rad  history  of  tJM.  t^tktHtXhik 
tiops ;  aad  the  fourth  treats  of  several  things  relatiag  lie  t^ 
planets.  Here,  while  Hyglnus  describes  the  cgnsielUtiooii 
in  the  heavens,  and  notes  the  stars  which  belpog  to  eapin 
Retakes  ^occasion,  to  eacplain  the  fablea  of  the  peets  fioni 
^bicb  the  ^onstelUtioos  were,  supposed  originaHy  to  have 
taJ^^  tb^ir  rise  and  name ;  and  boAce  bis  woA  aeema  lo 
hav.e  bf^QQ  called  ^^  Po^ticpii  Astropomiem*^*  It  has  qosm 
down  to  ^  however^  veiy  imperfect ;  and  all  that  part  4>f 
kf  whictv  as  be  tells  ms»  treated  of  the  month*  the  yev^ 
and  the  reasons  of  intercalating  the  ai^onibs,  i$.  entisiely 
if)9t..  To  this  14  joined  a  jbook  of  fables,  in  which  ibis 
l^eath^u.  mythology  is  reduced  injtp  a  wmpeodi^ni :  but 
^ius  is  imperfect,  aad  suspected  to  be  spuripus.  There  am 
iinany  editions  of  these  boohs,  but  Uie  best  is  ihaA  wfai^ 
|I|liinher  publisbe4»  JM3getber  with  some  other  pieces  ef  an> 
iiquity  upoa  the  same  or  a  similar  suli^t,  under  the*  title 
^  <<  Mytbographi  Latini^''  Amsft.  1681,  9  vols,  ^v^o*  The 
third  book  of  the  AstioBe«iics»  is  illustrated  with  "sevwdl 
tpopper-plates  pf  the  constellations  cflegaotly  ^ngravedy 
which  Grotiiif  bad  published  from  the  8Qsian  M&  but 
which,  Schetiter  tells  us,  be  had  emitted  in  bi$  ediupm  of 
1 67  4,  because  be  knew  those  .ancient  delineations  to^  be 
Yery  ernoneous,  .and  very  ill  done.  ^ 
'  HYPATIA9  a  most  beautifal«  virtuous,  and  Warned  lady 
ef  antiquity,  was  the  dai:^b|teir  of  Theoe,  who  governed 
the  Platonic  school  ^t  Alexandria,  4he  place  of  her  birth 
^^d  education,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  eentory. 
Theoii  w^s  fapnans  among  his  contemporaries  for  bis  extea« 
five  knowledge  a^d  learning;  but  what  baa  ebiefty  ren- 
dered him  so  with  posterity,  as,  that  he  wa9  the  fia^r  of 
Bypatia^  whom,  encouraged  by  her  prodigious  genius,  he 
educated  not  only  in  all  the  qualificatiwi  belonging  taher 
fex,  but  likewise  in  the  most  ah^tr^uae. Alienees.  s£u»  made 
§n  amaeing  progress  19  every  branch  of  learning,  and  the 
things  that  are  said  of  her  almpst  sui2>a9s  belief.  Socratn^ 
the  ecjcle^astiical  historian^  a  wdtne^s  whose  veracity  caiuio^t 
be  doubtedji  at  least  when  he  speaks  in  favour  of  an  hea«>. 
then  philosopher,  Mis  us,  that  Hypiaitia  ^^  arrived  at  smk 
a  pitch  of  fle^iroi^g^ .  as  very  far  to  eme^d  all  the.  philoaft* 
pbers  of  her  tune;"  tp. which  Nicepborus  adds,.  ^<  those  of 
oth.er  tin^"    Philo^^gins,  a  third  historian  of  the 

t  JAoMrl— Yof  a)ut  But.  Ut.-*Sutt  OnQQMaUeoa^ 


H  y  ?  A  T  I  A»  4U 

jitimpf  affirms^'  that  <'  she  was  much  ^upedor  to  htt  father 
and  master  Tbeon,  in  what  regards  astronomy  V'  ai»d  SdW 
das,  who  mentions  two  books  pf  her  writing,  oae  *^  on  tba 
Astronomical  Canon  of  Diopbantus,  and  another  on.  the 
Conies  of  ApoUonius,*'  avers,  that  **  she  not  oiply  ^w^pAe^ 
her  father  in  astronomy,  but  also  that  she  ^n4lrs|094  all 
the  other  parts  of  philosophy.*'  It  is  some  confkmati^a  ef 
these  assertions  that  she  succeeded  her  father  in  the  .go^ 
▼ernment  of  the  Alexandrian  school:  filling  that  cbAii^ 
where  Ammonius,  Hierocles,  and  many  great  and  t^ekt^ 
brated  philosophers  had  taught ;  and  this,  at  a  time,  when 
men  of  immense  learning  abounded  both  at  Aleuodriat 
and  in  many  other  parts  of  the  Roman  empire.  Her  fame 
was  so  extensive,  and  her  worth  so  univer^^ally  acknpw>* 
leijged,  that  we  cannot  wonder,  if  she  had  a  t^rowded  aas^ 
ditory.  ^^  She  explained  to  her  Jiearers,"  says  Socraiesy 
'<  the  several  sciences,  that  go  under  the  general  name  of 
philosophy ;  for  which  reason  there  was  a  confluence  to  h^# 
from  all  parts,  of  those  who  made  philosophy  their  detighl 
and  study.'/' 

Her  scholars  were  as  eminent  as  they  were  ivumerons : 
one  of  whom  was  the  celebrated  Synesiusj  who  wa3. after- 
wards  bishop  of  Ptolemais.  This  anqient  Christian  Pl^ 
tonist  every  where  bears  the  strongest,  as  wtell  as  the  jno«t 
grateful  testimony  to  the  learning  and  yirt^ue  of  his  instruct 
tress ;  and  never  mentions  her  without  the  profpundest  rei* 
spect,  and  sometimes  in  terms  of  affection  coming  littld 
abort  of  adoration.  In  a  letter  to  bis  brother  Euoptius^ 
'^  Salute,"  says  he,  ^^  the  most  honpured  and  the  most  be^* 
loved  of  God,  the  Philosopher  ;  and  that  happy  society^ 
which  enjoys  the  blessing  "  ^f  her  divine  voice;"  In  ana* 
ther,  he  mentions  one  £gyptus,  who  ^<  sucfeed  in  the  seeds 
of  wisdom  from  Hypatia."  ^n  another,  he  ex;pre$ses  him^ 
self  thus :  '^  I  suppose  these  letters  will  he  delivered  bjr 
Peter,  which  he  will  receive  from  that  sacred  h$nd."  In  a 
letter  addressed  to  herself,  he  desires  her  to  direct  a  hy^^ 
droscope  to.be  made  and  bought  fpr  him,  ^rhich  he  there 
describes.  That  famous  silver  astrolabe,  which  be  pre* 
sented  to  Peonius,  a  man  equally  excelling  in  philosophy 
and  arms,  he  owns  to  have  been  perfect^  by  the  direc- 
.  tions  of  Hypatia.  In  a  long  epistle,  he  acquaints  her  with 
his  reasons  for  writing  two  books,  which,  he  sends  her ;  and 
asks  her  judgment  of  one,  resolving  not  to  publish  it  with* 
out  her  approbation. 


4l»  It  y  P  A  T  I  A. 

'  But  it  was  not  Sjrnesius  only,  aiid  the  disciples  of  tfa^ 
Alexandrian  school,  who  adrhired  Hypatia  for  her  great 
irirtue  and  learning:  never  woman  was  more  caressed  by 
the  public,  and  yet  never  woman  bad  a  more  unspotted 
character*  She  was  hield  as  an  oracle  for  her  wisdom, 
which  made  her  consulted  by  the  magistrates  in  all  impor- 
tant cases  ;  and  this  frequently  drew  her  among  the  greatest 
^concourse  of  men,  without  the  least  censure  of  her  man« 
ners,  ^<0n  account  of  the  confidence  and  authority,*' 
says  Socrates,  ^*  which  she  had  acquired  by  her  learning, 
she  sometimes  came  to  the  judges  with  singular  modesty. 
Nor  was  she  any  thing  abashed  to  appear  thus  among  a 
crowd  of  men ;  for  all  persons,  by  reason  of  her  extraor-' 
dinary  discretion,  did  at  the  same  time  both  reverence  and 
admire  her.**  The  same  is  confirmed  by  Nicephorus,  and 
other  authors,  whom  we  have  already  cited,  Damas- 
Cius  and  Suidas  relate,  that  the  governors  and  magistrates 
tf  Alexandria  regularly  visited  her,  and  paid  their  court  to 
ber ;  and,  when  Nicephorus  intended  to  pass  the  higfaesc 
compliment  on  the  princess  Eudocia,  he  thought  be  could 
not  do  it  better,  than  by  calling  hei*  **  another  Hypatia." 

While  Hypatia  thi^  reigned  the  brightest  ornament  of 
Alexandria,  Orestes  was  governor  of  the  same  place  for 
the  emperor  Tbeodosius,  and  Cyril  bishop  or  patriarch. 
Orestes,  having  bad  a  liberal  education,  admired  Hypatia, 
and  frequently  consulted  her.  This  created  an  intimacy 
between  them  that  was  highly  displeasing  to  Cyril,  who 
bad  a  great  aversion  to  Orestes :  which  intimacy,  as  it  is 
supposed,  had  like  to  have  proved  fatal  to  Orestes,  as  ws| 
may  collect  from  the  following  account  of  Socrates.  **  Cer« 
tain  of  the  Monks,"  says  be,  ^  living  in  the  Nitrian  moun* 
tains,  leaving  their  'monasteries  to  the  number  of  about 
five  hundred,  flocked  to  the  city,  and  'spied  the  governor 
going  abroad  in  bis  chariot :  whereupon  approaching,  they- 
called  bim  by  the  names  of  Sacrifice]*  and  Heathen,  using^. 
many  others  scandalous  expressions.  The  governor,  sns*. 
pecting  that  this  was  a  trick  played  him  by  Cyril,  cried 
out  that  he  was  a  Christian ;  and  that  he  bad  been  baptized 
at  Constantinople  by  bishop  Atticus.  But  the  monks  giy* 
ing  no  heed  to  what  be  said,  one  of  them,  called  Ammo-, 
nius,  threw  a  stone  at  Orestes,  which  struck  him  on  the 
head ;  and  being  all  covered  with  blood  from  his  woundst. 
bis  guards,  a  few  excepted,  fled,  some  one  way  and  some 
another^  hiding  themselves  in  the  crowd,  lest  tb^  shoiildr 


H  r  P  A  T  ^  A.  41S 

be  stoned  to  death.  In  the  mean  while,  the  people  of 
Alexandria  ran  to  defend  their  governor  against  the  monk;, 
and  puttingtbe  rest  to  flight,  broughtAmmonius,  whom  they 
apprehended,  to  Orestes;  who,  as  the  laws  prescrib^c^ 
put  him  publicly  to  the  torture,  and  racked  him  till  hf 
expired.'* 

But  though  Orestes  escaped  with  his  life,  Hypatia  after? 
wards  fell  a  sacrifice.  This  lady,  as  we  have  observed^ 
was  profoundly. respected  by  Orestes,  who  much  frequented 
and  consulted  her :  **  for  which  reason/'  says  Socrates, 
^*  she  was  not  a  little  traduced  among  the  Christian  multi« 
tude,  as  if  she  obstructed  a  reconciliation  between  Cyril 
and  Orestes.  This  occasioned  certain  enthusiasts,  headed 
by  one  Peter  a  lecturer,  to  enter  into  a  conspiracy  against 
her ;  who  watching  an  opportunity,  when  she  was  return^ 
ing  home  from  some  place,  first  dragged  her  out  of  her 
chair;  then  hiirried  her  to  the  church  called  Ciesars; 
and,  stripping  her  naked,  killed  her  with  tiles.  .After  this, 
they  tore  her  to  pieces ;  and,  carrying  her  limbs  to  a  placa 
called  Cinaron,  there  burnt  tbeni  to  ashes.!'  Cave  endea«» 
yours  to  remove  the  imputation  of  this  hprrid  murder  fron^ 
Cyril,  thitiking  him  too  honest  a  man  to  bi|ve  bad  any  hand 
in  it ;  and  lays  it  upon  the  Alexandrian  mob  in  general^ 
whom  he  calls  *^  levissimum  hominum  genus,''  **  &  very  tri«n 
fling  inconstant  people.^'  But  though  Cyril  sl^ould  be  aU 
lowed  to  have  been  neither  the  perpetrator,  nor  even  thet 
cotitriver  of  it,  others  have  thought  that  he  did  notdis* 
countenance  it  in  the  manner  he  ought  to  have  done :  and; 
was  so  far  from  blaming  the  outrage  committed  by  the  Nitrian 
monks  upon  the  governor  Orestes,  that  <^  he  afterwards, 
received  the  dead  body  of  Ammonius,  whom  Orestes  had 
punished  with  the  rack;  made  a  panegyric  upon  hfm,  ia 
,  the  church  where  he  was  laid,  in  which  be  extolled  his 
courage  and  constancy,  as  one  that  had  contended  for  the 
truth ;  and,  changfaig  his  name  to  Thaumasius,  or  the  Admin 
rable,  ordered  him  to  be  considered  as  a  martyr..  Qow* 
ever,  continues  Socrates,  the  wiser  sort  of  Cbristiansi  did 
not  approve  the  zeal  which  Cyril  shewed  on  this  man's  be- 
half; being  convinced,  that  Ammonius  had  justly  suffered 
for  his  desperate  attempt."  We  learn  from  the  same  his* 
torian,  that  the  death  of  Hypatia  happened  in  March,  in. 
the  10th  year  of  Honorius's,  and  the  6th  of  Theodosius's, 
consulship ;  that  is,  about  A.  D.  415. ' 

>  So«nitef,  Va  Sccl.  Hia  c.  l5.-«r«lNrtaii  kibL  OfiNi-Morcri.— S«|d» 


414  H  Y  P  E  R  X  0  E  5. 

HYPERIDES,  an  Athenian  orator^  disciple  of  VitM 
and  Isocrates,  flourished  about  335  years  before  the  Ghris* 
tian  sera.  He  was  a  sincere  patriot,  and  so  strenuous  ar 
lover  of  justice  and  liberty,  that  be  did  not  hesitate  to 
accuse  his  friend  Demosthenes  of  receiving  money  front 
Harpalusy  and  actually  drove  him  into  banishment.  They 
were  afterwards  reconciled,  and  perished  about  the  same 
time.  When  the  Athenians  were  beaten  at  Cranon,  he  wa^ 
dragged  out  of  the  temple  of  Ceres,  and  delivered  up  ta 
^Antipater.  He  died  about  322.  He  published  many  of  his 
orations,  of  which  one  only  is  extant,  and  that  in  some  de- 
gree dubious.  It  stands  the  17th  among  those  of  Demo«« 
ithenes.  There  are  also  some  fragments.  His  style  of  do- 
qnence  has  been  variously  estimated  by  the  critics  of  his 
own  country.' 

HYPERIU8  (GeiuKD  Akdrew),  a  celebrated  Lutheran 
divine  and  professor  of  divinity,  was  born  at  Ypres  in 
Flanders,  whence  he  took  his  name.  May  16,  151 1.  His 
father,  who  was  a  civilian,  and  had  sent  him  to  study  at 
various  places,  when  near  his  death  in  15^8,  removed  him. 
to  Paris,  where  he  studied  philosophy  for  three  years,  in 
the  college  of  Calvi ;  and  after  be  had  taken  a  journey 
ID  Ypres,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1532,  and  studied 
divinity  there  till  1535.'  He  went  afterwards  to  Lou- 
vain,  and  then  he  travelled  through  several  provinces- 
ef  the  Low-Countries  and  of  Geroiany ;  which  rendered 
.ineffectual  the  pains  his  friends  had  taken  to  procure  hiin 
a  living  without  his  knowledge ;  for  as  soon  as  it  was  re- 
presented to  Carondilet,  archbishop  of  Palermo  and  chan- 
cellor to  the  emperor,  that  he  had  travelled  in  Germany^ 
this  rendered  him  so  much  suspected  of  heresy,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  think  of  a  sanctuary.  He  went  into  Eng* 
}and,  and  lived  about  four  years  with  an  English  nobleman, 
Charles  lord  Mountjoy,  who  was  a  lover  of  learning,  and 
settled  a  handsome  pension  or  him.  He  crossed  the  sea 
again  in  1541,  and  designed  to  visit  the  university  of 
Sirasburg,  and  particularly  to  see  Bucer,  who  made  that 
university  very  famous.  But  as  he  passed  through  the 
country  of  Hesse,  he  met  at  Marpurg  with  a  professor  of 
divinity,  named  Geldenhaur,  who  was  one  of  his  friends, 
and  who,  in  order  to  keep  him  there,  gave  him  hopes  of 
some  employment  In  the  university  of  that  city.    He  ac« 

'  Saxii  OaomMtioon. 


H  T  1»  e  It  lU  ».  41^ 

oordingly  settled  there,  and  soon  after  succeeded  bis 
friend)  who  died  in  January  1542.  He  continued  in  that 
employment  until  bis  death  at  Marpurg,  February  the  Ist^ 
1564.  He  was  author  of  numerous  works,  some  of  which, 
were  published  by  himself,  and  the  rest  were  published 
after  his  death.  They  CQUsisf  of  ^^  Commentaries  on  the. 
Scriptures  ;**  ^*  Theological  Dissertations  ;**  <<  Controvert 
tfial  Tracts  ;*'  treatises  in  rhetoric,  logic,  arithmetic,  geo« 
metry,  astronomy,  optics,  natural  philosophy,  &c.  fiievernl 
of  these,  enumerated  by  Ames  and  Herbert,  were  trans<« 
lated  into  English,  and  published  here  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  Hyperius  had  a  very  clear  head,  and  a  verjr 
happy  talent  in  conveying  instruction.  He  was  meek  and 
polite  in  conversation,  and  delighted  in  social  convivial  in* 
tercourse,  possessed  true  wit  and  good  sense,  and  added  ta 
those  qualities  a  high  degree  of  virtue  and  zeaU 

HYPSICLES,  of  Alexandria,  a  disciple  of  IsidoruSf 
flourished  under jM.  Avrelius,  and  Lucius  Verus,  in  the 
second  century.  He  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  authoi: 
.4>f  a  certain  work  called  **  Anaphorious/'  or  a  book  of  as« 
censions,  vriiich  was  written  in  opposition  to  the  doctrines 
of  some  astronomer.  It  was  published  in  Greek,  with  the 
Latin  versicm  of  Mentelius,  and  in  conjuuction  with  the  Op« 
tics  of  Heliodorus,  at  Paris,  in  1680,  4ta  Vossius,  in  his 
book  ^^  de  Scientiis  Mathematicis,"  has  erroneously  sup-, 
posed  him  to  have  lived  at  a  much  earlier  period.  * 

1  Oen.  Diet— MelchkMT  Adain.— Dopin.— FoppM  BlbL  Belg^^FuUer't  AM 
|UdnriniM-SMii4)ttoaait 


(•  n«  ) 


J. 


>  «  • .  •  ■  * 

JaAPHAR  EBN  THOPHAIL,  an  Ambiati  phi1o80]>her; 
was  contemporary  with  Averroes,  who  di^d  about  the  yeai^ 
1198.  He  composed  a  pbllosophicdl' romance,  entitled 
**  The  Life  or  History  of  Hai  Ebn  Yokdhan  :"  in  which  he 
endeavours  to  demoi^strate,  how  a  man  may,  by  the  merc^ 
light  of  nature,  attain  the  knowledge  of  things  oaturaf 
and  supernatural ;  particularly  the  knowledge  of  God,  and 
the  affairs  of  another  life.  He  lived  at  Seville  in  Spain,  as 
appears  from  one  or  two  passages  in  this  work,  and  was  &- 
mous  for  his  medical  skill,  and  for  his  knowledge  of  the 
Peripatetic  philosophy,  of  which  this  work  exhioits  a  fa- 
▼ourable  specimen,  as  it  was  taught  among  the  Sarac6n$; 
He  wrote  some  other  pieces,  which  are  not  come  to  our' 
bands ;  but,  that  this  was  well  received  in  the  East,  ap-' 
pears  from  its  having  been  translated  by  R.  Moses  Nar- 
bonensis,  into  Hebrew^  and  illustrated  with  a  large  com- 
mentary. It  was  published  in  1671,  with  an  accurate  Latin 
▼ersion,  by  Mr.  Edward  Pococke,  son  of  Dr.  Pococke^ 
professor  of  the  Oriental  languages  a»  .0:tford ;  and,  in 
1708,  an  Englbh  translation  of  it  from  the  Arabic  was 
given  by  Simon  Ockley,  soon  after  Arabic  professor  at 
Cambridge.  It  is  written  with  great  elegance  of  language, 
and  vigour  of  imagination. ' 

JABLONOWSKY  (Joseph  Alexander  Von),  a  Polish 
prince,  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  sciences,  and,  for 
the  sake  of  improvement,  frequently  visited  Germany  and. 
France.  When  the  troubles  broke  out  in  Poland  be  re*, 
•igned  his  senatorial  dignity,  left  the  country,  and  took  up 
his  residence  at  Leipsic,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
not  only  as  a  friend  and  protector  of  science,  l^ut  as  ft 
man  of  great  literary  acquirements.  He  founded  a  society 
whijch  was  named  after  himself,  and  assigned  a  liberal  sum 
for  the  purpose  of  distributing  premiums  to  the  authors  of 

)  Moreri.— Brocker* 


J  A  B  L  O  N  O  W  S  K  r.  ^f 

t|ie  best  answer  to  questions  proposed  ob  Tarioiis  lite«. 
rary  subjects.  This  society  still  exists^  holds  its  meetingt 
at  Leipsic,  and  occasionally .  presents  the  world  with  the. 
fruit  pf  its  labours.  The  prince  died  in  1777,  at  the  ae;& 
of  sixty-five.  His  works  are,  "  The  Lives  of  Twelve  Gene« 
rals,"  written  in  the  Polish  language  s  •  '^  A  Treatise  on 
the  Sclavonic  Poetry ;"  and  some  pieces  of  a  similar  na« 
ture.  ■ 

JABLONSKI  (Daniel-Ernest),  a  learned  Polish  Pro* 
testant  divine,  was  born  Nov.  20,  1660,.  dt  Dantzic,  and 
bad  the  first  part  of  his  education  in  Germany ;  after  which 
he  travelled  into  Holland,  and  thence  to  England,  for  fur^ 
ther  improvement  in  his  studies.  Thus  accomplished,  he 
became  successively  minister  of  Magdebourg,  Lissa, .  Ko- 
ningsberg,  and  Berlin,  and  'Was  at  length  ecclesiastical  * 
cbunselior  and  president  of  the  society  of  sciences  in  this 
last  city.  -  His  zeal  against  infidelity,  both  in  the  atheists 
and  deists^  shewed  itself  on  all  occasions ;  and  be  took  a 
deal  of  pains  to  eflfect  an  union  betwixt  the  Lutherans  and 
Calvinjsts,  but  to  no  purpose.  The  truth  is,  considering 
the  rooted  prejudices  on  each  side,,  such  a  coalition,  like 
that  between  the  church  of  England  and  the  Dissenters,  id 
rather  to  be  wished  than  expected.  Mr.  Jablonski  died  in 
May  1741. 

There  is  a  Latin  translation  by  him  of  ^*  Bentley^s  Ser« 
iBons  at  Boyle^s  Lectures  ;*'  there  are  also  several  Latin 
<^  Dissertations  upon  the  Land  of  Gessen  ^"  *^  Medita- 
tipnes  de  divinfL  origine  Scripturse  sacrae  ;*'  also  a  piece  en- 
titled <^  Thorn  afflig^e,*'  homilies, .  and  some  other  works 
in  good  esteem.  *  . 

JABLONSKI  (Theodore),  brother  to  the  preceding, 
ahd  born  at  Dantzic  in  J  654,  was  counsellor  of  the  court 
of  Prussia,  aiid  secretary  of  the  royal  society  of  sciences 
at  Berlin.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most  exact  probity  and  a 
strict  piety,  united  to  a  sweetness  of  temper,  a  polite  ur- 
banity, and  an  inclination  to  oblige  all  that  applied  to  him. 
He  loved  the  sciences,  and  did  them  honour,  without  that 
ambition  which  is  generally  seen  in  men  of  learning.  It 
.was  owing  to  this  modesty  that  he  did  not  put  his  name  to 
the  greater  part  of  his  works;  the  chief  of  which  are^ 
<*  Dictionaire  Francis- AUemand  .&  Allemand-^Frangois/* 

1  Reei't  Cyclopndia,  from  Oen.  Biog. 

t  Moreri.— Biog.  Brit  Suppl.  p.  79.  note.— Mosheioi, 

Vol.  XVHL  E  e 


pflrtte^itf  fYlf  J  •*  A  Course  af  MofiHtyte  ffici  CiJrmM 
T^ttgti*^  ffld;'»  <^Art  Universal  Dicttonary  of  Am 
rfWrf  Sdrfn^i,  lf2!f;*  ^  trinshirion  into  HIigh  Dutch  of 
<•*  Taditds^  de  Ttidribus  G^manorunft/*  with  remaifk,  li24r. 

JABLONsIjI  (PXcL-E*^EJlt),  the  «ort  of  D«niel-Ef- 
jS^t,  tfeioVe-ttientibhed,  Wiks  *  native  of  Berlin^  a  Proftes- 
tant  divine,  and  a  professor  of  theology. at  Francfort  oil 
tlte  Oder,  atf  well  as  pastor  there:  He  tvas  born  in  1693, 
And  iti  Ill4f  ptibHshred  a  learned  dissertation,  entitled! 
'*  Disqoistrio  de  Lirtgua  Lycaonidl,"  ad  Act.  Apost^rr.  It. 
It  afppeared  ^  Berlin  iti  qnarto.  A  great  expectation  of 
hh  tffitleht»^as  excited  by  this  publication,  vrhich  he  fnily 
justified  frr  bis  siibseqnent  life.  He  ptibiished  also,  2.  ^D^ 
Mettitione  OrafctJorutti,  1753,V  francfprt,  175$»  3.  •*  Iif '- 
ititu'tiones  Hrstoriae  Ecclesiastic*,"  in  i  vbls.  8vo.  Btot 
his  dro^t  feartfefd  and  important  work  wa^,  4.  ^'  Pantbeoti 
iEgyptioi-uVtti  sii^e'de  Diis  eorudi  Commentarins,  cttnuPro^i 
<egbrt)etit$  dt  Aeligiowe  et  Theologta  Egyptitirutt,**  in  thre<$ 
irblumes,  8vo^  puMl&bed  at  Francfort  in  11 S6  and  ifB^ 
It  is  a  book  of  great  and  exterisire  ertrdition.  Jabfonriti 
died  in  1757/ 

JACETIUS,  or  DIACETO  (Francis  d^  CataMtis]^ 
an  Italian  writer,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1466,  and  wa^ 
the  disciple  of  Martinis  Ftcinns,  under  whom  he  studied 
the  i^iatonic  phih>sophy,  and  became  a  great  master  of 
it.  H^  was  a|sb  a  good  oi^tor,  and  succeeding  Ficinas  fa 
hfts  proi^ssbr^htp,  held  it  till  his  death,  which  happened  itl 
'1 5^2.  Tb^re  is  extant  by  him,  "  A  Treatise  of  Beauty,* 
and  another  of  "  Love,"  according  to  the  doctrine  of  Ptato^ 
beside  several  others,  which  were  all  ^rirxted  together  at 
Basil  in  1563> 

JACKSON  (ARTflUli)j  a  nonconformist  divine,  wA 
i)orn  at  Little  Waldingfield  in  Suffolk  in  1593 ;  hh  fethef, 
Who  was  a  Spanish  merchant  in  London,  died  when  he  \9A 
young.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambrtdj^e, 
where  he  appears  to  have  taken  hi^  degrees  in  arts,  iand  in 
1617  was  incorporated  M:  A.  at  Oxford.  While  at  c6ttege 
"he  comn^enced  th^  habit  of  rising  every  morning  at  threia 
or  fotir  O^cIock,  both  summer  and  winter,  and  studied  from 
fourteen  to  si:^een  b6urs  every  day.     He  continued  al 

>  Diet.  Hist^Bibl.  Genaaniqiie,  tot  XXIL  *  Moreri.— t)tct  RisL 

s  Dieu  Hiit.— Moreri. 


fid^xidgfi  uutil  bi$  marriage  in  1619,  soon  after  which  h^ 
Mras  chosen  by  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Michael,  Wood-street^ 
Loadon,  to  b^  their  lecturer,  and  on  the  death  of  Mr. 
Brogden,  their  pa&tor.     During  the  plague  in  1624^  he  was 
one  of  those  who  remained  at  his  post,  and  administered 
sueh  aid  to  the  sick  and  dying  as  he  could,  and  was  in  Qthe^r 
respects  scrupulously  diligenit  in  preaching,  catechizing, 
&c.     When  the  reading  of  the  ^^  Book  of  Sports^*  was  en- 
joined, he  refused  that  foolish  and  imprudent  n^andate;  yet 
such  was  his  char^ter,  that  when  complained  of  to  arch- 
.bishop  JUaud  for  this  omission,  that  prelate  said,  *'  Mn 
Jackson  is  a  quiet  and  peaceable  man,  and  therefore  I  will 
not  have  him  meddled  with;''     He  was  not  less  respected 
by  archbishop  Sheldon,  tK>twithstanding  his  very  different 
49pinion  on  church-government  and  cerempnies.     He  af- 
terwards accepted  the  living  of  St  Faith^s  under  St.  PiuPsy 
.whence  he  was  ejected  in  1662.     He  was  no  friend  to  the 
t^ianny  of  Cromwell,  an^  was  io^prisoned  above  four 
j^ootbs  for  refqsinjT  to  give  evidence  against  Mr.  Loye^ 
l^efotre  wfa^t  was  called  the  high  court  of  justice,  and  wa»^ 
i^so  fined  SQOL  On  the  restoration,  when  Charles  U.  made 
his  entry  into  London,  Mr.  Jackson  was  appointed  Jby  the 
I^Qpd^i)  P^^fgy  to  present  to  him  a  Bible,  as  his  majesty 
pA^sed  through  St.  Paul's  churchyard.     After  his  ejectiont 
,hp  employed  his  leisure  in  pursuing  his  annotations  on  the 
9ihl^  during  the  short  remainder  of  his  life.     He  died 
.Avig*  ^r  I6ii6.     His  **  Annotations  on  the  Bible/'  as  far  as 
the  book  Jof  Isaiah,  were  published  in  4  vpls.  4to,  the  last 
bj  his  son,  who  prefixed  to  it  some  meaj^oirs  Qf  the  author.^ 
JACKSON  (John),  axi  English  divine,  son  of  the  rev* 
John  Jaciki^n,  first  rector  of  Lensey,  afterwards  rector  of 
Rossingtqn,  and  vicar  of  0oncaster  in  Yorkshire,  was  k9rn 
#^  Lensey,  April  4,  1686.    He  was  educated  at  Donqaster- 
jAchopl  tuoder  the  famous  Dr.  Bland,  who  was  afterwards 
Jhead  master  of  Eto^«school^  dean  of  Durham,  and  frpin 
1732  to  1746  provost  of  Eton  college*     In  1702,  he  was 
l^floflitjtefl  qf  Jesus  college,  Cambridge;  and,  after  taking 
(h^  degree  of  B.  A.  at  the  usoal  period,  left  the  university 
in  1 707.    Dfiring  his  residence  there,  he  learned  I;lebrew 
(^iM^er  .3iniop  Ockley,  the  celebrated  orientalist ;  but  nev^er 
made  any  greaA  proficiency.    In  1709,  be  entered  into 
dcnacoo's  orders,  a^icl  ipto  priest's  two  years  after  i  wb^n  )xm 

1  Caltay. 


426  JACKSON. 

took  possession  of  the  rectory  of  Rossington,  which  had 
teen  reserved  for  him  from  the  death  of  his  father  by  the 
corporation   of  Doncaster.     That  politic  body,  however. 
Sold  the  next  turn  of  this  living  for  SOO/.  and  witb  the 
money  paved  the  long  street  of  their  town,  which  forms 
part  of  the  great  northern  road.     In  I7t.2y  he  married  £lf^ 
zabeth,  daughter  of  John  Cowley,  collector  of  excise  at 
Doncaster ;  and,  soon  after,  went  to  reside  at  Rossington. 
In  1714,  he  commenced  author,  by  publishing  three 
anonymous  letters,  in  defence  of  Dr.  8.  Clarke's  **  Scrip- 
ture-Doctrine of  the  Trinity,"  with  whom  he  soon  after 
became  personally  acquainted ;  and  nine  treatises  by  Jack* 
son  on  this  controversy,  from  1716  to  1738,  are  enumerated 
in  the  supplementary  volume  of  the  ''  Biographia  Britan- 
nica.**     In  171 8,  he  offered  himself  at  Cambridge  for  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  but  was  refused  on  account  of  his  here- 
tical principles.     Upon  his  return,  he  received  a  conso* 
latory  letter  from  Dr.  Clarke,  who  also  procured  for  him 
the  confratership  of  Wigston's  hospital  in  Leicester;  a  place 
which  is  held  by  patent  for  life  from  the  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  was  particularly  acceptable  to 
Jackson,  as  it  requires  no  subscription  to  any  articles  of 
religion.    To  this  he  was  presented,  in  1 71 9,  by  lord  Lech- 
mere,  in  whose  gift  it  was  then,  as  chancellor  uf  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster,,  and  from  whom  Dr.  Clarke  had  the  vear  be- 
fore  received  the  mastership  of  that  hospital*     He  novr  re- 
moved from  Rossington  to  Leicester ;  where,  between  pfe^ 
,  titles  (Leicester  being  a  great  party-town)  and  religion^  he 
was  engaged  in  almost  continual  war :  and  his  spirit  wa& 
by  no  means  averse  from  litigation.    In  May  1720,  he  qua- 
lified himself  for  afternoon-preacher  at  St.  Martin's  church 
in  Leicester,  as  confrater ;  and,  in  the  two  following  y^ars, 
several  presentments  were  lodged  against  himinthe  bishop^s 
.  and  also  in  the  arcfadeaconV  court,  for  preaching  herettcal 
doctrines ;  but  he  always  contrived  to  defeat  the  prosecu- 
tions; and,  after  the  '^Case  of  the  Arian  Subscription*'  was 
'  published  by  Dr.  Waterland,  hie  resolved,  with  Dr.  Clarke, 
never  to*  subscribe  the  articles  any  more.     By  this  he  lost, 
about  1724,  the  hopes  of  a  prebend  of  Salisbury^  which 
bishop  Hoadly  refused  to  give  him  without- strcfa  subscrip- 
tion.    ^*  The  bishop^s  denial,'*  says  his  biographer,  **-was 
*  the  more  remarkable;  as  he  had  so  often  intimated  his  e#a 
dislike  of  all  such  subscriptions :"  Jackson,  however,  had 
been  presented  before  by  six  John  Fryer  to  the  private 


JACKSON.  421 

prehead  of  Wherwell  in  Hampshire,  where  no  such  qa9\x* 
fication  was  required. 

On  the  death  of  Dr.  Clarke,  in  May  1729^  he  succeeded, 
by  the  presentation  of  the  duke  of  Rutland,  then  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lar\caster,  to  the  mastership  of  Wigston's 
hospital,  which  situation  he  preserved  to  his  death.  The 
year  before,  1728,  he  had  published,  in  Svo,  **  Novatiani 
Opera,  ad  antiquiores  editiones  castigate,  &  a  multis  men- 
dis  expmrgata :''  and  now,  intent  upon  books,  and  perhaps 
the  more  so  by  being  incapable  of  rising  to  preferment,  he 
continued  from  time  to  time  to  send  out  various  publica- 
tions. In  1730,  *<  A  Defence  of  Human  Liberty,  against 
CaU>*s  Letters ;''  and,  in  the  second  edition,  ^*  A  Supple- 
fQent  against  Anthony  Collins^  esq.  upon  the  same  subject.** 
In  1730  and  1731,  *'  Four  Tracts  in  Defence  of  Human 
Reason,  occasioned  by  bishop  Gibson's  second  Pastoral 
Letter."  In  1731,  a  piece  against  **  TindaTs  Christianity 
as  old  as  the  Creation  ;*'  in  1733,  another  by  way  of  answer 
to  Browne  bishop  of  Corkers  Jbook,  entitled  **  Things  Di- 
vine and  Supernatural,  conceived  by  Analogy  with  Things 
Natural  and  Human;"  in  1734,  '^ The  Existence  and  Unity 
of  God,  &c."  which  led  him  into  a  controversy  with  Law^ 
and  other  writers;  and,  in  1735,  <^  A  Dissertation  on  Mat- 
ter and  Spirit,"  with  remarks  on  Baxter's  "  Inquiry  into 
the  Nature  of  the  Human  Soul."  In  1736,  he  published 
'*  A  Narrative  of  his  being  refused  the  Sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  Supper  at  Bath  :"  this  bad  been  done  in  a  very  pub- 
lic manner  by  Dr.  Coney,  and  was  the  second  refusal  of 
that  kind  he  had  experienced;  for,  in  1730,  he  had  beeii 
denied  the  use  of  the  pulpit  at  St.  Martin's  in  Leicester,  by 
the  vicar,  who  set  the  sacristap  at  the  bottom  of  the  stairs 
to  restrain  him  from  ascending. 

In  1742,  he  had  an  epistolary  debate  with  his  friend  Wil- 
liam Whiston,  concerning  the  order  and  times  of  the  high 
priests.  In  1744,  be  published  ''  An  Address  to  the  Deists, 
&c."  in  answer  to  Morgan's  ^^  Resurrection  of  Jesus  consi- 
dered by  a  Moral  Philosopher;'"  and,  in  1745,  entered  the 
lists  against  Warburton,  in  '^The  Belief  of  a  Future  State 
proved  to  be  a  fundamental  article  of  the  religion  of  the 
Hebrews,  and  held  by  the  philosophers,  &c."  and  two  or 
three  polemic  pieces  with  Warburton  were  the  consequence 
of  this.  His  next  work  was,  **  Remarks  upon  Middleton's 
Free  Inquiry  into  the  Miraculous  Powers,  &c."  and,  after 
this,  hedoesoot  iippear  to  have  published  any  tibiDg  till 


422  JACKSON. 

a 52,  except  that,  in  1751,  he  communicated  to  Mh  John 
Gilbert  Cooper,  for  the  use  of  his  "  Life  of  Socrates,** 
$oiue  learned  notes  j  in  which  he  contrived  to  avenge  him- 
self upon  his  old  antagonist  Warburton.  At  the  same  \\m^ 
he  exposed  the  young  and  incautious  writer  to  the  resent- 
inent  of  that  veteran,  who  did  not  fuil  to  shew  it  in  one  of 
{lis  notes  upon  Pope.  In  1752,  came  out  his  last  and  best 
work,  "Chronological  Antiquities,"  in  3  vols.  4to.  He 
afterwards  made  many  collections  and  preparations  for  an 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek,  with  Scholia  in 
the  same  language ;  and  would  haVe  inserted  all  the  various 
readings,  had  not  the  growing  infirmities  of  age  prevented 
Kim.  An  account  of  the  materials  of  this  intended  bdixion, 
with  notes  containing  alterations,  corrections^  additions  to 
tis  "  Chronology,"  are  inserted  in  an  appendix  to  **  Me^ 
pioirs*'  of  him  printed  in  1764,  by  Dr.  Sutton  of  Leicester. 

He  died  May  12,  1763.  By  his  wife,  who  died  b^for6 
him,  he  had  twelve  children  ;  but  only  four  survived  him. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  application  and  learning,  but  not 
pf  parts  or  genius,  and  totally  devoid  of  taste.  His  know.* 
ledge  too  was  confined  to  the  precincts  of  Gr^ek  and'La* 
tin :  for  Be  knew  nothing  of  oriental  languages,  except  a 
little  Hebre\Y ;  and  pf  the  modern  languages,  even  the 
French,  was  altogether  ignorant.  Though  of  a  spirit  some- 
what litigious,  and  not  a  little  bigoted  ^to  his  opinions,  he 
was  good-natured,  hospitable,  and  cheerful ;  and  easy,  com- 
placent, and  agreeable  to  all  who  were  connected  with  ot 
dependent  upon  him.^ 

JACKSON  (Joseph),  an  ingenious  letter-founder,  whose 
history  affords  one  of  those  edifying  examples  which  cannot 
be  too  often  placed  before  the  eyes  of  the  young  artisati,  was 
bom  in  Old-street,  London,  Sept.  4,  1733,  aiid  was  edu- 
cated at  Fuller'a.  school  in  that  neighbourhood.  At  the 
usual  age  he  was  put  apprentice  to  Mr.  Caslbn,  letter«> 
founder,  son  to  the  first  of  that  family,  HaVihg  acquired 
ja  knowledge  of  the  common  operations,  he  had  ah  ambi- 
tion to  learn  the  method  of  cutting  punches;  which  was  so 
much  a  secret,  that  both  his  masted  and  his  inaster^s  father 
always  locked  themselves  into  a  private  apjirtmerit,  when 
eiiiployed  in  that  important  branch  of  the  business.  Mr. 
'  Jackson,  however,  surmounted  this  difficulty,  *hy  boring  a 
^ole  throiigh  the  wainscot,  and  prying  into  tb^ir  operations 


^  t 


J  ii  q  K  s  9  K.  4^3 

.VpUh^i^  S9€qe9s^  that  he  v«(as  $pcin  .ef)|ib(i»il  io  ^^h  a 

panci^,  ^pd  .bro^giu  it  ip  triuoiph  to  hW  0)^tQ[^  pxo])^)ff 

cp^p«c(ifi|g  sojne  reward,     JULis  aurpcbe  ^n^  chftgrin  auKit 

hfive  therefore  beep  great,  when  ^bU  ^a;^tejr  giive  bw  -^ 

, hard  blow,,  and  threatened  him  witb  .BndjeweUy  if^ver.be 

jpoedeiiiuc^  another ^/omb^atten^pt    JMr.  Jackspi:^  bo^* 

jever^  who^e  couscienfe  was  .i^oipe  ^^asily  r/^coQ.qlled  to  Jfiis 

.crime^  |bau  bis  tenipe;r  was.t9  his.ppnishAient,  w^  hy  tHe 

ii^sfUianc^e  of  his  mot^r,  provided  with  >^e  neice^sat^^t^ip^ 

<9in4  took  eviery  opportunity  of  impro.v,^ig  J[)ini3<$lf  .in  the 

ifl^rt  at  her  bousie.     He  continued  a)so4o  work  for  .bi3  iou^- 

i(er  fojc  some  time  after  the  expiration  of  his  i^ppr^ntiQ^- 

fibjuj^  >untila  4iisppte  r^pectipg  wa^ge3  :oi;casb;wd J?ljp^^^^ 

.iog  discharged,  along  with  a  ,Mr.  jCottr^Iji  .w.itAi  .wba{n,))e 

^united  iu  partnership  ;  hut,  on  the  defttb.pf  hi^  paoth^r^^.jn 

1759,,  .wei>^  on   board  the  Mip^rva  frigate,  fis  .f^rn^o^jp^r. 

-He  ^ppM^avs  to  hm^  returned  to  London  Wter  tl)e  p^j^pf 

f]  I'QZr^^  AUji^atked  forsom^  time  under  lyir.CottrelLiimly 

<4€4ei?mniqg.to  ii^veature  in  business  fpr  biai,if^l^  jij^  wfs 

iCiiMC(wi<aged  in. the  scheoie,  by  two  lifc-jguar^WOTj  h^^^^ 

•>tew.  wpgkmWi  who  engi^ged  to , allow  ^im.a^m^l  Jpil^^gf^ 

.^ipr  his.suhsi^tQnci^.^nd  )to  supply  mon^y/^o  qa^ry  pn^e 

o^lle,'for  tiWQ  ^^r^.  .jTakiqg.ajSin^Il  Jaouse  i^  <3pck|kQp, 

.ihe  >cioii  4<^i^fied  his  partpers  that  tb^  fawini^ss  wo^|4>^e 

•iNmluctiyei  before  the  tin^  promi^^d.   . Whjen  he  h^ii  ^pjur- 

.iu}ed  hiS'labours  about. six  .months,  :IV(r..BQwyf9i;,^tbe.cQ|9- 

.ibi^a^d  printer,  accidentally  callii^g.tp  inspect  ,some.of,]^s 

punches  (for  be  had  no  ^pecimen}^  s^pprb^d  thepi  sp  inucp, 

.4bat  beproQiised  to, employ  him*     fiusiness  increasing  i;^- 

.pidly»  M^'  Jackson  repioved  to  larger  .pr^mi^^  ip  Bor^^t- 

>atreet;  and  about  .1771  was  appU^.toJby  .the  laife  dqkefof 

..No^olk,  taoa^kea  moiild  to.  c^t  41  faoliow  sjqoiaie.     j^is 

.  gffaqe  .informed  hioiy  that  be  bad  a^ppUed  to  all  the  jskilfpl 

.mechanics  in  )London,.Mr.'Caslon  »npt,fSQicepted,  who  ^^- 

.  dared  it  impossible.  .]Vir..*|ackson,boi^everunde];took,  atid 

ia  the:CQurse  of  tbrc^  months  produced  it.    ,Be  proceeded 

ihen.in  raising,  the  repatation  of  bis  fqundery ;  ^nd  amopg 

::Olber  article^  of  ai^perior  di^culty,  we  may  menlion  i^e 

^iE^c-similef  types  for  tbeDofnesday-tbook,  ^ndfortbe  Al^* 

.  undrtan  New  Testament,  and  ^be;types»fQr  JVlaakUn*s3ibie. 

.  iJ^^r.^J^ksQA  4ied  at  his. house  in,DQrfl!etr^tiieet,.Sialiiihu](y« 

1  Klcbok's  Bowyer* 


424  JACKSON. 

JACKSONT  (Thomas),  a  liearned^  English  dWme,  ir*i 
born  dt  Willomng,  in  the  bishopric  of  Durfasm^  1579. 
Matiy  of  hk  relations  being  merchants  in  Newcastle,  he 
was  designed  to  have  been  bred  in  tbkt  profession  ;  but  his 
great  inclination  to  learnirrg  being  observed,-  he  was  sent 
to  Oxford,  and  admitted  into  Queen's  college  in  1595, 
a&d  removed  to  Corpds-Christi  the  year  after.     He  took 
his  degrees  in  arts  at  the  stated  times ;  and  May  10^  1606, 
became  probationer-fellow,  being  then'  well-grodnded  in 
ai^icfametic^  gtammat,  philology,  geometry,  rhetoric^'  logic, 
"phHosopfay,  the  oriental  languages,  history,  &c.  with  an 
insight  into  heraldry  and  hieroglyphics.     But  he  made  all 
'  his  knowledge  subservient  to  the  study  of  divinity,  to  vAtiiii 
he  applied  with  great  vigour,  and  became  so  distinguished 
irfit,  that  he  not  oiily  read  a  divinity *lectiire  in  his  college 
.  every  Sunday  morning,  but  another  ort  the  week-4ay  at 
'  Pembroke  college  (then  newly  founded)  at  the  request  of 
'tiife^nfaster  and  fellows.    He  was  also  chosen  vice-president 
'bif  his  toUeg^  for  tnany  years  successively,  by -virtue  of 
'  iv^hicb  office  he  moderated  at  the  divinity  disputatioiifij-mth 
remarkable  learning,  and  no  less  candour  and  modesty. '  He 
bb^menced  D.^D.  in  1622,  and  quitted^  the  college  two 
' ^^^' stfterwards,  being  preferred  to  a  living  in  his. native 
'^ccJiinty,  and  soon  after  to  the  vicarage  of  Newcastle.     In 
'  iiKkt  large  and  laborious  cure,  he  performed  all  the  duties 
"^  df  an  excellent  parish-priest,  and  was  particularly  admired 
''¥6r  his  discourses. from  the  pulpit.     At  this  time  he  wasa 
"rigid  Calvinist,  but  yielded  the  point  of  absolute  predesti* 
ti^tion  to  the  persuasions  of  Dr.  Richard  Neile,  bishop  of 
~17iirhaii),  who  took  hiiti  for  his.  chaplain,  and  joinedL  with 
Ihr.  Laud  iri  bringing' him  back  to  his  college,  where  he 
Was  elected  president  by  their  interest,  in  1630.     Upon 
this  promotion  he  resigned  the  vicarage  of  Newcastle ;  and, 
in  1635,  was  collated  to  a  prebend  of  Winchester,  himng 
been  made  king^s  chaplain  some  time  before.    Dn  Towers 
being  advanced  to  the  bishopric  of  Peterborougii,   Dr. 
<^  Jackson  succeeded  him  in  the  deanery  in  1638$  biithe 
'  did  not  enjoy  this  dignity  quite  two  years,  being  takeq 
'  from  it  by  death,  in  1-640.     He  was  interred  in  the  inner 
tihdpel  of  Corpus-Christi  college.  He  was  a  man  of  a  bhune- 
**  I^Ks  life^  studious*, 'humble,  courteous,- and  remarkably  cha- 
ritable, pious,  exemplary  in  his  private  aod  public  conver- 
sation ;  so  that  he  was  respected  and  beloved  by  the  most 
considerable  persons  in  the  nation ;  and  indeed  the  greatest 


-JACK  SO  H.  %2» 

* 

«ttein' wM  no  more  than  his  due,  oh  cvec^'uilt  bf  his  teftrii^ 
ing,  for  he  was  well  skilled  in  all  the  leaf  nefd  language!^ 
arts,  sciences,  and  physics.  As  an^frwtanceof  bis  charitlb- 
ble  disposition,  we  are  told,  that  v^hile  he  was'tiear  of 
'Newcastle,  whenever  he  went  out,  be  usiially  gave  wbi^ 
money  he  had  about  him  to  the  poo¥,  who  at  length  so 
fiocked  about  him,  that  his  servant  took'  care  he  should  not 
have  too  much  in  bis  pocket.  Dr.  JackaOn  was  profbundly 
read  in  the  feithers,  and  endued  with  an  uncommon  dep^ 
^f  judgment. '  His  works  are  Very  numerous,  printed  €% 
different  times,  but  were  all  coilecte^d*  and  piibiisbed  in 
1672  and  1673,  in  three  volumes,  folio,  consisting  chiefly 
of  sermons,  besides  his  ^^  Cotrimenlaries  on  the  Apostles^ 
Creed,**  which  are  bis  principal  work.  His  writings  were 
much  admiVed  and  studied  by  the  late  bishop  Horhe,  ia 
the  account  of  n^hose  life  his  merits  are  thus  displayed  by 
the  biographer.  **  Dr.  Jackson  is  a  magazine  of  theologi- 
cal knowledge,  every  ^here  penned  with  great  elegance 
and  dignity,  so  that  his  style  is  a  pattern  of  perfectioa. 
His  writings,  once  thought  inestimable  by  every  body- but 
the  Calvinists,  had  been -greatly  neglected,  and  would  prch- 
bably  have  continued  so,  but  for  the  praises  bestowed  upou 
them  by  the  celebrated  Mr.  Merrick,  of  Trinity  collejg;ey 
Oxford,  who  brought  them  once  more  into  repute*  with 
many  learned  readers.  The  early  extracts  of  Mr.  Hortie, 
which  are  now  remaining,  shew  how  much  information  be 
derived  from  this  excellent  writer,  who  deserves  to  be 
nuodiered  with  the  English  fathers  of  the  churdi/" 

JACKSON  (William),  an  eminent  musical:  compose!*, 
was  the  son  of  a  tradesman  of  Exeter,  where  he  was  bom 
in  1730.  As  he  early  discovered  a  great  genius  for  musie, 
he  was  edui^ated  to  that  profession  under  the  celebrated 
Travers,  and  may  be  said  to  have  imbibed  no  small  portion 
of  that  composer^s  spirit;  It  must  be  allowed  that  Jackson 
possessed  a  considerable  share  of  intellectual  ability,  and 
evinced  on  odany  occasions  a  very  diaiioguished  taste  for 
the  fine  arts.^  His  jiidgment  in  general  was  sound ;  genius 
will  not- be* denied  him;  and  when  genius,  judgment,  and 
taste  are  uhit^  in-  the  same  person,  we  are  entitled  to  et^ 
pect  aO  approximation  to  human  excellence.  At  the  same 
time  it  must  be  confessed,  that  these  qualities  were  strongly 

,  I  Gen.  ^\€tr^tiof.  Brit-^Fslkr's  Worthies.— >Atfau  Ox.  vol.  JL—Jom'i 
X^ife  of  Bishop  Home,  p.  15. 


X 


4S»  lA  C  KS  O  N. 

allogred  by  «  nuiLlure  of  s^lfiibneas,  ^rrogf^lce9  and  ao  in,- 
saliable  rage. for  superiority.  In  loany  of  his  musical  com-^ 
yoMfcions  be  has  displayed  traiu  of  .novelty,  but  these  are 
mot  the  most  estimable  of  bis  productions.  The  ^^  Elegies/* 
4be  best  oi  bis  works^  possess  superior  melody^  for  whioh 
"we  may  allow  bim  cvedit ;  hut  the  harmony  of  tbese  is 
ID  some  measure  deriyied  from  his  old  master;  that  is^  thegr 
jure  caBfttru<:ted  upon  the  model  of  that  c9ixi(>oser^s  can* 
aonets.  Indeed,  mai\y  of  Jackson's  early  oompositions  aa* 
^our  much  of  the  spirit  and  contrivance  of  Travers. 

Jaokson's  fame,  in  a  great  measure,  may  be  said  to  hfi 
•founded  in  his  judgment  of  selection  lyith  re|[ard  to  poetry ; 
though  he  sometimes  took  unwarrantable  liberties  with  his 
^mthor^  in  order  to  accommodate  the  lines  xo  bis  i^usic. 
Perhaps  no  composer  copied  less  from  others  than  Jackson, 
yet  at  the  same  time  it  must  be  adn^itted  that  he  was  a  pal- 
4pable  awLonerist.  His  most  interesting  and  novel  melodies 
<«Re  too.  frequently  associated  with  com^ion  passages  that 
have  existed  almost  from  the  origin  of  music  ;  the  descent 
"of  four  .notes  io  the  diatonic  :Orderis  sufficient  to  illustrate 
.our  meaning.  Jackson's  peculiar  fort  ^xi^ted  in  ^vipg  an 
^eleganta.nd  plaintive  melody  to  elegiac  ^poetry.  la.  consti- 
tuting harmon(^,  without  rendering  the,mid41e,pai?^orpajrta 
of  a  oomposition  destitute  of  melody,  Jackson  stands  un« 
malled.  This  is  no  trivial  praise,  wheiji  it  is  known  that, 
l>efove'bis  time»  composers  were,  and  are  at  present,  very 
4efectivein'this:part  of  their  art.  It  was  a  defect  in  Jack- 
son's music,  that  his  melody  would  suit  angf  species  of  pJiain- 
tive  lines:  few  of  his  compositions  displayed  the  art  of 
ningUng  expression  with  melody,  and  preservii^  the  latter 
in  its  purity.  His  **  Fairy  Fantasies,"  npt  yet  published, 
eyinoe  more  .eoogruity  ^han  any.  others  of 'his  works. 

jHe  long  tauglH  music  at  Exeter,  and  jn  1777  was  ap- 
pointed ocganist  .of  that  cathedral.     In  1782  he  rose  at 
tOQce  to  literary  fame  by  ^he  publication  of  "  Thirty  Leu^rs 
lOn  urarious  subjects,*'  2  vols*  lilmo.   These,  principally  con- 
^aisted  of  essays  ^on  .the  belles  iettreis  &ud  evinced  ^taste, 
learning,  viviacityi, :and  even-genius.    la  1798. he  published 
^^  The  Fottc  Ages,  together  with  Essays  on  various  sub- 
jeets,''  iSmif  which  consisted  of  eo  qnu^b  instru^tiye)  ori- 
vginal,;«<id«ntertaioii^matl;er,  that  it  add^tponsidevably 
to  the  author's  well-earned  £sme.     It  contained,  however, 
some  opinions  on  religion,  not  sufficiently  considered,  which 


JACKSON.  42f 

gafre 'olience  to  tetbus  readers,  lie  visti  pifUiifaail  ^A 
TreKtise  oh  the  present  state  of  Music,"  1794^  and  ^AglMea 
musical  works,  consisting  of  hyixvas,  songs,  canzonets^ 
elegies,  and  '<  An  Ode  to  Fancy."  Mr.  Jaoksou  «bo  paid 
his  court  to  the  graphic  muse,  but  never  looked  aa  ^latur^ 
believing,  that  by  copying  otbefr  masters  'be  mtg^ht  at  last 
lirrive  at  eltceUence.  His  great  model  vms  iw  fiiend 
Oainsbbrougfa,  who^te  colouring  and  composition  he  oon«- 
i^iantly  endeavoured  to  imiute,  someHiQies  with  «  decree 
^  success  which  induced  bra  to  ky  a  felse  claim  to  tte 
merit  df  originality.  But,  bad  be  succeeded  in  even  equal- 
ling that  gi^eait  artist,  his  pictures  would  not  have  spokee 
^be  language  of  nature ;  the  liian  who  merely  copies  an^- 
other,  either  in  music  or  painting,  can  never  be  considareid 
n  great  artist ;  be  can  only  be  a  faint  echo,  and  tanked 
•among  the  servum  pecus  imitatorum. 

Though  his  general  mode  of  living  was  teaommte,  yet 
lie  thought  that  a  still  greater  abstinence  wcmid  prolong 
ilia  existence.  In  bis  latter  daj^,  >be  diued  on  milk*por- 
^dge,  and  drank  water.  This  eKperiment  was  fatal,  fiia 
-fasibit  necessarily  became  impoverisbed,  and  his  ^gcistence 
terminated  in  'a  dropsy,  at  theage  df  73,  July  12, 1803J 

JACOB  (OiLBs^,  a  poetical  and  dramatic  writer,  was 

^the  ^son  of  a  considemble  maltster  of  Bomsey,  an  tbe 

'Oounty  of  Southampton,  -at  w^ich  plaoe  be  was  born  la 

1686.     He  was  bred  to  the  law  under  an  eminent  ottomey, 

^and  was  afterwards  steward  and  secretary  to  the  *iIo».  Wi^ 

liam  BiaUbwayt^  esq.  a  celebrated  courtier  in  the  reign  of 

'king  William,  and  who  enjoyed  great  preferments  in  that 

-and  the  subsequent  reign.    These  are  tbe  only  particalafs 

bf  his  life  which  have  been  handed  down,  and  at«wfaat4ie 

tinserted  in  bis  <*  Poetical  Register,*'  where  be  also  irffoMs 

us  that  be  was  a  great  admirer  of  poets.     He<died  ^MayS, 

1744«      His  admiration  of  poetny,  although  -it  could  xi6X 

'make  htm  a  poet,  led  him  to  inquire  into  poetical  bistoiy, 

*and  gradually  produced  his  **  Poetical  Register,  or  Lives 

^nd  Gharacters  of  the  EngKsh  dramatic    poets,'*   172fS, 

%  vols,  which,  says  Bak«r,  notwithstanding  some  few  ^errors 

*in  it,  is  by  mu($b  the  best'book^f  thekind  hitherto  extant; 

-and  yet  so  little  merit  had  bis  own  two  dramatic  pieces, 

>«  Lovfe  in  a  Wood'*  and  «  Tbe  Soldier*«^Last»Siahe,"  ibat, 

•HCdordikig  to  Wbihcfop,  Dr.  Sewel,  viho  was  bynomeaa^ 

I  ^OmM^lMnmoM,  vsif  IV,««-Bc«iri  Cyetop«dia  l^y^Dr.  Bur»ey, 


♦28  JACOB; 

remarkable  for  ill-natnr^y  on  reading  his  '^Love  in  a  Wood/* 
wfpte  the  following  very  severe  lines  in  the  title-page : 

Parent  oi  darkness !  genuine  son  of  night ; 
Total  eclipse,  without  one  ray  of  light ;. 
Sorn  when  dull  midnight  bells  for  Minerals  chime. 
Just  at  the  closing  of  the  Bellman*s  rhime* 

He  also  published  several  poems :  ^*  A  Journey  to  Bath 
and  Bristol,"  "  The  Lover*s  Miscellany,"  **  Essays  relating 
to  the  conduct  of  Life/'  and  '^An  Essay  on  Criticise^ 
&c/'  But  as  a  law-writer,  few  men  have  left  more  ample 
4estimonies  of  industry,  and  one  at  least  of  his  productions 
still  preserves  his  nante.  He  published,  1.  ^*Tbe  Accom- 
plished Conveyancer,"  1714,  reprinted  in  17S6  and  175(V 
3  vols.  8vo.  2.  "  The  Clerk's  Remembrancer,"  1714^ 
reprinted  1730.  3.  "The  Grand  Precedent,"  1716,  8vo. 
4.  "  A  Catalogue  of  all  Writs  and  Processes^  of  the  Courts 
at  Westminster,"  1717,  8vo.  5.  "  Lex  Mercatoria,  or  the 
merchants'  companion,"  1718,  8vo,  reprinted  1729.  ^. 
*^  The  Laws  of  Appeals  and  Murder,"  from  the  MSS.  of 
Mr.  Grale,  an  eminent  practi^er,  1719,  Svo.  7.  "  Lejc 
Coostitutionis,  or  the  gentleman's  law,'^  1719,  Svo,  re- 
printed 1737.  8.^'The  Modern  Justice,  containing  the 
business  of  a  justice  of  peace,  with  precedents,"  1720, 
reprinted  in  1726  and  I729.  9.  "  Review  of  the  Statutes,'* 
1720,  and  again  the  same  year.  10.  <^  A  Treatise  of  the 
Laws,  or  a  general  introduction  to  the  common,  civil,  and 
canon  law,"  1 7 2 1 ,  8 vo>  1 1 .  *<  The  complete  Court  Keeper, 
or  lord  steward's  assistant,"  1724,  8vo,  reprinted  1740, 
'1752,  1764,  a\id  1781,  which  last  edition,  much  improved, 
is  called  the  seventh.  12.  <<The  Student's  Companion, 
cor  reason  of  the  law,"  1725,  again  in  1734  and  1743. 
13.  '<  The  Common  Law  common*pIaced,"  1726,  8vo, 
reprinted  in  fol.  1733.  14.  "  The  new  Law  Dictionary," 
1729,  reprinted  in  1733,  and  often  since,  with  the  valu- 
able improvements  of  RufFhead,  Morgan,  and  lastly  of  Sir 
Thomas  Edlyne  Tomlyns,  in  1797  :  an  abridgment  of 
it  was  published  in  1743.  15.  <*  The  complete  Chancery 
.Practitioner,"  1730,  2  vols.  8vo.  16.  «*  Tables  to  the 
Law,"  1736,  fol.  17.  "Whe  complete  Attorney's  Prac- 
tice," 1737,  2  vols.  8vo.  18.  **  City  Liberties"  1732, 
and  with  a  new  title  only,  1737.  19.  <<  General  I^w  of 
Estates,"  1740,  8vo*  20.  "  Game  Law,"  1740,  12me. 
the  seventh  edition.  21.  <<  New  complete  Conveyancer," 
1744,  8v6.     22.  «  The  Sutute'  Law  commoo-placed/* 


J  A  C  O  fi.  429 

1748,  8vo,  fifth  edition.  23.  <*  Law  Grammar,"  17« 
and  1754,  12mo.  and  again  in  folio,  to  bind  up  with  the 
author's  Law  Dictionary.* 

JACOB  (Henry),  the.founderof  the  first  independent 
•or  congregational  church  in  England,  was  a  native  of  Kent» 
-and  received  his  academical  education  at  St.  Mary^s  hall, 
-Oxford.  Having  entered  into  holy  orders,  be  was  made 
precentor  of  Corpus  Christi  college,  and  afterwards  ob« 
tained  the  benefice  of  Cheriton  in  Kent.  In  the  year 
1604  he  published  '^Reasons  taken  out  of  God^s  word^ 
and  the  best  of  human  testimonies,  proving  the  necessity 
of  reforming  our  churches  of  England."  The  publication 
of  this,  and  of  another  work  against  what  was  falsely  called 
^Mearned  preaching,"  wpuid  have  brought  him  under 
ecclesiastical  censure  if  he  had  not  fled  to  HoUamjL  .  At 
Leyden  he  became  a  convert  to  the  Brownist  principle^ 
^since  known  by  the  name  of  Independency.  In  Holland 
be  published  several  treatises^  and  upon  his  return  be 
avowed  a  design  of  setting  .up  a  separate  cohg^regatioli 
upon  the  modiei  of  those  in  Holland.  This,  in  a  short 
time,  he  carried  into  effect,  and  thus  laid  the  foiiindatioa 
of  the  first  independent  congregational  church,  in  England. 
He  was  elected  pastor  of  the  church,  and  continued  with 
bh  people  till  the  year  1624, .  when  be  went  to  Virginia, 
where  he  soon  afterwards  died.  He  was  author  of  many 
publications  which  were  highly  esteemed  in  his  day,  parti** 
cularly,  1.  ^' A  treatise  of  the  Sufierings  and  Victory  of 
Christ  in  the  work  of  our  Redemption,  &c.  written  against 
certain  errors  in  those  points  publicly  preached  in  London, 
159^7/*  Lond.  15198,  8vb.  The  points  which  he  endea- 
Tours  to  confute  were,  1.  That  Christ  suffered  for  us  the 
wrath  of  God,  which  we  may  well  term  the  pains  of  bell. 
2.  That  Christ,  after  his  deaih  on  the  cross,  went. not  into 
hell  in  his  soul.  2.  ^>  Of  the  Church  and  Ministry  of 
'England,  written  in  two  treatises  against  the  reasons .aod 
objections  of  Mr.  Francis  Johnson,^'  Middleburg,  l5^B9t^ 
4to.  Our  author  and  Mr.  Johnson,  who  was  a  Brownist, 
and  lived  in  Holland,  had  sev^pal  disputes  at  Amsterdam 
about  the;  church  of  £n4^land*s  being  a  true  church.  ,  3. 
/•*  Defence  of  a  treatise  touching  the  ijuiferings  and  Victory 
of  Christ  in  the  work  of   our  Redemption,''   1600,    4t9. 

*  PoeficaURegistcr.— Biog.  Dram. — Bowles's  edition  of  Pope's  works,  where 
Jftcolxbas  a  place^  is  \;be  BaneUd.'^BndgiQan's  i<egjkl  B^Iio^raph;^.  ^   s 


4.  **  Reafloim  tAej^  out  ef  Gpd^s  word/'  &c.  alresi^y  men^ 
tioosdy  1604,  4to.  5.  '^  A  Position  against  Tain-gbriopf^ 
and  that  which  is  falsely  ealled  learned  preacbing/'  160f, 
Hvo.  6.  <'  The  di?ine  beginning  and  institution  of  Cbristf* 
tnic^  visible^  and  nsaterid  Church/'  Leydeu,  1$10,  ii^eL 
1,  ^^  Plaiu.  and  clear  Exposition  of  the  Second  Comrnvrnd-^ 
inent/'  1610,  8vo.  S.  <<  Declaration  and  opemng  of  at- 
tain points,,  with  a  sound  confirmation  of  some  others,  Iq 
ft  treatise  entitled  *  The  divine  beginning,'  &c/*  Middle- 
jburg,  1611.  He  wrote  and  published  likewise  several 
peeea,  as  the  ^  Counter- Poison,''  &c.  which  being  printed 
privately,  or  on  the  continent,  are  rarely  to  be  met  with.' 

JACOB  (Henry),  son  of  the  preeeding,  was. born  either 
in  1606  or  1607.  As  bis  &tber  was  warmly  attached  to 
puritanical  principles,  he  was  sent  abroad  for  education; 
i»  the  course  of  which  he  was  put  under  the  tuition  of  the 
eelebiatedErpeniua,  prjofe^ar  of  Arai>ic  in  the  uoiveciiity 
«f  Leydeo,.  and  by  the  help  of  strong  nattiral  parts^  united 
wkk  a  Vigorous  application,  be  m  a  short  time  made  a 
aurpriaing  progress  in  philological  and  orientil  Uteraliure. 
When  be  was  about  twenty-two  years  of  age  be  returned 
to  England,  and  waa  tecommeiided  by  Mr.  William  Bei^ 
^eil,  a  noted  orientalist  of  that  time,  to  William  earl  of 
Pembroke,  chaocellor  of  Oxford,  as  an  pxtraordinAiy 
yottng  man,  who  deserved  particular  encouragement  Ac- 
cordingly, that  genoroua  nobleman  immediately  wrote  to 
Ike  university  letters  in  his  behalf,  requiting  that  lie  might 
lie  created  bachelor  of  arts ;  to  which  degree  he  was  ad- 
joitted  in  Jan»  1 628-9.  In  the  earl's  recommendation,  Jacob 
was  described  as  having  profited  in  oriental  learning  above 
the  ordinary  measures  c^  his  age.  Soon  after  he  obtained 
the  patronage  of  John  Selden,  Henry  Briggs,  and  Pet^ 
Turner,  and,  by  their  endeavours,  was  dected  probationer 
fellow  ctf  Merton  college  in  1 630.  Not,  however,  being 
ittfficiently  skilled  in  logic  and  philosophy  to  carry  him 
through  the  severe  exercises  of  that  society,  the  ward^i 
and ^Uows  tacitly  assigned  him  the  situation  of  philological 
lecturer.  He  was  thea^^or  a  while,  diverted  from  his 
atudies  by  att^sding  to  some  law-suits  concerning  bis.  patri- 
enonyy  at  the  conclusion  of  which  he  fell  into  a  dangerous 
sickness,  and,  by  the  sudden  loss  of  his  patron,  the  earl  ^f 
Pembroke,  his  life  was  in  danger.    Bishop  Laud,  that  great 


/ACOBL  Ml 

etToonrager  of  literature^  having  socceeded  the  e«rl  in  tlie 
cbanceHorship  of  Oxford,  a  way  was  (bund  out,  fram  Mer^ 
ton  college  statutes,  to  make  Mr.  Jacob  Soeius  Gramma** 
ticas,  that  is,  Reader  of  Philology  to  the  Juniors^  a  place 
which  had  been  disused  for  about  a  hundred  years*     B^ng 
now  completely  settled  in  his  fellowship,  be  occasionaiijr 
resided  with  Mr.  Selden,  and  assisted  him  as  an  amanueiista 
in  one  of  the  works  which  he  was  publishing,  end  which^ 
Ire  apprehend,   must  have  been  the  **  Mare  clausiim.^ 
Seiden,    in   acknowledging   his   obligations,   styles   hioij 
^  doctfssimus  Henricus  Jacobus.*^     h  is  even  understood, 
that  Jacob  added  several  things  to  the  book,  which  Mr« 
Belden,  finding  them  to  be  very  excellent,  permitted  to 
stand.     Nay,  it  is  said,  that  Jacob  improved  Selden  in 
the  Hebrew  language.     In  1636,  Mr.  Jacob  wa»  created 
master  of  arts,  and  in  June  1641,  he  was  elected  superior 
beadle  of  divinity.     At  the  beginning  of  the  November  of 
the  following  year,  be  was  admitted  to  the  degree  6f  ba« 
cbelor  of  physic :  ''  but  his  head,*'  says  Anthony  Wood, 
**  being  always  over-busy  about  critical   notions  (which 
inade  him  sometimes   a  little    better  than  crated),    he 
tieglected  Us  dtriy  so  much,  that  he  was  stispended  <mee. 
If  not  twice,  from  his  place,   and  had  his  beadle's  atuti 
taken  from  him.''     In  consequence  of  the  rebellion,  and 
liis  attachment  to  archbishop  Laud,  he  soon  became  ex« 
posed  to  other  calamities.    Sir  Nathaniel  Brent,  the  repub* 
lican  warden  of  Merton  coHege,    silenced  Mr.  Jacob  as 
philological  lecturer;  and  at  length  he  was  totally^ deprived 
of  his  fellowship  by  the  parliamentary  visitors.    Being  now 
destitute  of  a  sufficient  maintenance,  he  retired  to  Lon- 
don, where  Mr.  Selden  assisted  him,  gave  him  his  clothes, 
.and,  among  the  rest,  an  old  scarlet  cloak,  the  wearing  of 
which  rendered  poor  Jacob  an  object  of  mirth  to  some  of 
his  acquaintance,  who,  when  they  saw  it  upon  his  back, 
used  to  call  him  **  Young  Selden."     **  But  being,"  say« 
Wood,  "  a  shiftless  person,  as  most  mere  scholars  are, 
and  the  benefactions  of  friends  not  sufficing  him,"  he  sold 
a  small  patrimony  which  he  had^  at  Godmerstiam  in  Kent, 
to  supply  his  necessities,  and  died  before  the  money  was 
spent.     He  had  brought  on  a  bad  habit  of  body  by  bis 
close  application  to  his  studies.     In  September  1652,  be 
setired  to.  the  city  of  Canterbury,  where  be  was  kiivdty 
entertained  by  Dr.  William  Jacob,  a  noted  physician  of 
that  place ;  but  who,  though  of  the  same  naiiie, '  wai  not 


/ 


4$Z 


JACOB. 


fetateid  to  our  atitbor.  By  thw  gentleman  be  was  cored  of 
a  gangrene  in  bis  foot ;  but  this  being  followed  hy  a 
tumour  and  abscess  in  one  of  bis  legs,  the  discbange 
fMToved.  too  violent  for  bis  constitation,  and  be  died  Nov;*  5^ 
1652*  The  next  day  Dr.  Jacob  buried  him  in  a  manner 
answerable  to  his  quality^  .in  the  parisb*churcb  of  AU 
Saints  in  Canterbury.  Anthony  Wood*  says,  that  Mr* 
Jacob  died  about  the  year  of  his  age  forty-^fourf  Bu^ 
if  the  circumstances  of  his  history  be  carefully  cQmpare4 
tpgether^  it  will  be  found  that  he  was  probably  not  less  than 
forty-six  years  old  at  tbe  time  of  his  decease.  Ais  to  bis 
character^  it  appears  that  be  was  an  innocent,  harmless^ 
careless  man,  who  was  entirely  devoted  to  tbe  pursuits  of 
literature^  and  totally  ignorant  of  the  world. 

From  the  catalogue  of  Mr.  Jacob's  writings  here  annexed, 
it  will  be  evidenttbat  be  was  a  person  of  uncommon  eru- 
dition. ^^  Oratio  inauguralis^  sub  Aditu  prcslectionis  Phi<* 
lologicse  puUice  habita  apud  Collegium  Oxonio-Merton." 
4  Aug.  16S^.  ^<  GrsBca  et  Latina  Poemata.^'  >^  Descrip* 
^on  of  Oakley-bole^  near  Wells,'^  an.  1632,  written  in 
JEnglisb  verse.  *•*  Annotationes :  in  earn  Partem  Orationis 
maug.  in  qua  dicitur,  Oratione  soluta  scripsit  Arial^ssus 
Proconnesius."  These  four  pieces  were  published  at 
Oxford,  while  tbe  author  lived,  in  1652,  in  quarto,  by  bis 
intimate  friend^  Henry  Birkhead,  fellow  of  All  Souls 
college. 

Mr.  Jacob's  other  works,  which  have  never  found  their 
way  to  tbe  press,  excepting  tbe  **  Delphi  Pboenicizantes,'^ 
of  the  credit  of  which  he  is  said  to  have  been  robbed  by 
Dr.  Dickinson  ^,  were  as  follows :  *^  Etymotecbnia  Catbo* 


*  In  our  article  of  Dickinson  we 
Kave  spoken  with  hesitation  on  this 
autijeot.  We  shaU^  -  however^  subjoin 
what 'Anthony  Wood  says,  to  which 
Dr.  Kippis,  in  the  new  edition  of  the* 
.Biog.  Britatmica,  tpems  mcHhed  to  al- 
low great  weight  Wood  says,  *'. Before 
I  go  any  farther,  the  reader  is  to  un- 
derstand, that  this  our  author,  Jacob, 
being  ejeieted  ia  1648,  from  Mertoo 
college,  and  so  consequently  from  his 
chamber,  wbeiefn  he  had  left  a  trunk 
fufi  of  bdoks^  as  well  written  as  printed, 
left  Oxon^  and  taking  no  care,  or  ap> 
pointing  any  friend  for  its  security,  his 
chamber-door,  before  a  year  was  ex- 
'-  pired,  was  broke  open  for  a  new  comer, 
who  Hading  the  trunk  tb«re»  4^^  let  it' 


remain  in  its  place  for  a  tim^.  At 
length,  when  no  man  inquired  after  it, 
as  the  then  possessor  thereof  pretended,- 
he  secured  it  for  his  own  use,  broke  it 
open,  and  therein  discovered  a  choice 
treasure  of  books :  one^of  tbem»  being 
a  manuscript,  and  fit  for  the  press,  be 
(viz.  Dr.  Dickinson)  disguised,  and  al- 
tered it  with  another  style;  and  at 
Jeagth,  after  he  had  learned  Hebrew,  • 
and  the  Oriental  languages,  to  blind 
the  world,  and  had  coavers^  openly 
with  those  most  excellent  4n  them,  as 
Pooock  and  Began,  of  Corpus  Chrlsti- 
college,  and  any  Grecian  or  Jew  that 
came  accidentally  to  the  aniTefsity»  he 
published  it  under  this  tkle«  *«  Ddphi- 
Phmoicizaates,*'  fcc 


3  A  C  O  -B.  43  J' 

)ict/^  CDhiiiining  fbor  diatribes  coocerning  Ae  oHgiiiftl  of 
]etterf.  The  first,  *<  De  Ordine  Aiphabeti  ^"  the  second^ 
«<'Oe  Transita  Alphabet! ;"  the  third,  *<  De  Numero^  Fi^ 
gura,  Potestate  et  DiVisiooe  Literaram^''  and  the  foorth 
called  **.  Geographistor  £tyinotechniGus."  <*'  Gramraatica 
Ebrea."  <^  £BX1,  vel  Osiris  inventus;  de  Coptiatis  Ori-*^ 
giudbus  CooEiinentatio.'' — Geographumena/'  in  which  are 
many  Assyriac  and  Egyptic  antiquities  discovered*  '*  Pan- 
caipia,  opus  ex  artibus  et  linguis  misceilan/'  imperfect. 
**  Magnetobgia,  in  lib.  3,  agentibns  de  triplici  Motu  Mag- 
netico)  Lapidali,  Coelesti  et  Animali,"  &c*  *<  De  Mart 
robro,''  and  another)  ^<  De  Historia  Beli  et  Draconis.** 
*^.  Libri  Ebreo  Rabbinici  in  Bib.  Bodleiana  recensiti>^'  an* 

1629.* 

JACOB  (Ben  Hajim})  was  a  rabbi  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, who  rendered  himself  famous  by  the  collection  of. 
the  Masoni,  which  was  printed  at  Venice  in  1525  with  the 
text  of  the  Bible,  the  Chaldee  paraphrase,  and  the  com*^ 
mentaries  of  some  rabbles  upon  Scripture.  This  edition 
of  the<  Hebrew  Bible,  arid  those  which  follow  it  with  the 
great  and  small  Masora  compiled  •  by  this  rabbi,  are  much 
esteemed  by  the  Jews ;  there  being  nothing  before  exact 
or  accurate  upon  the  Maspra,  which  is  properly^  a  critique 
upon  the  books  of  the  Bible,  in  order  to  settle  the  true^ 
reading*  In  the  preface  to  bis  great  Masora  he  shews  the" 
usefulness  of  his  work,  and  explains  the  keri  and  ketib^ 
or  the  different  readings  of  .the  Hebrew  text:  he  puts  the 
various  readings  in^  the  margin,  because  there  are  just 
doubts  concerning  the  true  reading ;  he  observes  also,  that 
the  Talmudish  Jews  do  not  always  agree  with  the  authors 
of  «the  Masora.  Besides  the  various  readings  collected  by 
the  Masorets,  and  put  by  this  rabbi  in  the  margin  of  his 
Bible,  he  collected  others  himself  from  the  MS  copies, 
which  must  be  carefully  distinguished  from  the  Masora.* 

JACOB  (Lewis),  an  industrious  French  author  and 
bibliographer,  was  born  at  Chalons  sur  Saone,  Aug.  20, 
1608.  He  was  educated  among  the  Carmelites,  and 
entered  into  that  order  in  1625,  and,  during  bis  studies, 
the  distingutsfaed  progress  he  made  in  theology  and  the 
belles  lettres,  procured  him  easy  access  to  the  libraries 
and  the  collections  of  literary  men  of  eminence,  who  con- 

.  1  Atb.  Ox^Wiog.  Brit  art.  DickloiOB. 
*  Mor«ri.-<-Simon'i  Crit  Diet, 

Vol.  XVIII.  F  t 


434  JACOB* 

tributed  vary  fvadily to  ipromote  his  tattd  ^for  -UhKogt^pby 
and  literary  history.    In  1639  he  went  to  Italy,  and  residoi 
some  time  at  Rome,  consuhing  the  libearies,  and  cdlleotiDg 
materials  for  his  future  ^works^'parkicularlry  bis  ^'Bibliotl^ec» 
Pontificia,'*  whi<5h  he  undertook  At  «be  solicitation  of  (3a^ 
brielNattd^,  tad  published  at  L3ron8  in  1j642.;  but  ibis  is 
by  far  the.  worst  specimen  of  his  talents,  aod  has  many 
ridiQulous  errors,  whidi  we  can  only  ascribe  to  bis  iiaviag 
hastily  copied  erroneous  catalogues,  without  consttUng  the 
books  themselves.     On  his  return  to  Paris  be  b^ame 
librarian  to  de  Gondi,  aftisrvrords  cardinal  de  Retz,  and 
was  likewise  appoirited  counsellor  and  almoner  to  the^king. 
We  find  him  then  librarian  tto  de  Harlay,  first  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  whose  house  he  lodged,  and 
where  be  diisd  May  10,  1*670.     He  was  a  man  of  gceat 
industry  and  application,   and   continually  employed   in 
inquiries  into  the  history  of  literature  and  4itecary  men  ; 
but  he  was  defioicDt  in  critical  taste,  undertodk  too  many 
things  at  once,  and  henoe  eommitted  errors  wtnch  btMm 
thrown  a  suspicion  on  the  general  <accuracy  of  all)  his 
works.      Niceron  has    enumerated  tbirty-seven  of  his 
publications,  of  which  the  principal  are,  1.  ^^  BifaUotheca 
Pontificia,"   already  mentioned,    Lyons,   1643,  4t30.      2^ 
^^  Trait6  des  plus  belles  Bibliotheques  do  monde,''  Pavis, 
4644,  avo.     3.  ^<  Bibliotheca  Parisina,  hoc  ^est  Catalogns 
omnium  librofum  Parisiis  annis  1643   fc  1644  inelusvve 
<excttsorom,^'  Paris^  1-645,  4to.    This  eatalogue,  Corsueb 
it  simply  is,  without  any  thing  but  the  titles  joi  the  books, 
4ie  continued  to  the  year  1650 ;  and  by  way  orsnppleas«Bt 
:compiled  his  ^'  Bibliotheca  Gallica  universalis,^'   fior  the 
^ame  or  a  greater  number  of  years,  including  books  puls*- 
lished  in  other  parts  of  France.     4.  ^^  De  Claris  Scriptori- 
bus  Cabilonensibus,  libri  tres,"  1652,  4to.    Among  die 
many  plans  which  he  meditated,    one  was  an  ^universal 
(library  of  French  authors,  which  he  is  said  to  have  com- 
piled, but  what  became  of  it  is  not  knovan.    If  conaqdeted, 
;as  Mr.  Dibdin  sa^s^  in  1638,  it  could  not  have  been  a 
.work  of  much  accuracy,  for  he  bad  then  scarcely  attained 
«his  thirtieth  year,  and  published  long  .afterwards  wods 
^which  sufficiently  shew  that  he  never  attained  mach  OT^ 
.^perienceitnd  corcectness-in  hisireBearohes.' 

.     iNiceroD,  voL  2a.-«^CUattft!pk.-->Mpmit.--^'Moiltt>ffPo]y]^ 
iBlbUoBianisu 


i  A  C  O  B  ^  U  SL  »3$ 

3AG0hMVS  (OLtQElt),  %  proinMT  oi  (itiyne  iMd  phl« 
jl9iOf>bjr  at  C!openluigeDy  waft  born  iit  July  2650-1;  i| 
tA^^aen  in  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  whem  his  hther  waf 
jbisbop,  who  took  all  possible  care  of  faia  aoif  s  ediacatioa  ( 
but  dyiiig  in  1671^  he  was  aeiMt  by  hi&  mother^  the  &Qiotis 
«Ca^ar  BaitfaoHn's  daughter,  to  ihe.  u^iveisity  of  Oojiien* 
^agen,  where  be  took  the  wsual  degnees^  and  then  'tnu» 
.yelled  to  Fiance^  Iitaly>  Gemattoy^  Hnngary^  England,  and 
4he  JNetherlands,  with  a  view  to  imjp«ove;  liinuelf  ia  hia 
^MKtfes»ien«  On  his  return  home  in  1679,  he  i^eceived 
Jetiters  frooei  his  prinoe,  appoickting  htm  professor  of  phjrsic 
Mid  philosophy  in  liie  cupittll  of  his  Idngdem*  He  entered 
.upon  the  discharge  of  this  post  in  16BO^  and  performed 
^e  functions  of  it  widhi  the  highest  repmaiion;  so  that^ 
Aeddes  the  honour  conferred  on  him  by  ifehe  univershyy 
Christian  Y.  king  of  Denmark,  ooaBnikted.toium  the  charge 
Joi  au^nendsg  and  putting  auto  omder  tSiat  celebrated 
-cabkiet  of  curiosities  which  his  pisedecessors  had  begun ; 
MiA  iFnederic  IV.  in-  1;6S8,  made  him  a  counsellor  in  his 
xourt  of  justice.  Thus  loaded  with  bonoaxs,'  as  well  as 
.helored  and  reapected  by  his  compatriolis,  her  passed  his 
.»days  la  tranquillity,  tiU  the  loss  of  his  wife,  Anne  Margue- 
tete,  ilaughter  of  I'homas  Bartholin,  who,  alter  iseTenteeu 
yeaiB  of  marriage,  died  in  1608,  leaving  him  lather  of  six 
boys«  This  ithrew  him  into  a  raelanofaQly,  wshioh  at  length 
{proved  fiital.  In  vain  he  sought  for  a  remedy,  by  the 
tadvioe  of  his  friends,  in  a  second  marriage  with  Anne 
Tistorph:  his  melancholy  increased ;  and,  idfter  languish- 
ing  under  it  near  three  years,  he  died,  in  1701,  at  the  age 
«f  fifity-oae. 

ffis  works  are  as  follow :  1.  ^^  De  Ranis  ^lissertatio,  Ro- 

wtm^^  1676,  iof  which  a  :better  edition  was  published  at 

'  Paris  in  163^^  dva    :2.  <<  Bartbolomei  Scalse  equitis  flo- 

aenliini  bistoria  FioDentiaorani/'  &c.  Romse,  1677-:  the  fa- 

-aamia  JMagliabeocbi  fomished  him  with  this  MS.  from  the 

-Medioeao  ilibraiy .     3 .  ^  Oratio  in  c^itnm  Tfao.  Sartholtni,^* 

hQUft.    '4s  ¥  Coqip^idium  institutionum  medicarum,^'  Haif-, 

SiiflB^  Ii64d^  a.nx    i5*  ^<De  Sanis  Jk  Laoettis  dissertaitio,'* 

1686.     6.  ^^  Francisci  Ariosti  de  oleo  mentis  Zibinti,  seu 

'  peicolee  agri  Mutineiisis^^'  &:c.  1690l    7«  ^*  Pane^ricus 

fihosfeiaoo  ¥to  diolns,"  1«^1«    8.  ^  Gaadia  Arotoi  oiMg 

ob  thalamos  augustos  Frederic!  &  Ludovicse,"  169).    9, 

^^  JMuseum  regium,  sive  catalogus  rerum,  &c.  qu^  i|i  Jba* 

silica  bibliotheca  Christiani  V.  Hafuiae  lisservantur,''  1696^ 


*M  J  A  C  O  B  JE  U  3. 

fbl.  reprinted  withr  vfthiable  additions  in  17 10.  He  bdd  a 
great  talebt  for  poetry^  and  composed  several  excellent 
poems  upon  varioiis  subjects,  some  of  which  have  been 
published.  He  left  the  character  of  a  good  husband,  a 
good  master,  a  good  neigbhoor,  and  a  good  friend.' 

JACOBATIUS,  orJACOBAZZI  (DoMiNieo),  bishop 
of  Locera,  was  employed  in  rarious  important  affairs  by 
Sixtus  IV.  and  his  successors,  and  created  cardinal  in  1517, 
by  Leo  X.  He  died  July  sf,  15S7,  aged  84.  He  left  a 
^  Treatise  on  the  Councils,*'  in  Latin,  which  is  sold  very 
dear,  though  justly  considered  by  the  learned  as  worth 
very  little.  It  is  in  the  last  volume  of  P.  Labbe's  councils^ 
the  first  edition  is  Rome,  1538,  fol.  but  the  edition  of  Parisii, 
made  for  Labbe's  councils,  is  the  only  one  which  ia 
esteemed,  and  no  copy  of  Labbecan  be  complete  wittMMit 
it.    The  re^impression  of  Venice  is  not  valued.* 

JACOBS  (Lucas),  commonly  <;all^  Lucas  Vasi  Ley^ 
den,  and  by  the  Italiaifs^  Luca  d'OUanda,  was  born  at 
Leyden,  1494,  He  was  the  disciple  of  bia  father  Hugh 
Jacobs,  and  after  him  of  Cornelius  Engefbreobty  and  ctiatin^- 
guished  himself  in  very  early  life  as  a  painter  and  engraver. 
Vlf^ith  fewer  faults  than  his  contemporaries,  he  possessed 
qualities  to  them  unktiown,  more  freshness  and  meilowiness 
of  colour,  more  aerial  perspective,  and  equal' dexterity  itk 
oil,  distemper,  ^nd  on  glass.  •  He  delightcnl  in  subjects  of 
extensive  composition,  though  he  was  ignorant  of  Hgte 
and  shade  in  inasses.  His  forms,  like  those  of  Albert 
Durer,  are  implicit  cojnes  oi  the  model,  but  with  less  va- 
riety and  less  intelligence,  lank,  meagre,  ignoble.  Of 
expression  he  had  little  more  than  the  vulgar  ^maoe. 
Though  he  was  without  attenction  or  knowledge  of  the  cos- 
tume in  the  genera]  attire  of  his  figures,  his  drapery  is  often 
ample  and  broad,  but  rather  snapt  than  folded.  Many 
pictures  of  this  master  in  oil  and  distemper  ^ill  exist'tti 
public  places  and  private  collections,  at  Leyden,  Amster- 
dam, Parb,  Vienna,  and  elsewhere.  His  name^  however, 
chiefly, survives  in  the  numerous  {prints  which  he>  engraved 
with  equal  diligence  and  focility  of  touch.     He  died  ia 

JACOPONE  (DA  ToDi),  an  ancient  Italian  poet,  a  eoa- 
temporary  and  friend  of  Dante,  whose  true  name  waa  Ja- 

>  Moreri.— Niceron,  vo\,  I. — ChaufepLe. — Saxii  Onomast.      ^  . 

*  Moreri.— Diet,  ilist,  3  Pilkiiigtoii  and  iStratt— Argeoville,  tol.  III. 


J  A  C  O  P  O  N  E.  497 

«opo  de^  Benedettii  was  born  at  Todi  of  a  noble  family* 
Lace  in  life  be  became  a  widower,  updn  wbicb  be- distri- 
buted bis  wealth  to  tbe  poor,  and  entered  into  the  order  of 
minors,  where,  through  humility,  he  remiained  always  in 
the  class  of  servitors.  He  died,  at  a  very  advanced  age, 
ki  1306;  and  the  reputation  of  sanctity  h;^  had  acquired 
procured  him  the  title  of  The  happy.  He  composed 
sacred  canticles,  full  of  iire  and  zeal ;  which  are  still  ad* 
aoired  in  Italy,  notwithstanding  their  uncultivated  style, 
which  abounds  with  bai;iiarous  words,  from  tbe  Calabrian, 
Sicilian,  and  Neapolitan  dialects.  He  wrote  also  some 
poems  of  the.same  stamp  in  Latin,  and  was  the  author  of 
the  ^  Stabat  Mater."  The  completest  edition  of  bis  can* 
ticiet  is  that  of  Venice,  printed  in  1617,  in  quarto,  with 


'   JACQUELOT  (Isaac),  an  eminent  Protestant  divine, 
and  celebrated  preacher,  was  born  December  16,  1647,  at 
Vassy,  of  which  place  his  father  was  minister.     He  distin* 
guisbed  himself  so  much  by  Jiis  studies  that  he  was  or- 
dained at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  appointed  colleague^ 
and  assistant  to  his  father.    Oa  the  revocation  of  tbe  edict 
of  Natttes,  Jacquelot  quitted  France^  and  retiring  to  Hei- 
.delfaerg,  received  public  marks  of  favour  from  the  electress 
Palatine.     He  went  afterwiirds  to  the  Hague,  where  he, 
gained  great  reputation  by  bis  sermons ;  and  tbe  king  of 
,Prussia  being  in  that  city,  and  having  beard  him  preach, 
desired  to  have  him  for  his  French  chaplain  at  Berlin,  and 
settled  a  large  pension  uponhkn.     Jacquelot  went  into 
Prussia,  1702,  And  died  at  Berlin,  October  15^  1708.     His 
works  are,  1.  ^^  TraM  de  TExistence  de  Dieu,''  Amster- 
dam j  i€97,  4to.     2.  "  Dissert^lioos  su4r  le  Messie,"  Hague^ 
.  1699,  S¥0.  .  3.  Three  books  against  Bayle's  Dictionary  ; 
tbe  first  entitled  ^^  Conformity  de  la  Foi  avec  la  Raisou,'* 
8vo ;  the  second,  <^  Exameu  de  la  Th^ologie  de  M.  Bayle,'* 
12mo;  and  the  tUrd,  <<  R^ponse  aux  Entr^tiens  composes 
par  M.  Bayle,''  12ma     4.  ^<  Trait£  de  Tlnspiration  des 
Livres  Sacnis,"  1715,  Svo^  two  parts,  the  first  of  which  is 
excellent    To  these  fiiay  be  added  two  small  pamphlets, 
entitled,  '^  Avis  sur  le  Tableau  du  Socinianisme.^'     This 
hist  work  occasioned  much  trouble  to  Jacquelot  from  Jurieu, 
author  of  tbe  "  Tableau  du  Socinianisme."     He  wrote  also 
twenty-eight ''  Letters^'  to  the  French  bishops,  persuading 

*  Mqr^--TlraboMhi,— GiDgaeu^  Hist  Lit.  P'iUOie. 


4m:  JJECaUBtOT. 

tbem  tb  8  snild  conduct  towardt  the  CalrinMts ;  and  pub^ 
Itsbed^^  Sefmotis/'  2  vols.  12fao.  All  hifs  w^Ab  arc  JUs-* 
tinguifihed  by  learning  and  strength  of  argumeot,  but  am 
thoagbl  10  be  defective  in  method. ' 

JACQUES  (Fkerr).    See  BAULOT. 

J:£GKR  (John  Wolfgang),  a  Lutheran  divine^  waar 
boni  at  Stutgard,  1 647^  of  a  father  who  was  counsellor  of 
the  dispatdbes  to  the  duke  of  Wirtetnberg,  After  be  had 
finished  hid  studiei^i  he  was  entrusted  with  the  eduoatioa 
of  duke  Ebdrhard  III.  with  whom  he  traveled  into  Italy 
in  1676,  as  pteceptor.  This  charge  beipg  completed,  he 
taught  philosophy  and  divinity ;  and  in  16^8  was  nominated 
a  councilor  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg.  The  following 
;f ear  he  becfime  oonsistorial  counsellor  and  preacher  to  4he 
cathedral  of  Stutgard,  and  superintendant-general  and 
abbot  of  the  monastery  of  Adelberg.  At  laisl  he  was  pro- 
moted in  170^  to  the  places  of  fir^t  professor  of  divinity^ 
chancellor  of  the  university,  and  provost  of  the  church  of 
Tubingen.  He  died  in  1720.  His  principal  works  are| 
1;  ^*  Ecclesiastical  History  compared  with  Profane  History,''. 
8.  **  A  System  or  Compendium  of  Divinity.*'  3.  "  Se^e« 
ral  Pieces  tipon  Mystic  Divinity,  in  which  he  refutes  Poitet^ 
Fenelon,'*  &c.  4.  ^<  Observations  upop  Puffendorf  and 
Grolius,  de  jure  b^lli  &  pacis.*'     S.  "  A  Treatise  of  Laws.'* 

6.  **  An  Examination  of  the  life  and  doctrine  of  SpiiK»a.'* 

7.  "  A  MorsLl  Theology,*'  &c»     All  his  works  are  in  Latin.* 
JAGO  (RrcHABD),  an  English  poet,  descendedof  aCor- 

:ftiflh  family,  was  the  third  son  ef  the  rev.  Richard  Jago, 
l^tor  of  Beaudesert,  or  Beldesert,  in  Warwickshire,  by 
^Mstrgaret,  daughter  ef  William  Parker,  gent,  of  Henley  in 
Arden,  and  was  born  Oct.  1,  1715.  He  received  his  clas« 
sicai  education  under  the  rev.  Mr.  Crumpton,  an  exceHent 
schoolra^ter  at  Solihull  in  the  same  county,  but  one  whose 
severity  our  poet  has  thought  proper  to  record  in  bis 
^*  Edge'rhi)!/'  At  tbii»  school  he  formed  an  intimaoy,  which 
death  only  dissolved,  with  the  poet  Shenstone,  whose  let* 
ter^  to  him  hare  since  been  published.  In  their  early  days 
they  probably  exchanged  their  juvSnile  verses,  and  after- 
Waras  communicfi^ted  to  each  other  their  mone  serious  stti« 
dies  ai^d  pursuits.  Somerville  also  appears  to  have  eoc£Ni>« 
raged  o^r  author's  first  attempts,  which  were  made  at  a 

« 

'  Chaufepie. — Niceroo,  vol.  VI.— Mc^reri^^^Dict,  Qii^t, 
s  JV|orer)«--.{4'ATOGat«-RpS4^u  Qnoia^it* 


JAG  Ol.  435" 

yofe  eadier  period,  when  under  bis  fi|tber!s;  humble  soof. 
|f]H>ia' siebool  be  was  entei^d  as  a  semtor  of  University  col-*, 
l^gff^  Oxford,  where  Shenstone^  tben>aicoinim)n«ii'of:  Pern*- 
hroke^  the  late  rev..  Richard  Greaves,.  Mr*  Whisiler,  and: 
qlber9  who  appear  Bxnong  Shenstone*s  eorrespondents,. 
sj»9)VQd  himevery  respect,  ootiivitbstanding  tbflf>  inferiorityr 
of  his  rank*.  Ayoung^  roan,  of  whatever  merits  who-  was> 
^drvitai;,  was  usually :  visited,  if  visited  at  all,  with  seorecy, 
l^i;tU».  prejudice  is  sow  so^mtich  abolished  that  the  same 
qireumafseclion'  is  not  thought  nectesaaiy.  He  took  hismas'^ 
1M's  d^ree  Jluly  9,  1738,  having  entered  into  the  churck 
l^er  ye&frbefone,  and  served  the  curacy  of  Snitt^field,  near 
Sti:a|:ford-upon-Avon»  His  father  died  iui  1740.  la  1744^ 
Qr(  aQeonding  to  Shenstone^s*  letters,,  in  Ir7.4r3^  he*  married 
Po/othea.Susanna  Fancourt,  daughter  of  the  rev**.-n-r 


•r^m-rmm 


laoeouft.of! Kimoote  in Xeioestershin^  ay^oungilady  wbooi 
he  had  known  from  her  childhood. 

Foff*  several  years  aftei^  bis  marniage,  he  resided  at,  Har« 
bucy^  to  which  living  he  was  presented  in  1 1746 ;  lordWil»« 
loug^by  de:Broke.gaveihim>al80itheliiiapg  of  Ghestenton, 
9k  9f  %mil  distance  from  Harbury.  These*  two  benefices 
together  did  not  produce  more  than  one  hundoed*  pounds 
ayeac  In  1751  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his.wdfe^ 
who  appears  to  have  been  an  amiable  and  accomplished 
mromao^  and  was  left  with,  the  oare  of  seven  veiiy  young  chih* 
dren.  In  17^4^  lord  Clare^  the  late  earl  Nugent,  procured 
for  him  firoqa  Dr.  Madox,  bishop  of  Worcester,  the  vicar* 
age  of  Snitterfield,  wontb  about  140/.  In;  17^9  he  married 
ti  second  wif^  Mai^net,  daughter  o{  James  Underwood^ 
esq.  o£  Hudgely,  in  Staffordshire^  who^survived  him,  but 
by^  whom  he  had  no  children. 

Some,  of  his-  smaller  pi^oes^  o£  poetiy  had  i  before  this 
time;  been,  inserted  ia  Dodsley^s.  collection^  but.  he  put 
101  for  higher  .claims,  by  puhli^ing  the  poem  of  <<  Edge- 
WIV*  in  li767;.  and  in  lT|5d,  his*  mofe  popular  fable  of 
f^  Labour  and  Gjenius.''  In  17T1  he  was  presented  by<  his 
fetnd  patron  locd  Willoughby/  de  Broke,  to  the  living  of 
'Kimcote>  formerJy  held  by  bi»  6xst  wife's  falher,  which 
being  wosth  near.  ^00/.  a  yeiar^  enabled  him  toiu^aintain  his 
family,  wudi.  qase  and  comfort^  especially  as.  he  retiuned 
Soitterfield^  and  resigned  only  the  tsifiing  living  of  Har* 
bury.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  when  the  infirmi^ 
tiea  of  age  made  their  approach,  he  resided  almost  entirely 
«ut  Soittecfield^  where  he  amused  himself  with  improving 


I 

* 


440  J  A  G  O. 

die  ^icaVage-hou8e>  and  ornamenting  his  gronnds,  a  taste 
he  probably  caught  iVota  ShenstonCi  but  which  be  contrived 
to  indulge  at  a  much  less  expence.  He  died  after  a  short 
Hiness,  May  8th,  1781,  aged  sixty-five  years,  and  ww 
buried  according  to  his  desire,  in  a  vault  which  he  had 
made  for  his  family  in  the  church  at  Snitterfeld.  Three 
of  his  daughters,  by  the  first  wife,  survived  him. 

His  personal  character  is  thus  given  by  his  bio^pher  i 
^  Mr.  Jago,  in  his  person,  was  about  the  middle  stature. 
In  his  manner,  like  most  people  of  sensibility,  he  appeared 
reserved  among  strangers ;  amongst  his  friends  he  was  fre« 
and  easy ;  and  his  conversation  sprightly  and  entertaining. 
In  domestic  life,  be  was  the  affectionate  husband,  the  ten- 
der  parent,  the  kind  master,  the  hospitable  neighbour,  and 
sincere  friend ;  and  both  by  his  doctrine  and  example,  a 
fiitithful  and  worthy  minister  of  the  parish  over  which  he 
presided.*' 

In  1784,  bis  poems,  as  corrected,  improved,  and  enlarged 
by  the  author  a  short  time  before  his  death,  with  some  ad- 
ditional pietes,  were  published  by  his  friend,  the  late  John 
Scott  Hyhon,  esq.  of  LapalUhouse  near  Hafes  Owen,  who 
was  likewise  the  correspondent  of  Shenstdne.  To  this 
publication  Mr.  Hylton  prefixed  some  account  of  Js^o'4 
life,  which,  however' meagre  and  unsatisfactory,  is  all  that 
xi&n  now  be  procured.  A  very  few  particulars,  indeed,  but 
perhaps  of  no  great  importance,  have  been  gleaned  frona 
8henstone^s  Letters,  &c.  His  life,  it  may  be  presumed, 
was  that  of  a  man  not. dependent  on  fame,  and  whose  pro* 
ductions  formed  the  amusement  of  his  leisure  hours.  It 
would  appear  by  one  of  Shenstone^s  letters  that  he  occa* 
sionally  used  his  pencil  as  well  as  his  pen.  His  rank  as  a 
poet  caniiot  be  thought  very  high.  Yet  we  have  few  more 
|>eautiful  specimens  of  tenderness  and  sensibility  than  in 
bis  elegies  on  the  Blackbirds  and  Goldfinches.  The  fable 
of  ^'  Labour  and  Genius"  has  a  pleasing  mixture  of  ele-* 
gance  and  humour.  The  *^  Elegy  oh  Blackbirds^'  appeared 
first  in  the  ^  Adventurer,^'  to  the  editor  of  which  it  was 
sent  by  Gilbert  West,  and  published  as  his.  The  author 
claimed  it,  however,  wheu'  added  to  Dodsley^s  collection, 
a  circumstance  which  Dr.  Johnson. has  noted,  but  not  with 
sufficient  precision,  in  his  life  of  that  excellent  cnan.  Evea 
when  Mr.  Jago  put  his  name  to  it,  a  manager  of  the  Bath 
theatre  endeavoured  to  make  it  pass  for  his  own,  and  with 
great  efFroutery  asserted  that  Jago  was  a  ^ctitious  naisf 
^dppted  from  the  play  of  Othello. 


J  A  G  O*  4#| 

longest  poem,  <^  Edge-hill/'  has  some  pauagea  iwfc 
Restitute  of  animation^  but  it  is  so  topographically  exacts 
thai  to  enjoy  it  the  reader  most  have  a  map  coostaotly  be- 
fore him ;  and  perhaps  with  that  aid^  if  he  is  not  conver** 
sant  with  the  various  scenery,  the  effect  will  be  languor 
and  indiifereuce*  Even  his  friend  Shenstone  seems  to 
speak  coldly  of  it.  '^  You  must  by  no  means  lay  aside  the 
thoughts  of  perfecting  £dge-hill|  at  your  leisure.  It  is 
possible,  that  in  order  to  keep  clear  of  flattery,  I  bavo 
said  less  in  its  favour  than  I  really  ought — ^but  I  never  oon- 
^dered  it  otherwise  than  as  a  poem  which  it  was  very  ad« 
Tiseable  for  you  to  complete  and  finish."  Sbenstone  did 
not  live  to  see  it 'published  in  its  finished  state ;  and  what* 
ever  his  objections,  probably  bestowed  the  warmest  praiM 
pn  the  tender  and  simple  episode  of  Lydia  and.  the.bliud 
lover,  taken  from  a  story  in  the  Tatler. 

His  other  pieces  require  no  distinct  notice. — Shenstoiie, 
in  a  letter  dated  1759,  mentions  an  *^  Elssay  on  Electricity/* 
vrritteo  by  Jago,  but  whether  published  we  have  not  beea 
able  to  discover.  In  1755  he  printed  a  yery  sensible  an4 
seasonable  di^ourse,  entitled  ^^  The  Causes  of  Impenit^noe 
considered,  preached  at  Harbury,  May  4,  1755,  on  occar 
sion  of  a  conversation  said  to  have  passed  between  one  of 
the  inhabitants  and  an  apparition,  in  the  church-yard  be- 
longing to  that  place.*'  From  this  incident,  which  he  doe* 
jiot  consider  it  as  his  business  either  to  confirm  or  disprove 
be  take;  an  opportunity  to  enforce  the  necessity  of  repent* 
ance.  Another  Sermon,  1763,  is  attributed  to  him  m. 
Cookers  Historical  Register^  of  which  we  can  find  no  moni- 
tion any  where  else.  \ 

JAMBLICUS,  a  native  of  Chalcis  in  Coelosyria,  an 
eminent  philosopher,  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  was  the  scholar  first  of  Anatolius,  and 
afterwards  of  Porphyry.  Having  become  perfect  master  of 
the  mysteries  of  the  Plotinian  system,  he  taught  it  with 
great  credit  and  success,  and  gained  the  profound  rever- 
ence of  his  scholars  by  certain  wonders  which  he  professed 
to  perform,  by  means  of  an  intercourse  with  invisible  beings. 
His  writings  discover  extensive  reading,  but  his  style  is 
deficient  in  accuracy  and  elegance,  and  he  borrows  freely 
from  other  writers,  particularly  Porphyry,  without  the 
Sfliallest  acknowledgment*    His  philosophical  works   are 

?  Jobqion  ai^4  Ch^en's  Fo^tf,  31  Toli,  8yo,  1810.— Niels's  iawycTt 


MS  J  A  M  B  L  I  C  U  S. 

eJicetJiiigty  ot^cHr^  but  vahuibie  as  M^betitie  documents 
yespeetimg  tbe  Aleis^ndriM  scbook^  TtM>6e  extant  are^ 
^  The  LiId  of  Pythagoras  ;*^  «<  A»  exhertaiiion  t^.  isbe  st«dy 
•f  Pbilosoph J  ;'^  ^'  Three  beol^s  oi»  M ibfehematicat  ieapim^  ;** 
^^A  oemnieDlayy  upon  Nico«>aeb«rs'9  Institutes  of  Aritk-^ 
snetsc/'  and  a  *<  Treatise  on  the  Mysteries  of  the-  Bgyp-» 
tians^  ChaldeaiiSy  and  Assyrians/^  •  Tbe  time  aiNi  place-  Qf 
Ikis  deatb  are  uncettmi ;  bat  10  oppiears  provable  that  bd 
died  about  tbe  year  3SS.  Tbts  Jkmblieus  must  be  distant 
Hmsbed  iVocn  the  person  of  tbe  isaioe  name,  to  whoai  the 
cmpevor  J«Uan  dedicates  bis  epistfes-;  Amp  JuKan-  waa 
«earoely  bom  at  the*  time  wben  Fovpbyry'y  successor  died. 
-  Tbe  sobool  of  Jaasblicu^  produced  many  ectee«ie  pbite* 
aopbers,  who  were  dispersed!  tbrough  varioos  parte  of  the 
HoMMA  empires  But  the  fate  of  one  of*  their  iiumbei^ 
Sopater,  who  was  put  to  death  by  order  ef  tbe  emperor 
(probably  for  inaicttous  praetiees  against  the  peae6'  o(^  the 
atate)^  and  the  discredit  into  wbicb  tbe  Pagan  tbeotogy  waa 
BOW,  through  the  general  spread  of  Gbrfstiani^,  almost 
tmirenaUy  fatten^  indtteed  these  philosephets  to  propagate 
tbeir  tenets^  and  praetise  tbeii^  mysteries^  with  cautton  and 
eoneeaknent.  In  tbis  state  ef  deppesskm-  Aie.  seet  een^* 
tiutted  tbroegb  the  re^ifs  of  Constaattne  and  GonstantniSh 
Bet  oiMter  the  esipeFor  Julian,  who  apostatised  from  tbe 
Christian  faith,  the  AleaDandrian  sect  revived,  and  a^in 
floerisbed  in  great  Ttgoer.  The  best  editioiis  of  Jambli- 
oas*a  works  are  those  '^  ]>e  Mfyst.  ^gypt.  Cbald.  et  Assyr. 
BeoDOR  et  alii  Tknttatus  Pbtlosopblei/'  printed  by  AMus^ 
at  Venice^  1497,  fol.;  <^De  Mystv  ^gypt.  necnon  Por- 
phyrii  Epistola,  &c.  Gr.  et  Lat*  ex  Ihterpretattone  et  euoti 
Notts  TbomsB  Gale^"^  Oston,  (67»,  fol.$  and  «<  De  Vita 
Pythag.  Lib^.  Gr.  etLat.  ex  emeadatioae  et  cum  notb 
Lildolphi  Kusteri,'^'  Amster.  1707,  4>to.^ 

JAMES  I.  kiQg  of  Soodand,  of  1^  bouse  of  Stuart,  was 
l>om  in  1394.  In  lt40S  bis-  fether  Robert  III.  sent  bint  to 
France^  in  order  that  be  might  eseape  the  dangers  to  which 
be  was  exposed  front  bis  uncle  thi^  dtrke  of  Albany,  but 
being  taken  by  an  EngHsb  squadron,  be  and  bis-  wbofe 
suite  werecarried  prisoners  to  the  Tower  of  Londcm.  Hiere 
tbe  yenng  prince  reoetTed  an  excellent  education,  to 
'  which  Henry  IT.  of  England  was  remarkably  attentive, 
thereby  making  some  atonement  for  bis  injustice  in  do* 


JA  M  £  S    li  44* 

Uioing  bim.    1^  John  Pelhai%  a  man  ,pf  woriib  and  le«BB« 
^^g  was  appointed  bU  governor,  under  whose  twiioii  ha 
made  so  rapid  a  progress,  that  be  soon  became  a  prodigv 
of  talents  and  accomplisbmentsk.    Robert  died  in  tbem^ 
kvfing  y«ar,  and  James  was  proclaimed  kin^  hot  daring 
the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  Benry  IV,  and  the  whole  <2 
that  of  ^enry  V.  be  was  kept  in  confinement,  wifcb  a  vima 
of  preventing  the  strength  of  Scotland  from  being  itrnted 
to  that  of  France  against  the  English  arms.    At  lengthy 
voder  <;be  regency  of  the  duke  of  Bedford^  James  waa  re« 
stored  to  his  kingdom,  having  been  full  eighteen  years  • 
prisoner  in  this  country.    James  was  now'  thirty  3ireara  of 
agOf  well  furnished  with  learning,  and  a  proficient  in  the 
eibgant  accoo^isbmenta  of  life,  and  dextrous  iu  the  manly 
^sercisesy  which  at  that  period  were  in  high  ettimatioa* 
He  married  Joanna  Beaufort,  dauglUec  of  the  duchesa  of 
Clarence,  a  lady  of  distinguished  beauty,  descended  from 
the  royal  family  of  England ;  and  on  bia  return  to  Seotlaftd^ 
finding  that  the  duke  of  Albany  and  his  son  bad  alienaled  . 
Qiany.of  the  most  valuable  possessions  of  the  crown^  in* 
atantly  caused  th^  whole  of  that  family  and  their  adhc^enta 
to  be  arrested.    The  latter  were  chiefly  discharged ;  bat 
the  late  regent,  bis  two  aons»  and  bis  father^in^law^  lia 
caused  to  be  convicted,  executed,  and  their  estates  to  b4 
confiscated  to  the  crown.    Whatever  other  objections  wtn 
made  to  James's  conduct,  be  procuied  the  enactment  of 
many  good  laws  in  his  parliaments,  which  bad  a  tendeiM^ 
to  improve  the  state  of  society ;  but  at  the  same  time  bia 
desire  of  improving  the  revenues  of  the  crown  led  bun  to 
many  acts  of  tyranny,  which  rendered  bim  odious  ta  his 
nobility,     In  1436  he  gave  his  daughter  Margaret  in  mar# 
riage  to  the  dauphin  of  Fmnce,  and  sent  with  her  a  splen* 
did  train  and  a  vast  body  of  troops.    The  English,  who  bad 
\n  vain  attempted  to  prevent  this  union  by  negociatioiiy 
now  endeavoured  to  intercept  the  Scotch  fleet  in  its  pas^ 
Mge,  but  they  missed  their  object,  and  the  princess  wt^ 
rived  in  safety  at  Rocbelle*    James,  exasperated  at  tbta 
act  of  hostility,  decjlared  war  against  England,  and  sum* 
mooed  the  whole  array  of  bis  kingdom  to  assist  in  the  siege 
of  Roxburgh ;  which,  however,  he  abandoned  upon  an  inti** 
mation  of  a  conspiracy  baing  formed  against  himself  by  bia 
0>vn  .people*     He  now  retired  to  the  Carthuiian  monastery 
of  Perth,  which  he  had  himself  founded,  where  he  lived  in 

privacy,  but  tbis>  instead  of  preventingi  focilitated  the  sac** 


44#  J  A  M  E  S    I. 

eest  of  the  plot  fonned  against  his  life.  The  chief  actors 
Uk  this  tragedy  were  Robert  Graham,  and  Walter  earl  of 
Atfaoly  the  king's  uncle.  The  former  was  actuated  by  re-' 
venge  for  the  sufferings  of  some  of  his  family,  the  latter 
by  the- hope  of  obtaining  the  crown  for  himsel£  The 
assassins  obtained  by  bribery  admission  into  the  king't 
apartments ;  the  alarm  was  raised,  and  the  ladies  attempted 
to  secure  the  chamber^door ;  one  of  them,  Catharine 
J3ouglas,  thrust  her  arm  through  a  staple,  making  there* 
with  a  sort  of  bar,  in  which  state  she  remained  till  it  waa 
dreadfully  broken  by  the  force  of  the  assailants.  The  in- 
atant  they  got  admission,  ihey  dragged  the  king  fix>m  his 
concealment,  and  put  him  to  death  with  a  thousand  wounda 
on  Feb.  20,  1437,  in  the  forty-fourth  year  of  his  age.  He 
ia  introduced  in  tbi^  work  chiefly  on  account  of  bis  literary 
reputation,  for  he  was  a  poet  as  w«ll  as  a  sovereign,  and 
his  works,  descriptive  of  the  manners  and  pastimes  of  the 
age,  were  once  extremely  popular,  and  are  stiU  read  wilb 
delight  by  those  who  can  relish  the  northern  dialects  -  He 
is  sajd  by  all  the  British  historians  to  have  been  a  skilful 
miisiciaD ;  and  it  is  aslserted,  that  he  not  only  performed 
admirably  on  the  lute  and  harp,  but  was  the  inventor  6f 
DMuiy  of  the  most -ancient  and  fovourite  Scottish  melodies^ 
but  this  Dr.  Burney  is  inclined  to  doubt  Where  thfo 
prince  acquired  his  knowledge  in  music  is  not  ascertained  ;^ 
but  it  is  probable  that  it  was  in  France,  in  his  passage 
home  from  which  country  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Eugiisb.  Before  the  reformation  we  hear  of  no  musid 
being  cultivated  in  Scotland  but  plain-song,  or  chanting 
in  the  church;  nor  afterwards,  for  a  long  time,  except 
psalmody. 

>  The  genuine  and  ancient  Scots  melodies  are  so  truly  na« 
tional,  that  they  resemble  tio  music  of  any  other  part  ef 
JEurope.  They  seem  to  have  been  wholly  preserved  by 
tradition  till  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  when  a  coU 
Jection  of  Scots  songs  was  published  by  a  Mr.  Thomson  of 
lEIdinburgh,  for  which  there  was  a  very  large  subscription* ; 
and  in  Jfebruary  1722,  a  benefit  concert  was  advertised  for 
the  editor,  to  be  terminated  at  the  desire  of  several  persons 
of  quality,  with  a  Scottish  song.  To  this  publication  and 
concert  may  be  ascribed  the  subsequent  favour  of  their  na- 
tional, singular^  and  often  touching  melodies^  south  of  %^ 


J  A  M  E  S    L  44i§ 

I 

Tasfloni,  iodeedy  (lib.  x.  cap;i23.)  tells  us^  diaH^Jaoiefil. 
king  of  Scotland,  had  not  only  composed- sacred*  musics 
.but  involuted  a  new  species  of  plaintive  melody  difieffent 
from  all  others ;  in  which  be  has  been  imitated  by  the 
priJQce  of  V^nosa;  who/'  he  adds,  '^  in  our  times  has  em^ 
bellished  music  witlji  many  admirable  inventions."    This 
assertion,  says  Dr.  Burney,  greatly  increased  our  desire  tk 
examine  works  in  which  so  many  excellencies  were  con>» 
centred ;  particularly  as  we  had  long  been  extremely  de^ 
sirous  qf  tracing  the  peculiarities  of  the  national  melodies 
of  Scotland,  from  a  higher  source  than  David  Rizzio.     But 
in  a  very  attentive  perusal  of  all  the  several  parts  of  the 
whole  six  books  of  the  prince  of  Venosa's  madrigals,  we 
were  utterly  unable  to  discover  the  least  similitude  or,imih 
tatioQ  of  Caledonian  airs  in  any  one  of  them ;  which,  ao 
far  from  Scots  melodies,  seem  to  contain  no  melodies  at 
^all^  nor,  when  scored,  can  we  discover  the  least  regularity 
of  design,  phraseology,  rhythm,  or,  indeed,*  any  thing  r»» 
Huurkable  in  these  madrigals,  except  unprincipled  modular 
tioo,  and  the  perpetual  embarrassments  and  inexperience 
of  an  amateur,  in  the  arrangement  and  filling  up  of  the  parts. 
As  a  poet,  however,  there  is  less  room  to  doubt  Jaknes^s 
talen^.     He  has  found  abundance  of  editors,  but  no  eoB»- 
plete  ajid  accurate  impression  of  his  works  has  hitiiefto 
made  its  appearance.     Mr.  Park,  in  his  excellent  editioa  of 
the  ^^  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,"  has  given  a  list  of  Ihen, 
and  more  particulars  may  be  found  in  our  principal  autho- 
rities'. • 
JAMES  I.  king  of  England,  and  VI.  of  Scotland,  was  ttte 
son  of  the  unfortunate  Mary  queen  of  Scotland,  by  her  eonaki 
Henry,  lord  Darnley,  and  was  born  at  Edinborgh-caatle 
inJ.une  1566,  at  the  time  when- his  mother  had  fixed*her 
a0(9ctions  on  the  earl  of  Bothwell ;  th^  young  prince,  hdw- 
ever,  was  committed  to  the  charge  of  the  earl  of  Mar,  atid 
in  the  following  year,  his  mother  being  forced  to  resign 
the  crown,  he  was  solemnly  crowned  at  Stirling,  and  all 
public  acts  from  that  time  ran  in  his  nan^.     He  was  edu- 
cated, by  the  celebrated  Buchknan  while  he  was  at  Stifling 
castle;  his  progress  in  school- learning  was  rapid,  and  he 
jnanifested  talents  which  presaged  the  future  great  man : 
but  he  became  the  pref.  of  flatterers,  who  urged  htm  to 

1  Irvine's  Live*  of  the  Scottish  Poets.— Park's  Royal  ai^d  Noble  AttUi9n«7^ 
Etrisli  SpeGimei».^Kef«*t  Cy^lopsNlia,  by  Dr.  Barney. 


m»  J  A  Sl£  s   t 

.tepgy tthhr tMaaaro,  wkkbin  1S%2  prodaoed  ia  oonspiracj 
4»f  the  Aobles  against  him,  who  Hook  possession  of  hts  pet^ 
wan  M>  Rothven  castle.  From  thence  he  was  conveyed  t6 
the  palace  of  noil}noDd-^faoQBe,  and  treaited  with  much  ex^ 
temal  tveapect,  frtiile  in  veality  he  was  held  in  the  HtmoA 
aMBtndnt.  A  new  conledenicy  of  other  nobles  prod  uced  his 
libcTBtion,  and  he  put  :hitts6lf  under  the  sway  of  his  farvottr^ 
Ita  the  earl  ^of  Anrany  who  was  Tiolent  and  anprineipleAy 
«ld  who  carded  on  measures  oi^evetitj  against  the  nobles 
fat  the  fcrmer  conspiracy,  and  against  the  clergy  wht^  &« 
mmred  them.  He  oontrmd  to  engage  the  mind  of  the 
ycning  king  wathanconstant  round  of  amusement,  and  he 
iumaelf  escercised  with  unlimited  sway  all  the  regal  antho- 
mtjff  and  iby  ins  insolence  and  rapacity  rendered  hicnseff 
^RiiTersaiiy  odious.  Queen  ElizabeUi'of  England  had  lon^ 
mmfisfed  her  arts  to  maintain  a  party  in  the  country,  wh'icfa. 
^policy  was  become  more  necessary  on  account  of  lier  eon- 
-dacttoits  qiseen.  Tiiough  James  had  hitherto  been  induced 
•to  treat  bis  mcther  (very  irreverently,  yet  when  her  life  ap- 
:peared  to  be  in  imminent  danger,  :iVom  the  sentence  pro- 
•nonoead  against  her  by  an  English  court  of  j>n^ature,  he 
Mk  fatmseif  bound  to  interfere,  and  wrote  a  menacing  let* 
to  EtiBflbetii  on  the  oocasion.  He  ako  applied  to  other 
for  their  asststanoe,  and  assembled  his  own  nobles^ 
*iirko  promised  to  stand  by  him  in  preventing  or  avenging 
^smIi  an  in^iustice.  When  be  leamad  the  fatal  catastrophe, 
4to«ijMted  wMi  a  proper  spirit  of  indignation  tfie  1iypo« 
critical  excuses  of  Elizabeth,  and  set  about  preparations 
hostilities ;  but  reflecting  oii  his  own  resources,  which 
inadequate  to  the  purposes  of  carrying  on  a  seriotn 
hcTesolved  to  restime  a  friendly  correspondence  wifh 
:f be£nglisfa  court.  It  is  to  the  honour  of  James  that  one 
•of  ibe  $nst  acts  of  iiis  fbll  ^majority,  in  158T,  was  an  sit* 
4empt  to  put  an  end  to  all  family  feuds  among  the  nobility^ 
end  personally  to  reconcile  them  with  each  other  at  'a 
solemn  .festival  in  Holyrood-boose.  When  the  invasion  of 
England  was  resolved  upon  by  Philip,  king  of  Spmn,  he 
fut  ith  kingdom  into  a  state  of  defence,  resolving  to  sup- 
f  Oft  the  <fueen -against  her  enemies.  His  people  ako  were 
geatowlior  the  preservation  of  Protestantism,  and  entered 
Jinto«  national  bond  for  the  maintenance  of  tree  religion, 
which  was  the  origin  and  pattern  of  all  future  engagements 
of  the  kind^  under  the  name  of  solemn  leagues  and  cove* 
Hants. 


JAMES    L  44t 

In  ISH9  Jie  married  Anne^  •^bmgbter  •(  WaAede  Ung 
of  Denmarki  aiid  as  oooiiraiy  winds  presented  ber^oviiiig 
to  Scoclacid^  be  mewt  to  fetcii  her^  mid  pa«ed  tli6  mnter  ir 
^  secies  of  feasting  aad  amusemewts  a^  Copenhagen*    Oa 
bis  return  be  was  frequently  m  danger  fvon  oonspiiBcaiea 
l^ainst  his  life,  particiihiiiy  fron  tbose  excited  liy  tbe  cnrl 
of  Bothwell.     In  ISQO^  wbiie  tbe  country  was  in  a  stsae'oC' 
unusual  tmnqtiiility,  a  very  extraordinary  event  took  place^ 
the  nature  and  causes  of,  which  wetie  never  discovered. 
While  the  king  was  upon  a  banting  excursion,  be  was  ac» 
costed  by  tbe  brother  of  Rndnren  earl!  of  Gowrie,  wbo^ 
by  a  feigned  tale,  induced  him  and  a  small  train  to  ridel  4n 
the  earrs  house  at  Perth.     Here  he  was  led  to  a  resAote 
cbsifaber  on  pretence  of  faanring  a  secret  commonicated  w 
bim,  where  he.  found  a  man  in  complete  armour,  and  m 
clagger  was  put  to  his  breast  by  Ruthven,  with  throats  of  ^ 
immediate  death.   His  attendants  'were  alarmed,  and  came 
to  bis  relief  ;'in  tbe  end  Gowrie  and  bis  brother  were  slain^ 
and  the  king  escaped  unhnrt.     In  1603,  on  the  death  nf 
queen  Elizabeth,  James  was  proclaimed  faer  soccessof^ 
nnd  .proceeded,  amidst  tbe  acclamautiorfs  of  his  new  'sub^-' 
jeots,  to  London.    One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  bestoMr  n 
{MTofusion  of  honours  and  tittles  upon  the  great  men,  as  well 
of  bis  own  country  as  flhoae  of  Elogland.    A  conference 
tieldat  Haaoplon-court  in  a  604,  between  tftie  divines  of  tbe 
established  church  and  tbe  Puritans,  afforded  James  «  good 
opportunity  of  eKbibtting  bis  d^ili  in  tbeological  eonCns^ 
versy,  and  the  ilUwili  he  bore  to  popular  sohemea  of 
4^buFcb*goy«rnment.    Abfaongb  tbe  king  had  distingnishnd 
bimself  in  bis  own  country  by  lenity  to  the  Roman  Oatbo- 
lies,  yet  those  of  that  rdigion  in  England  were  so  tnnch 
^disappointed  in  their  expectations  of  bis  ftivour,  that  % 
most  atrocious  plot  was  formed  by  tbe  zealots  of  that  pnfty 
4x»  blow  up  the  House  of  Lords  at  tbe  first  meeting  <^  pariic- 
ixnent,  and  with  it  the  king,  queen,  and  prince  of  Wales, 
yand  all  tbe  principal  nobility  and  gentry  of  the  kingdom, 
m»A  iben  to  «6t  upon  tbe  tbvone  the  young  princess  Eliza- 
beth, and  establish  tbe  Catholic  religion.    This  plot  was 
4£)itunately  discoveited  on  the  >e?e  of  the  designed  esecu* 
ftion,  and  the  principal  persons  in  it  awffened  the  punisb'- 
.foent  due  to  their  crimes.     Uis  next  object  was  to  'reduce 
jneland  to  a  settled  .fiMrm  of  law  and  government. 

No  circumstance,  bowerer,  in  James's  reign  was  mora 
(unpopular  than  his  4ireataieot  4d  the  celebvaned  sir  Walter 


44S  SA  IVTE  S' t 

Raleigb,  aftdr^the  detedtion  of  a  coniBpiracy  #ith  l6rdl 
Grey^  and  lord  Cobham,  to  set  aside  the  succession  in  fa-* 
Yonr  of  Arabella  Stuart :  he  was  tried  and  capitally  con  ^ 
vietedy  but  being  reprieved^  he  was  kept  thirteen  years  in 
prison.  In  1615  he  obtained  by  bribery  his  release  fron^ 
prison,  but  the  king  would  not  grant  him  a  pardon.  He 
went  out  on  an  expedition  with  the  sentence  of  death  hang- 
ing over  his  head ;  he  was  unsuccessful  in  his  object,  and 
on  his  return  the  king  ordered  him  to  be  executed  oa 
his  former  sentence.  James  is  supposed  to  have  been 
more  Influenced  to  this  deed  by  the  court  of  Spain  than  by 
any  regard  to  justice.  The  influence  of  that  court  on  James 
appeared  soon  after  in  his  negociations  for  marrying  his 
son  prince  Charles  to  the  infanta.  The  object  wasy  how- 
ever, not  attained,  and  he  afterwards  married  him  to  the 
French  princess  Henrietta,  with  the  disgraceful  stipulation^ 
that  the  children  of  th^t  marriage  should  be  educated  by 
their  mother,  a  bigoted  papist,  till  they  were  thirteen  yeara 
of  age.  As  he  advanced  in^years  he  was  disquieted  by  a 
concurrence  of  untoward  circumstances.  The  dissentions 
of  bis  parliament  were  very  violent,  and  the  affairs  pf  his 
son-in-law^  the  elector  palatine^  now  king  of  Hungary, 
also  were  in  a  very  disastrous  state.  H^  had  undertaken 
the  cause  of  the  protestants  of  Germany,  but  instead  of 
being  the  arbiter  in  the  cause  of  others,  be  was  stripped  of 
bis  own  dominions.  In  bis  defence,  James  declared  war 
against  the  king  of  Spain  and  the  emperor,  and  sent  troops 
over  to  Holland  to  act  in  conjunction  with  prince  Maurice 
for  the  recovery  of  the  palatinate ;  but  from  mismanage- 
nient>  the  greater  part  of  them  perished  by  sickness,  and 
the  whole  enterprise  was  defeated.  Oppressed  with  grief 
for  the  failure  of  his  plans,  the  king  was  seized  with  an 
intermitting  fever,  of  which  he  died  in  Mar6h  1625.  It 
would  be  difficult,  says  Hume,  to  find  a  reign  less  illus- 
trious, yet  more  unspotted  and  unblemished,  than  that  of 
James  in  both  kingdoms.  James  possessed  many  virtues^ 
but  scarcely  any  of  them  pure  or  free  from  the  coni|gion 
of  neighbouring  vices.  His  learning  degeneratea  into 
pedantry  and  pr^udice,  his  generosity  into  profusion,  bis 
good  nature  into  pliability  and  unmanly  fondness,  his  love 
of  peace  into  pusillanimity,  and  his  wisdom  into  cunning* 
His  intentions  were  just,  but  niore  adapted  to  the  conduct 
of  private  life  than  to  the  government  of  kingdoms.  He 
was  an  encourager  of  learning,  and  was  himself  an  author 


J  A  M  £  S  .^  I.  449 

of  no  mean  genius,  cotisidering  the  times  in  which  he 
lived.  His  chief  works  were,  **  Basilicon  Doron ;"  and 
**  The  true  Law  of  free  Monarchies  ;*'  but  he  is  more 
known  for  his  adherence  to  witchcraft  and  demoniacal  pos* 
sessions  in  his  ^*  Demonology/*  and  for  his  *^  Counterblast 
to  Tobacco/'  He  was  also  a  poet,  and  specimens  of  his 
talent,  such  as  it  was,  are  to  be  found  in  many  of  our  mis- 
cellanies. He  also  wrote  some  rules  and  cauteU^  for  the 
use  of  professors  of  the  art,  which,  says  Mr.  Ellis,  haye 
been  long,  and  perhaps  deservedly  disregarded*  Thf^  best 
specimen  of  his  poetical  powers  is  his  '^  Basilicon  Doron," 
which  bishop  Percy  has  reprinted  in  his  ^^Reliques,"  and 
declares  that  it  would  not  dishonour  any  writer  of  that  time* 
Both  as  a  man  of  learning,  and  as  a  patron  of  learned  men, 
auificient  justice,  in  our  opinion,  has  never  been  done  to 
the  character  of  James  I.;  and  although  a  discussion  on  the 
fubject  would  extend  this  article  too  far,  it  would  not  be 
difficult  to  prove  that  in  both  respects  he  was  entitled  to  a 
ceiisiderable  degree  of  veneration.* 

JAMES  (Thomas),  a  learned  English  critic  and  divine, 
was  born  about  1571,  at  Newport  in  the  Isle  of  Wight; 
Had,  being  |>ut  to  Winchester*school,  became  a  scholar 
^pon  the  foundation,  and  thence  a  fellow  of  New  college 
in  Oxford,  1593.  He  commenced  M.  A.  in  1599;  and 
tiie  sactieyear,  having  collated  several  MSS.  of  the  Philo* 
biblion  of  Richard  of  Durham,  he  published  it  in  4to  at 
Oxford,  with  an  appendix  of  the  Oxford  MSS.  and  dedi- 
eated  it  to  sir  Thomas  Bodley,  apparently  to  recommend 
himself  to  the  place  of  librarian  to  him,  when  he  should 
have  completed  his  design.  Meanwhile  James  proceeded 
with  the  same  spirit  to  publish  a  catalogue  of  all  the  MSS. 
io  each  college«> library  of  both  universities;  and  in  the 
compiling  of  it,  having  free  access  to  the  MSS.  at  Oxford, 
be  perused  them  carefully,  and,  when  he  found  any  so- 
ciety careless'' of  them,  he  borrowed  and  took  away  what 
he  pleased,  and  put  them  into  the  public  library.  These 
instances  of  bis  taste  and  turn  to  books  effectually  pro- 
cured him  the  designation  of  the  founder  to  be  the  first 
keeper  of  the  public  .library  ;  in  which  office  he  was  <5on- 
iirmed  by  the  university  in  1602.  He  filled  this  post  with 
Igteat  applause  ;  and  comn^encing  D.  D.  in  1614,  was  pro* 

1  Hiime's  History.— Park's  edition  of  the  Koyal  aR<1  Nobl«  Autbarf«^£llt$'« 
flpeciUiens.— Irvine's  LiVCs  of  tbc  Sc6ttiih  Poets. 

Vol..  XVilL  Go 


450  JAMES. 

f  moted  to  the  subdeahery  of  Wells  by  the  bishop  of  that 

see.     About  the  same  time,  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
also  presented  him  to  the  rectory  of  Mongeham  in  Kent, 
together  with  other  spiritual  preferments.     These  favours 
were  undeniably  strong  evidences  of  bis  distinguished  me- 
rit, being  conferred  upon  him  without  any  application  on 
his  part.     Iti  1620,  he  was  made  a  justice  of  the  peace; 
and  the  same  year  resigned  the  place  of  librarian,  and  ap- 
plied himself  more  intensely  to  his  studies.     Of  what  kind 
these  were,  we  learn  thus  from  himself :  "  I  have  of  late,*' 
says  he  in  a  letter,  May  23,  1624,  to  a  friend,  "given 
myself  to  the  reading  only  of  manuscripts,  and  in  them  I 
,iind  so  many  and  so  pregnant  testimonies,  either  fully  for 
our  religion,  or  against  the  papists,  that  it  is  to  be  won« 
dered  at."     In  another  letter  to  archbishop  Usher,  th€^N 
same  year,  he  assures  the  primate  he  had  restored  30O 
citations  and  rescued  them  from  corruptions,  in  thirty  quiret 
of  paper.     He  had  before  written  to  Usher  upon  the  same 
subject,  Jan.  28,  1623,  when  having  observed  that  in  Six-* 
tus  Sinensis,  Alphonsus  de  Castro,  and  Antoninus*s  Sum- 
mae,  there  were  about  500  bastard  brevities  and  about  lOOO 
places  in  the  true  authors  which  are  corrupted,  that  he  had 
diligently  noted,  and  would  shortly  vindicate  them  out  of 
the  MSS.  being  yet  only  conjectures  of  the  learned,  be 
proceeds  to  acquaint  him,  that  he  had  gotten  together  the 
flower  of  the  English  divines,  who  would  voluntarily  joia 
with  him  in  the  search.     "  Some  fruits  of  their  labours,'* 
continues  he,  "  if  your  lordship  desires,  I  will  send  upw^ 
And  might  I  be  but  so  happy  as  to  have  other  12  thus  be* 
stowed,  four  in  transcribing  orthodox  writers,  whereof  we 
have  plenty  that  for  the  substantial  points  have  maintained 
our  religion  (40/.  or  50/.  would  serve) ;  four  to  compare  old 
prints  with  the  new;  four  other  to  compare  the  Greek 
translations  by  the  papists,  as  Vedelius  hath  done  with  Ig-^ 
natius,   wherein  he   hath  been  somewhat  helped  by  my 
pains  ;  I  would  not  doubt  but  to  drive  the  papists  out  of  all 
starting-holes.     But  alas  !  my  lord,  I  have  not  encourage- 
ment from  our  bishops.     Preferment  I  seek  none  at  their 
hands;  only  40/,  or  60/.  per  ann.  for  others  is  that  I  seek, 
which  being  gained,  the  cause  is  gained,  notwithstanding 
their  brags  in  their  late  books."     In  the  convocation  held 
with  the  parliament  at  Oxford  in  1625,  of  which  he  was  a 
memlrer,  he  moved  to  have  proper  commissioners  appointed 
to  collate  thfe  MSS.  of  the  fathers  in  all  the  libraries  iiv 


JAMS  S.  451 

IChglaild,  with  the  popish  editions,  in  olfder  to  detect  the 
forgeries  in  the  latter.  This  project  not  meeting  with  the 
desired  encouragement,  he  was  so  thoroughly  persuaded 
of  the  great  adyantage  it  would  be  both  to  the  protestant 
religion  and  to  learning,  that,  arduous  as  the  task  was,  he 
set  about  executing  it  himself.  We  may  form  a  probable 
conjecture  of  his  plan,  from  a  passage  in  the  just  cited 
letter  to  Usher,  where  he  expresses  himself  thus:  ^^  Mr. 
Briggs  will  satisfy  you  in  this  and  sundry  other  projects  of 
mine,  if  they  miscarry  not  for  want  of  maintenance :  it 
would  deserve  a  prince's  purse.  If  I  was  in  Germany,  the 
state  would  defray  all  charges.  Cannot  our  estates  supply 
what  is  wanting  ?  If  every  churchman  that  hath  100^.  per 
annum  and  upwards,  will  lay  down  but  1^.  for  every  hun- 
dred towards  these  public  works,  I  will  undertake  the  re* 
printing  of  the  fathers,  and  setting  forth  of  five  or  six 
orthodox  writers,  comparing  of  books  printed  with  printed 
or  written  ;  collating  of  popish  translations  in  Greek  ;  and 
generally  whatsoever  shall  concern  books  or  the  purity  of 
them.  I  will  take  upon  me  to  be  a  magister  of  S.  Patalii 
in  £ngland,  if  I  be  thereunto  lawfully  required.'' 

He  had  niade  good  progress  in  this  undertaking,  and  no 
doubt  would  have  proceeded  much  farther  towards  com-" 
pleting  his  design,  had  not  he  been  prevented  by  deaths 
This  happened  August  1629.  He  was  buried  towards  the 
upper  end  of  New  college  chapel  at  Oxford.  Wood  in- 
forms us,  that  he  left  behind  him  the  character  of  being 
the  most  industrious  and  indefatigable  writer  against  the 
papists,  that  had  been  educated  in  Oxford  since  the  refor- 
mation ;  and  in  reality  his  designs  were  so  great,  and  so 
well  known  to  be  for  the  public  benefit  of  learning  and  the 
church  of  England,  that  Camden,  speaking  of  him  in  his 
life- time,  calls  him  ^^  a  learned  man  and  a  true  lover  of 
books,  wholly  dedicated  to  learning;  who  is  now  labo- 
riously searching  the  libraries  of  England,  and  proposetb 
that  for  the  public  good  which  will  be  for  the  great  benefit 
of  England." 

His  works  are,  1.  "  Philobiblion  R,  Dunelmensis,"  1599, 
4to.  2.  "  Ecloga  Oxopio-Cantabrigiensis/'  Lond.  1600, 
4to.  3.  '*  Cyprianus  Redivivus,  &c."  printed  with  the 
**  Ecloga."  4.  "  Spicilegium  divi  Augustini :  hoc  est, 
libri  de  fide  ad  Pet.  Diacon.  collatio  &  ca%itigatio,"  printed 
also  with  the  '^  Ecjoga."  5.  ''  Bellum  papale  seu  con* 
cordia.  discors  Sext.  V.  &  dementis  VIIL  circa  Hieronjm. 

G  Q    2 


i6$  i  AMES. 

Ediiion/'  Lond.  1600,  ^o^  and  167B|  gvo.  6.  ^  Cataiot. 
gus  Libroriun  in  Bibliotheca  Bodleiang^^'  Ox&rd^  1605, 4to^ 
reprinted  with  many  additions  in  1620,  4€o,  to  nhich  was 
added  an  i^endix  in  1636 :  in  thia  catalogue  is  inserted 
that  of  all  the  MSS.  then  in  the  Bodleian  library.  7. 
^^ ConcordantisB  SS.  patrum,  i.e.  vera  &  pialibri  Caaticorum 
per  patres  universos,  &c."  Oxford,  1607^  4to.  8.  ^'  Apo* 
logy  for  John  Wiekliffe,  &o.''  Oxford,  1608,  4to:  to  this 
is  added  the  "Life  of  John  Wickliffe."  9.  *<  A  Treatise 
of  the  Corruption  c^  Scriptures,  Councils,  and  Fathers^ 
&c.''  Lond.  161 1,  4to,  and  lodS,  dvo;  this  is  reckoned  his 
principal  work.  It  is  amply  analyzed  by  Oldys  in  his 
*^  Librarian.'^  10.  ^^  The  Jesuits'  Downfull  threatened*-^ 
for  their  wicked  lives,  accursed  manners,  heretical  doctrine^ 
and  more  than  Machiavelian  policy/' Oxford,  1612, 4to ;  ta 
this  is  added  "The  Life  of  father  Parsons,  an  English. 
Jesuit."  11.  "  Filius  Papce  papalis,"  ch.  K  Lond.  1621  ; 
translated  from  Latin  into  English  by  William  Crashaw  r 
the  author's  name  is  not  put  to  it.  12.  "  Index  generatts 
ianct.  Patrum  ad  singulos  versus  cap.  v.  secundum  Mat* 
thaeum,  &c."  Lond.  1624,  Svo.  13.  "Notes  ad  Georg. 
Wicelium  demethodo  concordioev  ecclesiastics,*'  &c.  1695, 
8vo.  14.  "  VindiciiB  Gregorianas,  sen  restitutus  Grego»- 
rius  Magnus  ex  MSS.  &c.  de  Genevaj,"  1625.  15.  "  Ma- 
nuduction,  or  Introduction  unto  Divinity,  &c."  Oxford, 
1625,  4to.  16.  "  Humble  and  earnest  Request  to  the 
Church  of  England,  for  and  in  the  behalf  of  books  touching 
Religion,"  in  one  sheet,  1625,  8vo«  17.  "  Explanation  or 
enlarging  of  the  Ten'Articles  in  his  Supplication  lately  ex- 
hibited to  the  clergy  of  the  church -of  England,"  Oxford, 
1625,  4to.  18.  "Specimen  Corruptelarum  pontificiorum 
'in  Cypriano,  Ambrosio,  Greg.  Magno,  &c."  Lond.  16^6. 
19.  'Mndex  librorum  probibitorum  d  ponttficiis,  Oxford," 
1627,  Svo.  20.  "  Admonitio  ad  theologos  protestantes  de 
Kbris  pontificior-um  caute  legendis,"  MS.  21.  "  Enchiri* 
dion  theologicum,"  MS«  22.  "  Liber  de  suspicionibus  & 
conjecturis,"  MS.  These  three  Wood  says  he  saw  in  the 
Lambeth  library,  under  D.  42,  3  ;  but  whether  printed,  says 
he,  Ifcnow  not, — ^^perhaps  the  "  Encbiridioa"  is.  Dr.Jamea 
likewise  translated,  from  French  intb  English,  "  The  Moral 
Philosophy  of  the  Stoics,"  Lond.  1508,  8vo;  and  published 
two  short  treatises  against  the  order  of  begging  friars^ 
written  by  Wictiife ;  with  a  book  entitled  "  Fiscus  pa- 
galis^sivecatafo^usindulgentiatUDi,"  &c.  Lond.  1617,  4to: 


JAMES.  459 

but  sdBie  were  of  opinion  this  book  was  published  by  Wil- 
liam Crashaw,  already  mentioned.  Several  letters  of  our 
author  are  in  the  appendix  to  Parr's  ^^  Life  of  Usher."  * 

JAMES  (Richard),  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Newport,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1592,  and  admitted  « 
scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  Sept.  23,  1608. 
in  October  1611,  he  took  the  degree  of  B  A.  and  in  Jan. 
1615,  that  of  M.  A.  in  which  year  also  he  became  proba^* 
tioner  fellow  of  his  college.  Having  entered  into  holy 
order%  he  preached  frequently,  and  arrived  to  the  degree 
of  bachelor  in  divinity.  Upon  what  occasion  we  know  not^ 
he  travelled  abroad  ;  and  was  in  Russia,  in  1619,  a  tour  to 
which  country  was  very  uncommon  in  those  days.  He  was 
esteemed  to  be  vrell  versed  in  most  parts  of  learning,  and 
was  noted,  among  his  acquaintance,  as  a  good  Grecian  and 
poet,  an  excellent  critic,  antiquary,  atid  divine ;  and  was 
admirably  skilled  in  the  Saxon  and  Gothic  languages.  As 
for  his  preaching,  it  was  not  approved  of  by  any  of  the 
UDtversity,  excepting  by  some  of  the  graver  sort.  Of 
tbfee  Simons,  delivered  by  him  before  the  academics,  one 
of  them^  concerning  the  observation  of  Lent,  was  without 
a  text,  according  to  the  most  ancient  manner ;  another 
was  againsl^  it,  and  a  third  beside  it;  '^shewing  himself 
thereby,'*  says  Anthony  Wood,  "  a  humourous  person  .'• 
Selden  was  much  indebted  to  him  for  assistance  in  the 
composition  K>f  his  ^*  Marmora  Arundeliana,'*  and  acknow* 
ledges  him,  in  the  preface  to  that  book,  to  be  ^^  Vir  multi* 
jugae  studiique  indefatigabilis."  Mr.  James  also  exerted 
the  utmost  labour  and  diligence  in  arranging  and  classify- 
ing sir  Robert  Cotton's  library ;  and  it  is  somewhat  singu* 
lax  that  bishop  Nicolson  imputes  the  same  kind  of  blame 
to  bim,  of  which  Osborn,  the  bookseller,  more  coariiely 
accused  Dr.  Johnson,  when  compiling  the  Harleian  Cata* 
logue,  viz.  ^'  that  being  greedy  of  making  extracts  out  of 
the  books  of  our  history  for  his  own  private  use,  he  passed 
carelesslyovera  great  many  very  valuable  volumes."  Nothing 
was  wanting  to  him,  and  to  the  encouragement  of  his  stu- 
dies, but  a  sinecure  or  a  prebend ;  if  he  had  obtained 
either  of  which,  Wood  says,  the  labours  of  Hercules  would 
have  seemed  t^  be  a  triHe.  Sir  Symonds  D'Ewes  has  de- 
acribed  him  as  an  atheistical  profane  scholar,  but  otherwise 

*  Biog.  Brit.  Supplement *-<*-G«n.  Di€t. — Ath.  Ojc.  to}.  l.--Usher's  Life  and 
Letters.— Oldys's  Librarian. 


454  JAMES. 

witty  and  moderately  learned.  ^^  He  bad  so  screwed  him*^ 
self,"  adds  sir  Symonds,  ^^  into  the  good  opiqion  of  sir  Ro« 
bert  Cotton,  that  whereas  at  first  he  pniy  permitted  bim  ' 
the  use  of  some  of  his  books ;  at  last,  some  two  or  three 
^ears  before  his  death,  he  bestowed  the  custody  of  hb 
whole  library  on  him.  And  he  being  a  needy  sharking 
companion,  and  very  expensive,  like  old  sir  Ralph  Starkie 
when  he  lived,  let  out,  or  lent  out,  sir  Robert  Cotton's 
most  precious  manuscripts  for  money,  to  amy  thut  would 
be  bis  customers ;  whicb,*^  says  sir  Symonds,  *^  1  once 
made  known  to  sir  Robert  Cotton,  before  the  said  James's 
face.'*  The  whole  of  these  assertions  may  be  justly  sus* 
pected. — His  being  an  atheistical  profane  scholar  does  not 
agree  with  Wood's  account  of  him,  who  expressly  asserts 
that  he  was  a  severe  Calvinist;  and  as  to  the  other  part  of 
the  accusation,  it  is  undoubtedly  a  strong  circumstance  iq 
Mr.  James's  favour,  that  he  continued  to  be  trusted,  pro- 
tected, and  supported,  by  the  Cotton  family  to  the  end  of 
bis  days.  (See  our  account  of  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  vol. 
X.  p.  *S26  et  seqq.)  This  learned  and  laborious  man  fell 
a  victim  to  intense  study,  and  too  abstemipus  and  morti- 
fied a  course  of  living.  His  uncle,  Dr.  Thomas  James,  in 
a  letter  to  Usher,  gives  the  following  character  of  him  : 
*^  A  kinsman  of  mine  is  at  this  present,  by  my  direction, 
writing  Becket's  life,  wherein  it  shall  be  plainly  shewed, 
both  out  of  his  own  writings,  and  those  of  his  time,  that 
be  was  not,  as  he  is  esteemed,  an  arch-saint,  but  an  arch- 
rebel  ;  and  that  the  papists  have  been  not  a  little  deceived 
by  him.  This  kinsman  of  mine,  as  well  as  myself,  should 
be  right  glad  to  do  any  service  to  your  lordship  in  this  kind. 
He  is  of  strength,  and  well  both  able  and  learned  to  eiFec*r 
tuate  somewhat  in  this  kind,  critically  seen  both  in  Hebrew, 
Greek,  and  Latin,  knowing  well  the  languages  both 
French,  Spanish,  and  Italian,  immense  and  beyond  all 
other  men  in  reading  of  the  MSS.  of  an  extraordinary  style 
in  penning ;  such  a  one  as  I  dare  balance  with  any  priest 
or  Jesuit  in  the  world  of  his  age,  and  such  a  one  as  I 
could  wish  your  lordship  had  about  you ;  but  paupertas 
inimica  bonis  e^t  vimnbusj  and  both  fatherless  and  mother- 
less, and  almost  (but  for  myself)  I  may  saj^  (the  more  is 
pity)  friendless." 

Mr.  James  published  several  Latin  sermons,  as,  L  **  An- 
ti-Possevitius,  sive  Concio  habita  ad  Clernm  in  Acad.  Oxon. 
an.   11525,  in  2  Tioi.  iv.  13."  Oxford,    1625,    in   4to.     2, 


JAMES.  455 

V  Concio  babita  ad  Clerum  Oxon.  de  Ecclesi^,  in  Mattb. 
Z¥i.  18/'  Oxford,  1633,  in  4to.  And  several  English  ser« 
mons,  as,  l.  *^  Sermon  concerning  the  Eucharist,  delivered 
on  Easter- Day,  in  Oxford,  on  Matth.  xxvi.  ver.  26,  27,  28," 
London,  1629,  in  4to.  2.  '^  History  of  Preaching,  or  con- 
cerning the  Apostles'  preaching  and  ours,  on  1  Cor.  ix. 
16/'  London,  1620,  4to.  3.  <^  Sermon  concerning  the 
observation  of  Lent-fast,"  London,  1630,  4to.  There  is 
SQ  text  prefixed  to  this  sermon,  but  it  is  grounded  on- 
Luke.  iv.  2.  ,  4.  *^  Sermon  concerning  the  times  of  receiv- 
ing the  Sacrament,  and  of  mutual  Forgiveness,  delivered 
m  Corpus  Christi  college  at  the  election  of  a  president,  on 
1  Cor.  xL  25."  London,  1632,  4to.  5.  *<  Apoiogetical  Es« 
say  for  the  Righteousness  of  a  miserable  unhappy  People, 
preached  at  St.  Mary!s  in  Oxford  on  Psalin  xxxvii.  25," 
Loodon,  1632,  4to.  He  published  also  *^  Poemata  qusdam 
in  mortem  clarissimi  Viri  Roberti  Cottoni  &  Thomse  Allen," 
Osibrd,  1633,  in  4to.  With  these  poems  he  published  sir 
Thomas  More's  Epistle  written  from  Abingdon  in  Berk- 
shire in  1519  to  the  university  of  Oxford,  for  the  cultiva* 
tioi}  of  the  Greek  tongue,  which  had  been  for  mauy - 
years  neglected  among  the  members  of  it  He  likewise 
translated  into  English  Minutius  Felix's  **  Octavius,"  Ox- 
ford, 1636,  12mo.  All  the  above-mentioned  pieces,  ex- 
cept the  translation  of  the  **  Octavius,"  he  gave  bound  up 
in  one  rojume  to  the  Bodleian  library,  with  a  copy  of  verses 
of  his  composition  written  in  a  spare  leaf  before  the  first  of 
them,  beginning  thus : 

"  Dear  God,  by  whom  in  dark  womb*s  shade 
I  am  to  fear  and  wonder  m^e,  &c.'* 

He  wrote  these  verses,  when  he  was  closely  confined  by 
order  of  the  House  of  Lords.  He  left  behind  him  about 
45  manuscripts  either  of  his  own  composition,  or  collected 
by  him  from  various  authors,  all  written  by  his  own  hand, 
which  came  first  into  the  hands  of  his  friend  Dr.  Thomas 
Greaves,  and  afterwards  into  tlie  Bodleian  library.  Those 
of  his  own  composition  are,  1.  *'  Decaaonizatio  Thoms 
Cantuariensis  &  suorum,"  folio.  This  book,  containing  760 
pages,  begins  thus :  ^'  Viam  regiam  mihi  patefacit  ad  de- 
cauoni^ationem  ficti  &  fucati  Martyris,*'  &,c. ;  and  the  be- 


modo  ad  textum  sacr»  bi&torise  deveniam,  ubi  prius,"  &c. 


^SB  JAMES. 

Botk  parts  ooutaia  about  twelve  shectaw     S^  ^  Note  in  ali- 
cfuot  loca  Bibli»/'  in  three  sheets^  4to.     Tiaie  beginning  is,- 
'^  Videte  sub  ficu,  Para|;>hraste8  sub  uaibrosS.  ficu,'*  fce. 
4.  *^  Antiquitates  Insula  Vict»/^  in  seventeen  pages,  4to. 
The  beginning  is  **  Angli  Saxones  MarciamiP)'*  &c^  an<i  of 
the  epistle  to  the  reader^  ^^  Utrum  mortar  priusqiiaiD  boo 
opus  perficiam,  Deus  novit,"  &c.     It  is  only  a  specimen 
or  a  foundation  for  a  greater  work  to  be  built  upon.     5. 
<^  Epistolse  ad  amicos  sues  doctos/'    The  beginning  of  tho 
first  epistle,  which  was  written  to  Dr.  Sebast.  Beneield  of 
Corpus  Christi  college,  is,  ^^  Sancte  Deus,''  &c.     This  ma* 
nuscript  is  a  tliick  4to,  and  contains  epistles  cbiefiy  wTitteo 
to  those  of  his  own  college,  epitaphs,  and  some  English 
copies  of  verses.     6.  <'  Epigranns  in  Latin  and  Engtisb,^* 
wUh  other  ^^  Poems/'     7.  ^*  Reasons  concerning  the  al« 
tempts  on  the  Lives  of  great  Personages,"  &c.     These 
reasons,  which  are  six  or  more,  have  this  beginning,  <'  Sir, 
if  you  please  to  learn  my  mind  concerning  the  attempts 
on  the  lives  of  great  personages,"  &c.  written  in  two  sheets 
folio.     8.  **  Two  Sermons  :  the  first  on  James  v.  14,  the 
second  on  John  xii.  32,"  both  written  in  folio.     9.  <<  Iter 
Lancastrense."     It  is  in  English  verse,  and  was  written  in 
1636,  and  hath  this  beginning,  <<  High  Holt  of  Wood," 
&c.     It  contains  two  sheets  and  a  half.     10.  ^^Glossarinm 
SaxonicumoAnglicum.  It  is  a  long  pocket-book.  ll.^^Glos* 
sarium  Sax.  Angl."  another  part  in  8vo.     12.  ^<  A  Russian 
Dictionary,  with  the   English  to  it.     13.  ^  Observations 
made  in  his  Travels  through  some  parts  of  Wales,  Scot- 
land, on  Shetland,  Greenland,\'  i(c.  in  four  sheets,  4to. 
14.  *^  Observations  made  on  the  Countrey,  with  the  Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  Russia  or  Rusland,"  ann.  1619,  8vo. 
It  was  intended  to  be  transcribed,  and  to  have  other  things 
added  to  it.     Besides  these  fourteen  books,  Mr.  Wood  had 
another  of  ^*  Epigrams,"    chiefly  in  Latin,  and  some  in 
Greek,  in  Svo,  dedicated  to  his  tutor  Dr.  Sebast.  Benefield. 
His  collections  are  in  twenty-four  volumes  in  4to,  and 
^even  it)  folio,  and  contain  for  the  most  part  notes  from 
ap^ient  manuscripts,  and  sometimes  from  printed  authors, 
Celaiing  to  history  and  antiquity.* 

JAMES  (Dr.  Robert),  an  English  physician  of  great 
eminence,  and  particularly  distinguished  by  the  prepara- 

»  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.— Biog.  Brit.  Supplement ^Gcnt.  Mag.  vol.  XXXVII.  p. 
336,— -NtcobMn's  Ili»t.  Library,  preface^  p.  1, 


J  A  MS  ».  457 

tioii  oi  a  celebr>t«d  fever-powder,  wm  bora  it  Kinveraton 
in  StafFordabire^  A.  D.  1703.  His  father  was  a  major  in 
the  army^  bis  mother  a  sitter  of  sir  Robert  Clarke.  He 
waa  educated  at  St.  John's  c(dlege  in  Oxford>  where  be 
took  the  degree  of  A.  B,  and  afterwards  practised  physic 
auccesaively  at  Sheffield,  LichBeld,  and  Birmingbam.  He 
then  removed  to  London,  and  became  a  licentiate  ia  the 
ebllege  of  physicians ;  but  in  what  year  we  cannot  say. 
At  London,  he  applied  himself  to  writing,  as  well  as  prac^ 
tiaing  physic;  and, in  1743,  published  a  ^'  Medicinal  I>ie<* 
tioaary,''  3  vob.  folio.  Soon  after,  he  published  an  Eng^ 
liab  translation,  with  a  supplement  by  himself,  of  *f  Ra« 
mazzini  de  morbis  arti&ciira ;''  to  which  ha  also  prefixed  a 
piece  of  Frederic  HoffioMn  upon^^  Endemial  Distempers^'* 
8vo. ,  In  1746,  "  The  Practice  of  Phyac,"  2  vols.  8voj 
in  1760,  "On  Canine  Madness,"  8vo;  in  1764,  ."A  Dis- 
pensatory," 8vo.  On  June  25,  1755,  when  the  king  was 
at  Cambridge,  James  was  admitted  by  mandamus  to  the 
doctorship  of  physic.  In  1778,  were  published  '^  A  Dia* 
sertation  upon  Fevera,''  and  "  A  Vindication  of  the  Fever-' 
Pt>wder,"  8vo ;  with  "  A  short  Treatise  on  the  Disorders 
of  Cbildten,"  and  a  very  goad  print  of  Dr.  James.  This 
was  the  efgbth  edition  of  the  '^  Dissertation,"  of  which  the 
first  was  printed  in  1751  ;  and  the  purpose  of  it  was,  to  set 
forth  the  success  of  this  powder,  as  well  as  to  describe  more 
particularly  the  manner  of  administering  it.  The  ^^  Vindi^ 
cation"  was  posthumous  and  unfinished  :  for  he  died  at  his 
house  in  BrutSn*street,  March  23,  1776,  while  he  was  em* 
ployed  upon  it.  The  editor  informs  us,  that  ^\  it  is  only  a 
part  of  a  much  larger  tract,  which  included  a  defence  of 
bis  own  character  and  conduct  in  his  profession  ;  and  was 
occasioned,"  he  says,  '<  by  the  violent  and  calumnious  at« 
lacks  of  bis«brethren  of  the  faculty." 

The  aifectionate  ren«mbrance  of  Dr.  James,  by  John- 
soil  in  his  Life  of  Smith,  deserves  to  be  preserved  among 
the  honourable  testimonies  to  the  character  of  the  former. 
'^  At  this  man's  table,"  says  the  biographer,  speaking  of 
Mr.  Walmsiey,  **  I  enjoyed  many  cheerful  and  instructive 
hours,  with  companions  such  as  are  not  often  found ;  with 
one  who  has  lengthened,  and  one  who  has  gladdened  life  ; 
with  Dr.  James,  whose  skill  in  physic  will  be  long  remem* 
bered  :  and  with  David  Garrick,  whom  I  hoped  to  have 
gratified  with  this  character  of  our  common  friend :  but 
what  are  the  hopes  of  man  V*  &c«    It  appears  from  the  Mfe 


45S  JAMES. 

df  Johnson,  that  be  had  gained  some  knowledge  of  physic 
from  Jamesy  which  he  in  return  made  useful  to  his  friend, 
by  assisting  him  in  his  Medicinal  Dictionary.  ^^  My  know- 
ledge of  physic/'  said  he,  ^^  I  learnt  from  Dr.  James,  whom 
I  helped  in  writing  the  proposals  for  his  dictionary,  and  also 
a  little  in  the  dictionary  itself.''  Boswell  adds,  ^*  I  have  in- 
vain  endeavoured  to  find  out  what  parts  Johnson  wrote  for 
Dr.  James.  Perhaps  medical  men  may."  There  can  be 
very  little  doubt,  from  the  style  of  the  address,  that  the 
dedication  of  that  work  to  Dr.  Meaid  belongs  entirely  to 
the  pen  of  Johnson.  The  elegance  and  originality  of  the 
compliments  in  it  sufficiently  mark  the  hand  of  that  great 
master.  It  may  not  be  amiss  to  insert  it  here,  as  a  model 
of  dedicatory  address,  highly  honourable  to  Dr.  James  if 
his  own,  and  creditable  even  to  have  deserved  from  Johnson. 

**  Sir,  That  the  Medicinal  Dictionary  is  dedicated  to  you, 
is  to  be  imputed  only  to  your  reputation  for  superior  skill  in 
those  sciences  which  I  have  endeavoured  to  explain  and 
facilitate  :  and  you  are  therefore  to  consider  this  address, 
if  it  be  agreeable  to  you,  as  one  of  the  rewards  of  merit ; 
and  if  otherwise,  as  one  of  the  inconveniences  of  eminence. 
However  you  shall  receive  it,  my  design  cannot  be  disap- 
pointed; because  this  public  appeal  to  your  judgment  will 
shew,  that  I  do  not  found  ihy  hopes  of  approbation  upon 
the  ignorance  of  my  readers,  and  that  1  fear  his  censure 
least,  whose  knowledge  is  most  extensive.     I  am,  sir,  &c. 

R.  James." 

The  dictionary  is,  in  effect,  considered  as  a  work  highly 
honourable  to  the  author,  and  retains  its  credit  unimpaired 
after  the  continued  progress  and  improvements  of  medicine 
for  several  years.  Dr.  Johnson  certainly  held  James  in 
high  esteem,  and  though  he'^did  not  burst  out  into  any 
passionate  exdamation  of  grief,  on  reading  of  his  death 
(as  his  biographer  relates),  he  doubtless  felt  considerable 
regret,  as  appeared  not  only  by  his  manner  of  returning  to 
the  subject;  but  by  his  mention  of' him  above*cited  from 
the  life  of  Smith.  The  regret  which  remains  upon  the 
mind  after  reflection,  is  as  sincere,  if  not  as  violent,  as  that 
which  shews  itself  at  first  in  impatient  lamentations.  <*  No 
man,"  said  he,  on  some  occasion,  **  brings  more  mind  to 
his  profession  than  James  *,"  and  undoubtedly  no  man  was 
better  able  to  judge  of  mind,  than  the  person  who  pro* 
oounced  that  opinion.  - 

Dr.  James  was  rough  in  his  manners,  and,  if  ^  not  very 


JAMES.  4S& 

generally  misrepresented,  for  from  temperate  in  his  ba« 
bits;  but  strong  sense  usually  appeared  in  bis  coarse  ex- 
pressions, and  no  man  had  more  sagacity^  when  his  head 
was  clear,  which  of  a  morning  was  always  the  case.  Se- 
veral whimsical  stories,  perhaps  of  no  precise  authority, 
are  told  of  his  evening  prescriptions :  and  he  is  said,  in- 
•comparing  his  patient^s  pulse  with  his  own,  sometimes  to 
have  confused  the  two ;  and,  finding  that  one  was  quick- 
ened by  intemperance,  to  have  bluntly  accused  tbe  patient, 
perhaps  a  delicate  lady,  of  being  in  liquor.  But  James, 
whatever  failings  he  might  have,  was  without  doubt  an  able 
and  acute  physician,  and  his  dictionary  will  remain  a 
noble  monument  Of  his  industry  and  knowledge.  His  per- 
son had  not  more  delicacy  than  his  manners,  being  large 
and  gross. 

His  fever  powder  was  for  a  long  time  violently  opposed 
by  tbe  faculty,  who,  as  the  composition  was  kept  a  secret, 
considered  it  as  a  nostrum,  and  refused  to  prescribe  or 
'countenance  it.  The  admirable  effects  experienced  from 
H  forced  it  into  general  use,  and  it  is  now  considered  as 
the  most  efficacious  medicine  for  fevers  that  is  known.  Dr. 
Pearson,  who,  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, vol.  LXXXL 
tool^  great  pains  to  analyze  it,  concludes  that  ^^  by  caU 
eining  bone  ashes,  that  is,  phosphorated  lime,,  with  anti* 
mony  in  a  certain  proportion,  and  afterwards  exposing  the 
mixture  to  a  white  heat,  a  compound  may  be  formed  con- 
taining the  same  ingredients,  in  the  same  proportion,  and 
possessing  the  same  chemical  properties ;"  and  the  London 
Pharmacopoeia  of  1788  contains  a  prescription,  under  the 
title  of  Pulvis  Antimonialis,  which  is  intended  to  answer 
the  same  purposes.  ^*  It  is  well  known,''  says  Dr.  Pearson^ 
f '  that  this  powder  cannot  be  prepared  by  following  the 
directions  of  the  specification  in  the  court  of  chancery.'*^ 
He  therefore  instituted  a  laborious  chemical  inquiry,  first 
analytical,  and  then  synthetical,  in  order  to  ascertain  the 
composition. 

Whether  Jamps  was  the  real  inventor  of  the  powder,  may 
admit  of  a  doubt.  **  Tbe  calcination  of  antimony  and 
hone-ashes  produces,"  says  Dr.  Pearson,  '^'a  powder  called 
Lile's  and  Schawanberg's  fever  powder ;  a  preparation  de- 
scribed by  Schroeder  and  other  chemi$ts450  years  ago."*- 
According  to  the  receipt  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Brom* 
field,  by  which  this  powder  was  prepared  forty-five  years 
^go,  and  before  any  medicine  was  known  by  tbe  name  of 


MO  J  A  M  E  Sk 

James's  powder,  (wo  pountis  of  lurtibcHrii  shavingft  lliti»lb€ 
boiled^  to  dissolve  all  Uie  mucilage,  and  tbep^  being  dried, 
be  calcined  with  o»e  pound  of  crude  antiflaonyf  till  the 
smell  of  sulphur  ceases,  and  a  Ugbt  grey  powder  is  pro^ 
duced.  The  same  prescription  was  given  to  Mr.  Willis 
above  forty ^ears  ago,  by  Dr.  John  Eaton  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  with  tbe  material  addition,  however,  of  order-- 
ing  tbe  calcined  mixture  to  be  exposed  to  a  given  beat  in  a 
close  vessel,  to  render  it  white/'<-^^^  Scbroeder  prescribes 
equal  weights  of  antimony  and  calcined  hartshorn ;  aod 
Pc^erius  and  Michael  is,  as  quoted  by  Frederic  Hoffman^ 
merely  order  the  calcination  of  these  two  substances  to-* 
getber  (assigning  no  proportion)  in  a  reverberatory  fire  for 
several  days/'  It  has  been  alleged,  that  Dr«  James  oIk 
tained  tbe  receipt  for  his  powder  of  a  German  baron  nanCied 
Scbwanberg,  or  one  Baker,  to  whom  Schwanberg  bad  told 
it.  This  account  we  have  not  been  able  to  verify,  but  if 
it  be  true,  baron  Schwanberg,  as  he  is  called,  was  pro-> 
bably  the  descendant  of  the  Schawamberg  mentioned  s6' 
long  agow  Be  it  as  it  may,  Dr.  James  was  able  to  giv« 
that  credit  and  currency  to  tbe  medicine. which  otherwise 
it  would  not  have  had,  and  the  public  are  thereHore  in^* 
debtee^  to  btm  for  publishing,  if  not  for  inventing,  a  pre-» 
paration  of  most  admirable  effect. 

Dr.  James,  was  married^  and  left  sons  and  daughters^ 
His  eldest  son,  Robert  Ifercouct  James>  was  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  school,  and  afterwards  at  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford,  for  the  profestton  of  physic. ' 

JAMES  (Sir  Wiluam),  an  eminent  English  officer  in 
tbe  East  India  service,  was  bom  at  Milford  Haven  about 
1721,  and  embarked  in  a  sea  life  at  twelve  years  of  age. 
He  was  not  more  than  twenty  when  he  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  a  ship.  He  was  with  sir  Edward  Hawke  in  the 
West  Indies  in  1738,  as  a  junior  officer.  Some  years  after 
he  commanded  aahip  in  the  Virginia  trade ;  but  in  her  he 
was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  the  gulph  of  Florida,  and 
carried  a  prisoner  to  the  Havannah.  After  he  and  bis  crew, 
consisting  of  fifteen  {lersons,  were  released  from  tbe  Spa^ 
nish  prison,  they  embarked  in  a  small  brig  fqr  Car<dina. 
The  second  day  after  putting  to  sea,  a  very  hard  gale  of 
wind  came  on,  t^e  vessel  strained,  and  soon  became  so 
leaky  tliat  the  pumps   and  tbe  people  baling  could  not 

1  Preceding;  edition  of  this  Diet.— BoswdPs  Life  of  Johnson. 


JAMES,  461 

keep  her  free ;  and  at  lengtbi  being  worn  out  witk  kboar, 
^$even  of  tfaem,  with  Mr.  James,  got  into  tbe  eiily  boat 
tbey  bad  9  with  a  small  bag  of  biscuit  and  a  keg  of  water : 
tbe  vessel  soon  after  disappeared,  and  went  down.  Thej 
were  twenty  days  in  this  boat  without  a  compass;  tfaehr 
iHscdtt  soon  got  wet  with  the  sea,  which  for  two  digra  made 
a  breaeb  oyer  the  boat ;  a  snuff-box  sir  William  had  witb 
him  served  to  distribute  their  daily  allowance  of  watery 
and  after  encountering  every  diflgcuky  of  famine  and  se** 
vere  labour,  on  the  twentieth  day  they  found  tbemselvias 
on  the  istand  of  Cuba,  not  ten  miles  from  whence  they 
had  been  embarked  out  of  a  Spanish  prison  :  but  a  priaon 
bad  no  horrors*  to  them.  The  Spaniards  received  them 
once  more  into  captivity ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  only 
I>n8  out  of  the  seven  perished,,  though  after  they  got  on 
shore  few  of  them  had  the  use  of  their  Iknbs  for  many  daya* 

In  the  b^inning  of  1747  Mr.  Jamea  went  to  the  East 
indies  as  chief  officer  of  one  of  the  East  India  compaiiy^s 
ships,  and  performed  two  voyages  in  that  station.  In  1749 
the  East  India  company  appointed  him  to  the  conraiand  of 
a  new  ship,  tbe  Guardian,  equipped  as  a  riiip  of  war.  In 
her  he  sailed  to  Bombay,  to  protect  the  trade  on  the  Ma- 
kthar  coast^  which  was  maoh  annoyed  by  the  depredations 
of  Angria,  and  other  pirates,  with  which  those  seasawarmed; 
and  during  the  two  years  occupied  by  him  in  convoying 
the  merchant  ships  from  Bombay  and  Surat  to  the  Red 
Sea,  tbe  gulph  of  Persia,  and  along  the  Malabar  coest  from 
the  gulph  of  Cambay  to  cape  Comorin,  be  waa  frequently 
attacked  by  the  vessels  of  the  different  piratical  states.  At 
one  time  when  he  had  near  seventy  sail  under  his  protee* 
tion,  he  was  assailed  by  a  large  fleet  of  Angria*s  frigates 
and  gallivats,  not  badly  provided  with  guns,  and,  *as  usctat, 
full  of  men.  Having  formed  the  line  with  his  little  squa- 
dron, consisting  of  the  Guardian,  Bombay  grab,  and  I>rake 
bomb-ketch,  he  engaged  the  enemy,  and  kept  them  in 
close  action  while  bis  convoy  got  safe  into  Tellicherry.  In 
this  conflict,  which  seems  on  the  part  of  both  to  have  been 
disputed  with  great  animation,  the  brave  English  com- 
mander sunk  one  of  the  enemy's  largest  gallivats,  and 
obliged  the  rest  to  take  shelter  in  Gheriab  and  Severn^droog. 

About  the  beginning  of  17^  1  he  was  appointed  comman* 
der  in  chief  erf  the  East  India  company's  marine  forces, 
and.  hoisted  his  broad  pendant  on  board  the  Protector,  a 
fine  ship  of  44  guns.     On  April  2,  1755,  he  was  sent  with 


468  J  A  M  £  S. 

the  Proteetor,  Guardian,  Bombay  grab,  the  Di^ke  tyomt^ 
and  some  gallivate,  to -attempt  such  of  the  ports  belonging 
to  Angria  as  lie  to  the  northward  of  Gheriah,  hia  principal 
fortress  and  capital.  The  chief  of  these  fortresses  was 
SeTerndroog,  which  was  well  defended  by  batteries  along 
•the  shore,  and  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  was  secured  by 
a  strong  castle,  on  which  were  mounted  seventy  pieces  of 
cannon.  Having  reconnoitered  the  place,  and  informed 
himself  of  its  strength,  captain  James  made  his  attack,  and 
in  less  than  three  hours  the  governor  surrendered  the 
castle  and  the  vessels  in  the  harbour :  this  was  quickly  fot 
lowed  by  the  surrender  of  Victoria  and  four  other  forts. 
When  captain  James  returned  with  his  victorious  fleet  to 
Bombay^  he  found  admiral  Watson  there,  with  three  line  of 
battle  ships,  and  some  frigates,  &c.  The  governm^it 
of  Bombay  consulted  with  the  admiral  about  means  to 
destroy  the  power  of  Angria;  and  the  Mahratta  states  joined 
in  the  confederacy,  having  suffered  by  his  depredations. 
He  was  accordingly  sent  with  his  little  squadron  to  recQil» 
noitre  Gheriah,  a  place  represented  to  be  almost  impreg* 
nable  from  the  sea.  He  judiciously  stood  close  in  to 
the  walls,  under  the  cover  of  night,  and  with  his  boat 
sounded  and  examined  the  channels  leading  to  the  harbour 
and  outer  road ;  in  the  day-time  he  stood  in  within  gun* 
shot  of  the  walls;  and  having  in  two  days  made  himself 
perfectly  master  of  the  enemy's  strength,  he  returned  to 
Bombay.  This  piece  of  service  be  performed  with  so 
much  promptness  and  skill,  that  l\e  received  the  thanks  of 
the  governor  and  admiral;  and  they  were  so  well  per- 
suaded, from  his  report,  of  the  practicability  of  the  enter** 
prize,  that  no  time  was  lost  in  equipping  the  ships,  and 
embarking  the  troops. 

The  squadron  formed  off  Gheriah,  the  10th  of  February, 
17^6.  Captain  James,  in  the  Protector,  led  the  squadron 
to  the  attack  in  one  division,  while  another  division  of  fri-^ 
gates  led  the  bomb-ketches  in  another  line ;  a  heavy  and 
tremendous  fire  began  on  our  part  from  the  ships  of^tbe 
line,  while  the  shells  were  thrown  with  great  success  from 
the  bombs  into  the  harbour,  where  all  Angria's  ships  were 
hauled  for  safety ;  these  were  soon  set  on  fire  by  the 
bombs;  the  fire  from  the  cast ie  and  batteries  soon  slack- 
ened, and  before  the  evening  set  in,  the  castle  surrendered, 
and  Gheriah,  and  all  its  dependencies,  fell  into  our  hands* 
Thus  shortly  ended  an  enterprise,  which,  for  many  years. 


J  A  TVI  E  S.  46« 

had  beeii  in  contemplation  by  (be  European  goTernmentfl 
in  India,  but  which  was  never  before  attempted,  from  an 
idea  that  no  force  sufficient  could  be  brought  against  the 
walls  of  this  castle.  Lord  Clive,  at  this  time  a  lieutenant* 
colonel,  commanded  the  land  forces. 

On  the  Malabar  coast,  soon  after  this,  he  fell  in  with  a 
French  ship  from  Mauritius,  very  much  his  superior  in 
aien  and  guns ;  she  was  called  L'Indienne  :  after  a  smart 
action  she  struck,  and  he  carried  her  in  triumph  to  Bombay. 
Captain  James,  in  an  eminent  manner,  displayed  his 
nautical  abilities  by  shewing,  that  in  despightof  a  contrary 
-monsoon,  a  communication  between  Bombay  and  the  Co« 
romandel  coast  may  be  effected  iu  cases  of  exigency.  This 
4^assage  was  attempted  by  him  in  the  first  instance,  and  he 
accomplished  it  in  nearly  as  short  a  time  as  it  usually  was 
.done  io  the  favourable  monsoon.     It  was  of  the  utmost 
•moment  that  he  succeeded  at  the  time  he  did,  for  by  it  he 
confirmed  to  admiral  Watson  (then  in  the  Ganges)  the  in- 
telligence of  the  war  with  France,  and  brought  to  his  as- 
sistance five  hundred  troops,  by  which  the  admiral  and 
colonel  Clive  were  enabled,  in  March  1757,  to  take  Chan- 
denagore,  the  chief  of  the  French  settlements  in  Bengal. 
In  effecting  this  passage  James  crossed  the  equator  in  the 
meridian   of  Bombay,  and  continued  his  course  to  the 
southward  as  far  as  the  tenth  degree^  and  then  was  enabled 
to  go  as.  far  to  the  eastward  as  the  meridian  of  Atcheen 
head,  the  north-west  extremity  of  Sumatra,  from  whence, 
with  the  north-east  monsoon,  which  then  pirevailed  in  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  he  could  with  eas^  gain  the  entrance  of  the 
Ganges,  or  any  port  on  the  Coromandel  coast.' 

In  1759  captain  James  returned  to  his  native  country. 
The  East  India  company  presented  him  with  a  handsome 
elegant  gold-hilted  sword,  with  a  complimentary  motto, 
expressive  of  their  sense  of  his  gallant  services.  Soon 
afterward  he  was  chosen  a  director,  and  continued  a  mem- 
ber of  that  respectable  body  more  than  twenty  years ;  in 
which  time  he  had  filled  both  the  chairs.  He  was  fifteen 
years  deputy,  master  of  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity- 
house  ;  a  governor  of  Greenwich  hospital ;  served  two  ses^ 
fiions  in  parliament  for  West  Looe ;  and  on  the  25th  of 
July,  177S,  the  king  was  pleased  to  create  him  a  baronet. 
He  planned  the  reduction  of  Pondicherry  during  the  Ame« 
Clean  war,  and  received  a  rich  service  of  plate  from  the 
India  company,  as  a  testimony  of  their  sense  of  his  skill 
and  judgment  in  that  affair. 


464  J  A  M  C  S. 

Ondie  16th  of  December  1783^  sir  WiUiam  di^,  ag^ 
aixty-*two.  In  the  year  foUowiBg,  a  haodsome  bi]ildRij§r 
was  erected  on  his  estate  in  Kent,  near  the  top  of  Shooter's* 
hill,  in  the  style  of  a  castle,  witb  three  sides,  and  com- 
manding a  most  extensive  Tiew.  The  lowest  room  is 
adorned  wkh  weapons,  peculiar  to  the  different  oounttier 
of  the  east  The  room  above  has  different  views  of  iHLVal . 
acdcHis  and  enterprises  painted  on  the  ceiling,  in  which  sir 
.William  bad  been  a  considerable  actor.  The  top  of  cbe 
bwldiag  is  finished  with  battlements,  about  aiicty  feet  f^oot 
the  base.  The  top  of  the  battlements  is  four  bilfidi«d  and 
eighty  feet  above  the  lerel  of  Shooiter's^hil},  and  more  ^fto 
one  hundred  and  forty  feet  higher  than  the  top  of  9t.  P«id*s 
cupola.  On  a  tablet  over  i£e  entrance  door  is  thia  in* 
seription : 

•'  This  buU^Kng  was  erected  Muccixxxtt,  by  the  r^efntisentsctit^ 
ti  tile  kite  rir  WiHam  Jseaes^  bart.  to  commemorate  tfaaft  gtAaiit 
cffiotr's  adneftmeBts  in  the  Bast  InMes,  daring  his  ^wauijand  of 
the  company^s  niarine  forces  in  tlH^se  seas  y  and  in  a  par^eular  maao* 
ner  to  record  the  conquest  of  .the  castle  of  Sevemdroog,  on  the 
coast  of  Mialabar,  which  fell  to  his  superior  valour  and  able  con- 
duct On  the  9d  day  of  April,  M,DCC,LV." 

Of  sir  William,  it  is  said,  by  a  person  who  knew  him 
intimately  near  thirty  years,  and  was  well  aequaiut^d  with 
bis  professional  abilities,  that  as  a  thoroug;h  practical  sea* 
man,  be  was  almost  without  an  equals  as  an  officer,  he 
was  brave,  vigilant,  prompt,  and  resolute ;  patient  in  di£» 
JficuUy,  with  a  presence  of  mind  that  seemed  to  grow  from 
danger.  ^ 

JAMES  m  VoRAGiNE,  a  celebrated  Dominican,  so  called 
from  the  place  of  bis  birth  in  tlie  state  of  Genoa,  was  born 
about  1230.  He  was  provincial  aad  counsellor  of  his 
order,  and  afterwards  appointed  archbishop  of  Genoa,  by 
pope  Nicholas  I V^.  1292.  He  ruled  his  church  with  great 
wisdom  and .  prudence,  held  a  provincial  council  in  1293, 
and  died  July  14,^1298.    He  left  a  "  Chronicle  of  Genoa,'* 

Eulilished  in  tow.  XXVI.  of  the  collection  of  Italian  authors 
y  Muiatori;  a.  great  number  of  "  Sermons,"  1589^  and 
1602,  2  vols.  8vo,  and  other  works ;  among  the  most  ce- 
lebrated is  a  collection  of  legends  of  the  saints,  known  by 
the  .napae  of  **  The  Golden  Legend ;"  the  first  edition  is 
Colo^na,  1470,.  foL  scarce;  the  Italian  translation,  Venice^  . 

**  ^^onittranicatei  by' Mf  James  to  l^r,- Pacunmt.-^Aviatte  AtmvttAtbtgHtxMt 
vol.  II. 


JAMES.  465 

1476,  fol.  18  also  very  scarce,  as  is  the  first  editioa  of  the 
French  translation  by  John  Batallier,  Lyons,  1476^  folio. 
This  work  contains  so  many  puerile  am)  ridiculous  fables, 
that  Mekhior  Cano  said,  <^  the  author  had  a  mouth  of  iron, 
ai  heart  of  lead,  and  but  little  wisdom,  or  soundness  of. 
judgment."' 

JAMES  D£  ViTRi,  a  celebrated  cardinal  in  the  thir-  ' 
teentb  ceatury,  born  at  Vitry,  a  village  near  Paris,  was 
eaiioa  of  Ognies,  then  pastor  of  Argenteuil,  attended  the 
crusades,  staid  a  long  time  in  the  Levant,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Acre,  otherwise  called  Ptolemais.  Gregory  IX. 
created  him  cardinal  in  123Q,  and  gave  him  the  bishopric 
of  Frescati.  He  was  afterwards  legate  in  France,  Brabant, 
and  the  Holy  Land ;  in  all  which  offices  his  zeal  and  pru- 
dence were  remarkable.  He  died  April  30, 1244,  at  Rome. 
He  left  many  works,  the  most  curious  and  most  sought 
after  among  which,  is  an  ^^  Eastern  and  Western  History," 
in  Latin,  in  ^<  Gesta  Dei  per  Francos,"  by  Canisius.  The 
third  book  has  been  published,  with  some  alterations,  in  the 
third  volume  of  P.  Martenne's  "  Thesaurus  Anecdotorum."* 

JAMESON  (Geoagb),  an  eminent  artist,  the  Vandyck 
of  Scotland,  was  born  in  Aberdeen  in  1586.  At  what  age 
he  went  abroad  is  not  known,  but  he  studied  under  Rubens, 
with  Vandyck,  and  returned  to  Scotland  in  1628.  After 
his  return,  be  applied  with  indefatigable  industry  to  por- 
trait in  oil,  though  he  sometimes  practised  in  |iistory  and 
landscape.  His  largest  portraits  were  generally  somewhat 
less  than  life.  His  excellence  is  said  to  consist  in  delicacy 
and  softness,  with  a  clear  and  beautiful  colouring.  When 
king  Charles  L  visited  Scotland  in  1633,  the  magistrates, 
knowing  his  majesty's  taste,  employed  Jameson  to  make 
drawings  of  the  Scotish  monarchs,  with  which  the  king 
was  so  much  pleased,  that  he  sat  to  him  for  a  full  length 
picture,  presented  him  with  a  diamond  ring  from  his  finger, 
and  on  account  of  a  complaint  in  his  eyes  or  head,  the 
king  made  him  wear  his  hat,  a  privilege  which  he  ever 
after  used,  and  commemorated  by  always  drawing  himself 
with  bis  hat  on.  So  far  also  he  imitated  his  master 
Rubens. 

Many  of  the  considerable  families  in  Scotland  are  pos« 
-sessed  of  works  by  this  great  artist.  The  greatest  collec- 
•xiop  is  that  at  Taymouth,  the  seat  of  the  earl  of  Breadal* 

>  Cave. — DupiD.— Moreri.-— Saxii  Ottomast.  •  Ibid. 

VoL.xvni.  hh 


vJ 


46*  JAMESON. 

bate,  Sit  ^(Art  Campbell  of  Olfeitorchy,  hi§  lordship's 
ancdstdr,  baviftg  been  the  ehi^f  aird  earliest  patitth  6f 
JatHesdn,  ivhd  h^d  attended  that  gidnttefnan  in  bi»  tfavels. 
In  dlflR^tette  getirteiti^n*^  houses  in  the  ecHitity  of  Abefdeert^ 
therfe  are  portraits  by  Jaihesotr,  as  wdf  as  Iti  the  baill*  of 
IVIarischal  and  King's  colleges.  The  most  inter^^tiog  <tf 
bis  pictures  is  that  belonging  to  the  earl  t)f  Findlate^i  at 
Cut1eti-h6nse.  This  piece  represents  Jattie^on  Uriti^self^  as 
latge  as  lifi^,  with  a  rotind  hat  on  his  head.-  He  h  k>dkfi^ 
yt)U  in  th^  face,  ^ith  his  left  hnndi  in  which  is  his  paH«i» 
on  a  table,  dnd  hi$  right  over  it,  the  fofefinger  of  wbieb 
points  to  several  small  pictures  in  the  baek  grouted.  Dliess, 
^  bidck  jacket  with  a  whit^  falling  band.  In  the  back 
gfbund  are  ten  squares,  of  about  six  indbe*,  rept^#ebting 
portraits,  sbni^  of  them  fbll  lengths ;  sotne  of  tbe  ^qaares 
bave  two  or  thfeid  figures,  and  one  of  them  h  a  sea-piece 
Size  bi  th^  picture,  within  the  frame,  two  (ett  ten  inehes 
in  breUdth,  by  two  feet  eight  in  height  In  the  same 
bbiise  is  anbtbet  picture  attributed  to  the  stime  artist^  tbn^e 
fe^t  sijt  inches  high,  by  two  Feet  ibight  broad.  Th«  subject 
ihuist  allude  to  the  civil  war,  as  it  repr^ents  a  croWn^  bot- 
toiti.  Upitiost ;  sceptre,  baton,  roy&l  standard,  beskped  neai^ 
it ;  a  prtnted  s^croU,  a  casket  cbvered  with  crimson  velvet, 
lid  open,  with  necklaces  and  toys.  At  the  bottom,  on  the 
right  band,  is  a  soiall  figure  ^bout  four  inchds  long,  badly 
^^^cuted,  of  Charles  I.  which  seems  as  if  done  with  rad 
chalk  on  a  white  ground. 

Mr.  Jameson  died  at  Edinburgh  in  1€44,  fthd  was  ia^ 
ifeirred  in  the  churcbyard  of  the  Grey  Friars,  but  withooit 
&ny  Aionument.  By  his  will,  written  With  his  own  hand  in 
1641,  And  bredthing  a  spirit  of  much  pitety  and  benevo*. 
fencie,  ht  provides  kindly  for  his*  wife  and  children,  and 
leaves  diany  legac^ies  tb  his  relations  and  friends.  Of  hii 
family,  his  daughter  Mary  was  thrice  married :  firAt  to 
Mr.  Burrt'ett,  of  Elrick,  in  the  county  bf  Aberdeen ;  Sifhtr* 
wards  to  Jattibs  Gregory,  the  celebrated  mathematician ; 
and  lastly  to  Mr.  Eddie,  one  of  the  magistrates  of  Aberdeen. 
By  all  these  gentlemen  she  had  cbildren,  and  many  of  tbe 
descendants  of  the  two  first  have  numerous  families  in  the 
county  of  Aberdeen.  Mary  seems  to  have  inherited  a 
portion  of  her  father's  genius.  Several  specimens  of  bet 
needlfe-vvork  remain,  particularly  Jephtfaa's  rash  vow ;  Su- 
sannah and  the  Elders,  &c.  probably  from  a  design  of  her 
father's ;  these  now  adorn  the  East  end  of  St.  Nicholas' 
church,  Aberdeen. 


J  A  M  B  »  O  N.  «6T 

Tbotigh  JaneiQKi  w^  Utile  kaovi^ii  in  Eo^and,  and  lia» 
no^  been  .nolioed  hy  any  Snglish  wriiev  on  ih^  a? ts»  except 
locd  Orfovd,  bis  obaraeter^  99  well  aa  b>a  works^  were  bigblj 
eateesned  in  bis  own  Qom>uy«  Arthur  Johnsten^  the  poet^ 
^dressfid  to  him  an  elqgant  Latin^pigram^  on  i^e  pieture 
«f  the  0tarcbioQei»9  of  Huntley,  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
works.of  tbat  aulhor,  printed  at  Middleburgh  in  1642.' 

JAMYN  (AMi0i8)^  a  Fre«Qh  poet,  was,  in  his  yqntb^  a 
great  tra^eUer,  and  ran  over*  Greece^  the  isles  of  the 
ArohipelagOi  and  Asia  Minor.  Poetry  being  his  delight^ 
be  applied,  bimaelf  to  itfroioa  his^  infancy ;  and  bis  writings, 
both  in  verse  and  prose,  shew  that  be  baid  careful Jy  studied 
the  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  especially  the  poets.  He  is 
Qsiaieoied  the  rural  of  Bonsard,  ivho  was  hia  eontemporary 
and  friend;  but  be  i|  net  so  bombasiical,  nor  so  rough  in 
4ie  use  of  Greek  words,  and.  bis  style  is  more  tiatural, 
aimpie,  and  pleasing.  Jamyn  wits  secretary  and  ehamber- 
NXMder  in  ordinary  to  Cha/les  IX.  and  died  about  1585. 
We  have,  1.-  Jws  "  Poetical  Worhs,"  in  2  vols.  2.  *•  Dis-' 
conn  d«  pkiiosophie  a  Psssieharis  &  k  Pediinthe,'^  wftb 
•even  aeadeqoioaL  diaoourtos,  the  whole  in  prose,  Parir^ 
1584,  >2mo,  S.  S^  A  Translation  of  Homer's  Iliad,''  in 
Freoeh  verse,  begun  by  Hugh  Selel,  and  finished  by 
Jamyn  froni  the  I2th  book  inclusive^  to  which  is  added  a 
translation  of  the  three  first  books  of  the  *^  Odyssey.^' 
Ha  appears  to  biwe  had  some  notion  of  the  style  into  which 
Homer  ought  to  be  translated,  but  he  has  rendered  his  per- 
feriaaaee  sofikieiitly  ridiouldua  by  giving  modern  titles  to 
the  Greeks,,  snob  aa  ^be  duke  Idemeneus,  and  the  ebeva- 
liers  Neptofie  and  Nestor.' 

JANEWAY  (Jawes),  a  nonconformist  divine,  some  of 
wboae  Works  are 'Still  highly,  populav,  was  born  in  163-6. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  in  Hertlbrdsbire,  and  tbii 
third  of  five  brothers,  who  were  all  bred  to  the  ministry, 
were  all  consumptive,  and  all  died  under  forty  years  of 
age.  In  1655  he  became  a  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  took  bis  mastet^a  degt^e,  but  wks  ejected 
soon  after  she  Restoration  for  nonconformity.  Hd  then  set 
up  a  meeting  at  Rotherbitfae.^  He  was  a  young  man  of 
great  industry  and  strictness  of  life,'  and  his  preaching  is 
said  to  have  been  attended  with  signal  effects  upon  many, 

1  Walpole's  Aoecdotes.^.<»Piiifc€rUui's  Soofetisb  GalUry.— Thom't  History  oi 
Aberdeen.— Pennant's  Tour  in  Scotland.  9  Bicu  Hist.  ' 

H  H   2 


46t  J  A  N  £  W  A  V. 

especiatly  in  the  time  of  the  plague,  when  he  entered  xnUf 
the  deserted  pulpits,  and  preached  to  great  numbers.  He 
also  made  it  bis  business  to  visit  the  srck  at  that  dangerous 
period.  His  labours,  which  were  too  many  for  his  delicate 
constitution,  are  said  to  have  hastened  bis  death,  which 
happened  March  16,  1JS74.  A  considerable  number  of  bis 
**  Sermons*^  are  in  prtnt«  He  also  published  the  Well-known 
Life  of  his  elder  brother  John,  a  young  man  of  extraordinary 
piety,  which,  with  his  very  popular  **  Token  for  Children,** 
has  often  been  reprinted.  His  ^*  Legacy  to  his  Friends,*^ 
before  which  is  his  portrait,  contains  twenty-seven  fanloas 
instances  of  remarkable  deliverances  from  dangers  by  sea.^ 

JANICON  (Francis  Michael),    a  political  writer  of 
some  note,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1674,  the  son  of  a  Pro- 
testant, and  sent  early  into  Holland  for  education.     For  a 
time  he  quitted  his  studies  for  the  army,  but  at  th^  peace 
of  Ryswick  he  resumed  his  literary  labours,  and  became 
concerned  in  the  gazettes  of  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  and 
'Utrecht.    A  simple  and  historical  style,  with  a  clear  head, 
and  much  political  sagacity,   seemed  to  promise   great 
success  to  these  labours ;  but  his  press  being  silenced^  on 
account  of  a  political  tract  (in  which;  however,  he  had  no 
concern),  he  retired  to  the  Hague,  and  became  agent  to 
the  landgrave  of  Hesse.    He  died  of  an  apoplexy  iii  1730, 
at  the  age  of  fifty*six.     Of  bis  works  there  are,   1.  His 
^'  Gazettes,**  written  in  a  good  style,  and  with  sonnd  po- 
litical knowledge.     2.  A  translation  of  Steele's  "  Ladies* 
Library,''   published  in   1717  and  1719,  in  2  vols,  duo* 
decimo.     3.  A  translation  of  an  indifferent  satire  against 
monks  and  priests,  written  originally  by  Antony  Gavin,  and 
printed  in  1724,  in  4  vols.  12mo.     4.  <*  The  present  State 
of  the  Republic  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  their  de*- 
pendencies,"  published  in  1729,  in  2  vols.  ISmol    This  is 
the  most  correct  work  that  is  extant,  though  it  has  been 
considered  by  Niceron  as  not  altogether  devoid  of  faults.' 

JANNONIUS.     See  GIANNONE. 

JANSENIUS  (Cornelius),  a  learned  Flemish  prelate, 
was  born  ajt  Hulst  in  the  year  1510,  and  educated  at  Ghent 
and  Louvain.  He  became  a  proficient  in  the  Hebrew,  as 
well  as  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  Scriptures,    ^e  was  appointed  professor. 

t  _■  ■_•'  *  * 

*  Ca1amy.«-4}raBg€r,  toI.  in.*— Ath.  Ox.  vol.  II. 
•     «  Niccroo,  vol.  XVII.— Diet  Hist. 


J  A.N  S  £  N  I  U  S.  469 

#f  divinity  at  Louvaiii^  and  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
doctor,  of  diTinity.  In  the  council  of  Trent  he  commanded 
respect  by  bis  learniog  and vjnodesty,  and  ^  upon  his  return 
to  Flanders  in  1568^  was  nominated  the  first  bishop  of  Ghenl^ 
vrbere  be  died  in  1 576.  His  works  were,  ^*  A  Paraphrase 
On  the  Psalms/^  with  copious  notes,  in^  Latin^  printed. at 
Louvain  in  15^9.  *^  Notes  pn  the  Books  of  Proverbs^ 
Ecclesiasticus,  the  Canticles,  and  , the  Book  of  Wisdom/*, 
printed  i^  1586.  ^'  .Commentaries  upon  some  passages  io 
the  Qld  Testament,*'  &c.  His-  chief  vico^f;^^ however,  wast 
the  '*  Concordia  Evangelica^L't^rst  priifted  in  1549,  and 
frequently  reprinted.  Of  thi^  Wbtk  Dupin  says^  that  it  is 
the  most  pet^ggf,  harmony  of  the  four  Gospels  which  bad 
till  that  time  appeared.  To  the  author  be  pays  a  veryi 
distinguished  tribute  of  respect,  as  a  very  able  expositor, 
of  Sc;riptur^,  and  eminently  characterized  by  bis  learnings 
judgment^  and  perspicuity.'  * 

JANSflN,  or  JANSENIUS  (Corneuus),  bishop  of 
Ypres,  principal  of  the  sect  called  Jansenists,  was  born  ifi  , 
a  village  called  Akoy,  near  Leerdam  in  Holland,  of  Roman  ' 
Catholic  parents,  John  Ottie  and  Lyntze  Gisb^rts ;  and, 
having  had  his  grammar-learning  at  Utrecht,  went  to  Loua 
vain  in  1602,  and  from  that  to  Paris,  where,  he  met  with 
Johtt.du  Verger  de  Hauraone,  afterwards  abbot  of  Saij^ 
Cyran,  with  whom  be  had  contracted,  a  very  strict  friend- 
ship. Some  time  after,  du  Verger  removing  to.  Qayonne, 
be  followed  him  thither;  where,  pursuing  their  studijfss  with 
unabated  ardour,  they  wfsre  noticed  by  the  bishop  of  tha^ 
province,  who,  conceiving  a  great  esteem,  for.  them,  .pro^ 
cured  du  Verger  a  canon ry  in  his  cathedral,  and  set  JansQi;! 
at  the  bead  of  a  college  or  school.  He  spent  five  or  six: 
years  in  Bayonne,  applying  himself  with  the  same  vigpur 
to  the  study  of  the  fathers,  Sjc.  Austin  in  particular ;  and, 
as  he  did  not  appear  to  be  of  a, strong  constitution,  du 
Verger's  mother  used  sometimes  to  tell  her  son,  that  he 
would  prove  the  death  of  that  worthy  young  Fleming,  by 
making  him  overstudy  himself. 

At  length,  the  bishop  being  raised  to  the  archiepi.scopal 
see  of  Tours,  prevailed  with  du  Verger  to  go  to,  Pari^;  so 
that  Jansen  being  thus  separated  from  his  friend,  and  not 
#ure  of  tb^  protection  of  the  new  bishop,  left  Bayonne; 
and  after  twelve  years  residence  in  France  returned  (9 


470  .     -  J  A  N  B  E  N.      '. 

LonwiiH  vfime  'lie>  m$Ji  cbos^n  jpruic^ml  of  the  college  of 
St.  Pafcberia.  But  Ihis  pla^e  ^wbm^  not  altagetber  9o>  agree- 
able, ta»  it  did  not  affoi'd  fano  iessure  to  pursue  bis  Mudteo 
sl>  much  M  4i^  witb^d,  f(dr  wtniek  reatofi  be  rcifoied  to  teach 
pbilosophy.  He  took  his  degft^  of  D.  D.  in  l61t,,  witb 
greftt  reputatiohfty  was  adniivted  «•  professor  la  erdinary,  aA4 
grew  into  so  mHcb  estttem^  tfaafe  iche  university  ^eiit  h\m 
tym^  in  1624^  and  the  ^ntuing  yeii(>  upw»  a^Tarrs  of 
great  <KniSi^neuce^  into  Spaing  and  Iht^  king  of  Spahn  l^it^ 
severeigtH  n^de^  biei  professot  of  the  -Holy  8cript«ifes  in 
LottvaiA,  in  I63CS  ncAvurithatanditig  the  Spanish  inqui^itba 
lodged  4i6aiei«ifon|uMiioii  <igainst  him  in  i62t,  wkh  Basil 
de  Leoii)  xb^  principal  do^t^  of  «be  imiTersity  i>f  Saki* 
maiyca)  lat  ^b^se  house  be  lodged^  aesertitig  cbat  he  waa 
a  DtttobtnatH  a.iid  eonsequeujtiy  an  beretk:;  but  -Bftsil 
answalvd  tbem  so  fisueh  to  the  ivdivantage  of  Jaus^n,  thaft 
his  enemies  were  disappointed.  MeafRwMIe,  the  king  dt* 
SpasifA  observing  ^th  a  jteabus  eye  the  intriguing  politics 
and  growing  power  of  the  t^reneh^  employed  bis  new  pro^ 
fesaor  to  wntie  a  book,  in&inuatiag  tiiat  they  were  no  good 
Cathoiios,  irinee  tbey  made  no  scrtipte  of  fdrming  alliances 
mth  Pmtestant  <staC6$<  Jan^ieii  performed  the  task  in  faia 
^^'Mars  Gailicua/'  which  is  i^lete  with  invidious  exclama* 
vions  against  the  ^r vices  Fravice  continuully  verndered  t6 
the  P4H>te«tants  ^of  Holland  and  Germany^  to  the  great 
kfjury  of  t^  Romish  religion  ;  and  the  Dutch  are  treated 
ais  rebels^  who  owii  the  republican  liberty  they  enjoy  to  an 
iftfanieus  usurpation..  It  was  this  service  that  prq$:ure4 
bnn  tbt  n&lre,  in  16^5,  when  be  i^as  promoted  to  the  see 
^f  Ypres. 

SoflDe  yeaiis  befoi^>  h^  had  maintained  a  controversy 
against  -the  Protestants  upon  the  subject  of  grade  and  pre*- 
dfi^t4i>atk)e>  o^tsasioned  by  the  following*  circumstances: 
the  States^General  published  an  edict  in  1€299  forbidding 
the  public  exercise  of  the  Ronmh  religion  in  Boisleduc; 
atnd  having  appropriated  the  eeclesiasticai  reveryaes  of  tfce 
mayoralty  of  that  city  to  the  service  of  the  Piwdsta'ftC  re- 
ligton,  appointed  four  ministers  to  preach  fhere.  These, 
bearing  that  mtifiry  telaiiders  co^cetning  their  doctrine  were 
iedretly  spt*ead,'  p«blished  a  manifesto,  d^laring  that  tbey 
tanghtnethiwgbutthe  pure  gOspel,  and  intrelating  their 
adversaries -to- propose  whate^r  objections  they^mt^t  have 
to  make  in  a  public  manner.  This,  was  answered  only  by 
Jansen,  in  a  piece  entitled  "  Alexipharmacum,"  in  1630* 


* 

QiU^ft  Vo^tts^  one  of  the  {out  ipinisjter^  who  pr^^cj^^  in 
BQisleducp  wr^»te  ^  B^A^rks/'  ^oUitled^  ^*  Pbil^fU^s  Bp-^ 
manus  correctus/'  which  Jansen  refuted  in  anotl^er  piecp^ 
entitled  *^  Notarum  Spongia,"  ip  i^^i,  Tjx^  ^ut^d.r  of 
Ch^se  ^*  Rooiarks/'  replying  in  a  large  book,  entitled 
*^  Desperata  <:ausa  Pap^tua^''  in  1,6.3.5  ;  jLbifi  was  answerif d 
by  Fromond,  a  friend -of  Jansen^^  wbo  ^^tyled  his  pjec^i 
.  *'  Causae  desperatsp  Qisb^rti  Ypietii,  adve^sus  Spongi^^ 
Jansenii,  Crisis  ostei|sa."  This  wap  p^in^ed  m  Axitw^tp  in 
.  1636,  and  refuted  by  Martin  SchoockiuSy  prof^sor  pf  hji|s* 
tory  and  eloquence  at  Deventer,  (he  title  of  whose  answer 
was  '<  Desperatissima  causa  Pap^tus  >''  tjiis  was  published 
\xx  1638:  aad  here  the  dispute  eaded,  unless  the  piece 
belongs  to  it  which  was  published  by  Fromondus  ii^  tbe 
year  1640,  entitled  ^  Sycopb^ta;  epi&tola  «d  pisberttuQi 
Voetium.*' 

3ut  Janseo  bad  another  war  to  maiat^in^  wbicb  /i^y  be 
called  a  Protesta^ftt  one;  for  Theodore  Siwpnis,  .^  w^v^jjig 
Roii^l'  Catbolic,  \ybo  wanted  a  master^  ^raited  4ipo^  hi|n 
at  LouvaJQ,  4e«iring  hioi  to  clear  np  sooie  doubts  be  had 
about  the  pope's  iufailibility,  the  worsbip  of  the  euoh^rist, 
fnd  sQone  other  points.     Jansen,  beijig  puzz.led  with  this 
.man's  objections,  K)ld  him  one  day,  that  be  would  vi^  dis* 
^p^tfs  ^itb  hiiQ  by  word  of  HK>uch,  but  in  writing;  ^d  tj|;^t 
he  sa.w  plj^nly  he  h^d  to  do  with  a  Roman  jProte^tant  Ca- 
.  tbolic,  wbp  wpuld  soon  go  tg  Holl^nd^  .^lod  ^^r^  bo^ist  bie 
.bad  overcome  biin.     Siioonis,  with  ^oiaie  difiic|U)lt|f,  €9in- 
.  plied  iviiih  th^  proposal :;  b^tafte;r  bpth  bad  written  twice 
on  lib^  subj-eet  in  questipa,  hi^  lodgings  i^eire  fu^rounde^' 
with  soldiers,  and  hinsself  threatened  w^i^b  (k^punisbmeut 
d^e  to  hereuca.   The  duke  d'Arobot'^  ^^^nefary  ^^biim^ 
alQud  agaipat  him*  and^aid,  that  .tli^^^a^  wppd  et>pugh 
in  bis  inaat0r's  forests  to  burn  that  heretic*  Biit  as  tbe  par- 
spn  wbo  examined  Simonis,  in  the  naqie  pf  tbe  archbishop 
of  Malines,  depii^red  that  ^be  bad  found,  him  lagood  Ca- 
tholic, and  fully  re^splved  to  pie.r^v^»e  in  jth^  Bomi^h  com* 
•mii^niion^    the  t]ti'i.spner  was  set    .a(   liberty,    and   Jansen 
obliged  ^0  p^O^  tb^  expences  of  tUe  soldiers.     Xet  this  Sgi- 
:ii>pnis,  twp  years. after,  turned  Piotestant;,  atid  pubUsbed 
a  book,  entitled  ^<  De  static  eS-  iveligione  piropria  Papatus  ^d^ 
.versus  Janseuiuip."     He.appea4's  to  have  been  >a  tt)an  of  no 
^stability,  for  be  firs^  quiitpd^the  Lutheran  communipn  to  go 
,over  jtio  that  of  Ufim^  then  .turned  Lutheran  a^in»^andat 
iUiSJ:  SpQinian.    ;H^  \Yft$.  princVpiil  pf  the  Socinrtaa  QpU^e  of 


473  J  A  N  S  E  N.  ^ 

Kisselin  in  Lithuania,  was  well  versed  in  the  Greek  tonguer 
and  translated  Comenius^s  *<  Janua  linguarum'*  into  that 
lailguage. 

Janseu  was  no  sooner  possessed  of  the  bishopric  of  Ypres, 
than  he  undertook  to  reform  the  diocese ;  but  before  he 
had  completed  this  good  work,  he  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
plague.  May  16,  1638.  He  was  burled  in  his  cathedral, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory;  but  in 
1665,  his  successor,  Francis  de  Robes,  eaused  it  to  be 
taken  down  privately  in  the  nigbt ;  there  being  engraved 
on  it  an  eulogium  of  bis  virtue  and  erudition,  and  parti- 
cularly on  his  book  entitled  **  Augustinus  ;^*  declaring,  thai 
this  faithful  interpreter  of  the  most  secret  thoughts  of  St. 
Austin,  had  employed  in  that  work  a  divine  genius,  an  in- 
defatigable labour,  and  his  whole  life-'time ;  and  that  the 
church  would  receive  the  benefit  of  it  upon  earth,  as  be  did 
the  reward  of  it  in  heaven  ;  words  that  were  highly  inju* 
rious  to  the  bulls  of  Urban  VIII.  and  Innocent  X.  who  thett 
had  censured  that  work.  The  bishop  destroyed  this  mo« 
nument  by  the  express  orders  of  pope  Alexand.er  YII.  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  archduke  Leopold,  governor  of 
the  Netherlands,  in  spite  of  the  resistance  of  the  chapter, 
which  went  sucb  lengths  that  one  of  the  principal  caoona 
•  had  the  courage  to  say,  ^*  it  was  not  in  the  pope's  nor  the; 
king's  power  to  suppress  that  epitaph  */'  so  dear  was  Jan* 
sen  to  this  canon  and  his  colleagues.  He  wrote  several 
other  books  besides  those  already  mentioned  :  1.  ^  Oratio 
de  i/iterioris  homints  reformatione.''  2.  ^^Tetrateucbus 
sive  commentarius  in  4  evangelica.''  3.  ^<  Pentateuchus. 
sive  commentarius  in  5  libros  Mosis."  4.  The  Answer  of 
the  Divines  of  Louvain,  **  de  vi  obligandi  conscientias  quam 
habent  edicta  regia  super  re  monetaria."  5.  Answer  of 
the  Divines  and  Civilians,  ^'  De  juramento  quod  pnblica 
auctoritate  magistratui  designato  imponi  solet."  But  hk 
^*  Augustinus*'  was  his  principal  work,  and  he  was  employed 
upon  it  above  twenty  years.  He  left  it  finished-  at  his 
death,  and  submitted  it,  by  his  last  will,  in  ibe  completes! 
manner,  to  the  judgment  of  the  holy  see.  Hi^  executors, 
Fromond  and  Calen,  printed  it  at  Louvain,  in  1640,  but 
suppressed  bis  submission.  The  subject  is^divjne  grace,  fVee^ 
will,  and  predestination.  **  In  this  book,*'  says  Mosheim^ 
^*  which  even  the  Jesuits  acknowledge  to  be  the  production 
of  a  flian  of  learning  and  piety,  the  doctrine  of  Augustine, 
concerning  man's  natural  corruption,  and  the  nature  and 


JANS  E  N.  47J 

iriBteey  of  that  divine  grace  which  alone  can  efface  this 
tttihappy  strin,  is  unfolded  at  large,  and  ilkistratedy  for  the 
most  part;  in  Augustine's  own  words.  For  the  end  which 
Jansenios  proposed  to  himself  in  this  work,  was  not  to 
give  his  own  private  sentiments  concerning  these  important 
points ;  but  to  shew  in  what  manner  they  had  been  un- 
derstood and  explained  by  that  celebrated  father  of 'the 
church,  whose  name  and  authority  were  universally  revered 
in  all  parts  of  the  Roman  Catholic  world.  No  incidierit 
oould  be  more  unfavourable  to  the  Jesuits,  and  the  pro- 
gress of  their  religipus  system,  than  the  pubtication  of  this 
hook;  for  as  the  doctrine  of  Augustine  differed  butverv 
little  froin  that  of  the  Dominicans ;  as  it  was  held  sacred^ 
nay  almost  respected  as  divine,  in  the  churth  of  Rome,  on 
account  of  the  extraordinary  merit  and  authority  of  that 
illttstriouS' bishop ;  and  at  the  same  time  was  almost  diame- 
tricaUy  opposed  to  the  sentiments  generally  received  among 
the  Jesuits ;  these  latter  could  scarcely  consider  the  book 
of  Jansenius  in  any  other  light,  than  as  a  tacit  but  for- 
midable refutation  of  their  opinions  concerning  Autnan  /t- 
berty  and  drvine  grace ;  and  accordingly  they  not  only  drew 
their  pens  against  this  famous  book,  but  also  used  their 
most  strenuous  endeavours  to  obtain  a  public  condemna-, 
cion  of  it  from  Rome.-'  In  Louvain,  where  it  was  first 
poblished,  it  excited  prodigious  contests.  It  obtained  se- 
veral violent  tidvocates,  and  was  by  others  opposed  with  no^ 
less  violence,  and  severai  theological  theses  were  written 
against  it.  At  length  they  who  wished  to  obtain  the  sup-r 
pressioa  of  it  by  papal  authority,  were  successful ;  the 
Roman  inquisitors  began  by  prohibiting  the  perusal  of  it, 
in  the  year  1641  ;  and,  in  the  following  year,  Urban  VIII. 
condemned  it  as  infected  with  several  errors  that  had  been 
long  banished  from  the  church.  I'his  bull,  which  was  pub- 
lished at  Louvain,  instead  of  pacifying,  inflamed  matters 
more ;  and  the  disputes  soon  passed  into  France,  where  they 
were  carried  on  with  equal  warmth.  At  length  the  Bishops 
of  France  drew  up  the  doctrine,  asthey  cslted  it,  of  Jaii- 
sen,  in  five  propositions,  and  applied  to  the  pope  to  con- 
demn  them.  This  was  jdone  by  Innocent  X.  ll>y  a  bull  pub* 
lisfaed  May  %l,  1653  ;  and  he  drew  up  a  formulary  for  that 
purpose,  which  was  received  by  the  assembly  of  the  French 
dergy.  These  propositions  contained  the  following  doc- 
irities: 


474  J  A  N  S  fi  N. 

,      1.  That  there  ure.  divine  preceptSi    w]i}i3fa  goQ^  l»9Pi 

.jootwiibfit^ding  their  desire  to  o{bserv«  tfheoi,  are  Qew- 

thdli^sf  absolutelj  unable  to  obey;    nov  ha^  Qod  givj««i 

thei^  t|A<^  mea^ui'e  of  grace  which  is  essentially  nOfp^iMry 

to  i^eis^r  them  capable  of  s^  obedience,    ii^  That  no 

p^r^n^  in.  this  x^orrypt  state  of  rta^uxe*  can  ri^aist  tim  io- 

Jiueoce  of  divine  grace,  when  it  op^^iates  upoQ  the  oaiiiul. 

,:i.  Tbat,  in  order  to  render  human  fictions  |[neritof icms^  ilt  is 

not  requisite  (hat  they  be  exempt  froiQ  neosssUy^  but  only 

^  fifat  tJney  be  free  from  constramL    4.  That  the  Senupe^ 

lagi^s  err  grievously  in  ipaintaitiing  that  the  hwDM  will  is 

.^odowed  with  the  power  of  either  receiving  or  reyi^tio^  the 

laids  and  influences  of  preventing  grace*     ^*  That  wboerer 

aff rms  tbut  Jesus  Christ  made  expiation  by  bis.suffertoga 

ajad  deaili,  for  the  sins  of  all  man|u.nd>  is  a  Semipelagimi* 

Of  these  propositiotns  itUe  pontiff  declared  the.  ifirtt  four 
.oojiy  heretical;  but  be  pronounced  the  fifth  rash*  im- 
pious,  and  injurious  to  the  Supreme  Beiog.  Janseniosy 
ho^vever,  aras  qot  named  in  the  bull)  nor  was.  itdeclured  that 
.  these  five  propositions  were  maiatained  mxhe  book  eotided 
^^  Augustious,'*  in  the  sense  in  which  the  pope  k^d  con- 
demi>ed  them.  Hence  Antony  Arnauld,  doctcH^  of  the 
.  Sorbonne^  invented  a  distinction,  which  the  other.  Jaoae- 
uiats  took  up  as  a  defence.  He  separated  the  matter  of 
doctrine^  or  rights  and  of/act^  io  the  controversy  ;  and  ac- 
knowledged that  they  were  bound  to  believe  the  five  poo- 
positions  justly  condemned  by  the  Roman  pontiff,  but  did 
not  acknowledge  that  these  prepositions  were  to  he  found 
.in  the  book  of  Jansenius,  in  the  sense  in  which  tbey  were 
condemned.  Hence  arose  the  famous  dbtioctiao  between 
the  fact  and  the  right.  They  did  not,  however,  k>ng  en-* 
joy  the  benefit  of  this  artful  distinction.  The  restless  and 
JAviacible  hatred  of  their  enemies  pursued  them  in  ercrj^ 
xjuarter,  and  at  length  engaged  Atexander  VII.  ;tfae  sue-* 
«essor  of  Innocent,  to  declare  hy  a  /solemn  hull,  issuett  in 
.i656,  tliat  the  five  propositions  weise  the  tenets  of  Jaose- 
j]iius,  and  were  contained  in  his  book^  The  pontiflr  did 
i)Ot  stop  here ;  .but  to  this  flagrant  instance  of  ifnpmdeooe 
itdded  aBotber  still  more  shocking :.  for,  in  the  y«ar  1^65, 
he  sent  into  France  the  form  of  a  declaration,  which  was 
to  be  subscribed  .by  all  who  aspived  to  any  prefenaeat  ia 
the  church ;  and  in  which  it  was  affirmed  that,  the  ^five 
propositions  were  to  be  found  in  the  book  of  Jausenias,  ia 


J'A:N^S'E^H  «* 

the  stime  g6B09  iAUfhjjbh-^ey  b»d  hiieti^ icojkitmmed.  hj  the 
elii^rcb*     This  rdepUktittioOr  tbe  ^«ex9in{iJi«d  tmnarityof 
ivbid^  as  weU'wits  coptciuious  ^eviol^iicy^  ^ppearisdiD^the 
ii|o9t  o^ioq^lighlt,  jlot^onljf  ta  tb«  fenMnistft^!  InK  tko  to 
tb^wia^'parlgf  tlfte  £reA€h  fiatiiMi,  |)lnoduC€lclihiBmost  dfiii- 
piqrable  dUiflA0Aa4ind  tutnults^  It  w«s.kiunediatei]^opponDl 
wi^hyigcm  hy  the  JaofteiiisD^y  who^.thus  provoked^  wenfc 
«#  fitr!a«r'i<^.in)»tniiiiii  tb^9'in!77i0/;[(tf7Vi^>iu:#9  tlw  pope  wob 
fnUible,  >«8pQi9iAUy  .wWn  hte  /decwoiip  mtereiterety  petBO^ 
§tfl^  M)4  np(  ^)Q9fivmed.  by«  geoeral  council ;  and  cdnflb- 
il^W^.  'tbAt  tt  was  neiiber  obligateiry  ^)lr  necessary  to  rtb- 
scribe  this  papal  iioolaf  alioo^  i^bibb  bad|  at  they  Alleged, 
mljr-  a  watt^  of  fact  for  its  objeiBt.  >  /  Tfae  atscterfbly  t>f  the 
^^ergjjTi  nevertheless,  iiifiated «pQfii.9ubscrtptiMi. to  the. fom 
milbiry  s  Itad  all  ecclesiastics,  mobka,  Anna,,  and  others,  ia 
every  ^diocese,  ^'wcre  obliged  tn  aobscribe.*    Those  who  re<- 
fiAaed,    wene  interdicted  and  excowaiimioated;   andtdiej 
0ven  talked  of  entering  a  process  agntnst  four  bishops,  who 
in  their  |)ttblic  instruments  bad.  distinguished  tlie  fact  fram 
the  right;  and  declared,  that  they  desired  only  a  respectful 
9iBd  submissive  silence  in  regard  to  the  fact.   7*be  afiair  was 
f^t  length  accommodated  in  1668,  under  the  pontificai«. of 
Clemeut  IX.  who  was  satisfied  that  the  biisboips  sfaoidd  Btfib*> 
9cr4be  themselves,  and  make  others  subscribe  purely  and 
simply ;  tliough  they  declared  expreaaly,  that  tfaey  did  not 
jde^>e  tbe  same  submission  for  the  fact,  but  £or  the  right. 
This  accommodation,  styled  the  Peace  of  Clement,  was  for 
a  lime  complied  with ;  yet  the  dbpute  about  subscrU>ing 
was  afterwards  renewed  both -in  Flanders  and  France;  and 
therefore  Innocent  XII.  by  a  brief,  in  1694,  directed  to 
the  bishops  in  Flanders,  declared  ^l^at  no  addition  should 
be  mjade  to  the  formulary,  but  that  it  should  be  sufficient  to 
4»ub8cribe  sincerely,  without  any  distinction,  sestriclaoD,  en: 
letposition,  condemning  the  pnopoaitions  extracted  from 
Jansea'a  book,  in  the  plain  land  obiAoMS  sense  of  the  words. 
A  r^olution  of  a  case  of  conscience,  ^signed  by  forty  ckMs«> 
4or8,  in  which  the  distinction  of  the  fket  from  the  right 
'Was  tolerated,  re-inflamed  tbe  dispute. in  France  about  tbe 
jbeginning  of  the  last  century  :  wlsen'ipope  Clement  XHI. 
by  la  bull  dated  July  15,  1705,  dadaood^  tbat>a  respectful 
silence,  is  not  sufficient  to  testify  the.  dbedience  due  to  the 
constitutions ;  but  that  all  the  faithful  ought  to  condemn 
as  heretical,  ivot  only  with  their  mouths,  init  in  tfaeif  hearts, 
tbe  sense  of  Jansen*s  book,   which  is  condemned*  in  tlie 


♦76  J  A  N  S  E  N. 

five  propotilionii  as  the  tense  which  the  words  property 
import  I  and  that  it  is  unlawful  to  sabscribe  with  any  oihe;^ 
thought,  mind,  or  sentiment.  This  constitution  was  re- 
ceived by  the  general  assembly  of  the  French  clergy  in 
1705,  and  poblished  by  the  king*s  authority^  Neverthe* 
less,  it  did  not  put  an  end  to  the  disputes,  especially  in  the 
Low  Countries,  where  various  interpretations  of  it  were 
made;  it  may  even  be  said  that  the  contest  grew  hotter 
than  ever,  after  the  pope,  by  his  constitution  of  Sept.  iS| 
i7l3,  condemned  101  propositions,  extracted  from  tbtf 
*<  Paraphrase  on  the  New  Testament,*'  by  Pere  Qo^nel^ 
wlio  was  then  at  the  head  of  the  Janaenists.^ 

JANSSENS  (Abraham),  an  excellent  artist,  was  borv 
at  Antwerp  in  1 569,  with  a  wonderful  genius  f<^  paintings 
and  in  his  youth  executed  some  pieces  whioh  set  hitn  abovel 
all  the  young  painters  of  his  time ;  but  becoming  ent^ 
moured  of  a  young  woman  at  Antwerp,  whpm  he  obtained 
in  marriage,  he  gave  himself  up  -to  a  dissipated- course  of 
life,  which  soon  impoverished  him,  and  affected  his  t^m*^ 
per.  He  grew  jealous  of  Rubens,  and  sent  a  chailege  td 
that  painter,  with  a  list  of  the  names  of  such  persons  aa 
were  to  decide  the  matter,  «o  soon  as  their  rei^ective 
wocks  should  be  finished;  but  Rubens,  instead  of' accept- 
ing the  challenge,  answered  that  he  willingly  yielded  bins 
the  preference,  leaving  the  public  to  do  them  justice. 
There  are  some  of  Janssens'  works  in  the  churches  at 
Antwerp.  He  painted  a  descent  from  the  cross  for  the 
great  church  of  Boisleduc,  which  has  been  taken  for  a 
piece  of  Rubens^;  and  is  thought  lio  ways  inferior  to  uiy 
of  the  works  of  ^hat  great  painter ;  but  his  chief  worl 
is  his  resurrection  of  Lazarus,  in  the  Dosseldorf  gallery.*    ^ 

JANSSENS  (HoNOams  Victor),  another  artist,  was 
bora  at  Brussels  in  1664.  Having  applied  sedulously  to 
the  practice  of  the  art,  ai%d  made  much  proficimicy,  be 
was  employed  by  the  duke  of  Holstein  at  a  pension  of  800 
florins,  and  afterwards  enabled,  by  the  same  munificent 
patron,  to  go  to  Itaiy^  where,  at  Rome,  be  stndied-  the 
works  of  Raphael,  and  became  eminent  in  iuoie.  He 
afterwards  associated  with  Tempesta  the  landscape  painter, 
and  paitited'figunes  in  bis  pictures.  In  general  his  pictures 
lire  small  itk  siae,  and  have  somewhat  of  the  style  of  Albaoa 

1  Diipm.««>OeB.  ]>ieUf--Moifrl*--Moflheim'i  Cbveb  History. 

•  PilkiBftOS. 


J  A  N  S  S  t  N  s.  4ir 

His  invention  was  copious^  and  bis  work«  are  Very  pleasinjg^. 
Be  died  in  173 9,  at  the  age  of  75.' 
r  JAN8SENS  (CoHNEUUs),  ealled  also  Johnson,  a  por-' 
trait^pftinter  of  very  extraordinary  merit,  was  born  at 
Amsteidam  ;  when,  is  not  exactly  ascertained.  It  appears 
that  be  painted  in  England  as  early  as  the  year  1618^  i^ 
die  feign  of  James  I.  Here  he  continued  with  very  great 
and  deserved  success  till  the  arrival  of  Vandyke,  whose 
transcendent  talents  and  taste  Janssens  was  not  quite  equal 
to  cope  with.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he 
returned  to  his  own  country  in  1648;  leaving  behind  him 
a  number  of  excellent  characteristic  portraits  in  the  great 
families  of  this  island.  He  retired  first  to  Mtddleburg^ 
and  afterwards  to  Amsterdam,  where  be  died  in  1665* 
His '  style  of  design  was  formal  and  void  of  taste,  but  his 
features  are  justly  marked,  and  the  faces  of  bis  portraits 
have  great  character,  and  an  air  of  nature,  possessing 
mnch  sweetness  of  tone  in  the  colouring,  and  finished  very 
highly  ;  too  much  so,  indeed.  His  pictures  are  generally 
on  wood,  and  with  black  draperies  ;  an  arrangemept 
adopted  frequently  by  Rubens  and  Vandyke.* 
'JAQUELOT.     See  JACaUELOT. 

JARCHI  (Solomon  Ben  Isaac),  otherwise  Raschi  and 

ISAAKI,  a  famous  rabbi,  was  born  in  1104,  at  Troyes  in 

Champagne  in  France.     Having  acquired  a  good  stock  of 

Jewish  learning  at  home,  he  travelled  at  thirty  years  of 

age  ;    visiting  Italy,  Greece^  Jerusalem,  Palestitie,   and 

^gypt)  where  he  met  with  Maimonides.     From  Egypt  he 

piassed  to  Persia,  and  thence  to  Tartary  and  Muscovy ;  and 

last  of  all,   passing  through  Germany,  he  arrived  in  bis 

native  country,  after  he  bad  spent  six  years  abroad.     After 

his  return  to  Europe,  he  visited  all  the  academies^  and 

disputed  against  the  professors  npon  any  questions  pro* 

posed  by  them.     He  was  a  perfect  master  of  tbe  Talmud 

and  Gemara,  but  filled  the  postils  of  the  Bible  with  so 

many  Taiiiiudical  reveries,  as  totally  eKtniguish~ed  both  the 

literal  and  moral  sense  of  it.     Many  of  bis  commentaries 

are  printed  in  Hebrew,  and  sotne  have  been  translated  into 

Latin  by  the  Christians,  among  which  is^fiis  "Commentary 

upon  Joel,''  by  Genebrard ;  those  upon  Obadtab,:  Jonah, 

and  Zephaniah,  by  Pontac ;  that  upon  Esther,  by  Philip 

Daquin.     But  the  completest  of  these  translations  is  that 

r  *  - 

»  PilkiDgtoiv  *  Pilkington  — M^alpole's  Anccddi^s; 


4n  jr  A  R  C  H  L 


of  bis  Coaittentanieis  on  the  Pentateuch,  and  some  otiMf 
books,  by  Fred.  Breithaupt,  who  hai^  added  Ieartie#  notM 
The  style  of  Jan^hi  is  so  concise,  that  k  is  no  easy  things  to 
understand  kim  in  several  places,  withoof  the  help  of  other 
Jewish  interpreters.  Besides,  when  he  mentionB  the  tt^a^ 
ditioms'of  the  Jews  recorded  in  their  writingi^  he  never 
quotes  the  chapter  nor  the  page;  which  gives  no  small 
trouble  to  a  translator.  He  introduces  also  several  French 
words  of  that  centavj,  which  have  been  Tery  roucbcoif-l 
rupted,  and  cannot  be  easily  understood^  M.  BreHba^pt 
bas  overcome  all  those  difficulties.  The  «liy)e  of  his^  trans* 
lation  is  not  very  elegant :  but  it  is  clear,  and  fully  ex-* 
presses  the  sense  of  the  author.  It  was  printed  at  Gotba 
in  1710,  4to.  There  are  several  things  in  this  writer  that 
may  be  alleged  against  the  Jews  with  great  adivantagfe. 
if,  for  instance,  the  modern  Jews  deny  that  the  Messfas  is 
to  be  understood  by  the  word  Shilob,  Gen.  -xVix.  10,  th^ 
may  be  confuted  by  the  authority  of  this  interpreter,  wllo 
agrees  with  the  Christians  in  his  explication  of  that  wordw 
M.  Reland  looks  upon  rabbi  Jarchi  as  one  of  the  best 
interpreters  we  have ;  and  tells  us  in  bis  prefilce  to  the 
^*  Analecta  Rabbinica,''  that  when  be  met  with  any  diffi* 
Ctflly  in  the  Hebrew  text  of  tbe  Bible,  the  explicaltions  of 
that  Jewish  doctor  appeared  to  him  more  satisfactory  than 
those  of  the  great  critics^  or  any  other  commentator. 

Jarchi  wrote  also  Commentaries  upon  tbe  Talmud,  and 
upon  Pirke^Avon,  and  other  works.  It  is  said  that  he  was 
skilled  in  physic  and  astronomy,  and  was  master  of  several 
languages  besides  tbe  Hebrew.  He  died  at  Troyes  in 
1 180  ;  and  bis  body  was  carried  into  Bolietuia,  and  buried 
at  Prague.  His  decisions  were  so  much  more  esteemed,  as 
be  had  gathered  them  from  tbe  months  of  all  the  doctors 
of  the  Jewish  academies  in  tbe  several  cotfntries  thrt>ugh 
which  be  had  travelled.  His  ^*  Conmientary  upon  the 
Gen^ara,*'  appeared  so  full  of  erudition, '  that  it  procured 
him  the  title  of  "  Prince  of  Commentaries.'*  His  Com- 
nientariesvpon  the  Bibles  of  Venice  are  extant ;  bis  gldsses 
or  Commentaries  upon  the  Talmud  are  aUo  printed  witli 
tbe  text.  They  were  published  collectively  in  1660,  in  4 
vois.  i2mo.  He  was  so  highl}'  esteemed  among  tbe  Jews,  as 
to  be  ranked  among  the  most  illustrious  of  their  rabbies. 
He  married,  and  had  three 'daugbt^vs,  who  all  were  tMrried 
to  very  learned  rabbies.' 

'  Qen.  Diet. — MoreiL 


JAIUDINS;  470 

JARf>INS  (Mahy  Catharikb  des),  %  Frenah  ladjr,  fa« 
moos  for  her  wvitiirgSy  wa»  born  about  1640,  at  Alen^on 
in  Normandyy  where  her  fatbeif  vra*  provoat.  Her  patsionsf 
as  well  as  her  genius  came  forward  very  early*  Beingf 
obligned  to  quit  Alen^on^  in  cdnsequence  of  an  intrigMi 
with  one  of  her  cousins,  she  w;ent  to  Paris^^  wb^re  she 
undertook  to  ^pport  herself  by  her  genius,  studied  the 
drama,  and  published  at  the  same  time  some  little  novels, 
by  which  she  acquired  a  name.  She  bad^  by  her  own  de* 
scrtption,'  a  lively  and  pleasing  couhtendinoe,  though  n&% 
amounting  to  beauty,  nor  entirely  spared  by  the  smalUpox. 
Her  attractions^  however,  soon  furnished  her  with  lovers, 
and  among  them  she  <iistTngui8hed  M.  Villedieuy  a  young 
oaptain  of  infantiy,  of  an  elegant  person  and  lively  geniosv 
H^  had  been  already  married  about  a  year,  but  she  per^ 
snaded  him  to  endeavour  to  dissolve  bis  marriage.  Thi« 
pr<>t«d  impracticable ;  nor  was  it  likely  from  the  first  to  bil 
effe^rted  ;  bt^t  the  attempt  served  her  as  a  pretext  for  hei^ 
attftiihment.  She  followed  her  lover  to  eamp,  and  returned 
to  Paris  by  the  name  of  madame  de  Villedieu.  This  irre^ 
^ttlar  linlon  was  not  long  happy ;  and  their  disagi'eeolents 
bad  arisen  t6  a  considerable  height,  when  Viiledieu  wai 
erdered  to  the  army,  where  soon  after  be  lost  his  life.  The 
preten.ded  widow  comforted  herself  by  living  among  pro- 
fessed wits  and  dramatic  writers,  and  leading  such  a  life  a« 
is  common  in  dissipated  societies.  A  fit  of  devotion,  brought 
on  by  the  sudden  death  of  one  of  her  female  friends,  sent 
her  for  a  time  to  a  convent,  where  stye  lived  with  miMih 
propriety,  till  her  former  adventures  being  known  in  the 
society,  she  could  no  longer  remain  in  it.  Restored  to  the 
world,  in  the  house  of  madame  de  St.  Romaine,  her  sister, 
she  soon  exchanged  devotion  again  for  gallantry.  She 
now  a  second  time  married  a  man  who  was  u#ily  parted  from 
his  wife  ;  this  was  the  marquis  de  la  Chasse,  by  whom  she 
had  a  son,  who  died  when  only  a  year  old,  and  the  father 
not  long  after.  The  inconsolable  widow  wa^  soon*  after, 
united  to  one  of  her  cousins,  who  allowed  her  to  resume 
the  name  of  Villedieu.  After  living  a  tew  years  longer  itt  ' 
society,  she  retired  to  a  little  village  called  Clinchemare  in 
the  province  of  Maine,  where  she  died  in  1683.  Her 
works  were  printed  in  1702,  and  form  ten  volumes  12mOy 
to  which  two  more  were  added  in  1721,  consisting  chiefly 
of  pieces  by  other  writers.  Her  compositions  are  of  varipus 
kinds:   1.  Dramas.     2«  Miscellaneous  poems^  fables,  &c. 


>. 


4m  J  A  R  D  I  N  S« 

S.  Romances;  among  which  are,  *'  Let  Diiordres  de 
r  Amour ;"  **  Portraiu  des  Foiblesses  Humaiaes  ;'*  ^'  Les 
Exil^  de  la  Com  d'Auguste  ;*'  which  are  reckoned  her 
best  productions  in  this  style :  also,  **  Cleooice,'*  *^  Car- 
Biente,'*  **  Les  Galanteries  GreoadioeS)^^  *'  Les  Amours  des 
Grands  Hommes/'  '^  Lysandre,**  *^  Les  Memoirs  du  Serail/* 
lie/  4.  Other  works  of  an  amusing  kind,  such  as,  '^  Les 
Annates  Galantes/*  **  Le  Journal  Amoreus/'  &c. 

The  style  of  this  lady  is  rapid  and  animated,  but  her 
pencil  is  not  always  Correct,  nor  her  incidents  probable. 
Her  short  histories  certainly  had  the  merit  of  extinguishing 
the  taste  fidr  the  old  tedious  romances,  and  led  the  way  to 
the  novel,  but  were  by  no  means  of  such  excellence  in . 
that  style  as  those  that  have  since  been  written  by  Duclos, 
Marivaux,  Marmoutel,  and  others.  She  has  also  the  fault 
of  attributing  her  feigned  adventures  to  great  personages 
known  in  history,  and  thus  forming  that  confusion  of  ficti- 
tious and  real  narratives  which  is  so  pernicious  to  young 
readers.  Her  verse  is  inferior  to'  her  prose,  being  languid 
and  feeble.' 

JARRY  (Laujience  Juiixard  du),  a  French  preacher 
and  poet,  was  bom  in  the  village  of  Jarry,  near  Xantes, 
about  1658.  H^  went  young  to  Paris,  where  the  duke  of 
Montausier,  M.  Bossuet,  Bourdaloue,  and  Flechier,  became 
his  patrons,  and  encouraged  him  to  write.  He  gained  the 
poetical  priase  in  the  French  academy  in  1679  and  in  1714, 
and  it  is  remarkable  that,  on  this  latter  occasion,  Voltaire, 
then  very  young,  was  one  of  his  competitors.  The  suc- 
cessful poem  was,  however,  below  mediocrity,  and  con- 
tained  some  blunders  with  which  his  young  antagonist 
amused  himself  and  the  public.  One  of  his  verses  began, 
'^  Poles,  glac6s,  brfllans.'*  '^  These  torrid  poles,**  could 
not  escape  ridicnle.  At  the  same  time  he^was  celebrated 
as  a  preacher.  He  was  prior  of  Notre  Dame  du  Jarry  of 
the  order  of  Grammont,  in  the  diocese  of  Xantes,  where 
he  died  in  1730.  We  have  of  his,  a  work  entitled  ^'  Le 
Ministere  Evangelique  ;*'  of  which  the  second  ediiioij  was  . 
printed  at  Paris  in  1726.  2.  **  A  Collection  of  Sermons, 
Panegyrics,  and  Funeral  Orations,'*  4  vols.  l2mo.  3.  **Un 
Recueil  de  divers  ouvrages  de  Pietc,'*  1633,  12mo.  4. 
^*  Des  Poeseji  Cbretiennes  Ueroiques  &  Morales,*^  171$, 
12mo.* 

>  Gen.  Dict.-<-Moreri.  *  Moreri.— Diet.  Ilist  * 


J  A  R  Si  491 

y  JAAS  (GABRiBt)>  a  French  mineralogist,  was  born  at 
Lyons  in  1732.  His  father  was  concerned  in  the  mines  of 
ibe  JLyonoois,  and  as  the  ,son  discovered  an  esirly  attach- 
ment to  the.  art  of  metallurgy,  he  was  placed  in  the  esta- 
blishment, under  Trudaine,  for  the  construction  of  bridges 
and  cau^eways^  in  order  to  obtain  a  practical  knowledge  of 
the  business  of  a  miner  and  civil  engineer.  He  was  sooii- 
fixed  on  as.a  fit  person  fpr  introducing  improvements,  into, 
the  arjt  of  worUiig  mines  ip  France ;  and  with  this  view,  ia 
1757,,  &c.  he  visited  and  strictly  scrutinized  most  of  the. 
mines. on  the  continent^  and  in  1765  those  in  Scotland 
and  England.  On  bis  return  he  set  about  arranging  the 
observations  which  he  had  been  able  to  make,  when  a  sud- 
den death,  jn  1769,  broke  off  his  designs.  His  works  were 
published  by  his  brother  at  Lyons,  entitled  "  Voyages  Me- 
tallujTgiques,  ou  Re^herches  et  Observations  sur  l^s  Mines 
et  Forges  de  Fer,  la  Fabrication  de  I'Acier,  celle  du  ^er- 
blanc,  et  plusieurs  Mines  de  Charbpa  de  Terre,  &c."  in  . 
three  vols,  4to,  1774—1777.  They  are. said  to  form  a 
complete  collection  pf  theoretical  and  practical  metallurgy, 
down. to  the  time  in  which  the  observat.ions  were  ma.c)e.^ 

JAUCOURT  (Louis  de),  a  man  of  a  noble  family,  with 
the  .title  of  chevalier,  who  preferred  study  and,  literary 
labour,  in  which  he  was  indefatigable,  to  the  advantages  of 
birth,  which  in  his  time  were  very  highly  estimated,  wa^ 
born  in  1704.  His  disinterestedness  and  his  virtues  were 
conspicuous,  £ind  his ,  knpwledge  extended  to  medicine^ 
antiquities^  manners,  morals,  and  general  literature  ;  in  all 
which  branches  be  has  flemished  articles  that  are  reckon e4 
to  do  honour  to  the  French  Encyclopedie.  The  abbe 
Barruel  says;  that  D'Alembert  and  Diderot  artfully,  engaged 
a  few  such  oien  of  unblemished  character  to  engage  iv\ 
that  iindertakiog ;  and  Jauco^rt's  name  alone,  they  knew, 
would,  bethought  a  sulficient  guarantee,  against  the  bad 
principles,  of  the  work.  Jaucourt  likewise  conducted  the 
*'  Bibliotheque  Raisonn^e,"  a  j,ournal  greatly  esteemedj^ 
'  from  its, origin  to  the  year  1740.  In  conjunction  with  thQ 
professors  Qaubius,  Musschenbro^k,.  and  Dr.  Massuet,  fa^ 
published  the  **  Musaqum  Sebaeanum,"  in  1734,  a  book 
greatly  esteemed,  and  of  high  price.  He  had  also  composed 
a  "  Lexicon  Medicum  universale,'*  but  his  manuscript, 
which  was  just  about  to  be  printed  in  Holland,  in  6  vols. . 

I  Diet.  Hist.    . 

Vol.  XVHL  I  i 


4si  J  A  U  -C  O  U  R  1". 

fblio^  "v^s  li^it  with  the  v^s^l  ifl  which  it  Urtfs  Utii  to  ihzt 
ebdntry.  SbtAe  other  wOrks  by  htm  «re  alto  exunt,  on 
ifubjects  bf  ihedicine  &ttd  ifattiral  'philosophy.  He  iiv^s  & 
niember  of  the  roj^l  society  of  London,  elected  in  1756, 
ind  of  the  acadettites  of  Berlin  and  Stockholm ;  and  having 
been  a  pupil  of  the  itla^trioiis  Boerbaave,  was,  by  his 
ihtefesty'strohgly  intrited  into  the  ^tvice  of  the  stadtholder, 
6n  very  s^dv^ntageous  terms.  But  promises  had  no  effect 
tkpon  a  than  iirho  was,  as  he  paints  himself,  *^  a  man  without 
nede^itres,  and  without  desires,  without  ambition,  without 
iVitrignes ; '  bold  enotfgh  to  oflfer  his  oomplimeniis  to  the 
gf^at,  but  sufficiently  pruderit  Yiot  to  fbrce  bis  company 
upon  theto  ;  and  one  who  sought  a  studious  obscurity,  for 
the  iAe  of  prestf ving  his  tranqaiUity.*'  He  died  in  Fe- 
bruary 1780.*      ^ 

JAY  (6 Di Michelle),  lan  advocate  in  the parliamieat 
of  Paris,  very  remarkable  for  his  profound  knowledge  of 
languages,  is  celebrated  for -having  printed  a  PotygMtt  at 
his  own  e^t pence,  and- thus  put'chosed  gloi^  with  the  loss  of 
his  fortune.  The  whole  edition  was  otferedto  'sale  in 
England,  but  too  great  a  sprite  being  set  upon  it,  the 
Polyglott  of  Walton  was  undertaken  in  *a=more  commodious 
fofm.  '  Le  Jay  tnight  still  have  madie  great '  proBt  by  his 
Work  if 'he  Would  have  sufi^ed  it  to'iippear  undter  she  name 
bf  cardinal 'Ridbelieu,  who  wHs  vei^y  desirous  tofemulate  the' 
&me  5f  Xiiiidnfes  in  itAs  tespeist  Being 'now  poor,  end  a 
widower,  Le  Jay  beestme  an  ecclesiastic,  H^iis  made  dean  of 
Vezelai,  tttidobtaineda  biretet  as  coUAiseUor  of  -ittffe.  He 
dieidJuiy  JO,  1675.  The  Polyglott  of  Le  Jay  is  in  ten 
vdldtnes,  large  folio, 'a  model  6f  beautiful  typdgrapiby,  but 
too  bulky  to  be  ust^d  with  t*dnvenienee.  It  iscimimon  in 
•f'i'ance,  bbt  of  so  little  demand,  that,' according ^ta-Bmaety 
it  s^lls  at  present  for  (4o  francs,  not  6/;  of  our'mdMy.  .  It 
has  the  Syriac  and  Arabic  verribns,  which  afeUdt'in  the 
Polyglott  of  Xim^ties.  The  publication  commentidd  in 
1628,  and  was  ci^ncltid^d  in  1645.  We  cannot  $uppose 
the  editor  to  fa^Vebeen  less  than  two  or  three  and-^btrtyy 
when  he  had  finished  a  volume  of  this  kind,  inwbich  case 
he  must  have  been  near  eighty  at  the  time  of  his  death* 
It  is  not  improbable  that  he  was  still  older.* 

JANSONIUS.     SeeJENSON. 

JEANNIN  (Peter),  a  native  of  burgundy,    born  ia 
1540,  and  bred  as  an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Dijon, 

1  Diet  Hitt  «  Moreru— Dfc^  Hist,^Broact*t  Manael  iu  XiiWiirt. 


hiae  iSy  bis  taaiesU  and  probity  to  die  higbiisi:  titutlifmt  in 
bis  profetssion.  The  statea  of  Btirguudy  employed  him  to 
iuloiifiister  the  a&irs  of  that  {nrovince,  and  had  every  reasoR 
to  fteliciiate  tbeoiseivei  upoA  their  choice.  When  the 
i>rders  for  the  massacre  of  St  Bartholomew  were  |:^eired 
at  l>ijon,  be  opposed  the  execution  of  them  with  ail  his 
influence  ;  aod  a  few  days  after  arrived  a  courier  to  forbidl 
the  fnurders.  l^he  appointments  of  counselbri  president, 
And  fiaalfy  chief  pneodent,  in  the  parliament  of  Dtjon, 
were  the  rewards  of  his  merit.  Seduced  hy  the  pridteiioes 
of  the  leaguers  to  ^eal  for  religion  and  for  the  state,  Jeannin 
ibr  a  time  united  himself  with  that  faction ;  bi>t  he  soon 
petmived  their  perfidy  and  wickedness,  as  well  as  the 
eompletdj^iaft^ested  views  of  the  Spaniards^  aii4  repented 
of  the  atepu  Aftei"  the  battle  of  Fontaine  Frangoise,  in 
which  the  finai'blow  was  given  to  the  leagoe,  Heniy  IV*. 
called  him  to  his  eooncii,  and  retained  him  in  his  court. 
jFrom  ^is  tiqpi«  he  became  the  adviser,  and  almost  the 
friend  of  the  king,  who  admired  him  equally  for  his  frank^- 
fiess  and  his  sagacity.  Jeaimin  was  employed  in  the  nego* 
•tiaiioft  betvuteen  the  Dutch  and  the  court  of  Spain,  the  most 
dijfficnk  that  could  be  undertaken.  It  was  concluded  iii 
16(ld.  After  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  the  queen* mother 
^confided  to  him  the  greatest  a&irs  of  the  state,  and  the 
««dmiQistration  of  the  finances,  and  he  managed  them  with 
:iikn paralleled  fidelity;  of  whidi  bis  poverty  at  his  death 
afforded  afl  undoubted  proof.  He  died  in  1622,  at  the  age 
of  ieigbty-two,  having  se«i  seven  successive  kings  on  the 
throoe  of  Fiance.  He  was  the  author  of  a  folio  collection 
of  negociatiotts  and  memoirs,  printed  in  1656,  and  reprinted 
in  a  beautifttl  edition,  9  vols.  13mo,  in  the  year  1659,  which 
were  long  held  in  the  highest  estimation.  The  regard 
which  Henry  IV.  felt  for  him  was  very  great.  -  Complaining^ 
one  day  to  his  ministers  that  some  among  them  had  revealed 
a  state  secret  of  importance,  he  took  the  president  by  the 
band,  saying,  ^' As  for  this  good  man^  I  wtU  answer  for 
him.*'  Yet,  though  he  entertained  such  sentiments  of  hitn, 
he  did  little  for  faiat;  and,  being  conseiofis  that  he  had  been 
remiss  inthis  respect,  said  sometimes,  *'  Many  of  my  suh- 
Jects  I  load  with  wealth,  to  prevent  them  from  e3Eertin|f 
their  malice;  but  for  the  president  Jeannin,  I  always  say 
iottch,  aod  do  little.*' } 

>  Morerit^-Piot  Hist.— P«rrattlt'a  Let  Honuati  lUiistns* 

112 


484  J  £  B  Ji. 

JEBB  (John),  son  of  Dr.  John  Jebb,  dean  of  CasbeH^ 
was  born  in  London,  early  in  17S6.     He  was  a  man  much 
celebrated  among  the  violent   partisans  for  unbounded 
liberty,  religious  and  political ;   and  certainly  a  man  of 
learning  and  talents,  though  they  were  both  so  much  ab* 
sorbed  in  controversy  as  to  leave  little  among  bis  writings 
of  general  use^     His  education  was  begun  in  Ireland,  and 
finished  in  England.    His  degrees  were  tkken  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  bore  public  offices,  and  obtained  the  vicarage  g€ 
St  Andrew's,  and  where  he  married  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Tor- 
ki^gtOD,  of  Huntingdonshire,  who  was  grand-daughter  to 
the  earl  of  Harborough.    His  college  was  Peter-house^    He 
early  took  up  the  plan  of  giving  theological  lectures,  which 
.  were  attended  by  several  pupils,  till  his  peculiar  opinions 
became  known  in  1770,  when  a  prohibition  was  published 
jn  the  uni«^ersity.     How  soon  he  had  begun  to  deviate  froai 
the  opinions  he  held  at  the  time  of  ordination  is  uncertain^ 
but  in  a  letter  dated  Oct.  21,  1775,  he  says,  ^  I  have  fcM* 
seven  years  past,  in  my  lectures,-  maintained  steadily  the 
proper  unity  of  God,  and  that  be. alone  should  be  the 
object  of  worship."     He  adds,  that  he  warned  his  hearers 
that  this  was  not  the  received  opinion,  but  that  bis  own  was 
settled,  and  exhorted  them  to  inquire  diligently.      This 
confession  seems  rather  inconsistent  with  the  defence  be 
addressed  to  the  ari^hbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1770.     He 
was  a  strenuous  advocate  for  the  establishment  of  annual 
examinations  in  the  university,  but  couid  not  prevail.     In 
1775,  he  came  to  the  resolution  of  resigning  his  ecclesias- 
tical preferments,  which  he  did  accordingly  ;  and  then,  by 
the  adv'ice  of  his  friends,  took  up  the  study  of  physic.    For 
this  new  object  he  studied  iiidefatigably,  and  in  1777,  ob- 
tained his  degree  by  diploma  from  St.  Andrew's^  and  was 
admitted  a  licentiate  in  London. 

Amidst  the  cares  of  his  new  profession,  he  did  not  de« 
cline  his  attention  to  theological  study,  'nor  to  what  be 
considered  as  the  cause  of  true  liberty.  He  was,  as  he 
bad  been  for  many  years,  zealous  for  the  abolition  of  sub- 
scription, a  warm  friend  to  the  cause  of  America  against 
England,  an  incessant  advocate  for  annual  parliaments  and 
universal  suffrage  (those  pernicious  engines  for  destroying 
the  British .  constitution),  a  writer  in  newspapers,  and  a 
speaker  in  public  meetings.  So  many  eager  pursuits  seem 
to  have  exhausted  his  constitution,  and  he  died,  apparently 
Qf  a  decline,  in  March  1786. 


J  E  B  B.  485 

■ 

Dr.  J^ohn  Jebb  was  a  man  of  variaus  and  extensive  learn«' 
ingy  master  of  many  languages,  among  which  were  He-* 
brew  and  Arabic-;  and  during  his  last  illness,  he  studied' 
the  Saxon,  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  laws  and  antiquities. 
He  was  twice  a  candidate  for  the  professorship  of  Arabic  at 
Cambridge.  Besides  his  theological  and  medical  know- 
ledge, he  was  not  a  little  versed  in  the  science  of  law, 
which  he  once  though^  of  making  his  profession,  even  after 
he  bad  studied  physic.  He  was  also  a  mathematician  and 
philosopher,  and  was  concerned  with  two  friends  in  pub«-' 
lisbingat  Cambridge  a  small  quarto,  entitled  ^^  Excerpta 
quaedam  e  Newtonii  principiis  Philosophise  naturalis,  cum 
notis  variorum  ;''  which  was  received  as  a  standard  book  of 
education  in  that  university.  His  other  works  have  been 
collected  into  3  vob.  8vo,  published  in  1787  by  Dr.  Dis- 
ney,>  and  contain  ciiiefly,  (besides  the  plan  of  his  lectures, 
and  harmony  of  the  gospels,  six  sermons,  and  a  medical 
treatise  on  paralysis,)  controversial  tracts  and  letters,  on 
bis  intended  improvements  at  Cambridge,  on  subscription, 
OH  parliamentary  reform,  &c.  He  seems  to  have  been  an 
active,  enterprising,  and  rather  turbulent,  but  a  sincere 
loan.^   • 

JEBB' (Samuel,  M.  D:),  a  native  of  Nottingham,  and  a 
member  of  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  became  attached  to 
the  nonjurors,  and  accepted  the  office  of  librarian  to  the 
celebrated  Jeremy  Collyer.  While  he  was  at  Peter-house 
be  printed  a  translation  of  ^^  Martyn's  Answers  to  Emiyn/' 
1718,  8vo,  reprinted  in  1719  ;  in  which  latter  year  he  in- 
scribed to  that  society  his  *^  Studionim  Primitise  ;''  namely, 
*^  S.  Jusiini  Martyris  cum  Tryphone  Dialogus,^*  1719,  8vo. 
On  leaving  the  university,  he  married  a  relation  of  the 
celebrated  apothecary  Mr.  Dillingham,  of  Red-lion* square, 
from  whom  he  took  instructions  in  pharmacy  and  chemistry 
by  the  recommendation  of  Dr.  Mead,  and  afterv(*ards  prac* 
tised  physic  at  Stratford  in  Essex.  In  1722  he  was  editor 
of  the  ^' Bibliotheca  Literaria,"  a  learned  work,  of  which 
only  ten  numbers  were  printed,  and  in  which  are  inter- 
spersed the  obs^tvations  of  Masson,  Wasse,  and  other 
eminent  scholars  of  the  time.  He  also  published,  I.  ^^  De 
Vita  &  Rebus  gestis  Marias  Scotorum  Reginse,  Franciae 
Potarias.^'  <^  The  History  of  the  Life-  and  Reign  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  and  Dowager  of  France,  extracted  from; 

^  life  prefixed  to  bis  Works* 


A 


48«  J  E  B  B. 

■ 

originil  recovds  and  fmlers  of  evedit/'  ITSS,  ivo.    Ql.  An 
editioa  of  *<  Amtides^"  with  notes^  172^^  2  vdi»  4t0i»  a 
iptery  exceUeot  edition.     3.  A  beautiful  and  correct  edi** 
tiou  of  *^  Joanois  Caii  Btitaitni  de   Canibus  firiiaHmieia 
liber  unus ;  de  variorum  Antmalium  &  Sdirpium,  &c.  hber 
nnus;  de  Libris  propriis  liber  unus;  de  Pronunciatione 
Gr«cae  &  Latins  Linguae,  cum  scriptioae  novft,  Ubetlns  i 
ad  optimoritm  exemplarium  fidem  recogniti ;  a  &  Jebb, 
M.  p.'*  London^  \12^y  8va     4.  An  editioa  of  Sacou'a^ 
'^  Opua  Msiiusy'*  folio,  neatly  and  accurately  printed  for 
W.  Bowyer,  1733.     5.  *<  Humpbn  Hodii,  lib.  2.  de  Gr«cia 
iUu»(ribus  Lingus  Gnecie  Literaramque  kumantorom  in- 
atauratoribus,"  &c.  Lond.  1742,  8vo.     <^  Premittitar  de 
Vita  &  Scriptis  ipaius  Hurophredi  DinertatiOy  anckore  S. 
Jebb,  M.  D."     He  wrote  also  the  epitapb  inscribed  on  iv 
small  pyramid  between  Haut-Buisaoii  and  Marquise,  in  tbe 
road  to  Boulogne,  about  seven  miles  from  Calais,  in  n^e-* 
mory  of  Edward  Seabright,  esq.  of  Croxkou  in  Norfc^k, 
three  other  English  gentlemen,  apd  two  servants,  wbo  wer# 
1^1  murdered  iSept  20,  1723*.    Tbe  pyramid,  being  de- 
cayed, was  taken  down  ikboot  1751,  and  a  small  oratory  <Mr 
chapel  erected  on  tbe  side  of  the  roadf.     In  1749,  Dr. 
Jebb  possessed  all  Mr.  Bridges*s  MSS.  rdative    to   the 
^^  History  of  Northamptonshire,"  which  were  afterwarda 
bought  by  sir  Thomas  Cave,  bart«  and  finally  digested, 
and  published  in  2  vok.  folio,  by  tbe  rev.  Peter  Whalleyj^ 
in  1791.     Dr«  Jebb  practised  at  Stratford  with  great  snc* 
cess  till  within  a  few  years  of  bis  deaths  when  be  retired 
with  a  moderate  fortune  into  Derbyshire,  where  he  died 
March  9,  1772,  leaving  several  children,  one  of  whom  i^^ 
tbe  subject  of  tbe  next  article.    He  was  uncle  to  the  pre* 
ceding  Dr.  John  Jebb.  ^ 

JEBB  (Sir  RicHARp,  Bart),  son  of  the  preceding,  waa 
born  in  172D  at  Stratford  in  Essex,  where  his  father,  the 
anbject  of  the  preceding  article,  prsetised  as  a  physician. 
He  bad  a  liberal  classical  ednoatioii  at  Caacibndge ;  but 
being  by  principle  a  nonjutor,  froan  bis  father,  be  could 
not  be  matriculated,  nor  tak^  any  degree  at  that  university. 

*  See  **  PoUticAl  State,"  vol.  XXVL  f  From  tke  inlbrmalios  of  a  geotle. 

p,  533,  443;  and  **  A  Narrative  of  tbe  man  who  has  be^  in  the  chapel,  whem 

Iplraoeedin^t  in  Pranee,  IW  diiQoVerm|^  i»ia«,  he  i»a«  told,  ib  ooeaaienalty  per* 

and  detectia^  the  Mur^ran  of  ib^  ibrtBedfar|beao«laoflhaferii«svb^ 

English  Genticmen,'*  where  there  i\  %  fere  murdered, 
print  of  the  pyramU,  wit^  tbe  Uu^rip- 

tMNn.                                               ^  »  Nii^tob*!  Bowyer. 


J  E  B  Be  4W 

He  afiberwards  stuiHed  in^iciae  kii  Loodon  iM^d  inX^y^^; 
and  froio  tbe  univ^r^ty  in  the  latten  cH^  faia  obtained  tb^ 
degree  of' doctor  oi  i»edicine*  Upon.sf^tiJiiig' iq  Ii^ondon 
he  eRiared  as  licentiate  of  tlie  cdlege  of  pby3ici«n»;  and 
in  176Si  he  wafi  elected  a  fi^low  of  that  body.  (1/9  ms^  for 
Bome^  tiipe  phyEOciaii  both  to  St.  George's  boapMial»  and  to 
tbe  Westmihsifir  infirmany^  As.  a  practitioner  he  becs^e 
so  eminent^  that  when  the  duke  of  Gloucester.  feU  dan- 
gerously ill  in  Italy,  be,  was  requested  to  go  abroad  t^pal^ 
tend  the  health  of  that  prince;  and  on  tbis.ocoasion  his 
conduct  gave  so  much  satisfaction  tbs^  he  wasi  called  abroad 
^  second  time  to  visit  tbe  same  prin^ce,  oa  a  future  illness, 
in  1^777.  About  this  time  he  was  made  physician-ei(tra- 
Of  dinary  to  the  king ;  and  in  1 780  u'as  appointed  pbyaician 
in  ordinary  to  the  prince  of  Wales.  Me  not  anly  held 
these  offices  about  the  royal  family,  but  was  for  several 
years  one  of  the  physicians  cbiefly  employed  by  tbem. 
iJpon  tbe  death  of  sur  Edward  Wilmot,  in  1786,  be  was  apir 
pointed  one  of  the  physicians  in  ordinary  to  his^  majesty: ; 
bui;  this  office  he  did  not  enjoy  many  qaontbs ; ,  for,  being 
in  attendance  on  two  of  ther  prineesftes,^  wJio  were,  a&oted 
with  tbe  measles,  be  was  suddenly  attacked  with  a,  fever 
in  their  apartments  at  Windsor,  and  feU  a  victim  to.  the 
diseasey  after  a  few  days  illness,  o«t  tJa^  ^th  d^y  of  July^ 
1787,  in  the  58ih  year  of  his  i^gOi' 

JEFF£RY  (John),  an  Eugli^  divine,  was  b^tn  Dee«  2(\ 
1647,  at  Ipswich,  wbere  be  had  bis  grammar-learnings 
and  thence  removed  ia  1664  ta  Catharine-hall,  Cambridge^ 
uadeir  the  tuition  of  D^.  John  Echard.  Here  be  took  his  ficst 
degree,  and  as  soon  after  as  be  could,  be  went  iu^to  ordera» 
and  accepted  of  the  curacy  of  Dennington  in  Suffolk.  Hie 
applied  very  closely  to  his  studies,  liv^  quite  retir^,  and 
was.  not  known  or  l^eatd  of  in.  tbe  world  for  sqkqg  years.  At 
length,  becoming  known^  he  was,  in  |6:1S,  elected  ousii* 
ster  of  St.  Peter's  of  Mancroft  in  Norwkb ;  wheve  his  good 
temper,  exemplary  Hfe,  judicious  preaching,  and  giieat 
learning,  soon  recommended  him  to  tbe  ei^eem  of  the 
%visest  and  best  men  in  bis  parish.  Sir  Thomas  Brown>  so 
well  known  to  the  learned  world,  respected  and  valued  him. 
Sir  Edward  Atkyns,  lord  chief  baron  of  the  £3(cbei(|uer^ 
who  then  spent  tbe  long  vacations  in  that  city,  took  goeat 

V  Many  particQlan  Qf  sir  Richard  Jebb*i  character  are  discusied  in  Gent. 
Mag.  vol.LVn.  1 


488  J  E  F  F  E  R  Y. 

notice  of  his  singular  modesty  of  behaviour^  and  rational 
method  bf- recommending  religion  in  sermons;  gave  him 
an  apartment  in  his  hoose,  took  him  up  to  town  with  him, 
carried  him  into  company,  and  brought  him  acquainted  with 
Dr.  Tillotson,  then  preacher  at  Lincoln^s-inn,  who  often 
engaged  Mr.  JefFery  to  preach  for  him,  and  was  probably 
the  means  of  niaking  him  known  to  Dr.  Wfaichcote,  three 
Toiomes  of  whose  sermons  he  afterwards  published,  and 
to  other  eminent  men.  In  1687,  Dn  Sharp,  then  dean 
of  Norwich,  afterwards  archbishop  of  York,  obtaineci 
for  him,  without  solicitation,  the  two  small  Tmngs  of  Kir^^ 
.ton  and  Falkenham  in  SufFolfk;  and,  in  1694,  archbishop 
Tillotson  made  him  archdeacon  of  Norwich.  In  1710  he 
married  a  second  wife ;  and  after  his  marriage,  discontinued 
bis  attendance  on  the  convocation  :  and  when  he  was  asked 
the  reason,  would  pleasantly  excuse  himself  out  of  the  old 
•law,  which  saith,  <<  that,  when  a  man  has  taken  a  new  wife, 
he  shall  not  be  obliged  to  go  out  to  war."  He  died  in 
1720,  aged  72. 

He  published,  *^  Christian  Morals,  by  sir  Thomas 
Browne*"  <^  Moral  and  religious  Aphorisms,  collected  from 
Dr.  Wbichcote's  Papers,"  and  three  volumes  of  sermons, 
by  the  same  author,  1702/  In  1701  be  had  printed  a  vo-p 
lume  of  bis  own  discourses,  and  occasionally  various  ser* 
mons  and  tracts  separately,  for  twenty  year^  befojse.  All 
thes^were  collected,  and  published  in  2  vols.  Svu,  in  175  K 
Dr.  Jeffery  was  an  enemy  of  religious  controversy,  allegr 
ing,  *^  that  it  produced  more  heat  than  light.'^  He  left 
behind  him  many  manuscript  volumes,  entitled,  TA  £IS 
£ATTON,  affording  an  irrefragfible  proof  of  his  great  in*' 
dustry.* 

JEFFERY,  or  GEOFFREY,  of  Monmouth  (apARTHUR)^ 
the  famous  British  historian,  who  flourished  in  the  time  of 
Henry  I.  was  born  at  Monmouth,  and  probably  educated 
in  the  Benedictine  monastery  near  that  place ;  for  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  bad  not  yet  risen  to  any  great  height^  and 
had  been  lately  depressed  by  the  Danish  invasion ;  so  that 
monasteries  were  at  tbis .  time  the.  principal  seminaries  of 
learning.  Tradition  stsli  points  out  a  small  apartment  of 
the  above  monastery  as  his  library;  it  bears  in  the  ceiling 
and  windows  remains  of  former  magnificence,  but  is  much 
more  modern  than  the  age  of  JefFery.     He  was  made  arch- 

<  Memoirs  prefixed  to  his  Sermons*— Birch's  Tillotsoiu 


J  E  F  F  E  R  T,  489 

deacon  of  Monmouth,  and  afterwards  promoted  to  the 
bishopric  of  St.  Asaph  in  1152.  He  is  said  by  some,  to 
have  been  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal  also,  but  on 
DO  apparent  good  grounds.  Robert  earl  of  Gloucester, 
natural  son  of  Henry  L  and  Alexander  bishop  of  Lincolti, 
were  his  particular  patrons ;  the  first  a  person  of  great 
eminence  and  authority  in  the  kingdom,  and  celebrated 
for  his  learning ;  the  latter,  for  being  the  greatest  patron 
of  learned  men  in  that  time,  and  himself  a  great  scholar 
and  statesman* 

Leiand,  Bale,  and  Pits  inform  us,  that  Walter  MapsBin^ 
or  Mapes,  alias  Calenius,  who  was  at  this  time  archdeacon 
of  Oxford,  and  of  whom  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  and  other 
historians,  as  well  as  Jeffery  himself,  make  honourable 
mention,  as  a  man  very  curious  in  the  study  of  antiquity, 
and  a  diligent  searcher  into  ancient  libraries,  and  especially 
after  the  works  of  ancient  authors,  happened  while  he  was 
in  Armorica  to  meet  with  a  history  of  Britain,  written  in 
the  British  tongue,  and  carrying  marks  of  great  antiquity* 
Being  overjoyed  at  his  discovery,  he  in  a  short  time  came 
over  to  England,  where  inquiring  for  a  proper  person  to 
translate  this  curious  but  hitherto  unknown  book,  he  very 
opportunely  met  with  Jeffery  of  Monmouth,  a  man  pro* 
foundly  versed  in  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Britain, 
excellently  skilled  in  the  British  tongue,  and  besides  (con* 
sidering  the  time)  an  elegant  writer^  both  in  verse  and 
prose  ;  and  to  him  he  recommended  the  task.  Jeffery  ac- 
cordingly undertook  to  translate  it  into  Latin ;  which  he 
performed  with  great  diligence,  approving  himself,  accord- 
ing to  Matthew  Paris,  a  faithful  translator.  At  first  he 
divided  it  into  four  books,  written  in  a  plain  simple  style* 
a  copy  of  which  is  said  to  be  at  Bene't-college,  Cambridge, 
which  was  never  yet  published ;  but  afterwards  made  some 
alterations,  and  divided  it  into  eight  books,  to  which  he 
adoed  the  book  of  *^  Merlin's  Prophecies,'^  which  he  had 
also  translated  from  British  verse  into  Latin  prose.  A  great 
many  fabulous  and  trifling  stories  are  inserted  in  the  history, 
upon  which  account  Jeffery's  integrity  has  been  called  in 
question ;  and  many  authors,  Polydore  Vergil,  Buchanan, 
and  some  others,  treat  the  whole  as  fiction  and  forgeiy. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  is  defended  by  very  learned  men, 
such  as  Usher,  Leiand,  Sheringham,  sir  John  Rice,  and 
many  more.  His  advocates  do  not  deny,  that  there  are 
leveral  absurd  and  incri^dible  stories  inserted  in  this  book  I 


^^rrzMx.  I 


*fc7'»awiA 


Mitt   «r  B       '  '""  °*«"W^  «tf 

;^  J«5»«..  before  be  bj. 


fmujmx%.    Hence  Iw.  «.  **^  '^  ^■<*  »e«R«ed  t«cMv- 


mm  WftUeo  Terv  cnn;/i.,.i  y«aw  before  Jefferv^m  ■■■■ 


«fc*Mr  «ncieot  Md  .udkNitillL^L   **  /®P««  "JJ"  iwwut  ihMn 


JEFFERT.  491 

^     -^^'jEaewlincJIy  eartyapAck pedigree tt»Ad«BL  fVnoilliese 
'^maAontie§  it  sppcen,  dial  the  Hory  cf  Bliini>  i»  not  the 
**'prodifce'ef  JefliTy'sinveBCioii,  but,  if  k  be  a  ietmiy  bof 
*^  Bocb  older  dbite. 

There  sre  tm>  e^tiens  af  Jefieiy^  hiaMrf  extant  ut 
Latiii,  one  of  wbicb  was  poMiabed  in  4to^  hf  Ascensim^ 
taJ^k^Mi  at  Paris,  A.  D.  1517;  tbe  other  id  fobo  by  CoamieKfle,  at 
Heidelberg,  1587,  among  die  *'  Reram  Briiannicamiit 
Seriptores  yetiistiores  &  pnecipiii,**  which  is  mnch  the 
fairer  and  more  correct  edition.  A  translation  of  it  into 
English  by  Aaron  Thompson,  of  Queen's-coUege,  was 
poUisbed  at  London,  17 IS,  in  Sto^  with  a  bMrge  ppefiM^ 
HI  which  the  translator  offers  an  elaborate  vindication  of  the 
work,  and,  defends  Jeffisry  with  great  skill  and  learning; 
bm,  after  refbting  the  charge  of  forgery,  he  has  foiled  in 
establishing  it  as  an  historical  performance;  fcMrhe  bira« 
self  invalidates  its  authority  by  acknowiedgtng,  that  it  was 
only  soch  an  irregnlar  account  as  the  Britons  were  able  to 
preserve  in  those  times  of  destruction  and  confusion;  be- 
sides some  other  romantic  tales,  vrhich  indeed  might  be 
(esaia  traditions  among  the  Welsh,  and  soch  as  Jeffery  might 

IP  i^  think  entertaining  stories  for  the  credulity  of  the  times. 

ma^  We  have,  however,   no  need  of  any  other  arguments 

ygi^j  than  the  confession  of  JeflRery  himself,  who  acknowledges 

^it  that  the  history  of  Britain  was  not  wholly  a  translation  of 

^i9  the  Welsh  manuscript;  be  avows  that  be  added  several 

g  9  parts,  particularly  Merlin*s  Prophecies^  before-mentioned^ 

^tt  and  inserted  some  circumstances  *'  which  he  had  heard 

^$  from  that  most  learned  historian,  Walter  archdeacon  of 

^#  Oxford.'** 

\j^  The  controversy,  sajrs  Mr.  Goxe,  in  his  ^  Tour  in  Mon^ 

mouthshire,"  is  at  length  finally  decided,  and  the  heal 
^  Welsh  critics  allow,  that  Jeffery's  work  was'  a  vitiated 

^$  translation  of  the  History  of  the  British  Kings,  written  by 

,j#  Tyssilio,  or  St.  Talian,  bishop  of  St  Asaph,  who  6ourldied 

^  in  the  seventh  century.     Jeffery  in  bis  work  omitted  many 

^t  ports,  made  considerable  alterations,  additions,  and  inter* 

il  polations,  latinised  many  of  the  British  appellado^s,  and 

r  in  the  opinion  of  a  learned  Welshman  *,  murdered  Tys« 

(  aiho :  we  may  therefore  conclude,  that  Jeffery  ought  to  be 

BO  more  cit^  as  historical  authority  than  Amadis  de  Gaul, 

*  Lf tt«r  from  Lewif  Morris  tQ  Edirud  Biohard,  Cambrian  Refiiter  for  1791^ 

p.a47. 


in  J  E  F  F  E  R  Y. 

or  the.  Seyep  CbampioQs  of  Cbristendom.  But,  says  the 
tame  judicious  author,  whatever  ppiniou  may  be  enter-* 
tained  in  regard  to  its  authenticity,  JefFery's  British  His* 
tory  forms  a  new  epoch  in  the  literature  of  this  country; 
and  next  to  the  history  of  Charlemagne,  by  Turpin,  pro- 
bably written  in  the  eleventh  cenlury,  was  the  first  pro^ 
ductioa  which  introduced  that  species  of  composition  called 
romance. 

The  work  of  Jeffery  is<extremely  entertaining,  and  his 
fables  have  been  frequently  clothed  in  rhyme.  In  the 
thirteenth  century,  Robert,  a  monk  of  tbe  abbey  of  Glou- 
cester, wrote  an  history  of  England  in  ver^e,  in  the  Alex«» 
andrian  measure,  from  Brutus  to  the  reign  of  Edward  I, 
Warton  justly  observes,  in  his  History  of  English  Poetry, 
^'  that  the  tales  have  often  a  more  poetical  air  in  JefFery'a 
prose  than  in  this  rhyming  chronicle,  which  is  totally  des- 
titute of  art  or  imagination,  and,  from  i^  obsolete  language, 
scarcely  intelligible."  This  historical  romance,  however,, 
was  not  only  versified  by  monkish  writers,  but  supplied 
some  of  our  best  poets  with  materials  for  their  sublime 
9ompositions.  Spenser,  in  the  second  bot)k  of  his  Faerie 
Queene,  has  given, 

*'  A  chronicle  of  British  kings> 
From  Brute  to  Arthur's  rayne.** 

In  this  historical  romance  is  also  to  be  found,  the  affecting 
history  of  Leir  king  of  Britain,  the  eleventh  in  succession 
after  Brutus,  who  divided  his  kingdom  between  Gonerilia 
and  Regan,  his  two  elder  daughters,  and  disinherited  his 
youngest  daughter  CordeilHi.  From  this  account  Shaks* 
peare  selected  his  incomparable  tragedy  of  "  King  Lear,'* 
but  improved  the  pathos  by  making  the  death  of  Cordeilla 
(which  name  he  softened  after  the  example  of  Spenser 
into  Cordelia)  precede  that  of  Lear,  while,  in  the  original 
story,  the  aged  father  is  restored  to  his  kingdom,  and  sur- 
vived by  Cordeilla. — Milton  seems  to  have  been  particu- 
larly fond  of  JefFery's  tales,  to  which  he  was  indebted  for 
the  beautiful  fiction  of  Sabrina  in  the  ^'  Mask  of  Comus."' 
JEFFREYS  (Lord  George),  baron  Wem,  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  Judge  Jefireys,  was  the  sixth  son  of 
John  Jeffreys,  esq.  of  Acton  in  Denbighshire,  by  Margaret* 
daughter  to  sir  Thomas  Ireland  of  Beausey,  near  Warring- 
ton.    He  was  educated  first  at  the  free-school  at  Shjrewst 

;*  ThooDpson'i  Preface.— Bale,  PiU,  and  Tanner.— NicoUon'*  Hist  library;  ' 


J  E  F  I'  R  E  Y  S,  »S 

bury,  from  which  he  was  removed  to  that  of  Westminster^ 
where  he  became  a  good  proficient  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages; and  wa»  thence  removed  to  the  Inner-Temple^ 
where  he' applied  himself  very  assiduously  to  the  law.  Hii 
father's  iumily  was  large,  and  his  temper  parsimonious^ 
consequently  the  young  man's  allowance  was  very  scanty^ 
and  hardly  sufficient  to  support  him  decently :  but  his  own 
ingenuity  supplied  all  deficiencies,  till  he  came  to  the  bar; 
to  which,  however,  he  never  had  any  regular  call,  in 
1666,  he  was  at  the  assize  at  Kingston,  where  very  few 
counsellors  attended,  on  account  of  the  plague  then  raging. 
Here  necessity  gave  him  permission  to  put  on  a  gown; 
and  to  plead ;  and  be  continued  the  practice  unrestrained^ 
till  he  reached  the  highest  employments  in  the  law. 

About  this  time  he  made  clandestine  addresses  to  the 
daughter  of  a  wealthy  merchant,  in  which  he  was  assisted 
foy  a  young  lady,  the  daughter  of  a  clergyman.  The  a& 
fair^was  discovered,  and  the  confidante  turned  out  of 
doors.  Jeffreys,  with  a  generosity  unknown  to  him  in  his 
prosperous  days,  took  pity  on,  and  married  her.  -She 
proved  an  excellent  wife,  and  lived  to  see  him  lord  chief 
justice  of  England.  On  her  death,  he  married  the  widow 
of  Mr.  Jones,  of  Montgomeryshire,  and  daughter,  to  sir 
Thomas  Biodworth. 

Soon  after  commencing  his  professional  career,  alder- 
nian  Jeffreys,  a  namesake,  and  probably  a  relation,  intro- 
duced him  among  the  citizens  ;  and,  being  a  jovial  bottle 
companion,  he /became  very  popular  among  them,  came 
into  great  business,  and  was  chosen  their  recorder.  His 
influence  in  the  city,  and  his  readiness  to  promote  any 
measures  without  reserve,  introduced  him  at  court;  and 
he  was  appointed  the  duke  of  York's  solicitor. 

He  was  very  active  in  the  <iuke's  interest,  and  carried 
through  a  cause  which  was  of  very  great  consequence  to 
his  revenue,  respecting  the  right  pi  the  Penny-post-office; 
He  was  first  made  a  judge  in  his  native  country.;  and,  iu 
1680,  was  knighted,  and  made  chief  justice  of  Chester,  and 
a  baronet  in  1681.  When  the  parliament  began  the  pro- 
secution of  the  abhorrers,  he  resigned  the  recordersbip^ 
and  obtained  the  placeof  chief  justice  of  the  king's-bench; 
and,  soon  after  the  accession  of  James  U.  the  great  seaL 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  advisers  and  promoters  of  ali 
ihe  oppressive  and  arbitrary  measures  of  that  unhappy  and 
4;yrannical  reign;  and  his  sanguinary  and  inhuman  pra*- 


4M  J  tt  tntt  s, 

4 

oeedngs  against  MoBmoiith's  mwaakAe  adherents  id  tfatf( 
West  will  ever  cemfer  <bii  a«aie  itifamoua.-  There  isj  bow^ 
ever,  a  «itigalar  story  of  hioi  in  thw  eitpeditHMiy  which  tead$ 
to  Ills  cnedit ;  as  k  shews,  that  wbea  he  was  not  wiulef' 
atate  kifliieiiQe,  he  had  a  proper  seate  of  the  naitiiral  and 
chila%bts  foi  oieoii  and  an  iuohasliioQ  to  protect  fchem. 
The  mayor,  aMenuen,  and  j«alioes  of  firiaiMri,  kad  been 
uaed  to  traiiapdrt  convicted  cjaminab  to  dhe  iVinerican  plaa« 
tations,  and  aeU  them  by  wtay  of  liade;  and  {finding  the 
eomiDodity  tum  to  a  good  account,  they  contrived  a  aie*- 
thod  to  joake  it  more  pbntiliil.  Their  L^gid  oomricts  were 
but  few,  and  the  expiortatian  was  mcansideraUe.  Wheiv 
therefore,  any  petty  rogues  and  pilfiesers  were  hrooght  be- 
fore them  in  a  jodieial  capacity^  they  were  vmrn  to  be 
thneateBed  with  hanging ;  and  they  had  'soine  ;v>ery  dMigenl 
officers  auenditig,  who  would  ad^^ise  the  ign>Qrant,iatimi«- 
dated  creatures  to  pray  for  tcaasportation,  as  the  only  way 
to  save  them ;  and^  in  general,  by  some  means  or  -other, 
the  advice  ovaa  follAHied.  Then,  without  any  more  form, 
each  alderman  ita  .ooocse  took  one  and  sold  for  his  own*  he^ 
nefit;  and  sometimes  wacm  disputes  arose  among  them 
about  the 'next  turn.  This  trade  had  been  catried  on  un* 
noticed  -many  years,  when  it  'came  to  the  knowled^  of 
the  lord  chief  justice ;  who,  finding,  upon  inquiry^  that  tihe 
mayor  was  equally  involved  in  the  guilt  of  this  outiageous 
practice  with  the  rest  of  his  brethreit,  made  him  descend 
from  the  bench  where  be  -was  sitting,  and  stand  at  the  har 
in  his  acarlet  and  fum,  and  plead  as  a  common  criaanttL 
He  then  took  security  of  them  to  answer  informations ;  hnt 
the  amnesty  after  tbeirevdution  stopt  the  proceedings,  and 
secured  their  iniquitous  gains. 

North,  who  informs  ils  of  this  circumstance,  tells  us  Kke^ 
wise,  that,  when  he  was  in  temper,  and  matters  indifferent 
came  before  him^  no  one  /better  became  a  seat  of  jiistioe^ 
and  the  following  anecdote  seems  to  prove  that  >he  at  least 
knew  what  was  right  At  a  contested  election  for  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament  for  die  town  of  Arundel  in  Sussex,  go- 
vernment interfered  so  openly  as  to  send  down  Jeffireys^ 
then  lord  chancellor^  with  instructions  to  use  eiwry  method 
to  procure  the  seturn  of  the  court  candidate.  <^n  the  day 
of  election,  in  order  .to  intimidate  the  electors,  he  placed 
himself  on  the  hustings  close  by  the  returning  offioer,  the 
mayor,  who  bad  been  an  attorney,  but  was  retired  from 
business,  with  an  ample  fortune  and<fair  cbaraoter ;  he  sfell 


J  E  F!F  RE  Y:S.  4W 

knew  the  cfaanoellor,  but  for  prndentiml  reftsons  acted  as  if 
he  was  a  stranger  both  to  his  person  4HMI  tank.  In  the 
covirse  <^  the  poll,  that  omgistrate,  who  scratinized  every 
man  before  be  permitted  him  'to  vote,  rejected  one  of  the 
court  party,  at  which  Jeffreys  rising  in  a  beat,  aifter  sevemi 
indecent  reflections,  declared  the  man  should  poll,  adding^ 
<'  I  am  the  lord  chancellor  of  this  realm.'*  The  mayor, 
regfirding  him  with  a  look  of  the  highest  contempt,  re- 
plied in  these  words,  ^^  Your  ungendemanlike  behavioanr 
couvinces  me,  it  is  impossible  you  should  be  the  person 
you  pretend ;  were  you  the  chancellor,  you  would  know 
that  you  have  nothing  to  do  heve,  where  I  aloQe  preside  ;'* 
then  turning  to  the  orier,  ^*  Offioer,'*  said  he,  '<  turn  that 
fellow  out  of  court  ;'*  his  commands  were  obeyed  without 
hesitation,  and  the  chanoeUor  retired  to  his.  inn,  in  great 
confusion,  and  the  election  tenmnated  m  fiavour  of  the  po- 
pular candidate.  In  the  evening  the  msyor,  to  his  great 
aurprise,  received  a  message  from  Jeffrejrs,  desiring  the 
Iftvour  of  his  company  at  the  inn,  which  be  declining,  die 
ebancellor  came  to  his  house,  and  being  introduced  to  him 
made  the  following  compliment:  ^^ Sir,  ootwithstanding^we 
are  in  different  interests,  I  cannot  help  revering  one  who 
90  well  4nows,  and  da^s  so  nobly  execute  the  law ;  and 
though  I  myself  was  somewhat  degraded  thereby,  you  did 
but  yeur  d«ity.  You,  as  I  have  learned,  are  independent, 
but  you  may  have  some  relation  who  is  not  so  well  pro- 
vided for;  if  you  have,  let  me  have  the  pleasure  of  pre* 
a^ntiBghim  with  a- considerable  place  in  my  gift,  just  now 
vacant."  Such  an  offer,  and  so  handsomely  made,  could 
not  £ail  of  drawing  the  acknowledgments  of  the  party  to 
whom  it  was  made ;  he  having  a  nephew  in  no  very  afflaent 
circttmstanees,  named  him  to  the  chancellor,  who  im'me- 
diately  signed  the  necessary  instrument  for  his  appoint** 
ment  to«a  very  hacvative  and. honourable  emplojraseat. 

On  the  bench,  judge  Jeffreys  talked  fluently,  and  ivith 
spirit;  -but  his  weakness  was,  that  he  could  not Teprekend 
without  scolding,  and  in  the  very  lowest  language.  He 
caUedit  <<  giving  a  lick  with;diie  rou]gh  side  of  his  tongue.'* 
It(wa&  ordinary  to  hear  iiim  say,  '^'Go,  you  are  a  filthy, 
leu^y^  nitty  rasoal  ;*'  with  much  more  of  like  elegance.  'He 
took  a. pleasure  in  Boortifying  frandtilent  attorney4i.  'His 
viMce  and  visage  made  him  a  terror  to  real  offenders,  >and 
fioirmidable  indeed  to  all.  A  scrivener  of  Wapping  having 
a  cause  before  him)  •quo  of  the  opponent's  counsel  said^ 


♦96  JEFttlfeYS; 

**  that  be  was  a  strange'  fellow,  and  sometimes  weflt  td 
church,  sometimes  to  conventicles ;  and  none  could  tell 
what  to  make  of  him,  and  it  was  thought  that  he  was  ^ 
Trimmer."  At  that  the  chancellor  fired.  "  A  Trimmer  !'* 
said  he,  '^  I  have  heard  much  of  that  monster,  bat  nevei^ 
saw  one  ;  come  forth,  Mr.  Trimmer,  and  let  roe  see  your 
shape:"  and  h6  treated  the  poor  fellow  so  roughly,  that, 
when  he  came  out  of  tb«  hall,  he  declared  **  he  would  not 
undergo  the  terrors  of  that  man's  face  again  to  save  biar 
life  ;  and  he  should  certainly  retain  the  frightful  impres- 
sions of  it  as  long  as  he  lived." 

When  the  prince  of  Orange  came,  and  all  was  in  confu- 
sion, the  lord  chancellor,  being  very  obnoxious  to  the 
people,  disguised  himself  in  order  to  go  abroad.  He  was 
in  a  seaman*^  dress,  and  drinking  a  pot  in  a  ciellar.  The 
scrivener,  whom  he  had  so  severely  handled,  happening  to 
come  into  the  cellar  after  some  of  his  clients,  bis  eye 
caught  that  face  which  made  him  start ;  when  the  chan- 
cellor seeing  himself  observed^  feigned  a  cough,  and  turned 
to  the  wail  with  his  pot  in  his  hand.  But  the  scrivener 
went  out,  and  gave  notice  that  he  was  there  rand  the  mob^ 
immediately  rushed  in,  seized  him,  and  carried  him  to  the 
lord-mayor.  Thence,  under  a  strong  guard,  he  was  sent^ 
to  the  lords  of  the  council,  who  committed  him  to  the 
Tower,  where  be  died  April  18,  1689,  of  a  broken  heart,^ 
aided  by  intemperance.  He  was  first  interred  in  the  chnrcb 
belonging  to  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  was  removed  to 
that  of  St.  Mary  Aldermaobilry,  and  deposited  near  the 
body  of  his  son.  His  father  survived  him,  and  died  in  1690. 
Pennant  records  an  instance  of  insult  on  this  once  great 
man  during  his  imprisonment.  He  received,  as  he  thought^ 
a  present  of  Colchester  oysters,  and  expressed  great  satis-' 
faction  at  the  thought  of  having  some  friend  yet  left ;  bat 
on  taking  off  the  top  of  the  barrel,  instead  of  the  usual  con- 
tents appeared  an  halten  '  M*  ; 

This  wretched  man  left  an  only  son,  who  inherited  bi» 
title  as  lord  Jeffreys,  and  also  his  intemperate  hdlm.  Two 
poetical  efforts,  in  the  ^^  State  Poems,''  4  vols.  8vo,  are  at^ 
tributed  to  him,  and  he  is  said  to  have  published  ^^An  Argu- 
ment in  the  case  of  Monopolies,"  1 689.  He  died  in  1705,- 
whjeiv  bis.  title  became  extinct,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary 
Aldermanbury  church.  He  married  Charlotte,  the  daugh- 
ter and  heiress  of  Philip  earl  of  Pembroke,  by  whom  be  .. 
bad  an  only  daughter^  vvbo  married  Thomas  earl  of  Pomfinetr 


JEFFREYS..  497 

After  his  death,  the  countess  of  Potnfret  became  a  oitini-^ 
ficeat  benefactress  to  the  university  of  Oxford^  by  presetit- 
ing  to  it  the  noble  collection  of  the  Pomfret  marbles. 
Granger  informs  ui  that  this  very  amiable  lady  met  witk 
very  rude  insults  from  the  populace  on  the. western  road^ 
merely  because  she  was  grand-daughter  of  the  inbumani 
Jeffreys.  Jeifreys^s  seat,  well  known  by  the  name  of  BuU 
strode,  was  purchased  by  Williaoi  earl  of  Portland,  iti 
queen  Anne's  reign,  and  until  lately  has  been  the  princi* 
pal  seat  of  the  Portland  family.  There  is  some  reason  to 
think  that  judge  Jeffreys  was  created  earl  of  Flint,  but  the 
fact  has  never  been  clearly  ascertained^' 

JEFFREYS  (Ghorg£),  an  English  poet,  born  in  1678, 
was  the  son  of  .Christopher  Jeffreys,  esq.  of:  Weldron  in 
Northamptonshire,  and  nephew  to  James  the  eighth  lord 
Chandos*  He  was  educated  at  .Westminster  school  undet 
Dr,  Busby,  and  was  admitted  of  Trinity  college.  Cam* 
bridge,  in  1694,  where  be  took  the  degrees  in  arts,  was 
elected  fellow  in  1701,  and  presided  in  the  philosophy- 
schools  as  moderator  in  1706.  He  was  also  sub-orator  for 
Dr.  Ayloffe,  and  not  going  into  orders  within  eight  years; 
as*  the  statutes  of  that  college  required,  he.  quitted  his  fel- 
lowship in  1709.  .  Though  Mr.  Jeffreys  was  called  to  the 
bar,  he  never  practised  the  law,  but,  after  acting  as  se- 
cretary to  Dr.  Hartstronge  bishop  of  Derry,  at  the  latter 
end  of  queen  Anne's  and  the  beginning  of  George  the 
First's  reign,  spent  most  of  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the 
faodilies  of  the  two  last  dukes  of  Chandos,  his  relations.  In 
1754  be  published,  by  subscription,  a4to  volume  of  ^^Mis- 
cellanies, in  verse  and  prose/'  among  which  are  two  tra- 
gedies, **  Edwin,"  and  ^'  Merope,"  both  acted  at  the 
theatre-royal  in  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  and  ^<  The  Triumph 
of  Truth,"  an  oratorio.  ^^  This  collection,''  as  the  author 
observes  iu  his  dedication  to  the  late  duke  of  Chandos, 
then  marquis  of  Carnarvon,  *^  includes  an  uncommon  length 
of  time,  from  the  verses  on  the  duke  of  Gloucester's  death 
in  1700,  to  those  on  his  lordship's  marriage  in  1753."  Mr. 
Jeffreys  died  in  1755,  aged  seventy-seven.  In  sir  John 
Hawkins's  *^  History  of  Music,"  bis  grandfather,  George, 
is  recorded  as  Charles  the  First's  organist  at  Oxford,  in 
•  1643,  and  servant  to  lord   Hatton  in  Northamptonshire, 

1  «  Life  and  Death  of  George  Lord  Jeffrey:^,**  1693,  Bvo.— Life  and  ChiMractor  of, 
l(c.  1725,  8vp. — Life  of  the  Lord  Keeper  North.-^Burnet's  Own  Times.*- 'Gknt, 
Ma|r-vol.  LV. — Oraoger.— 'Uame's  History. — Nichols's  Leicestershire,  toI.  U, 

Vol.  XVIII.  K  k 


498  JEFFREYS. 

where  he  had  l«id»  of  his  own ;  and  also  his  father^  C%ii»k 
topber,  of  Weldron  in  Northamptonshire^  as  **  a  stadeat 
of  Christ  churchy  who  played  well  on  the  organ/'  The. 
anonymous  verses  prefixed  to  **  Cato/*  were  by  this  gen-- 
tleman,  which  Addison  never  knew.  The  alterations  in 
the  Odes  in  the  ^^  Select  Collection'*  are  from  the  awthot's 
eorrected  copy.^ 

'  JENKIN  (RoBBRT),  a.  learned  English  divine,  son  of 
Thomas  Jenkin,  gent,  of  Minster  in  the  Isle  of  Tfaanet^ 
was  born  Jan.  1656,  and  bred  at  the  King's  school  at  Can*- 
terbary.  He  entered  as  sizar  at  St.  John's  college^  Cam- 
bridge, March  12, 1674,  under  ike  tuition  of  Mr.  Francis 
Roper ;  became  a  fellow  of  that  society  March  SO,  1680; 
itcessit  1691 ;  became  master  in  April  1711*;  and  held 
also  the  office  of  lady  Margaret's  professor  of  divinity. 
Dr.  Lake  being  translated  from  the  see  of  Bristol  to  that 
of  Chichester,  in  1685,  made  him  his  chaplain,  a»d-coU 
lated  him  to  the  precentorship  of  that  church,  1688^  Re« 
#asing  to  take  the  oaths  at  the  revolution,  he  quitted  that 
preferment,  and  retired  to  his  fellowship,  whkh  was  not 
subject  then  to  those  conditions,  unless  the  bishop  of  Ely, 
the  visitor,  insisted  on  it ;  and  the  bishop  was,  by  the 
college  statutes,  not  to  visit  unless  called  in  by  a  majority 
of  the  fellows.  By  these  means  he  and  many  others  kept 
their  fellowships.  Retiring  to  the  coUege,  he  prosecuted 
bis  studies  without  interrnption,  the  fruits  of  which  he  gaire 
to  the  public  in  several  treatisies  wh4oh  were  wvacfa  es^- 
teemed.  Upon  the  accession  of  Geoi^  I.  an  act  was 
passed,  obliging  ail  who  held  any  p^st  of  5/*  a«year  to 
take  the  oaths,  by  which  Dr.  Jenkin  was  cMiged  to  «jet% 
those  fellows  who  would  not  comply,  which  gave  him  no 
small  uneasiness  t,  and  he  sunk  by  degrees  into  imbecilky^ 
In  this  condition  he  removed  to  his  elder  hrethei^s  houae 

*  On  the  death   of   Dr.  Humfrey  required  to  be  taken  with  eyery  A»- 

'  Gower,  who  left  him  a  country<seat  at  gree ;  so   that,    after  the   reTOuition, 

*  Thrip^oe,  wonh  90/.  per  annum,  on  the  tw«nty.four  of  the  fHleAi^  not  -eoin)tt|» 

I  death  of  Mr.  West,  his  nephew  and  hi  to  the  oath  «l  allfgrnon*  4nit  the 

.  heir;  and  500/.  to  buy  a  liviog  for  the  statutes  requirhig  ihem  to  commenee 

college,,  to  which  society  he  also  left  B.B.  they  were  constrained  to  pan  with 

'  two  «xhtbilioii8  of  10/.  «ach,  and  all  his  their  fellowih^.     As  to  «haK  who  bMtt 

books  to  their  liUary.  taken  the  degree  before  the  revolutioiH 

•f-  The  true  accovmt  of  the  ejection  there  was  no  cause  for  rejecting  them, 

M'thit:  The^  statutes  of  that  colfegere*  till  Ihey  refased  the  abjnr8tio»>oaih, 

qtiifB.  thelkUo«r«,  as  soon  as  they  are  which  was  eyactod  upon  the  aceetakMi 

4»f  proper  standing,  to  -take  the  degree  of  George  i.      . 

pC  fi.  iX    Bttl  the  »ath  of  allegiance  is 

**  Nichols's  Select' Collecticm  of  Poeiw..  *  ' 


J  E  N  K  I  Bf.  499 

M  Sduth  ;ftu9gton»  in  Norfolk,  where  be  died  April  7, 
i  17279  in  bis  seventieth  year;  and  was  buried,  wiih  bis 
.wife  Sttsaonah,  ^(daughter  of  William  Hatfield,  e^q,  al- 
.dervian  and  merchant  of  Lgrnne,  who  died  17 13^  aged 
'forty*six),  his  son  Henry,  and  daughter  Sarah,  who  botji 
•died  young  in  1727,  in  Holme  obApel,  in  that  parish^  of 
which  his  brother  was  rector.  Another  daughter.^  Sarah, 
raurvived  hifn.  A  small  mural  monnjaaent  was  erected  iu> 
his  memory. 

His  works  are,  i,  ^^  An  Historical  Examination  of  the 
Authority  of  General  Councils,"  1688,  4to.  2.  >^  A  D&- 
ienee  of  the  Profiesaion  which  bishop  Lake  made  upon  Us 
Death-bed,''  1690,  4to4  2.  <<  Defenaio  S,  Augustini  ad- 
.yerstis  Jo.  Phereponum,''  1707,  8?o.  4.  *^  An  English 
trtjiaiatioii  of  the  Life  of  Apolionius  Tyaoeus,  from  tbd 
iFreneb  of  Tillemont,"  1 70i2^  8 vo.  5.  *^  Remarks  on  Four 
•Books  lately  published  ;  viz.  Basnage's  History  of  the 
Jews ;  Whiston's  Eight  Sermons ;  Locke's  Paraphrase  and 
Notes  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles ;  and  Le  Clerc's  BibUotheque 
Ghoisie."  .6.  ^'  The  Reasonableness  and  Certainty  of  the 
Cbrisdan  Religion ;"  of  which  a  iifth  edition,  corrected, 
lappeared  in  1721.  7.  '^.  A  brief  confutation  of  the  pre** 
^jencea  against  natural  and  revealed  religion,"  a^d  8.  An 
ififuagoral  oration  in  MS. 

Dr.  Jeokin  had  an  elder. and  a  younger  brother,  H£i3ftY 
and  John.  John  was  a  judge  in  Ireland,  under  the  duke 
pf  Onoond.  Henry,  elder  brother  of  the  aiaster,  was 
.near  of  Tilney,  ;n  Norfolk,  and  rector  of  South  Ruugton 
Kui»  Wallington,  where  he  died  in  1782.^  . 

JENKIN  (Willum),  an  eminent  nouconformist  divine, 
iiKaa  born  at  Sudbury,  in  1612,  where  his  father  was  mi- 
tnstor,  and  died  when  this  his  son  was  very  young.  His 
flMthet  was  grand- daughter  to  John  Rogers,  the  prot9- 
nartyr  in  queen  Mary's  persecution.  He  was  sent  to 
Cambridge  in  1626,  and  pUtced  under  Mr.  Anthony  Bur-^ 
l^ss.  Henc  he  pursued  his  studies  with  great  success,  and 
although  a  yoviig  man  of  a  sprig(htly  turn,  and  mueh 
icourtad  by  the  wits  of  the  univecsity,  was  distinguished  for 
a  ctrcuoispeGt  and  pious  behaviour.  After  he  Jiad  com^ 
frieted  bis  degrees  in  arts,  he  was  ordained ;  and  coming 
to  LoodoQ^  was  chosen  lecturer  of  St.  Nicholas  Aroos^  and 
thonae  was  invited  to  Hithe,  near  Golabestsry  in  Esaeai; 

KK2    . 


5<>o  J  i;  N  K  I  N. 

but  the  a^ir  oF  the  place  disagreeing  with  him,  be  obeyed 
the  solicitation^  of  bis  friends,  and  returned  to  London  in 
1641,  where  he  was  chosen  minister  of  Cfarist-chorcb, 
Newgate- street,  and  some^  months  ^fter,  le<!tttrer  of  St« 
Anne's  Biackfriars.  He  continued  to  fill  up  tbk  double 
station  with  great  usefulness),  until^  upon  the  *  destruction 
of  monarchy,  he  peremptorily  refused  to  observe  the  pab^ 
lie  thanksgivings  appointed  by  the  parliament,  for  wbioh 
he  was  suspended  from  his  ministry,  and  had  his  benefice 
of  Christ-church  sequestered,  and  afterwards  was  impri- 
soned in  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of  being  concerned  in 
what  was  called  Love's  plot.  (See  Love.)  On  petition, 
the  parliament  granted- him  a  pardon,  and  be  was  after^ 
wards  re-elected  by  the  governors  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
hospital  to  the  living  of  Christ-churoh.  On  tbe'reatofa- 
tion,  as  he  did  not  conform,  he  was  of  coalrsecjiected'ffom 
this,  and  retired  to  a  house  be  had  at  Langl^y,n)rfr>iiei$i^. 
fordshire,  where  he  occasionally  preached^  as  be  did  a6er>- 
ward9  in  London,  until  1684,  wheo  he  was  apprehended 
for  preaching,  and  committed  to  Newgate.  "Here  be  woes 
treated  with  the  utmost  rigour,  and  his^eatb^preqipitated 
by  the  noxious  air  of  the  place.  He  41ed  before  he  bad 
been  imprtsbned> four  months,  on  Jan.  19,  J  695;  .  The  in- 
veteracy of  Charles  IL  against  this  man  seems  unaecoitDt- 
abie«  He  had  been  a  great  sofferer  for  loyalty  to  Charles  I. 
and  was  onie  of  those'  who  not  only^  vesisfeed  the  decrees  of 
the  parliament,  but  was  even  implicated  in  love's  plot^ 
•the  object  of  which  was  the  restoration  of  .the  king.  When, 
however,  Charles  li.  was  petitioned  for  his  release,  with 
the  attestation  of  his  physicians,  that  Mr.  Jenkin's  iife  was 
in  danger  from  his  close^  imprisonment,  no  other  answer 
could  be  obtained  than  that  *'  Jenkin  shall  be -a  prisoner  as 
-long  as  he  lives.'V  Calamy  informs  us  that  a;  nobleman 
having  heard  of  his  death,  satd  to  the  king,  *^  May  itplease 
•your  majesty,  Jenkin  has  got  his  liberty."  Upoti  ^whtch 
•be  asked  with  eagerness,'  *^  Aye,  who  gave  itbim  ?"  The 
nobleman  replied,  *^  A  greater  than  your  majesty,  the  king 
•of  kings !"  with  which  the  king  seemed  greatly  .strad^ 
and  feHftained  silent.  Mr.  Jenkin  was  buried  with  great 
pomp  in  Bunhill-fields,  and  in  171 5- a  monument  was 
erected  to  bis  memory  in  that  place,  with  a  Latin  iQscrip* 
tion.  He  published  some  controversial  pieces  and  :a  few 
sermons.  Baxter  calls  him  a  **  sententious  elegant 
*  preacher/^  a  character  which  may  be  justly  applied  to  his 


JENKINS.  501 

-jprnicipal  work,"  An  Exposition  of  the  Epistle  of  Jude," 
2  vols.  4to  and  fol.  a  book  jet  in  high  request.' 

JENKINS  (David),  an  English  lawyer,  distinguished 
.for  his  learning  and  eminence^  in  his  profession,  and  fpi" 
4i\$.  loyalty  to  Charles  I.  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
and  honourable  fan^ily,  and  born  at  Hensol,  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, about  1586.  He  became  cocbmoner  of  Edmund- 
hall,. Oxlbrd,  in  1597,  and  after  takipg  the  degree  of  B.  A. 
mmored  to  Gray's-inn,  studied  the  law,  and  when  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  rose  to  a  considerable  share  of  practice. 
In  the.  first  of  Charles  L  being  a  bencher,  he  was  elected 
summer  reader,  but,  for  what  reason  we  are  not  toki,  re- 
fused to  read.  He  was  afterv^ards  made  one  of  the  judges 
ibr  South  Wales,,  an  office  which  he  accepted  purely  out 
of  respect  to  the  king,  who  gave  him  the  patent  without 
liis|}aying  any  fees  for  it,  as  it  cost  him  twice  the  anuual 
salary  j(80/.)  io  travelling  expences.  He  continued,  how- 
ever«  in  this  office  until  the  rebellion  broke  out,  at  \yhich 
.time  he  either  imprisoned  or  condemned,  to  death  several 
persons  in  his  circuity  for  being  guilty  of  high  treason  in 
bearing  arn^  Against  the  kiog^i,  At  length,  being  taken 
prisoner  at  Hereford,  when  that  city  was  surpri:9ed  by  the 
parliamentary  forces,  he  was  carried  up  to  London,  and 
sent  to  the  Tower,  whence,  being  brought  to  the  bar  in 
chancery,  he  denied  the  authority  of  that  court,  because 
their  seal  was  counterfeited,  and  consequently  the  com- 
missioners of  such  a  seal  were  constituted  against  law.  On 
this  he  was  committed  to  Newgate,  impeached  of  treason^ 
and  brought  to  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons.  On  this 
occasion  he  behaved  with  undaunted  spirit,  denying  their 
authority,  and  refusing  to  kneel.  ^^  In  your  speech,^'  said 
he,  ^^  Mr.  Speaker,  you  said  the  House  was  ofFeoded  with 
my  behaviour,  in  not  making  any  obeisance  to  you  upon 
my  coming  here ;  and  this  was  the  more  wondered  at,  be- 
cause I  pretended  to  be  knowing  in  the  laws  of  the  land 
;(having  made  it  my  study  for  these  five-and-forty  years), 
and  because  I  am  so,  that  was  the  reason  of  such  my  be- 
haviour: For  as  long  as  you  had, the  king's  arms  engraved 
on  your  mace,  and  acted  under  his  authority,  had  1  come 
here,  I  would  have  bowed  my  body  in  obedience  to  his 
authority,  by  which  you  were  first  called.  But,  Mr. 
Speaker,  since  you  and  this  house  have  renounced  all  your 
dgty  and  allegiance  to  your  sovereign  and  natural  liege^ 

^  Calamy. 


soi  J  E  N  K  I  N  S, 

lord  the  king,  and  are  become  a  den  of  thicTes,  should  I 
bow  myself  in  this  house  of  Rimmon,  the  Lord  would  not 
pardon  me  ift  this  thing.*' 

This  provoked  the  House  so  much,  that  without  any  trial 
they  voted  him  and  sir  Francis  Butler  guilty  of  high  trea- 
son, and  fixed  the  day  of  execution,  6n  which  judge  Jen-r 
kins  "  resolved  to  suifer  with  the  Bible  under  one  arm, 
and  Maorna  Charta  under  the  other  ;*'  but  his  enemies  were 
diverted  from  this  design  by  a  facetious  speech  of  Harry 
Marten,  a  kind  of  parliamentary  buffoon.  He'  was,  how- 
ever, fined  1000?.  for  contempt,  atid  committed  to  New- 
gate, and  his .  (estates  sequestered.  'There  seems  some 
confusion  in  the  dates  of  this  affair  as  given  in  oflr  autho- 
rities ;  but  it  appears  by  Jenkins's  own  -account  that  he 
was  imprisoned,  in  various  places,  in  all  about  fifteen  years. 
The  parliament,  however,  were  sensible  of  the  weight  of 
his  character,  and  would  have  been  glad  to  hslve  gainetl 
him  over  by  any  means.  While  in  Newgate,'  the^  sctiVa 
committee,  and  made  an  offer  to  bim,  ihaf  if  he  would 
own  their  power  to  be  lawful,  they  Would  hot  only  take 
off  the  sequestrations  fromliis  estate,  which  was  about  500/;^ 
per  annum,  but  would  also  settle  a  pension  on  him  6f  lOOOi 
a  year.  To  this  he  answered,  that  he  never  would  allow 
rebellion,  although  successful,  to  be  lawful.  They  then 
made  another  proposal,  that  he  sh6uld  hate 'the 'same  as 
mentioned  above,  if  he  would  suffer  them  to  put  iu  print 
that  he  ovvned  and  acknowledged  their  power  to  be  lawful 
tnA  just,  and  would  not  gainsay  it.  To  this  he  replied, 
that  he  would  not  connive  at  their  doing  so  for  all  the 
money  they  had  robbed  the  kingdom  of,  and  should  they 
be  so  impudent  as  to  print  any  such  matter,  lie  would  sell 
his  doublet  and  coat  to  buy  pens,  ink,  and  paper,  and  would 
ket  forth  the  House  of  Commons  in  their  proper  colour. 
When  they  found  him  so  firm,  one  of  the  committee  used 
this  motive,  "  You  have  a  wife  and  nine  children,  who  all 
will  starve  if  you  refuse  this  offer ;  so  consider  for  their 
sakes^  they  make  up  ten  pressing  argtiments  for  your  com- 
pliance." "What!"  said  the  judge,  **  did  they  desire 
you  to  press  me  in  this  matter?"  "  I  will  not  say  they  did,'* 
Replied  the  other,  "  but  I  think  they  press  you  to  it  with- 
out speaking  at  all.*'  Oti  this  the  old  man's  anger  was 
heightened  to  the  utinost,  and  he  exclaimed,  '^  Had  my 
wife  and  children  petitioned  you  in  this  matter,  I  would 
have  looked  on  her  as  a  whore,  and  them  as  bastards.'* 


J  E  N.  K  I  N  S.  SOi 

cTMe  cominittee  then  departed/ and  judge  Jenkins  remained 
in  Newgate,  or  in  other  prisons,  until  the  restoration. 
Wood  says  that  in  1656  he  was  set  at  liberty,  and  lived  a 
labile  at  Oxford,  but  this  seems  a  mistake. 

After  the  restoration  he  was  designed  to  be  made  one  of 
the  judges  in  Westminster<«hal],  but  refusing  to  comply 
witb  the  usual  demands  of  the  perquisites  on  that  occasion, 
wbidi  he  thought  unreasonable  aJfter  having  suffered  so 
much^,  he  retired  to  his  estate  in  Glamorganshire,  then 
restored  to  him,  and  died  at  Cowbridge,  in  that  county. 
Sec.  6^  1667,  aged  about  eighty 'One  or  two.  He  was 
jburied  at  the  west  end  of  that  church.  He  died  as  he 
livedo  inculcating  with  his  last  breath,  to  his  relations  and 
friends,  loyalty  to  his  majesty  and  obedience  to  the  laws  of 
the  hmd.  He  was  &  person  of  great  ability  in  his  profes«- 
sioo,  and  was  often  consulted  by  sir  John  Banks  and  Wil* 
liam  Noy  in  their  attorneyships.  His  vindication  of  him«- 
self,  and  several  other  occasional  tracts  of  his  writing,  ail 
.very  short,  were  printed  in  1648,  12mo,  under  the  title  of 
his  '^  Wof  ks*'^  Most  of  these  were  written  in  prison,  and 
have  been  often  reprinted.  He  is  also  the  author  of  <^  A 
prepaiative  to  the  treaty  with  the  king,"  &c.  1 648 ;  ^^  A  Pro* 
position  for  the  safety  of  the  king;^*  and  a  Reply  to  an 
Answer  to  it.  But  he  is  now  chiefly  known  in  the^profes* 
sion  by  his  ^  Reports,^'  or  ^^  Eight  Centuries  of  Reports 
solemnly  adjudged  in  the  exchequer  chamber,  or  upon 
writs  of  error,  from  4  Hen.  HI.  to  21  Jac.  I."  originally 
published  in  French,  1661,  fol.  andagdinin  French  1734, 
folio ;  but  the  third  edition  was  translated  by  Theodore 
Barlow,  escj.  with  the  addition  of  many  references,  and  a 
table  of  the  principal,  matters,  and  published  in  1771  or 
1777,  folio.  Mr.  Bridgman  adds  to  his  publications  ano- 
ther, which  was  published  in  1657,  12mo,  entitled  ^*  Pacis 
consultum,  or  a  directory  to  the  public  peace,  briefly  de- 
scribing the  antiquity,  extent,  &c,  of  several  county  cor<» 
por^tion  courts,  especially  the  court-leet,''  &c.^ 

'     *  In  saying  this,  perhaps  we  have  and  mental  powers.    It  is  w«H  known 

not  the   best   autborfty.      We   have  that  Wood  was  prosecuted  and  severely 

aiffoe  seen  a  letter  from  sir  Peter  Pett  puni»hed  for  having  asMrted  in  his 

to  Anthony  Wood,  in  which  it  is  said,  **  Athenai''  that  he  might  have  been 

"  that  ba  was  represented  at  court  as  a  made  one  of  thejudges  **  would  he  have 

Bupesannuated  man  and  unfit  for  sndi  given  money  to  the  then  lord  chaocel- 

aplaoaf''  and  he  certainly  vas  at  this  lor*'  (Clarendon).      Letters  by  emi- 

time  f^r  beyond  the  age  of  active  life  nent  Persons,  1813^  3  volj.  Sva 

I  I  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  II.— Biog.  Brit.  vol.  VI.  note  C.  in  art.  Talbot --*Ded^cation 
"to  his  Works. — l4k>yd*«  Memoirs,  fol.— Grey's  £xao>inayoa  of  Neal*8  Puritans, 
veU  IV.  p.  I,— Bridgman*«  Legal  Bibliography. 


S04  J  E  N  K  I  N  S. 

JENKINS  (Sir  I^boline),  a  learned  ciriliaaand  abtd 
statesman,  was  descended  from  a  family  in  Wales,  being 
tbe  son  of  Leoline  Jenkins,  who  wa$  possessed  of  an  estate 
of  40/.  a  year,  at  Llantrisaint,  in  Glainoi^gansbire,  where 
this  son  was  born  about  1623,  He  dbcovered  an  excellent 
genius  and  disposition  for  learning,  by  the  great  progress 
he  made  in  Greek  and  Latin^iat  Cowbridge-scbool,  sear 
Llantrisaint ;  whence  be  was  remolded  in  1641  to  Jesus* 
college,  in  Oxford,  and  upon  t\ie  breaking  out  of  the.  civil 
war  soon  after,  took  up  arms,  among  other  students,  on 
the  side  of  the  king.  This,  however,  did  not  interrupt 
bis  studies,  which  he  continued  with  all  possible  vigour; 
not  leaving  Oxford  till  after  the  death  of  the.  king^  He 
then  retired  to  his  own  country,  near  Llantrytbyd^  the  seat 
of  sir  John  Aubrey,  which,  having  been  left  void.by  se<- 
questration,  served  as  a  refuge  to  several  eminent  loyalists; 
among  whom  was  Dr.  Maiisell,  the  late  principal  of  his 
college.  This  gentleman  invited  him  to  sir  Jolui  Aubrey ^s 
house,  and  introduced  him  to  the  friendship  of  the  rest  of  his 
fellow-sufferers  there,  asFrewen^abp.  of  York,  and  Sheldon^ 
afterwards  abp.  of  Canterbury  ;  a  favour  which  tbcoiigb  his 
own  merit  and  industry,  laid  tbe  foundation  of  all  iaLs  fu- 
ture fortunes.  The  tuition  of  sir  John  Aubrey^Si>  eldest 
son  was  the  first  design  in  this  invitation;  and  be  acquitted 
himself  in  it  so  well,  that  he  was  soon  after  recommended 
in  the  like  capacity  to  many  other  young  gentlemen  of  tbe 
best  rank  and  quality  in  those  parts,  whom  be  bred  up  in 
.the  doctrine  of  tbe  church  of  England,  treating  them  like 
an  intimate  friend  rather  than  a  master^  and  comfortiog 
them  with  hopes  of  better  times. 

But  this  could  not  long  continue  unobserved  by  the  par*- 
liament  party,  who  grew  so  jealous,  that  they  were  te-* 
:soIved  to  put  a  stop  to  it ;  and,  as  the  most  effectual 
means  of  dispersing  the  scholars,  the  master  was  seiaed 
hy  some  soldiers  quartered  in  those  parts ;  and  being  sent 
to  prison,  ^as  indicted  at  the.  quarter  sessions  for  keeping 
a  seminary  of  rebellion  and  sedition.  He  was  however 
discharged  by  the  interest  of  Dr.  Wilkins,  then  warden  of 
Wad  ham-col  lege,  in  Oxford;  to  which  place  he  removed 
with  his  pupils  in  1651,  and  settled  in  a  house,  thence 
called  Little  Welch-hall,  in  the  High-street.  During  his 
•residence  in  Oxford,  he  was  recommended  to  the  warden 
of  Wadham  by  judge  Jenkins,  the  subject  of  the  preceding 
article  ^  and  einployed  on  several  messages  and  correspQud^ 


J  E  n:k  I  N  s;  SOS 

ences  between  the  judge,  Dr.  Sheldon,  Dr.  Mansell,  Dr.  Fell, 
and  others.  But  Dr.  Wilkins,  his  protector,  being  promoted 
to  the  mastership  of  Trinity-college  Caoibriclge^  in  1655, 
Jenkins  was  obliged  to  remove ;  and  being  talked  of  as  a 
dangerous  man,  fought  his  safety  by  flight.     He  withdrew 
with  his  pupils  out  of  the  kingdom,  and  resided  occasionally 
in  the  most  celebrated  of  the  foreign  universities.     He  thus 
kept  a  kind  of  moving  academy ;  and  by  that  method  the 
best  opportunities  of  improving  the  students  in  all  sorts  of 
academipal  learning  were  obtained;  while  they  had  tho 
farther  advantage  of  travelling  over  a  great  part  of  France, 
Holland,  and  Germany.    They  returned  home  in  1658; 
and  Mr.  Jenkins,  delivering  up  his  pupils  to  theit  respec« 
ttve  friends,  gladly  accepted  an  invitation  to  live  with  sir 
William  Whittnore,  at  his  seat  at  Appley,  in  Shropshire. 
:    He  continued  with  that  patron  of  distressed  cavaliers, 
enjoying  all  the  opportunities  of  a  welKfurnished  library, 
till  the  restoration,  when  he  returned  to  Jesus-college,  and 
was  chbsen  one  of  the  fellows.     He  was  created  LL.  D.  in 
Feb.  1661,  and  elected  principal  in  March  following,  upon 
the  resignation  of  his  patron  Dr.  Mansell ;  and  sir  William 
Whitmore  soon  after  gave  him  the  commissaryship  of  the 
peculiar  and  exempt  jurisdiction  of  the  deanery,  of  Bridge- 
t)orth,  in  Shropshire.     In  1662  he  was  made  assessor  to  the 
chslncellor^s  court  at  Oxford  ;  and  the  same  year  Dr.  Sweit 
appointed  him  bis  deputy-professor  of  the  civil  law  there* 
In  1663  he  was  made  register  of  the  consistory  court  of 
Westminster-abbey ;  and  bis  friend  Sheldon,  newly  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  soon  after  appointed  him 
commissary  and  official  for  that  diocese,  and  judge  of  the 
peculiars.     Jenkins  was  very  serviceable  to  that  preUte  in 
settling  his  theatre  at  Oxford  ;  of  which,  as  soon  as  it  was 
finished,  he  was  made  one  of  the  curators.     He  was  useful 
to  the  archbishop  on  other  occasions  also  relating  to  church 
and  state ;  and  it  was  by  his  encouragement  that  Dr.  Jen- 
kins remoted  to  Doctors*  commons,  and  was  admitted  an 
advocate  in  the  court  of  arches  in  the  latter  end  of  1663. 
Here  h6  was   immediately  made  deputy-assistant  to  Dr. 
Sweit,  dean  of  this  court,  as  he  had  been  to  him  before  in 
the   office  of  professor;    and  this  situation  brought  his 
merit  nearer  the  eye  of  the  court.     Upon  the  breaking 
out  of  the  first  Dutch  war  in  1664,  the  lords  commissioners 
of  prizes  appointed  Dr.  Jenkins,  with  other  eminent  civi- 
lians, to  review  the  maritime  laws,  and  compile  a  body  of 


\ 

% 


50a.  J  E  N  K  I  N  S;. 

rale«  fat  tbe  adjudication  of  prices  in  the  court  of  adori** 
ralty«  wtucb  afterwards  became  the  ftaiuiard  of  tboae  pro- 
ceedings. Then,  by  tbe  recommendation  of  Sbeldon,  )m 
t^as  lu^de  judge-assistant  in  that  court,  .Marcb  21,.  1664-5^ 
Pr^  £Kton,  the  judge,  being  then  very  aged  and  infirm ; 
and  upoD  his  death  soon  after,  our  author  beca^m^  prin-^ 
cipft]>  and  sustained  the  weight  of  that  important  oiBce 
alope,  with  great  reputation.  He  had  advanced  the  bo* 
l^oue  and  esteem  of  that  court  to  a  high  degree  by  a  three 
yqara  service ;  when  finding  tbe  salary  of  900/.  per  annum, 
^ow^d  by  tbe  king,  not  a  competent  maintenance^  be 
petitioned  for  an  additional  200L  per  annuto^  wbich  was 
granjted  Jan*  29,  166a«  He  was  now  considered  as  to  use-> 
ful  a  man  by  the  government,  that  tbe  king  became  bis 
patron;  and  having  recommended  him  to  the  arobbisbop 
as  judge  of  bis  prerogative  court  of  Cantefbiiry,^  wUch 
appointment  be  obtained  in  1668,  employed  him*  tbe  foU 
lowing  year  in  an  aSair  of  near  concern  to  himself. . 

The  queen-mother,  Henrietta  Maria,  widow. of  Charles 

^J^dying  Aug.  1,  166^,  in  France,  her  whole  estate,  both 

^|peal  aAd  personal,  was  claimed  by  her  nephew  Lewis  XIV.* 

upon  which  matter.  Dr.  Jenkins  being  commanded  to  give 

bit  opinion,  it  was  approved  in  council ;  and  a  commiasion 

being  made  out  for  him,  with  three  othersf,  be  attended 

H  to.  Paris.     He  demanded  and  recovered  tbe  queen^mo* 

^ber^s  effacts,  discharged  ber  debts,  and  provided  for  her 

ipterment ;  when,  returning  home,  his  majesty  testified 

his  bigb  approbation  of  bis  services,  by  conferring  on  him 

ibe  hooour  of  knighthood,  Jan.  7,  1669-70.     Immediately 

9lter  this  honour,  he  was  nominated  one  of  the  comm»-» 

inonera  of  England,  to  treat  with  those  authorized  from 

*  She  bad  resided  at  Colombe,  io  quently,  thatwhateTer  estate  she  po9« 

ITraiice,  ever  since  her  departure  from  sessed  there,  ought  to  be  lubj^ct  to 

.  JSdglaiid  in  July   1644,  beingr  enter*  the  laws  and  usages  af  t&e  coantry ; 

taioed  there  at  the  charge  of  Lewis  and  that  madana  rojpaie  of  Fraoce, 

XIV,    Upon  the  restoration,  she  came  the  aforesaid  dutchess  of  Anjoii,  was 

to  Louden,  and  having  settled  her  re-  by  those  laws  the  only  person  capable 

TtiHiaa  haffe»  wMt  bach  to  France,  t»  of  suoceeding ;   Charles  11.  »|d  the 

bestow  her  daughter  Henrietta  in  mar-  duke  of  York,,  as  well  as  the  prioce^ 

riagetotbednkeofAnjou.     July  1662  of  Orange,  her  other  children,  being 

;  iwintiig  apdn  into  England,  she  settled  evpcessiy  exdodad  and  disabled  by  the 

ber  court  at  Somerset-hoiiifte,   where  Proit  d'Anbaine,  because  they  were 

^sbe  resided  titf  IMay  1665.    Uut  falling  not  born  nor  inhabitants  within  the  al- 

hifo^  a  bed  state  el  bealtht  ahe  retnraed  legianee  ef  the  French  Itin^.    tfnt  onr 

to  her.  native  eovnlry,  whf  re  Afi  died.  a)nrt'»  elakn  was  at  length  admiUe^ 
Under  these  circumstances  it  was  pre-         f  Ralph  Montague,  esq^.  smbasca- 

tended  that  she  was  not  only  a  native,  dor  at  that  court,  the  earl  of  St*  Al- 

%«t  ^  inbabUiat  of  Fsanoe.j  <;«nse<«  ban*jy  aod  brd  AiaodeU 


T 


JENKrNTS*      .  S07 

Scotland,  ftbout  am  union  between  tbe  Iwo  kingdoms.  lA 
1671  be  was  chosen  a  representative  in  parliaoient  for 
Hythe,  in  Kent,  one  of  the  cinque  ports. 

He  did  not  approve  the  fupture  which  brought  t>n  the 
tecond  war  with  the  Dutch  in  1672.  Being  appointed  an 
ambassador  and  plenipotentiary,  with  others,  for  settling  a 
treaty  of  peace,  and  resigning  his  place  of  principal  of 
Jesu!s*-college,  he  arrived  in  his  new  character  at  Cologne^ 
in  June  1673;  but  after  several  fruitless  endeavours  to 
effect  it>  he  returned  to  England  in  1674.,  On  his  arrivid 
in  May^  he  gave  tbe  priTy«c6uncil  an  account  of  his  ne- 
gotiation, which  was  well  received;  and  in  December  iNras 
tppoihted  one  of  the  mediators  of  the  treaty  at  Nimegueii* 
He  continued  there  throughout  the  whole  course  of  ih^ 
long  and  laborious  negotiation;  and  the  chief  part  of  the 
bttstHess  lay  upon  him,  as  is  acknowledged  by  sir  William 
Temple,  his  brother  mediator,  who  in  his  pleasant  manner 
observes,"  that  "  where  there  were  any  ladies  in  the  ani- 
bassadoi^s  houses,  tbe  evenings  were  spent  in  dancing  of 
^y,  or  careless  and  easy  suppers,  or  collations.  In  these 
"entertainments,"  says  he,  "  as  I  seldom  failed  of  making 
a  part,  and  my  colleague  never  had  any,  sq  it  gave  Occal-^ 
sion  for  a  bon  mot^  a  good  word,  that  passed  upon  it :  Sue 
la  fnedtatitm  estait  toujours  en  pied  pour /aire  sa/ondion: 
chat  is,  that  the  mediation  was  always  on  foot  to 'go  bn 
with  its  business ;  for  I  used  to  go  to  bed  and  rise  late^ 
while  my  colleague  was  a-bed  by  eight  and  upbyfouk*; 
and  to  say  the  truth,  two  mofe  different  then  were  never 
joined  in  one  commission,  nor  ever  agreed  better  in  it.** 

The  deiail  of  this  negotiation  is  welt  known,  and  nA^ 
be  seen  in  sir  Leoline^s  letters,  and  his  colleague's  works, 
to  which  we  must  refer;  it  being  sufficient  to  observe  here, 
that  all  expedients  proposed  by  the  two  mediators  were 
rejected.  Sir  Leoline  qiiitted  the  place  on  Feb.  16,  1679; 
and  retiring  to  Neerbos,  received  a  warrant  from  bis  royal 
master^  dated  Feb.  14,  three  days  after  tbe  date  of  his 
letter  of  revocation,  appointing  him  ambassador  exttaor^ 
dinary  at  the  Hague,  in  the  room  of  sir  William  Temple^ 
who  had  been  then  recalled.  He  accordingly  arrived 
there,  March  I ;  but  continued  in  that  station  no  longer 
than  the  25th  of  the  same  month ;  for,  by  a  new  commis- 
sion, dated  Feb.  20,  and  which  came  to  bis  hands  six  days 
after,  he  returned  to  Nimeguen  March  26,  authorised  to 
resuxiie  bis  mediatorial  function,  at  the  desire  of  tbe  prince 


M8 


J  E  N  K  I  N  S. 


cf  Orange^  and  the  States,  and  tbe  earnest  intreaty  of  die 
•KorttierQ  princes.  His  instnictions  now  left  him  in  a  gnsat 
measure  to  himself,  without  other  direction  than  to  act  at 
lie*  should  find  mo»t  consisteni  with  his  majesty's  honour, 
and  the  good  of  the  general  peace ;  which,  as  he  was  a 
modest  man  and  very  diffident  of  himself,  put  him  under 
great  anxiety.  He.  happily  sticceeded,  howe^^r,  in  ac- 
commodating all  di6Ferencesj  and  returned  home,  Aagv 
1679^  after  having  been  employed  about  four  yeavs  and  a 
lia|f  in  this  tedious  treaty. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  in  England  he  was  chosen  one  of 
the  burgesses  for  the  university  of  Oxford;  and,  in  the 
parliament  which  melt  Oct.  17  foUotwing,  opposed,  to  the 
utmost  of  his  power,  the  bill  brought  in  for  tbe  exclusion 
of  the  duke  of  York  from  tbe  crowu.  He  was  sworn  a  privy* 
counsellor  before  the  expiration  of  this  year ;  and  received 
ihe  seals  as  secretary  of  state,  April  1680,  being  {ir«t  se- 
cretary for  the  northern  province,  and  in  - 1€81  for  the 
southern.  He  entered  upon  this  arduous  offioe  in  critical 
and  dangerous  times,  whith  continued  so  all  the  while  he 
enjoyed  it ;  yet  he  escaped  the  then  common  fate  of  being 
assailed  by  addresses  against  him,  or  committed  and  im» 
.peached.  Being  chosen  ^again  for  Oxford,  in  theparlia^ 
ment  which  met  there  March  21,  1681,  he  earnestly  again 
opposed  the  exclusion  of  tbe  duke  of  York,  as  he  did  also 
the  printing  of  the  Votes  of  the  House  of  Commons;  a  prac- 
tice which  had  then  been  lately  (October  1680)  assunied, 
Jbut  was  considered  by  him  a&  inconsistent  with  the  gravity 
of  that  assembly,  and  a  sort  of  improper  appeal  to  tbe 
people.  With  similar  zeal  he  withstood  the  command  of 
the  House,  to  carry  their  impeachment  of  Edward  Fitz- 
Harris  up  to  the  Lords,  regarding  it  as  designed  to  reflect 
upon  the  king  in  the  person  of  bis  secretary  ;  nor  did  be 
jcomply  till  he  saw  himself  in  danger  of  being  expelled  the 
House  for  refusing  ^.   But  when  the  corporations  began  to 


♦  The  words  which  gave  offence,  be- 
f  ides  thofie  mentioned  in  the  text,  Were, 
*\  And  do  what  you  wHl  with  me,  I  wili 
not  go.'*  Wbereupoo  many  called, 
^To  the  bar,"  and  moTed  that  his 
•vorda  should  be  written  down  before 
be  explained  them.  The  chief  speakers 
against  him  were  tbe  famous  J.  Tren- 
«batd  and  sir  William  Jones.  At  lenigth 
tbe  secretary  made  a  softening  speech, 
alle|;in|,  be  did  apprehend  the  sfud^ 


ing  of  him  to  be  a  reSection  upoo^his 
master,  and  under  that  apprehension 
he  could  not  but  resent  it.  •<  I  am 
heartily  sorry,''  continues  he»  "  I  have 
incurred  the  dispWasure  of  the  House, 
and  I  hope  they  will  pardon  the  free- 
dom of  the  expression."  To  which  be 
added  a  little  after,  <*  Lam  ready  to 
obey  the  order  of  the  House,  and  am 
sorry  my  words  gave  offeBoe.^'-*-€olK 
lectio^  of  Pebates,  p.  315,  3I(3» 


JENKINS.  S09 

he  ti^w  modelled  by  the  court,  and  a  quo  warranto  was 
brought  against  the  city  of  Loudon,  the  secretary  shewed 
<a  di^ike  of  such  violent  measures ;  and  gave  his  opinion 
for  punishing  only  the  most  obnoxious  members  in  their 
private  capacities,  without  involving  the  innocent,  who 
would  equally  suffer  by  proceeding  to  the  forfeiture  of  the 
4nty's  privileges*.  In  many  other  instances,  sir  Leoline 
differed  from  the  general  disposition  of  the  coitrt.  He  was 
a  determined  foe  to  all  ideal  projects  that  came  before  the 
privy-council ;  and  had  resolution  to  dissent,  and  expe- 
rience enough  to  distinguish  what  was  practicable  and 
really  useful,  from  what  was  merely  chimericaL  He  also 
<:on8tant)y  declared  against  every  irregular  or  illegal  pro* ^ 
ceedtng ;  but,  not  having  strength  to  sustain  the  business 
end  conflicts  of  those  turbulent  times,  he  begged  leave  to 
•resign'  for  a  valuable  consideration,  which  was  granted  by 
Ms  majesty  on  April  14,  1684*  Having  obtained  his  wish^ 
be  retired  to  a  house  in  Hamnoersmith,  where  learning  and 
learned  men  continued  to  be  his  care  and  delight.  Upoa 
ihe  accession  of  James  II.  he  was  sworn  again  <^  the  privy« 
council,  and  elected  a  third. time  for  the  university  of  Ox« 
i»ML  He  had  gained  some  little  return  of  strength,  and 
fresh  application  was  accordingly  made. to  him  to  ap^ 
pear  in  business;  but,  indisposition  soon  returning,  he 
was  never  able  to  sit  in  that  parliament,  and  paid  the  last 
debt  to  nature  on  Sept.  1,  16S5.  His  body  was  conveyed 
•to  Oxford,  and  interred  in  the  area  of  Jesus  college  chapeL 
Being  never  married,  his  whole  estate  was  bequeathed.to 
ehariiable  uses ;  and  he  was,  particularly,  a  great  bene-* 
•factor  to  his  college,  leaving  to  it  estates  to  the  amount  of 
900/.  per  annum.  All  hia  letters  and  papers  were  collected 
and  printed  in  two  folio  volumes,  1724,  under  the  title  of 
his'  "Works,**  by.W.  Wynne,,  esq.  who.  prefixed  an  ac- 
count of  his  life,  which  has  furnished  the  substance  of  this 
memoir.  This  is  now  a  work  which  bears  a  very  high 
price,  and  is  considered  as  a  valuable  repository  of  diplo* 
-matic  ihfoftifiation,  knowledge,  and  skill.  * 

JEN'KINSON  (Charles),  earl  of.  Liverpool,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  colonel  Charles  Jenkinson,  who  was  younger 
son  of  sir  Robert  Jenkinson,  the  first  baronet  of  the  family. 
%.         •  •  .        * 

*  Some  of  the  city  were  so  much  freedom*  and  afterwards  chose  master 
satislled  with  the  part  he'  acted  in  thfs  of  the  Baiters'  company  <«^WyQ9e»  P* 
Affair*  that  ha 'lias  praseaVsd  with  hia     37. 

*     ^  Life  hy  Wyone.-^Biog.  Brit 


•10  J  E  N  tC  I  N  S  0-N. 

iColcmel  JenkvBBdn^  who  died  in  1 7  50,  bad  married  Amaitt* 
thakj  daugbterof  WollFriein  Comvrall,  a  captain  ia  the  rof  al 
Bavjr,  by  whom  he;  bi^l  the  subject  of  this  meittoir,  who 
was  bora  Mky  16,  I7279and  educated  at  the  Cbarter-boiuia. 
He  weot  afterwards  to  University  epUege,  Oxford,  where 
be  tool^.tbe  degree  of  M.  A*  in  Not.  1752,  and  tbeoce 
caiiiie  to: London^  faaving  prerioasly  distinguished  himself 
by  the  actire  part  he  took  in  an  eleclioa  controversy  lor 
the  comity  of  Oxford,  where  bia  alliances  were  nnmerfuis, 
ami  not  uoconnecfeed  with  the  contending  parties*    On  this 
occasioii  his  -literary  talents  were  supposed  to  have  cOBtri- 
buted  jnatertally  to  the  interests  of  the  side  he  espoused  ( 
and  those  talents  are  likewise  ssUd  to  have  been  sometioses 
displayed  in  the  Monthly  Review  about  the  period  of  its 
eoinmencenieiit.     By  the  first  earl  of  Harcourt,  who  was 
governor  to  the  king,  when  prince  of  Wales,  be  waa  ie* 
tnadoced  to  bis  m^ijesty,  and  through  the  Same  channci  eb»- 
Uinedytbe  notice  and  confidence  of  the  earl  of- Bute,  to 
ivbofo  he  was  private  secretary*     In  1761  he  sat  in  padia«> 
mem  for  Gockennoath,  and  held  the  office  of  under*secre« 
lary  of  state.     In  176^3  and  1764  be  was' secretary  to  the 
treasury;  in  1766  be  was  nominated  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty.;  and  from  1767  to  1773,  was  a  lord  of  the 
tsaasiiry«    In.  1772  be  was  appointed  joint  vioe>^treasii»er 
of  Ireland,  and  called  to  the  privy^-council ;  and  io  es^ 
ebanges£or  this  office,  had  afterwards  theelerkship  of  1^ 
pells  in  Ireland,  which  had  been  purchased  back  by  ge«- 
ipermoent  of  Mr.  Charles  Fox.     In  1778  lie  was  made  se- 
cfctary  at  war,  which  he  faeld  until  the  dissolution  of  lord 
Korth's  administration  in  1782.    On  this  occasion  his  pria^ 
eiples  led  him  to  join  thi^  branch  of  the  old  adeunistratioil 
which  sepported  Mr.  Pitt ;  and  when  that  minister  uan% 
into  power  in  I788<»4,  Mr.  Jenkinson  was  appointed  pre^ 
aident  of  the  board  of  trade,  of  which  oflice  he  4^oiitmiied 
to  discharge  the  duties  with  oncommon  industry  aod  abi« 
lities  uasil  pge  and  bad  health  incapacitated  hint,  in  18&1^ 
fromfarthpr  exertions  in  this  department    In  ilW  he  ob" 
taioed  the  situadon  ef  efaanceUor  of  the  duchy  of  Laneas- 
Sec,  which  he  faeld  till   1 80S.     He  was  elevated  to  the 
peemge  in  1786  by  the  title  ef  baron  Hawksbsuy,  of  Hawks* 
bury,  in  the  county  of  Gloucester ;  and  advanced  to  be 
earl  of  Liverpool  io  1796.     His  lordship  died  at  bis  house 
in   Hertford-street,  May  Fair,  Dec.    17,  ^808.    At  ^tbat 
time  he  held  the  plaoe  oif  collector  of  the  custpms  iowaids^ 


J  E  N  K  I  N  S  O  N-  Sll 

m  the  port  of  London,  and' clerk  of  the  petts  in  Irdwid. 
He  was  interred  in  the  family  vault  at  Hawksburjr,  in  Gloii-* 
cestershirey  and  was  succeeded  in  honours  and  estate  by 
bis  eldest  son,  Bx^iert  Banks,  second  earl  of  Liverpool^ 
and  now  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 

'  The  late  earl  of  Liverpool  made  a  very  eonspicsioiis 
figuie  during  the  whole  of  the  present  reign  as  a  statesaia»  $ 
and  for  the  greater  part  of  it,  shared  the  severe  obloquy 
which  eitached  to  all  the  confidential  friends  of  the  Bote 
adauaistratioo  ;  and  as  he  possessed  the  favour  and  confi*^ 
deaoe  of  bis  sovereign,  he  was  called  the  king^s  secret  md« 
viser.  A  suspicion  of  this  kind  the  people  were  taught  te 
cherish  with  uncommon  animosity.^  Burke^s  celebrated 
pamphlet  oo  ^  Popular  Discontents^*  encouraged  the  no^ 
tion ;  and  the  leaders  of  this  party  of  supposed  privato 
power,  were  the  incessant  objects  of  clamour  with  the  mul* 
titaide  and  the  disaffected.  His  lordship,  however,  lived 
kmg  enough  io  weather  this  storm ;  to  see  his  solid  powers 
of  tusad^  and  solid  services,  crowned  with  the  reward  of 
high  honours  and  great  wealth ;  and  to  heboid  fats  ancient 
leiiuly,  whida  in  early  life  he  had  seen  sadly  dectine  in  its 
pra^rty  and  consideratioiiy  placed  by  hiss  own  efforts  near 
tine  pinnacle  of  ambidon.  Senseless  cries  and  prejudieei 
had  i^dually  died  away;  and  he  was  allowed  to  have  de* 
served,  as  a  laborious  and  profound  statesman^  the  splen* 
did  {mblk  ceooflipefices  which  his  sovereign  had  coofened 
«qpOii  himu  > 

Having  in  early  life  faeot  his  turn  for  literature  to  p9* 
ittkal  studies^  be  bc^eame  eminently  coaversaint  moiw  espe* 
ciaUy  with  the  laws  of  natsous,  and  the  principles  and  de^ 
taah  of  coBitneroe,  and  political  arithmetic.  Of  these 
studies  the  fiaUowing  frmts  appeared  a/t  various  periods  of 
Ins  life:,  i.  '^A  discomsse  on  the  estabtishmem  of  utMtional 
9mA  •oDnstiftutiraal  force  in  England,*'  1 1S6^  This,  though 
4  jwenile  pesfarmance,  exeiied  uwuch  attention  andde** 
fnfte  at  the  time.  fi.  ^  A  disoonrse  on  the  condfiet  of 
Gseat  Britain  i  in  respaot^  to  Neutral  Naiaens  -danmg  the 
pment  War/*  175S.  This  was  eoteessed  a  peifbmiBnee 
^  ^'vry  greanaolidity  and  import,  and  was  tmnslated  iuM 
uU  the  laogtti^es  of  Sucope.  S.  ^  A  Ceilec^n  <9f  TreatieB^ 
isom  a64ft  to  i.7«3V-  ^  ^^^  ^^»  ^78$.  4.  <<  A  Treatise 
lOn  the  Coins  of  tbe  realm,  in  a  tetter  to  the  k^ing,^  IMS^ 
4to.  Of  this  work  tbe  E^dinburgli  reviewers  pronounce 
ikat  ^  it  is  pleasing  to  find  one^  who  mast  necel»&irfly  have 


512  ,  J  E  N  K  FN  S  OiK. 

been  bred  aiaoiig  the  exploded,  doctrine^  of  the  elder 
economisti,  shaking  bimself  almost  quite  loose  from  tfaeir 
influence  at. an  advanced,  period  of  life,  and . betraying, 
^hile  be  .resumes  tbe  faTuurite  speculations  of  fanearfy 
years,  so  little  bias  towards  errors,  which  .be  must  once 
bave  imbibed.  It  is  no  less  gpratifying,  ito- observe  one 
who  has  been  educated  in  the  walks  of  pmotical  policy^ 
and  grown  old  amid  the  bustle  of  public  emploj^nientsy 
embellishing  tbe  decline  of  life  by  pursuits,  whieh  unite 
the  dignity  of  science  with  tbe  us^ulness  of  active  exertion.''^ 
JENKS  (Benjamin),  a  pious  English  divine  and  m'iter, 
wa$  born  in  1646,  and  was  descended  from  an  ancient  fa- 
mily at  Eaton  under  Heywood,  in  Shropshire.  He  was 
related  to  bishop  Williams,  of  Chichester,  to  whom  he  de* 
dicated  his  book  of  <'  Prayers.**  Wbere  he  was  educated 
we  are  not  told,  nor  is  it  discoverable  that  he  was  at  either 
university.  He  appears,  however,  when  admitted  inta 
orders,  to  have  been  for  some  time  curate  of.  Haday,  in 
Shropshire.  On  the  death  of  his  rector,  ..Richard  earl  of 
Bradford,  tbe  patron,  of  the  living,  bearing  IMbr.  Jenks 
spoken  of  respectfully  by  tbe  parishioners^  went  one  Sun-^ 
day,  in  private,  to  bear  him  preach ;  and  was  so  mueh 
pleased  with  tbe  discourse, .  that  be  presented  bim  to  the 
living  in  1S68,  and  made  bim  bb  chaplain.  Mr.  Jenks 
bad  also  tbe  living  of  Kenley,  a  small  village  about  two 
miles  from  Harlay,  at  both  which  churches  be  officiated 
alternately,  and  &ept  no  curs^e  until  old  age  and  infirm 
mities  made  ^assistance  necessary.  He  died  ^  Harlay  on^ 
May  10,  1724^.jand  was  buried  in  the  ^chancel  of  that 
churcb,  where  there  is  a  monument  to  his  memory^  The 
work  by  which  Mr.  Jenks  is  best  known  is  bia  ^*  Prayers 
and  offices  of  Devotion,'*  of  which  the  37th  edition  was 
published  in  1810  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Simeon,  Mfewof 
King's  :College,  Cambridge,  with  alterations  and  aittend«» 
menu  in  style.  Mr.  Jeol^  also  was  the  author  of  f'  Medw 
tations  upon  various  important  subjects,"  of  which  %se» 
cond  edition  wbm  pubU^bed  in  1756,  2  vols.  8vo,  with  a 
recoipmeqdatQry  preiiice  by  Mr.  Hervey.  This,  J^ewiever, 
ba§  oev^r  attained  any  liigb  degree  of  popularity.  One  of 
the^  ^^  jyteditwtigns'^  is  upoft  bis  .coffin,  which  he  kept  by 
bim  for.  jgasKiyyeaiiSy.a^cl  in  .which  were  two  i»cu|lsy  one  of 

them  that  of  a  near  relation.  * . 

■  ■      . '  ■.    .1" 

1  QMf^*$  Veenf^t  by  Sir.  £•  6ryd|;es,      *  Orton  and  Stonehouse'«  I<ettcvs,  voL  U 


J  £  N  N  £  N  S.  5ia 

JINNENS  (CHARLE89  ^sq-)*  *  getitlemwi  of  conside-^ 
rable  fortune  at  Gopsal,  in  Leicestershire,  and  a  non* 
juror,  was  desoended  from  a  family  which  was  one  among 
the  many  iidio  have  acquired  ample  fortunes  at  Birming- 
ham, where  they  were  equally  famous  for  industry  and 
generonty.  In  his  youth  he  was  so  remarkable  for  the 
number  of  hiB  servants,  the  splendor  of  his  equipages,  and 
the  profusion  of  his  table,  that  he  acquired  the  title  o€ 
*^  Solyman  the  magnificent.*'  He  is  said  to  have  composed 
the  words  for  some  of  HandePs  oratorios,  and  partic^ilarly 
those  for  ^'  the  Messiah  ;'*  an  easy  task,  as  it  is  only  a  se« 
leotion  of  verses  from  scripture.  Not  long  before  his  deatb^ 
be  imprudently  exposed  himself  to  criticism  by  attempting 
an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  which  he  began  by  publishing 
*^King  Lear,*'  in  8vo;  and  printed  aftei wards,  on  the 
Same  model,  the  tragedies  of  Hamlet,'^  1772 ;  ^*  Othello'* 
and  ^*  Macbeth,"  1773.  He  would  have  proceeded  far- 
ther, but  was  prevented  by  death,  Nov.  20,  1773.  The 
tragedy  of  <^  Julius £!es8ar,''  which  in  his  life  bad  been  put 
to  the  press,  was  published  in  1774.  He  had  a  numerous 
library,  and  a  large  collection  of  pictures,  both  in  Great 
Ormodd-street,  and  at  Gopsal.  Mr.  Jehnens's  character 
appears,  by  some  curious  documents  in  our  authority,  to 
have  been  a  strange  compound  of  vanity,  conceit,  obsti** 
nacy,  ignorance,  and  want  of  taste,  joined  to  extensive 
benevolence*  As  an  editor  of  Shakspeare,  he  can  no 
longer  be  remembered ;  but  as  the  first  suggester  of  orato«* 
rioa  in  this  country,  he  seems  entitled  to  some  notice.  ^ 

JENNER  (CiuaLBs),  a  poetical  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  horn  in  ^737,  and  educated  at  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degrees  of  B.  A.  1757 ;  M.A. 
1760;  and  obtained  the  Seatonian  priees  in  1767  and 
1769.  lie  afterwards  became  rector  of  Cramford  St.  John, 
in  Northamptonshire,  and  vicar  of  Clay  brook,  in  Leices- 
tershire, and  died  May  11,  1774.  He  wrote  several  novels 
and  poems,  as  <^  Louisa,''  a  tale;  <<  Poems,''  4to;  *'Tiie 
Crifit  of  Tongues,"  a  poem ;  ^*  The  destruction  of  Nineveh," 
and  ^  Tomn  Edogues ;"  **  Letters  from  Lothario  to  Pene- 
lope," 2  vols,  to  which  is  added  <<Luoinda,"  a  dramatic 
entertainment ;  *^  The  Man  of  Family,"  a. comedy.;  '*  The 
Pkoid  Man ;"  <<  Letters  from  Altamont  in  the  Capital,*' 

1  Nichols's  Bowjer. 

Vouxvm,  ll 


5i4  JENNINGS. 

&c.  none  of  which  procored  him  much  literary  reputation^ 
and  all  are  now  forgotten.  *  » 

JENNINGS  (David),  an  eminent  dissenter,  the  son  of 
an  ejected  nonconformist,  was  born  at  Kibworth,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, in  1691.  He  obtained  a  good  stock  of  gram- 
mar learning  at  the  free-school  of  his  native  place,  and 
about  1709  he  was  sent  to  pursue  a  course  of  academical 
studies  in  London,  under  the  care  of  Dr.Chauncey.  Having 
finished  his  studies  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  preachers 
at  an  evening  lecture  at  Rotherhithe,  and  in  1716  chosen 
assistant  preacher  at  the  meeting  near  Haberdashers'  hail. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  was  elected  pastor  to  the  congre- 
gational church  in  Old  Gravel-lane,  Wapping,  in  which 
ofBce  he  continued  during  forty-four  years.  Within  a  year 
after  he  entered  upon  it,  he  refused  to  comply  with  the 
requisition  brought  forwards  by  many  of  his  brethren  at 
Salters'-hall,  to  sign  certain  articles  relating  to  the  Trinity. 
Mn  Jennings,  about  1730,  published  a  small  volume  of 
sermons  addressed  to  the  young,  entitled  **  The  Beauty 
and  Benefit  of  early  Piety,"  which  was  followed  by  other 
publications  of  a  practical  nature.  In  1740  he  entered 
the  lists  against  Dr.  John  Taylor,  concerning  original  sin, 
which  doctrine  be  strenuously  justified ;  but  notwithstand*- 
ing  their  difference  in*  doctrinal  points,  they  continued  in 
habits  of  intimacy  and  friendship.  In  1743  Mr.  Jennings 
was  elected  trustee  of  Mr.  Coward's  charities,  and  one  of 
the  lecturers  at  St.  Helen's;  and  in  the  following  year  he 
became  divinity  tutor,  in  the  room  of  Mr.  Eames,-  at  the 
academy,  at  that  time  chiefly  supported  by  Mr.  Coward's 
funds.  In  this  work  he  was  earnestly  intent :  nothing  ever 
diverted  him  from  a  daily  attendance  in  th.e  lecture  room^ 
and  he  was  indefatigable  in  the  discharge  of  the  dutre^ 
belonging  to  his  office.  1  he  habits  of  early  rising,  of 
order  in  the  arrangement  of  business,  and  of  puhctuctlity 
in  his  engagements,  enabled  hiitt  to  perform  more  than  ' 
most  men  would  have  been  able  to  get  through.  As  a 
relief  to  the  studies  of  the  mirfd  he  employed  himself  in'th'e 
-common  mechanical  arts  of  life.  *  His  method  of  coo^munir 
eating  instruction  was- easy  and  familiar,  and  his  general  ^ 
deportment  towards  his  pupils  affable  and  frieddly.  He, 
however,  determined  to  maiutain  in  his  Academy  the  repitr 
tation  for  orthodoxy  which  if  had  acquired,  and  would  not 

*  Bibl.  Topo;.  No.  5  !«*— Nichols's  LeioesterthiK,  '  •  ^ 


JENNINGS.  515 

suffer  yoUrtg  men  to  deviate  from  his  standslrd  of  faith  ;  and 
ill  some  cases  he  bad  recourse  to  expulsion.  In  1747  Mr. 
Jepnings  published  "  An  introduction  to  the  Use  of  the 
Gbbes,"  &c.  which  maintained  a  considerable  degree  of 
popularity  for  more  than  half  a  century.  In  1749  the  univer- 
sity of  St.  Andrew's  in  Scotland  conferred  on  the  author  the 
degree pfD.D.  After  this  he  published  "An  appeal  to  reason 
and  common  sense  for  the  Truth  of  the  Holy  Scriptures.** 
He  died  in  September  1762,  when  he  was  seventy-one 
years  of  age.  He  was  highly  valued  by  his  acquaintance, 
and  he  baJ  the  honour  to. educate  many  pupils  who  proved 
orpag[ients  to  the  dissenting  interest^  and  have  rendered 
eminent  service  to  science  and  the  world.  After  his  death 
was  printed,  from  a  MS  copy,  "  An  introduction  to  the 
knowledge  of  Medals."  Of  this  science  Dr.  Jennings 
seems  to  have  known  very  little,  and  the  editor  of  his  work 
less.  The  blunders  in  this  work  are  numerous,  and  gross. 
In  1766  a  more  elaborate  work  was  published  by  Dr.  Fur- 
neaux  from  the  MSS.  of  Dr.  Jennings,  entitled  "  Jewish 
Antiquities ;  or  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  Three  First 
Books  of  Godwin*s  Moses  and  Aaron  :  to  Which  is  annexed 
a  dissertation  on  the  Hebrew  language,**  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
This  is  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  deserves  the  perusal  of 
all  who  would  obtain  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Scriptures,  particularly  of  the  Old  Testament.  A  new 
edition  of  the  "  Jewish  Antiquities"  was  published  about 
three  years  since,  it  leaving  been  long  but  of  print,'  and 
very  much  called  for.* 

JENSON  (Nicolas),  or  Jansonius,  a  celebrated  printer 
and  letter- founder  of  .Venice,  but  by  birth  a  Frenchman, 
flourished  in  the  ftfteenih  century.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
originally  an  engraver  of  coins  and  medals  at  Paris.  About 
1458  the  report  of  the  invention  of  printing  at  Mentz  being 
circulated,  he  was  sent  by  the  king,  Charles  VII.  to  gain 
private  information  on  the  subject  of  that  art.  He  ful- 
filled the  object  of  his  mission,  but,  on  his  return  to  France, 
iinding  that  the  king  was  dead,  or  perhaps  having  heard  of 
hjs  death,  he  removed  to  Venice.  Such  is  the  purport  of 
,^n  account  in  two  old  French  manuscripts  on  the  coinage, 
except  that  one  places  the  mission  of  Jenson  under  Louis 
XI.  which  is  less  probable.  Jenson  excelled  in  all  branches 

*  Rees's  Cyclopaedia. — ^Protestant  Diss.  Magazine,  vol.  V. — Orton*8  Life  df 
Doddridge,  p.  lb, — Kippis's  do.  p.  16.  Some  accouot  of  his  son,  Kippis's  Life 
of  Doddridge,  p.  S43. 

L  L  2 


616  J  E  N  S  O  N. 

of  the  art,  and  more  than  are  now  united  widi  it.  |le 
formed  the  punches,  he  cast  the  letters,  and  conducted  the 
typography.  He  first  determined  the  form  and  proportion 
of  the  present  Roman  character :  and  his  editions  are  still 
sought  on  account  of  the  neatness  and  beauty  of  bis  types. 
The  first  book  that  issued  from  his  press  is  a  scarcie  work  in 
quarto,  entitled  **  Decor  Puellavum,'*  the  date  of  which  is 
1471 ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  published  in  Italian  ^^  Glo- 
ria Mulieram,**  a  proper  sequel  to  the  former.  After  these 
are  found  many  editions  of  Latin  classics  and  otber/bookay 
for  ten  years  subsequent ;  but,  as  no  books  from  his  press 
appear  after  1481,  it  is  conjectured  that  he  died  about 
that  time.  * 

JENYNS  (Soame),  an  elegant  and  ingenious  wrker, 
was  born  in  Great  Ormond-street,  London,  at  twelve 
o'clock  at  night,  1703-4.  The  day  of  bis  birth  be  could 
not  ascertain,  and  considering  himself  at  liberty  to  cboose 
bis  birth-day,  he  fixed  it  on  new-year*s  day.  His  father^ 
sir  Roger  Jenyns,  knt.  was  descended  from  the  ancient  &• 
mity  of  the  Jenyns's  of  Churchill,  in  Somersetshire.  His 
country  residence  was  at  Ely,  where  his  useful  labpui^  Its 
a  magistrate,  and  his  loyal  principles,  procured  him  tbe 
honour  of  knighthood  from  king  William.  Jle  afterwards 
removed  to  Bottisham-hall,  which  he  had  purchased,  a 
seat  not  far  from  Cambridge.  Our  author's  mother  was 
one  of  the  daughters  of  sir  Peter  Soame,  of  Hayden,  in 
the  county  of  Essex,  hart  a  lady  of  great  beauty,  and 
highly  esteemed  for  her  piety,  understanding,  and  elegance 
of  manners. 

Mr.  Jenyns  received  tbe  first  part  of  his  education  at 
home,  under  the  care  of  the  rev.  Mr.  Hill,  and  afterwards 
of  the  rev.  Stephen  White,  Who  became  rector  of.  Holtoo, 
in  Suffolk.  In  1722  he  was  removed  to  Cambridge,  and 
admitted  as  a  fellow- commoner  of  St.  John's,  under  Dn 
Edmondson,  at  that  time  one  of  the  principal  tutors  of  tbe 
college.  Here  he  pursued  his  studies  with  great  industry 
for  three  years,  and  found  so  much  satisfaction  in  the  re- 
gular discipline  and  employments  of  a  college  life,  that  be 
was  often  heard  to  say  he  accounted  the  days  he  bad  lived 
'there,  among  the  happiest  in  his  life.  He  left  the  univer- 
sity, however,  without  taking  a  degree,  in  consequencei 
probably,  of  bis  marriage,  which  took  place  when  he  was 

*  Diet.  Hist^— Maittaire's  Anaalf . — Savii  Onomasticoo* 


JENYNS.  517 

▼ery  young.  His  6rst  wife  was  th^  natulral  daughter  of  bis 
uncle^  colonel  Soame,  of  Deerbam  Grange,  in  Norfolk* 
With  thi»  lady  be  received  a  very  considerable  fortune, 
but  in  all  other  respects  the  union  was  unhappy.  After 
some  years  she  eloped  from  him  with  a  Leicestershire  gen-« 
tieman  t  and  a  separation  being  agreed  upon  in  form,  Mr* 
Jenyns  consented  to  allow  her  a  maintenance,  which  wa» 
regularly  paid  until  her  death,  in  1753.  This  aHair,  it 
may  be  conjectured,  interrupted  the  plan  of  life  he  had 
formed  after  leaving  Cambridge.  If  we  may  judge  from 
bis  poetical  efforts,  his  turn  was  gay,  lively,  and  satiricaK 
His  songs  and  other  amatory  pieces  were  probably  written 
when  young,,  and  bespeak  a  mind  sufficiently  at  ease  to 
trifle  with  the  passions,  and  not  always  attentive  to  deli- 
cacy where  it  interfered  with  wit.  His  first  publication, 
and  perhaps  bis  best,  was  the  ^*  Art  of  Dancing/^  printed 
ip  1730,  and  inscribed  to  lady  Fanny  Fieldiitg,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  the  earl  of  Denbigh,  and  afterwards  countess 
of  Winchel^a.  He  did  not  put  his  name  to  this  poem ; 
but  when  discovered,  it  was  considered  as  the  prelude  to 
greater  performances.  It  must  be  confessed  there  is  an 
ease  and  elegance  in  the  versification  which  brought  hitn 
near  to  the  most  &voarite  poets  of  bis  day.  In  1735  he 
wrote  the  '^  Epistle  to  Lord  Lovelace,'*  and  this  was  foU 
lowed  by  other  pieces  of  poetry,  whiqh  he  contributed  to 
Dodsley  s  collection,  and  afterwards  printed  in  a  volume, 
in  1752.  He  wrote  also  some  occasional  essays  on  political 
topics,  the  precise  dates  of  which  cannot  now  be  ascer- 
tained, as  he  never  put  his  name  to  any  of  his  works* 
^They  have,  however,  been  since  collected  by  Mr.  Cole  in 
that  edition  of  his  works  which  was  published  in  4  vols. 
Svo,  1790,  and  again  in  179 3« 

.  Soon  after  his  father's  death,  at  the  general  election  in 
1749,  be  was  unanimously  chosen  one  of  the  representa* 
tives  for  the  county  of  Cambridge.  From  this  time  he  con* 
tinued  to  sit  in  parliament,  either  for  the  county  or  borough 
of  Cambridge,  until  1780,  except  on  the  call  of  a  new  par- 
liament in  1754,  when  he  was  returned  for  the  borough  of 
Dunwich.  In  1755,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  lords 
commissioners  of  the  board  of  trade  and  plantations,  at 
which  he  sat  during  all  changes  of  administration,  until 
the  business  of  the  board,  which  was  not  great,  was  re- 
moved into  another  department  At  the  time  of  its  aboli- 
tion, it  ^cmsistedof  our  author,  the  present  earl  of  Car* 


/  • 


518  J  E  N  Y  N  S. 

lide^  the  late  lord  Auckland,  and  Gibbon  the  historian. 
Mr.  Cumberland,  the  well-known  dramatic  poet,  was  se- 
cretary.' His  parliamentary  conduct  was  more  uniform 
than  is  supposed  to  be  consistent  with  freedom  of  opinion, 
©r  the  iisual  attachments  of  party.  When  he  was  first 
elected  a  member,  he  found  sir  Robert  Walpote  on  the 
eve  of  being  dismissed  ftom  the  confidence  of  the  Houseof 
Cominons,  and  he  had  the  courage,  unasked  and  unknown, 
to  give  his  support  to  the  fl&illing  minister,  as  far  as  he 
could  without  contributing  his  eloquence,  forMr.  Jenyn» 
seldom  spoke,  and  only  in  reply  to  a  personal  question. 
He  was  conscious  that  be  could  make  no  figure  as  a  publie 
speaker,  and  early  desisted  fron>  the  attempt.  Aft^r  the 
dismissal  of  sir  Robert  Walpole,  he  constantly  ranked 
amiong  the  friends  of  government.  Without  giving  a 
public  assent  to  every  measure  of  the  minister  for  the  day, 
he  contrived  to  give  him  no  offence,  and  seems  very  early 
to  have  conceived  an  abhorrence  of  systematic  oppositions. 
What  his  opinions  were  on  great  constitutional  questions, 
may  be  found  in  his  writings,  where,  however,  they  are 
not  laid  down  with  much  precision,  and  seem  at  no  time 
of  his  life  to  have  been  steady.  In  his  attendance  at  the 
board  of  trade,  he  was  very  assiduous,  and  bestowed  much 
attention  on  the  commercial  interests  of  his  country.  He 
has  not  left  any  thing  in  print  expressly  on  this  sobject,  but 
bis  biographer  has  given  some  of  his  private  opinions,  which 
are  liberal  and  manly. 

In  1757,  he  published  his  "  Free  Inquiry  into  the  Na* 
ture  and  Origin  ef  Evil,"  which  brought  him  into  notice 
as  one  of  the  most  elegant  writers  of  English  prose  that 
had  appeared  since  the  days  of  Addison.  But  the  chahns 
of  style  could  not  protect  this  singular  work  from  objec- 
tions of  the  most  seridus  kind.  It  produced  from  Dr. 
Johnson,  who  was  then  editor  of  the  "  Literary  Magazine,'* 
aicritical  dissertation  or  review,  which  is  perhaps  the  first 
of  his  compositions  for  strength  of  argument,  keeOfi^ness  of 
reply,  and  brilliancy  of  wit.  That  Mr.  Jenyns  felt  the 
force  of  this  powerful  refutatit)n  may  be  readily  supposed, 
but  it  were  to  be  wished  he  had  not  retained  his  resent- 
ment for  so  many  years,  and  then  given  it  vent  in  a  paltry 
epitaph  on  Dr.  Johnson^  which  his  biograpiber  thought 
worthy  of  a  place  in  his  works. 

Other  answers  appeared  to  his  "  Inquiry'*  of  less  conse- 
quence :  Johnson's,  aftdr  having  been  read  with  eagernes^ 


J  E  N  Y  N  S.  519 

in  the  Magazine,  was  printed  in  a  small  volume  of  which 
two  editions  were  very  soon  sold.  7*o  a  subsequent  edition 
of  the  "  Inquiry,''  Mr.  Jenyns  prefixed  a  preface,  con- 
taining a  general  answer  to  his  opponents,  but  without  re- 
tracting any  of  his  positions.  In  1761  he  reprinted  it^ 
along  with  his  poems,  in  2  vols.  12mo,  and  added  the 
papers  he  had  contributed  to  "  The  World,"  which  are 
among  the  first  in  a  collection  written  by  the  first  wits  of 
their,  time.  There  are  points  in  them  which  prove  either 
the  natural  purity  of  his  style  and  delicacy  of  his  humour^ 
or  that  he  must;  have  "  given  his  days  and  nights  to  Addi- 
son." It  was  in  one  of  these  papers  that  he  first  expressed 
an.opinion  in  favour  of  the  doctrine  of  a  pre-existent  state, 
which  he  afterwards  insisted  upon  more  seriously  in  the 
third  letter  on  the  **  Origin  of  Evil." 

In  1767  he  published  a  small  pamphlet  entitled 
f^  Thoughts  on  the  Causes  and  Copsequences  of  the  pre- 
sent high  price  of  Provisions."  Various  writers  at  that 
time  had  employed  their  pens  on  this  subject,  some  ar- 
raigning the  bounties  on  corn,  and  others  blaming  the 
practices  of  forestallers  and  monopolizers.  Mr.  Jenyns 
imputes  the  high  price  of  provisions  to  the  increase  of  the 
national  debt,  and  the  increase  of  our  riches,  that  is,  to 
the  poverty  of  the  public,  and  the  wealth  of  private  indi- 
viduals. These  positions  are  maintained  with  much  inge- 
nuity, but  experience  has  shewn  that  the  influence  of 
such  causes  has  not  increased  proportionally,  and  that  with 
ten  times  more  debt  and  more  wealth  than  the  nation  had 
at  that  time,  the  price  of  provisions  is  found  to  rise  and 
fall  m  fluctUfitious  which  cannot  beexpfained  by  his  theory^ 
If  provisions  were  dear  with  the  national  debt  and  private 
wealth  of  1767,  they  ought  in  1814  to  be  inaccessible  to 
all  but  the  most  opulent  classes.  The  newspapers  were 
filled  with  answers  to  Mr.  Jcnyns's  pamphlet,  and  the  re- 
turn of  plenty  made  it  be  forgotten. 

But  the  performance  which  excited  most  attention  was 
published  by  our  author  in  1776,  and  seems,  indeed,  to 
form  an  important  aera  in  his  life.  In  his  younger  days  he 
had  imbibed  the  principles  of  infidelity  ;  and,  it  has  been 
said,  was  not  sparing  in  his  avowal  of  them.  Time  and 
reflection  brought  him  to  a  sense  of  his  folly.  He  studied 
tihe.Holy  Scriptures  with  care,  and  probably  called  to  his 
aid  some  of  those  able  defences  of  <];hristianity  which  the 
iniidels  of  the  eighteenth  century.  h(^d  provoked.     It  is 


530 


J-  £•  N^Y-  N^  S: 


certarh,  however,  tliat  tie  had  dow  adapted  tbe  comnloilf 
dreed,  although  with  some  singular  refinemeuts  of  his  6Wn, 
and  determined  to  atdw  his  sentiments  in  justice  to  the 
cause  he  had  neglected  or  injwred.  With  this  bomnirabFe 
pesoiution,  he  published  '^  A  View  of  the  Int^iml  Evidence! 
of  the  Christian  Religion/^  which  was  at  first  read  as  air 
able  defence  of  Christianity  ;  and  the  accession  of  an 
ingenious  layman  to  the  supporters  of  relijgion  was*  wri* 
corned  by  the  clergy  at  large.  Others,  however,  eoufd  not 
kelp  being  suspicious  of  its  tendency,  and  regarded  the 
Suthor  as  in  many  points  proving  himself  to^be  »n  insidious 
enemy  to  the  cause  he  pretended  to  plead.  Those  who 
call  themselves  rational  Christians  thought  he  yielded  too 
much  to  the  orthodox  believer ;  and  the  orthodox  believer 
was  shocked  that  he  had  conceded  the  possibility  of  certain 
miracles  being  forgeries.  A  controversy*  immediately 
took  place,  and  contini^ed  for  some  time,  greatly  to  the 
advantage  of  Mr.  Jenyns's  book,  which  sold  moilt  extensively 
while  the  controvery  was  kept  alive,  and  disappeared  with 
the  last  answer.  Daring  its  circulation  it  excited  the  at«»' 
tention  of  persons  of  rank,  and  probably  did  good.  Tfae^ 
great  error  is  his  neglect  of  the  external  evidences,  and 
bis  admitting  the  use  of  reason  in  some  instances,  while  h6* 
refuses  it  in  others. 

•But  whatever  difference  of  opinion  was  excited  by  tfall 
performance,  it  would  be  nn^ust  to  question  the  author's 
sincerity,  or  to  omit  the  very  explicit  declaration  he  his 
made  of  his  belief.  '*  Should  my  work  ever  have  th# 
honour  to  be  admitted  into  such  good  company  (persons  of 
fashion),  they  will  immediately,  I  know,  determine  that  it 
must  be  the  work  of  some  enthusiast  or  methodist,  some 


*  The  following  are  the  titles  oif  the 
principal  pamphlets  written  on  this  oc- 
casion. **  A  Letter  to  Soame  Jenyns, 
esq,  wherein  the  futility  and  absurdity 
of  some  part  of  his  reasoning,  in  bis 
View  of  the  Internal  Evidence  of  the 
Christian  Religion,  is  set  forth  and  ex- 
posed. By  a , Cle rgyman  of  the  ch urch 
of  England."  **  Obsenrations  on  S.  J.'s 
View,  Ice.  a<)dressed  to  its  ahSMst 
Christian  author.  By  W.  Keniick, 
LL.  D."  *'  A  Letter  to  Soame  Jenyns, 
etq^  oc(»8ioned  by  an  assertion  con- 
tained in  his  View,  k,c.  By  G.  U." 
**  Short  Strictures  on  certain  passages 
ia'a  View,  &c.  By  a  Layman."  **  A 
St|;ije»  tf  Letters  addrcwed  to  S«  h  on 


occasion  of  his  View,  Btc.  By  A.  Mae-', 
laine,  D.  D.  Minister  of  the  Eoglisli 
cbarcfa  at  the  Hagne."  **  An  £xattiina«» 
tion  of  the  Argttnents  contaiiied  in  Dt^ 
Maclaine's  Answer  to  S.  J.  esq.  on  his 
View,  &c.  with  general  thoiightt  and 
reflection»«kereon.  BytheRer.BdNrud 
Ftteet,  jufk  B.  A.  of  Oriel  coUcfe»  Ox* 
ford."  «  A  Full  Answer  to  a  late  View, 
fcc:  in  a  Dialogue  between  a  ratioaal 
Clnistian  and  hi*  Frtend.  By  the  fidi« 
tor  (the  Rev.  Mr.  Taylor)  of  Ben.  Maiw 
dec4i^s  Letters  ioBtisha  Levi.**  «<IHii« 
loic^bical  Disqutsitisos  on  tbeCM»» 
tiati  Religion.  Addvtssed  to  Soape  la*. 
nyns,  esq."  **  An  Address  and  Reply^ 
Itc    By  the  Rer.  Edward  Pie«t.«' 


JENYN&  S2l 

|ta|^^9  or  some  madmaii ;  I  shall  tbelrefose  heg  leave  to 
assure  them,  that  the  autlior  is  very  far  remomt  from  all 
these  characters ;  that  he  once  perhaps  Mvered  as  little 
as  themselres.;  but  having  some  leisure,  and  more  coriositjv 
be  employiBd  them  both  in  resolving  a  question  which 
■eeooDsd  to  htm  of  some  importance :  Whether  Christianity 
was  really  an  imposture,  founded  on  an  absurd,  incredible^ 
and  obsolete  fable,  as  many  suppose  it  ?  or  whether  it  is 
pJiat  it  pretends  to  be,  a  revelation  communicated  to  man- 
kind by  the  interposition  of  some  supernatural  power? 
On  a  candid  inquiry,  he  soon  found  that  the  first  was  an 
absolute  impossibility,  and  that  its  pretensions  to  the  latter 
were  founded  on  the  most  solid  grounds.  In  the  further 
pursuits  of  his  examination,  he  perceived  at  every  step 
Mw.  lights  arising,  and  some  of  the  brightest  from  parts  of 
it  the  most  obscure,  but  productive  of  the  clearest  proofs^ 
because  eqeally  beyond  the  power  of  human  artifice  to 
invent,  and  human  reason  to  discover.  These  arguments, 
which  have  convinced  him  of  the  divine  origin  of  this 
religioQ,  he  has  here  put  together  in  as  clear  and  concise  a 
manner  as  he  was  able,  thinking  they  might  have  the  same 
effect  upon  odiers;  and  being  of  opinion,  that,  if  thera 
were  a  few  more  true  Christians  in  the  world,  it  would  be 
beneficial  to  themselves,  and  by  no  means  detrimental  ta 
Ihe  public." 

In  1789  appeared  another  volume  of  doubtful  tendency, 
and  certainty  more  abounding  in  wild  paradoxes,  which  he 
entitled.  '^Disquisitions  on  several  subjects."  These  are 
metaphysical,  dieological,  and  political ;  and  in  all  of  them 
he  advances,  amidst  much,  valnable  matter,  a  number  of 
fanciful  theories,  to  which  he  seems  to  have  been  prompted 
merely  by  a  love  of  novelty,  or  a  desire  to  shew  by  what 
n^nuity  opinions  that  contradict  the  general  sense  of 
Qiankind,  may  be  defended.  This  volume,  like  the  former, 
produced  a  few  answers  ;  and  what  perhaps  disturbed  our 
iCuthor^s  tranquillity  yet  more,  an  admirable  piece  of  hu« 
moor^  ^ititled  '<  The  Dean  and  the  Squire,"  by  the  author 
of  the  ^  Heroic  Epistle  to  Sir  William  Chambers,"  The 
£fmn  was  Dr.  Tucker,  whoso  opinions  on  civil  liberty 
approached  thos^  of  our  author.  The  '^  Disquisitions"  are^ 
kowever,  an  extraordinary  {production  from  a  man  in  his 
seventy-eighth  year.  Their  style  is,  perhaps,  more  elegant 
and  animated  than  that  oi  any  of  bis  former  writings,  and 
if  mere  eloquence  could  atone  for  defect  of  argument, 


S22;  J  E  N  Y  N  S. 

tbey  would  yet  continue  to  be  read  as  models  of  pure  ^nd 
correct  English. 

J  In  1784,  wliile  the  propriety  of  a  parliamentary  reform-^ 
ation  was  in  agitation,  he  published  some  ^*  Thoughts^'  on^ 
that  subject,  in  which  he  repeated  the  objections  he  had 
already  brought  forward  in  his  **  Disquisitions,"  to  any  of 
those  innovations  which,  in  his  opinion,  tended  to  anarchy. 
This  was  the  last  of  our  author's  productions.  The  infirmi- 
ties of  age  were  now  creeping  upon  him,  and^  closed  his 
life  Dec.  18,  1787,  at  his  bouse  in  Tihiey- street,  Audley- 
square.  He  was  interred  in  Bottisham  church,  Dec.  27, 
where,  in  the  parish  register,  the  Rev,  Mr.  Lort  Mansel,  now 
"Master  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  bishop  of  Bristol^ 
introduced  a  very  elegant  compliment  to  his  memory. 

Mr.  Cole,  bis  biographer,  has  drawn  his  character  at 
^reat  length,  and  with  the  partiality  of  a  friend.  Yet  if 
we  except  the  unsettled  state  of  his  opinions^  much  cannot 
Jbe  deducted  from  it.  As  the  magistrate,  and  as  the  head 
of  a  family^,  he  was  exemplary  in  the  discharge  of  ail 
religious  and  moral  duties,  and  fulfilled  his  engagements 
ivith  the  strictest  integrity,  but  with  a  punctuality  which 
brought  on  him  sometimes  the  charge  of  being  penurious; 
As  a  politician  we  have  seen  him  giving  his  uniform  support, 
to  a  succession  of  ministers,  but  as  he  did  not  conceal  his 
opinions,  they  could  not  always  be  in  unison  with  those  of 
his  party,  and  his  integrity,  at  least,  must  have  been  gene- 
rally acknowledged,  since  no  party  offered  to  remove  him. 

In  private  lite  he  was,  says  Mr.  Cole,  a  man  of  great 
mildness,  gentleness,  and  sweetness  of  temper.  His  ear* 
nest  desire  was,  as  far  as  possible,  never  to  offend  any 
person.  This  is  confirmed  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cole  of  Milton, 
who  is  not  remarkable  for  the  lenity  of  his  opinions  re- 
specting bis  contemporaries.  ^^  Mr.  Jenyns  was  a  man  of 
Jively  fancy  and  pleasant  turn  of  wit,  very  sparkling  in 
conversation,  and  full  of  merry  conceits  and  agreeable 
drollery,  which  was  heightened  by  bis  inarticulate  manner 
of  speaking  through  his  broken  teeth,  and  all  this  mixed 
ivith  the  utmost  humanity  and  good  nature,  having  hardly 
ever  heard  him  severe  upon  any  one,  and  by  no  means 
satirical  in  his  mirth  and  good-humour.^' 

Mr.  Cumberland,  in  his  Memoirs  of  bis  own  Life,  lately 
.published,  gives  us  some  characteristic  traits  of  Mr.  Jenyns, 

'    ^  This  al! tide's  td  his  Establishment  at  Bottisham.    fie  bad  no  issoe  hy  eitl^er 
^f ,bis  wires*.    . 


I 


J  E  N  y  N  S.  S2S 

T^hich  correspond  with  the  above :  "  A  disagreement  about  * 
a  name  or  a  date  will  mar  the  best  story  that  was  ever  put 
together.     Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  luckily  could  not  hear  an 
interrupter  of  this  sort :  Johnson  would  not  hear,  or  if  he 
beard  him  would  not  heed  him :  Soame  Jenyns  heard  him, 
heeded  him,  set  him  right,  and  took  up  his  tale  where  he 
had  left  it,  without  any  diminution  of  its*  huinortr,  adding 
only  a  few  more  twists  to  his  snuflf-box,  a  few  more  ti|>s 
upon  the  lid  of  it,  with  a  preparatory  grunt  or  two,  the 
invariable  forerunners  of  the  amenity  that  was  at  the  heels* 
of  them.    He  was  the  man  who  bore  his  part  in  all  societies 
with  the  most  even  temper  and  undisturbed  hilarity  of  all 
the  good  companions  whom  I  ever  knew.     He  came  into' 
your  house  at  the  very  moment  you  had  put  upon,  your 
card  :  he  dressed  himself,  to  do  your  party  honour,  in  all 
the  colours  of  the  jay:  his  lace  indeed  had  long  since  lost 
its  lustre,  but  his  coat  had  faithfully  retained  its  cut  since 
the  days  when  gentlemen  wore  embroidered  figured  velvets 
with  short  sleeves,  boot  cuffs,  and  buckram  skirts  *.  As  na- 
ture cast  him  in  the  exact  mould  of  an  ill-made  pair  of  stiff 
stays,  he  followed  her  so  close  in  the  fashion  of  his'  coat, 
that  it  was  doubted  if  he  did  not  wear  them  :  because  he* 
had  a  protuberant  wen  just  under  his  pole,  he  wore  a  wig 
that  did  not  cover  abbve  half  his  head.     His  eyes  were 
protruded  like  the  eyes  of  the  lobster^  who  wears  them  at 
the  end  of  his  feelers ;  and  yet  there  was  room  between 
one  of  these  and  his  nose  for   another  wen  that  added 
nothing  to  his  beauty:  yet  I  heard  this  good  man  very 
innocently  remark,  when  Gibbon   published  his  History^ 
that  he  wondered  any  body  so  ugly  could  write  a  book. 

"  Such  was  the  exterior  of  a-  man,  who  was  the  charm 
of  the  circle,  and  gave  a  zest  to  every  company  he  came 
into.  His  pleasantry  was  of  a  so/t  peculiar  to  himself;  it 
harmonized  with  everything;  it  was  like  the  bread  toour 
dinner,  you  did  not  perhaps  make  it  the  whole,  or  principal 
part  of  your  meal,  but  it  was  an  admirable  and  wholesome 
auxiliary  to  your  other  viands.  Soame  Jenyns  told  you  no 
long  stories,  engrossed  not  much  of  your  attention,  and 
was  not  angry  with  those  that  did.  His  thoughts  were 
original,  and  were  apt  to  have  a  very  whimsical  affinity  to  the 
paradox  in  them.      He  wrote  verses  -upon  dancing,  and 

*  The  costume  of  his  latter  days  was  a  Bath  beaver  surtout,  with  blue  wor* 
fted  boot  stockings. 


524  J  E  N  Y  N  S. 

prose  upon  tbe  Odrigin^  of  9vU;  yet  be  was*  a  very  indif- 
ferent metaphysician,  aiid  a  worse  dancer^.  Ill-nature 
aod  personality,  with  the  single  exception  of  his  lines  upon 
Johnson,  I  never  heard  fall  from  his  lips ;  those  lines  I 
have  forgotten,  though  I  believe  I  was  the  first  person  to 
whom  be  recited  them :  they  were  very  bad,  but  be  had 
been  toldt  that  Johnson  ridiculed  his  metaphysics,  and 
some  of  us  had  just  then  been  making  extempore  epitaphs 
upon  each  other.  Though  his  wit  was  harmless,  tbe  general 
cast  of  it  was  ironical ;  there  was  a  terseness  in  bis  re« 
partees  that  bad  a  play  of  words  as  well  as  of  thought ;  as 
when  speaking  of  the  difference  between  laying  out  money 
upon  land  or  purchasing  into  tbe  funds,  be  said,  ^  One  was 
principal  without  interest,  and  the  other  interest  without 
principaL'  Certain  it  is,  he  bad  a  brevity  of  expression  that 
never  bung  uplon  tbe  ear,  and  you  felt  tbe  point  in  tbe 
Tery  moment  that  be  made  the  push.  It  was  rather  to  be 
laineiited  that  his  lady,  Mrs.  Jenyns,  bad  so  great  a  respect 
for  his  good  sayings,  and.  so  imperfect  a  recollection  of 
^em,  for  though  she  always  prefaced  her  r^cUaW  of  them, 
yfith  <  As  Mr.  Jenyns  says,'  it  was  not  always  zt^t.  Mr* 
Jenyns  said,  and  never,  I  am  apt  to  think,  as  Mr.  Jenyns 
said ;  but  she  was  an  exeeUeiU  old  lady,  and  twirled*  her 
fan  with  as  much  mechanical  address  as  her  ingenious  hus- 
band twirled  bis  snuff-box.^' 

This  old  lady  was  the  second  wife  of  Mr.  Jenyns.  IJis 
first  died  July  ao,  17iS»  and  in  tbe  month  of  f  ebruaxy 
following  he  married  Elizabeth,  tbe  daughter  of  Henry 
Grey,  esq.  of  Haekiiey,  Middlesex.  She  must  at  this 
time  have  been  advanced  vbl  life^  as  she  died  at  the  age  of 
ainety- four,  Jnly  25,  1796. 

•  Mr.  Jenyns's  poems  were  added  to  tbe  i^econd  and  thjirit 
editions  of  Dr.  Johnson's  Collection.  As  a  prose  writerj 
we  have  few  that  can  be  compared  to  him  for  etegance  and 
purity. .  As  a  poet  be  has  many  equals  and  many  superiorst 
Yet  bis  poems  are  sprightly  and  pleasing ;  and  if  we  do 
not  6nd  much  of  that  creative  fancy  which  marl|s  tbe  tru^ 
genius  of  poetry,  there  is  tbe  spirit,  sense,  and  wit^  which 
have  rendered  so  many  modern  versifiers  popular.^ 

*  It  hat  been  nid  be  was  in  bis  f  This  is  not  accarate.  He  well 
yotmg  d»y»  A  sKMd  dasoar,  «kl  Tcry  knaw  kov  Jobnaoa  bad  ridicql«d  hi$ 
iopd  of  the  amusement.  metapbysics  many  years  before  tbis 

■  Life  prefixed  to  bis  Works  by  Cbarles  Kalion  Cole,  esq.-- Jobnsoo  and  Cbal> 
mers's  Englisb  PoeU,  21  yoIs.  8vo^  1810. 


INDEX 


TO   TUB 


EIGHTEENTH    VOLUME. 


Those  marked  thus  *  are  new* 
Those  marked  f  are  re-written^  with  additions. 


*lloARE,  William 1 

Hobbes>  Thomas 4 

^Hobbima,  Minderhout  .•..$! 

*Hoccleve,  Thomas S2 

Hochstetter,  And.  Adam  . .  ^4 

.  Hodges>  Nath ib. 

*— William 25 

Hbdy,  Hiraiphrey  .... 26 

Hoe;  Matthias 30 

-  HoeltzUnns,  Jeremias rb. 

Hoeschelius,  David 31 

*Hoet,  Gerard ^ . . .  ib. 

Hoffinan,  Daniel 32 

■  John  James 34 

Maurice 35 

'  John  Maurice  ...  36 

t Frederick 37 

Hogartli,  William 40 

Holbein^  John  v 57 

Holber^,  Louis  de 61 

*Holbourne,  Sir  Robert 62 

^Holcroft,  Thomas 63 

f  Hoiden,  Henry 64 

Holder,  Wilbam 65 

Holdsworth,  Edward €7 

♦ — ^ ^...i.^  Richard ib. 

Holinshed,  Raphael 69 

•Holland,  Philemon 71 

Hollar,  Wenceslaus 72 

Hollis,  Tliomas 78 

Holmes^  George SO 

*  Robert 82 

Hoktenius,  Lucas 84 

Holt,  &  John  ..., ^5 


♦Holt,  John ....87 

*Holte,  John 88 

♦HolweH,  John  Zephaniah  . .  89 

Holyday,  Barten 95 

Holyoake,  Francis 96 

♦ — ■■■««■  Thomas 97 

*Holywood,  John 9S 

Hombei^,  William  . « ib. 

Home,  David . . . .  ^ .100 

t  Henry    101 

*■    ■  '■   John ^ . . .  108 

Homer 110 

*■ Henry 115 

Hommel,  Charles  Fred. . .  117 

♦Honain ib. 

fHondekotter,  Melchior ...  119 
♦Hondius,  Abraham  ......  120 

■  ■  " ■'   Jesse 121 

Hone,  George  P^ul ib. 

*■■  ■  ■  Nathaniel . .  . .  r* . .  ib. 

Honoratus ib. 

♦Honorius  de  Sancta  Maria  122 

Hontan,  Baron  de ib. 

♦Honthorst,  Gerard ibl 

Hooft,  P.  C.  Van 124 

Hoogeveen,  Ucspry \  ib. 

Hoogstraten,  David  Van. .  12Cf 

Hoogue,  Romain  de  ......  ib. 

Hooke,  Nath ib. 

— --*-  Robert .....  128 

♦Hooker,  John 135 

^Richard .136 

*— — -  Thcnnas ........  I43i 

^Hoole,  Queries 144 


t^d 


1  N  15  E  X. 


Page 

•Hoole,  John 145 

Hooper^  George  . . .  j . .  .►, .  147 

t John 151 

Hoornbeeck,  John 163 

♦Hoorne,  John  Van 154 

♦Hope,  John  . .  .  .• 155 

» Thomas  .  . .' » 156 

Hopkins,  Ezekiel ib. 

Charles 157 

John 159 

William 1^0 

r  William,  Arian. .  161 


*Hopton,  Arthur 16^ 

Horapollo ib. 

Horatius 163 

♦Horbery,  Matthew 167 

Home,  George 168 

Horneck,  Anthony 174 

fHornius,  G«oTge 178 

*Horrebovv,  Peter ib. 

Horrox,  Jeremiah ib. 

Horsley,  John 180 

*— Samuel 181 

Hbrstius,  James 193 

* Gregory 194 

*Hort,  Josiah » . .  195 

Hortcnsius,  Lambert 197 

'  —  0iu]Qtus ib. 

•Hortori,  Thomas 198 

Hosius,  Stanislaus 200 

♦Hoskins,  John ib. 

Hospinian,  Ralph 201 , 

Hospital,  Michel  de  L*  .  . .  203 

— -— --  William  F.  A.  . .  206 

*Hoste,  John 207 

* — —-Paul , .  208 

Hotman,  Francis ib. 

Hettinger,  John  Henry ...  210 

Hbubigant,  Charles  Francis  214 

*Hbubraken,  Jacob 215 

*Houdry,  Vincent 217 

f  Hough,  John ib. 

HoiiUeres,  Antoinetta 223 

♦Houston,  William 224 

Hbiiteville,  Claude  Francis    ib. 

Hoveden,  Roger  de 225 

♦How,  William 226 

♦Howaird,  Thomas ib. 

t — — —  Henry 227 

* j^J —  Earlof  Northamp.241 

* Earl  of  Notting.  243 


PtLgt 

Howard,  John  . 24ft 

*   ■    Sir  Robert .  ; . . .  249 

*' Samuel  . . .  / 251 

♦Howe,  Charles ib. 

John 252 

♦  Nonconformist254 

♦Howe,  Josiah  .;.... 357 

♦ Richaid,  Lord ....  258 

Howell,  James 264 

♦-^- Laurence 270 

♦Howson,  John 272 

Hozier,  Peter  d* 273 

Huarte,  John 274 

♦Hubald 275 

♦Huber,  John  James ib. 

Mary 276 

. Ulrijc   . ib. 

Zachaiias 277 

Hubert,  Matthew ib. 

Hul>ner,  John' ib. 

Hudson,  Henry , . .  278 

— '• John 280 

♦ Thomas 282 

*— -.  William 283 

♦Huerta,  V.  G.  de  la 285 

Huet,  Peter  Daniel ib. 

♦Hugh,  St.  of  Grenoble  .  ^. .  293 

ofCluni 293 

-  de  Fleury  . . , ib. 

-  de  Flavigny ib. 

-  of  Amiens 294 

-  de  "St.  Victor ib. 

-  de  St.  Cher ib. 

Hughes,  John ib. 

Jabez 297 

John 298 

Hugo,  Herman ib. 

-^ Charles  Louis  ....  299 

♦Huldrich,  John  James  . . . .  ib. 

♦Hull,  Thomas 300 

♦Hulme,  Nath 301 

Hume,  David 30ft 

Humphrey,  Lawrence ....  308 

♦Hunauld,  Francib  .Joseph. .  309 

Huniades,  John  Corvinus  .  310 

Hunnius,  Giles 311 

♦Hunt,  Jeremiah 312 

♦ Stephen , ib. 

♦ Thomas 3ia 

^Hunter,  Christopher 31|5 

^!       ■■  ■  Henry ,,316 


* 

* 
*, 


INDEX. 


Mr 


Page 

Hunter,  William 317 

John 329 

Hunter,  Robert 335 

*Huntington,  Henry  of ... .  336 
Robert 337 

*Hurd,  Richard 338 

*Hurdis,  James 347 

Hure,  Charles 349 

Hus8,  John 360 

♦Huasey,  Giles 354 

Hutcheson,  Francis 359 

f  Hutchins,  John 361 

Hutchinson,  John 364 

Hutten,  Ulric  de 368 

Jacob 372 

Hutter,  Elias 373 

Leonard ib. 

*Hutton,  James 374 

*Huxham,  John 376 

Huygens,  Christian 378 

« Gomarus 58 1 

*Hu;?sum,  John  Van 382 

Hyde,  Edward 384 

Henry 401 

* Lord  Cornbury403 

■  Thomas 404 

Hyginus,  Caius  Julius 409 

Hypatia 410 

Hvperides 414 

*Hyperius,  Gemrd  Andi*ew. .  ib. 

Hypsicles 415 

Jaaphar  Ebn^Thophail ....  416 

*Jablonowsky,  J.  A.  Von. . . .  ib. 
Jablouski,  Daniel  Ernest .  417 

i Theodore ib. 

'  Paul  Ernest ...  418 
Jacetius,  or  Diaceto ib. 

♦Jackson,  Arthm* ib, 

John 419 

« Joseph' 422 

ri)omas 424 

* William 425 

♦Jacob,  Giles 427 

* Henry 439 

* son 430 

Ben  Hajim 433 

* Lewis ib, 

Jacobaeus,  Gliger  .......  435 

*Jacobatius^  Dom; : 436 


Page 

♦Jacobs,  Lucas 43^ 

Jacopone  da  Todi ib, 

fJacquelot,  Isaac  437 

Jaeger,  John  Wolfgang  . . .  438 

tJago,  Richard ib. 

fJamblicus 441 

♦James  L  of  Scotland 443 

♦ L  of  England, . 445 

Thomas 449 

t ■  Richard 453 


Robert 456 

♦ Sir  William 460 

♦ di  Voragine 464 

♦ de  Vitri 465 

♦Jameson,  George ib. 

Jamyn,  Amadis 467 

♦Jane way,  James ib. 

Janicon,  Francis  Michael   468 

♦Jansenius,  Cornelius ib. 

• Bp.. .  469 

Janssens,  Abraham 476 

♦ Hon.  Victor ib. 

♦ Cornelius 477 

Jarchi,  Sol.  Ben  Isaac ib. 

Jardins,  Mary  Catharine  des479 
Jai-ry,  Laurence  J.  du  . . . .  480 

♦Jai-s,  Gabriel ,  481 

Jaucourt,  Louis  de ib. 

Jay,  G.  M.  Le 482 

Jeannin,  Peter ib. 

Jebb,  John » 484 

'  Samuel 485 

* Sir  Richard   4S6 

Jeffery,  John 487 

' of  Monmouth  .  . .  488 

Jeffreys,  Lord  George 492 

George 497 

Jenkin,  Robert 498' 

♦ William 499 

♦Jenkins,  David 501 

*  Sir  Leoline 504 

♦Jenkinson,  Charles 509  ' 

♦Jenks,  Benjamin 512 

Jennens,  Charles 513 

♦Jenner,  Charles ib. 

♦Jennings,  David 514 

Jenson,  Nicolas 615 

fJehyns,  Soan^e 516 


END   OF   THE   EIGHTEENTH  VOLUME. 


Priuted  by  Nichols,  Son»  and  Bentley, 
Red  LioD-puiage,  Fleet-ftrtet.  London. 


f.     •M_-.,.-lt::.-,.-.:'ity